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Dorsey AF, Roach J, Burten RB, Azcarate-Peril MA, Thompson AL. Intestinal microbiota composition and efficacy of iron supplementation in Peruvian children. Am J Hum Biol 2024:e24058. [PMID: 38420749 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.24058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite repeated public health interventions, anemia prevalence among children remains a concern. We use an evolutionary medicine perspective to examine the intestinal microbiome as a pathway underlying the efficacy of iron-sulfate treatment. This study explores whether gut microbiota composition differs between anemic children who respond and do not respond to treatment at baseline and posttreatment and if specific microbiota taxa remain associated with response to iron supplementation after controlling for relevant inflammatory and pathogenic variables. METHODS Data come from 49 pre-school-aged anemic children living in San Juan de Lurigancho, Lima, Peru. We tested for differences in alpha and beta diversity using QIIME 2 and performed differential abundance testing in DESeq2 in R. We ran multivariate regression models to assess associations between abundance of specific taxa and response while controlling for relevant variables in Stata 17. RESULTS While we found no evidence for gut microbiota diversity associated with child response to iron treatment, we observed several differential abundance patterns between responders and non-responders at both timepoints. Additionally, we present support for a nonzero relationship between lower relative abundance of Barnesiellaceae and response to iron supplementation in samples collected before and after treatment. CONCLUSION While larger studies and more specific approaches are needed to understand the relationship between microbes and anemia in an epidemiological context, this study suggests that investigating nutritional status and pathogen exposure is key to better understanding the gut microbiome and impact of iron fortification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achsah F Dorsey
- Department of Anthropology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeff Roach
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease (CGIBD), Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, UNC Microbiome Core, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rachel B Burten
- Graduate Program in Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - M Andrea Azcarate-Peril
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease (CGIBD), Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, UNC Microbiome Core, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Amanda L Thompson
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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2
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Kago G, Turnbough CL, Salazar JC, Payne SM. (p)ppGpp is required for virulence of Shigella flexneri. Infect Immun 2024; 92:e0033423. [PMID: 38099658 PMCID: PMC10790822 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00334-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Infection by the enteric pathogen Shigella flexneri requires transit through the gastrointestinal tract and invasion of and replication within the cells of the host colonic epithelium. This process exposes the pathogen to a range of diverse microenvironments. Furthermore, the unique composition and physical environment of the eukaryotic cell cytosol represents a stressful environment for S. flexneri, and extensive physiological adaptations are needed for the bacterium to thrive. In this work, we show that disrupting synthesis of the stringent response alarmone (p)ppGpp in S. flexneri diminished expression of key virulence genes, including ipaA, ipaB, ipaC, and icsA, and it reduced bacterial invasion and intercellular spread. Deletion of the (p)ppGpp synthase gene relA alone had no effect on S. flexneri virulence, but disruption of both relA and the (p)ppGpp synthase/hydrolase gene spoT resulted in loss of (p)ppGpp synthesis and virulence. While the relA spoT deletion mutant was able to invade a cultured human epithelial cell monolayer, albeit at reduced levels, it was unable to maintain the infection and spread to adjacent cells, as indicated by loss of plaque formation. Complementation with spoT on a plasmid vector restored plaque formation. Thus, SpoT alone is sufficient to provide the necessary level of (p)ppGpp for virulence. These results indicate that (p)ppGpp is required for S. flexneri virulence and adaptation to the intracellular environment, adding to the repertoire of signaling pathways that affect Shigella pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Kago
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Charles L. Turnbough
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Juan Carlos Salazar
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Shelley M. Payne
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
- John Ring LaMontagne Center for Infectious Disease, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
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3
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Okazaki Y. Iron from the gut: the role of divalent metal transporter 1. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2024; 74:1-8. [PMID: 38292117 PMCID: PMC10822759 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.23-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Mammalian cells contain thousands of metalloproteins and evolved systems to correctly incorporate metal cofactors into their designated sites. Among the transient metals in living cells, iron is the most abundant element that present as an iron sulfur cluster, mono- and dinuclear iron centers or heme for catalytic reactions. Iron homeostasis is tightly regulated by intestinal iron absorption in mammals owing to the lack of an iron excretive transport system, apart from superficial epithelial cell detachment and urinary outflow reabsorptive impairment. In mammals, the central site for iron absorption is in the duodenum, where the divalent metal transporter 1 is essential for iron uptake. The most notable manifestation of mutated divalent metal transporter 1 presents as iron deficiency anemia in humans. In contrast, the mutation of ferroportin, which exports iron, causes iron overload by either gain or loss of function. Furthermore, hepcidin secretion from the liver suppresses iron efflux by internalizing and degrading ferroportin; thus, the hepcidin/ferroportin axis is extensively investigated for its potential as a therapeutic target to treat iron overload. This review focuses on the divalent metal transporter 1-mediated intestinal iron uptake and hepcidin/ferroportin axis that regulate systemic iron homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasumasa Okazaki
- Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
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4
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Jesser KJ, Trueba G, Konstantinidis KT, Levy K. Why are so many enteric pathogen infections asymptomatic? Pathogen and gut microbiome characteristics associated with diarrhea symptoms and carriage of diarrheagenic E. coli in northern Ecuador. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2281010. [PMID: 37992406 PMCID: PMC10730187 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2281010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A high proportion of enteric infections, including those caused by diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC), are asymptomatic for diarrhea. The factors responsible for the development of diarrhea symptoms, or lack thereof, remain unclear. Here, we used DEC isolate genome and whole stool microbiome data from a case-control study of diarrhea in Ecuador to examine factors associated with diarrhea symptoms accompanying DEC carriage. We investigated i) pathogen abundance, ii) gut microbiome characteristics, and iii) strain-level pathogen characteristics from DEC infections with diarrhea symptoms (symptomatic infections) and without diarrhea symptoms (asymptomatic infections). We also included data from individuals with and without diarrhea who were not infected with DEC (uninfected cases and controls). i) E. coli relative abundance in the gut microbiome was highly variable, but higher on-average in individuals with symptomatic compared to asymptomatic DEC infections. Similarly, the number and relative abundances of virulence genes in the gut were higher in symptomatic than asymptomatic DEC infections. ii) Measures of microbiome diversity were similar regardless of diarrhea symptoms or DEC carriage. Proteobacterial families that have been described as pathobionts were enriched in symptomatic infections and uninfected cases, whereas potentially beneficial taxa, including the Bacteroidaceae and Bifidobacteriaceae, were more abundant in individuals without diarrhea. An analysis of high-level gene functions recovered in metagenomes revealed that genes that were differentially abundant by diarrhea and DEC infection status were more abundant in symptomatic than asymptomatic DEC infections. iii) DEC isolates from symptomatic versus asymptomatic individuals showed no significant differences in virulence or accessory gene content, and there was no phylogenetic signal associated with diarrhea symptoms. Together, these data suggest signals that distinguish symptomatic from asymptomatic DEC infections. In particular, the abundance of E. coli, the virulence gene content of the gut microbiome, and the taxa present in the gut microbiome have an apparent role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey J Jesser
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gabriel Trueba
- Instituto de Microbiología, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Konstantinos T. Konstantinidis
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering and School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Karen Levy
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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5
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Ullah I, Lang M. Key players in the regulation of iron homeostasis at the host-pathogen interface. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1279826. [PMID: 37942316 PMCID: PMC10627961 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1279826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron plays a crucial role in the biochemistry and development of nearly all living organisms. Iron starvation of pathogens during infection is a striking feature utilized by a host to quell infection. In mammals and some other animals, iron is essentially obtained from diet and recycled from erythrocytes. Free iron is cytotoxic and is readily available to invading pathogens. During infection, most pathogens utilize host iron for their survival. Therefore, to ensure limited free iron, the host's natural system denies this metal in a process termed nutritional immunity. In this fierce battle for iron, hosts win over some pathogens, but others have evolved mechanisms to overdrive the host barriers. Production of siderophores, heme iron thievery, and direct binding of transferrin and lactoferrin to bacterial receptors are some of the pathogens' successful strategies which are highlighted in this review. The intricate interplay between hosts and pathogens in iron alteration systems is crucial for understanding host defense mechanisms and pathogen virulence. This review aims to elucidate the current understanding of host and pathogen iron alteration systems and propose future research directions to enhance our knowledge in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inam Ullah
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Minglin Lang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Science, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, China
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Ma Y, Fei Y, Ding S, Jiang H, Fang J, Liu G. Trace metal elements: a bridge between host and intestinal microorganisms. Sci China Life Sci 2023; 66:1976-1993. [PMID: 37528296 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-022-2359-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Trace metal elements, such as iron, copper, manganese, and zinc, are essential nutrients for biological processes. Although their intake demand is low, they play a crucial role in cell homeostasis as the cofactors of various enzymes. Symbiotic intestinal microorganisms compete with their host for the use of trace metal elements. Moreover, the metabolic processes of trace metal elements in the host and microorganisms affect the organism's health. Supplementation or the lack of trace metal elements in the host can change the intestinal microbial community structure and function. Functional changes in symbiotic microorganisms can affect the host's metabolism of trace metal elements. In this review, we discuss the absorption and transport processes of trace metal elements in the host and symbiotic microorganisms and the effects of dynamic changes in the levels of trace metal elements on the intestinal microbial community structure. We also highlight the participation of trace metal elements as enzyme cofactors in the host immune process. Our findings indicate that the host uses metal nutrition immunity or metal poisoning to resist pathogens and improve immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ma
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Applied Microbial Resources Development for Livestock and Poultry, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Yanquan Fei
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Applied Microbial Resources Development for Livestock and Poultry, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Sujuan Ding
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Applied Microbial Resources Development for Livestock and Poultry, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Hongmei Jiang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Applied Microbial Resources Development for Livestock and Poultry, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Jun Fang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Applied Microbial Resources Development for Livestock and Poultry, Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Gang Liu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Applied Microbial Resources Development for Livestock and Poultry, Changsha, 410128, China
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7
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Erinmez M, Zer Y. Effects of deferoxamine on intrinsic colistin resistance of Proteus mirabilis. Exp Ther Med 2023; 26:459. [PMID: 37614438 PMCID: PMC10443054 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.12158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteus mirabilis is a common pathogen, which is responsible for urinary tract infections. Iron is a critical element necessary for both humans and pathogens to maintain their biological functions, and iron limitation via chelator agents may be useful in the treatment of infections. The present study aimed to investigate the synergistic interactions between the iron chelator agent deferoxamine (DFO) and the antibacterial drug colistin. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of DFO and colistin for P. mirabilis isolates were determined by broth microdilution. The checkerboard technique was used to examine the potential synergy between DFO and colistin. Furthermore, time-kill assays were used for the confirmation of synergy detected by the checkerboard assay, as well as for determining bacteriostatic and bactericidal interactions throughout a 24-h period. As expected, all P. mirabilis isolates were resistant to colistin. DFO did not inhibit P. mirabilis growth when used alone, even at very high doses (10 µg ml-1). Notably, when in combination with DFO, the MIC values of colistin were markedly reduced, and the checkerboard assay results showed synergy between colistin and DFO for all isolates. In addition, in time-kill assays, colistin + DFO exhibited synergistic activity against all strains at most time intervals and concentrations tested. Colistin + DFO showed bactericidal activity at colistin concentrations of 1xMIC and 2xMIC, although a degree of re-growth was observed in one of the strains at 12-24 h. These findings indicated that DFO has the potential for use as an adjunct to colistin through iron sequestration, thus providing synergistic activity to an antibiotic that would not normally be considered a treatment option against P. mirabilis. In vivo experiments in the future may provide useful information on the efficacy of DFO/colistin since these models effectively reflect physiological parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Erinmez
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Gaziantep University School of Medicine, 27310 Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Zer
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Gaziantep University School of Medicine, 27310 Gaziantep, Turkey
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8
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Wan D, Yin Y. Trace elements in nutrition and health: a deep dive into essentiality and mechanism of their biological roles. Sci China Life Sci 2023; 66:1949-1951. [PMID: 37646917 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-023-2426-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wan
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China.
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9
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Singh M, Penmatsa A, Nandi D. Functional Characterization of Salmonella Typhimurium Encoded YciF, a Domain of Unknown Function (DUF892) Family Protein, and Its Role in Protection during Bile and Oxidative Stress. J Bacteriol 2023; 205:e0005923. [PMID: 37367303 PMCID: PMC10367587 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00059-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
YciF (STM14_2092) is a member of the domain of unknown function (DUF892) family. It is an uncharacterized protein involved in stress responses in Salmonella Typhimurium. In this study, we investigated the significance of YciF and its DUF892 domain during bile and oxidative stress responses of S. Typhimurium. Purified wild-type YciF forms higher order oligomers, binds to iron, and displays ferroxidase activity. Studies on the site-specific mutants revealed that the ferroxidase activity of YciF is dependent on the two metal binding sites present within the DUF892 domain. Transcriptional analysis displayed that the ΔcspE strain, which has compromised expression of YciF, encounters iron toxicity due to dysregulation of iron homeostasis in the presence of bile. Utilizing this observation, we demonstrate that the bile mediated iron toxicity in ΔcspE causes lethality, primarily through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Expression of wild-type YciF, but not the three mutants of the DUF892 domain, in ΔcspE alleviate ROS in the presence of bile. Our results establish the role of YciF as a ferroxidase that can sequester excess iron in the cellular milieu to counter ROS-associated cell death. This is the first report of biochemical and functional characterization of a member of the DUF892 family. IMPORTANCE The DUF892 domain has a wide taxonomic distribution encompassing several bacterial pathogens. This domain belongs to the ferritin-like superfamily; however, it has not been biochemically and functionally characterized. This is the first report of characterization of a member of this family. In this study, we demonstrate that S. Typhimurium YciF is an iron binding protein with ferroxidase activity, which is dependent on the metal binding sites present within the DUF892 domain. YciF combats iron toxicity and oxidative damage caused due to exposure to bile. The functional characterization of YciF delineates the significance of the DUF892 domain in bacteria. In addition, our studies on S. Typhimurium bile stress response divulged the importance of comprehensive iron homeostasis and ROS in bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhulika Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Aravind Penmatsa
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Dipankar Nandi
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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Scarano A, Laddomada B, Blando F, De Santis S, Verna G, Chieppa M, Santino A. The Chelating Ability of Plant Polyphenols Can Affect Iron Homeostasis and Gut Microbiota. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12030630. [PMID: 36978878 PMCID: PMC10045931 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past decades, many studies have widely examined the effects of dietary polyphenols on human health. Polyphenols are well known for their antioxidant properties and for their chelating abilities, by which they can be potentially employed in cases of pathological conditions, such as iron overload. In this review, we have highlighted the chelating abilities of polyphenols, which are due to their structural specific sites, and the differences for each class of polyphenols. We have also explored how the dietary polyphenols and their iron-binding abilities can be important in inflammatory/immunomodulatory responses, with a special focus on the involvement of macrophages and dendritic cells, and how they might contribute to reshape the gut microbiota into a healthy profile. This review also provides evidence that the axes “polyphenol–iron metabolism–inflammatory responses” and “polyphenol–iron availability–gut microbiota” have not been very well explored so far, and the need for further investigation to exploit such a potential to prevent or counteract pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelia Scarano
- Institute of Science of Food Production, C.N.R. Unit of Lecce, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Barbara Laddomada
- Institute of Science of Food Production, C.N.R. Unit of Lecce, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Federica Blando
- Institute of Science of Food Production, C.N.R. Unit of Lecce, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Stefania De Santis
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Giulio Verna
- Digestive Health Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Marcello Chieppa
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DISTEBA), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (A.S.)
| | - Angelo Santino
- Institute of Science of Food Production, C.N.R. Unit of Lecce, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (A.S.)
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Lee S, Choi A, Park KH, Lee S, Yoon H, Kim P. Single-cell hemoprotein (heme-SCP) exerts the prebiotic potential to establish a healthy gut microbiota in small pet dogs. Food Sci Biotechnol 2023; 32:489-496. [PMID: 36911324 PMCID: PMC9992493 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-022-01195-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effect of the single-cell hemoprotein (heme-SCP) source on animals, a dog-treat (100 g for each dog) harboring 0.2% heme-SCP was manufactured and fed to seven pet dogs (< 10 kg) in a randomized manner (irrespective of owner's feeding style, dogs' health conditions, and staple diets), and the feces before and after the dog-treat diet were analyzed to define the structure of the microbiota. The total bacterial species of the seven dogs showed no difference (564-584), although the bacterial compositions varied significantly. The Firmicutes phylum increased (54.7-73.7%), showing differential species composition before and after heme-SCP intake. Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Fusobacteria decreased (5.4-3.8%, 32.9-16.8%, and 6.3-3.6%, respectively), which agreed with the previous observation of deliberate feeding. Therefore, it is conceivable that heme-SCP as a prebiotic can shape the gut microbiota regardless of the administration method. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10068-022-01195-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungki Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon, Gyeonggi 14662 South Korea
| | - Ahyoung Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon, Gyeonggi 14662 South Korea
| | | | - Seoyeon Lee
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, 206 World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16499 South Korea
| | - Hyunjin Yoon
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, 206 World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16499 South Korea
| | - Pil Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon, Gyeonggi 14662 South Korea.,HemoLab Ltd. Co., Bucheon, 14622 South Korea
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12
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Islam MM, Black RE, Krebs NF, Westcott J, Long JM, Islam KM, Peerson JM, Sthity RA, Khandaker AM, Hasan M, El Arifeen S, Ahmed T, King JC, McDonald CM. Effects of Different Doses, Forms, and Frequencies of Zinc Supplementation on Biomarkers of Iron and Zinc Status among Young Children in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Nutrients 2022; 14. [PMID: 36558493 DOI: 10.3390/nu14245334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Young children in resource-constrained settings are susceptible to zinc deficiency and its deleterious health effects. The objective of this secondary analysis was to evaluate the effects of the following six interventions on biomarkers of iron and zinc status among a subgroup of young children in Dhaka, Bangladesh, who participated in the Zinc in Powders Trial (ZiPT): (1) standard micronutrient powders (MNPs) containing 4.1 mg zinc and 10 mg iron, daily; (2) high-zinc (10 mg) and low-iron (6 mg) (HiZn LoFe) MNP, daily; (3) HiZn (10 mg) and LoFe (6 mg)/HiZn (10 mg) and no-iron MNPs on alternating days; (4) dispersible zinc tablet (10 mg), daily; (5) dispersible zinc tablet (10 mg), daily for 2 weeks at enrollment and at 12 weeks; (6) placebo powder, daily. At the end of the 24 week intervention period, children in the daily dispersible zinc tablet group exhibited a mean serum zinc concentration (SZC) of 92.5 μg/dL, which was significantly higher than all other groups except the HiZn LoFe MNP alternating group (81.3 μg/dL). MNPs containing 10 mg and 6 mg of iron had a similar impact on biomarkers of iron status, with no evidence of an adverse interaction with zinc.
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Abstract
Trace metals are essential micronutrients required for survival across all kingdoms of life. From bacteria to animals, metals have critical roles as both structural and catalytic cofactors for an estimated third of the proteome, representing a major contributor to the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. The reactivity of metal ions engenders them with the ability to promote enzyme catalysis and stabilize reaction intermediates. However, these properties render metals toxic at high concentrations and, therefore, metal levels must be tightly regulated. Having evolved in close association with bacteria, vertebrate hosts have developed numerous strategies of metal limitation and intoxication that prevent bacterial proliferation, a process termed nutritional immunity. In turn, bacterial pathogens have evolved adaptive mechanisms to survive in conditions of metal depletion or excess. In this Review, we discuss mechanisms by which nutrient metals shape the interactions between bacterial pathogens and animal hosts. We explore the cell-specific and tissue-specific roles of distinct trace metals in shaping bacterial infections, as well as implications for future research and new therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin C Murdoch
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Eric P Skaar
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Vanderbilt Institute for Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
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14
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Malesza IJ, Bartkowiak-Wieczorek J, Winkler-Galicki J, Nowicka A, Dzięciołowska D, Błaszczyk M, Gajniak P, Słowińska K, Niepolski L, Walkowiak J, Mądry E. The Dark Side of Iron: The Relationship between Iron, Inflammation and Gut Microbiota in Selected Diseases Associated with Iron Deficiency Anaemia—A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14173478. [PMID: 36079734 PMCID: PMC9458173 DOI: 10.3390/nu14173478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is an indispensable nutrient for life. A lack of it leads to iron deficiency anaemia (IDA), which currently affects about 1.2 billion people worldwide. The primary means of IDA treatment is oral or parenteral iron supplementation. This can be burdened with numerous side effects such as oxidative stress, systemic and local-intestinal inflammation, dysbiosis, carcinogenic processes and gastrointestinal adverse events. Therefore, this review aimed to provide insight into the physiological mechanisms of iron management and investigate the state of knowledge of the relationship between iron supplementation, inflammatory status and changes in gut microbiota milieu in diseases typically complicated with IDA and considered as having an inflammatory background such as in inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer or obesity. Understanding the precise mechanisms critical to iron metabolism and the awareness of serious adverse effects associated with iron supplementation may lead to the provision of better IDA treatment. Well-planned research, specific to each patient category and disease, is needed to find measures and methods to optimise iron treatment and reduce adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida J. Malesza
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Jakub Winkler-Galicki
- Department of Physiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Nowicka
- Department of Physiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Marta Błaszczyk
- Department of Physiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland
| | - Paulina Gajniak
- Department of Physiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland
| | - Karolina Słowińska
- Department of Physiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland
| | - Leszek Niepolski
- Department of Physiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland
| | - Jarosław Walkowiak
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland
| | - Edyta Mądry
- Department of Physiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland
- Correspondence:
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15
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Aulicino A, Antanaviciute A, Frost J, Sousa Geros A, Mellado E, Attar M, Jagielowicz M, Hublitz P, Sinz J, Preciado-Llanes L, Napolitani G, Bowden R, Koohy H, Drakesmith H, Simmons A. Dual RNA sequencing reveals dendritic cell reprogramming in response to typhoidal Salmonella invasion. Commun Biol 2022; 5:111. [PMID: 35121793 PMCID: PMC8816929 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03038-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica represent a major disease burden worldwide. S. enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) is responsible for potentially life-threatening Typhoid fever affecting 10.9 million people annually. While non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) serovars usually trigger self-limiting diarrhoea, invasive NTS bacteraemia is a growing public health challenge. Dendritic cells (DCs) are key professional antigen presenting cells of the human immune system. The ability of pathogenic bacteria to subvert DC functions and prevent T cell recognition contributes to their survival and dissemination within the host. Here, we adapted dual RNA-sequencing to define how different Salmonella pathovariants remodel their gene expression in tandem with that of infected DCs. We find DCs harness iron handling pathways to defend against invading Salmonellas, which S. Typhi is able to circumvent by mounting a robust response to nitrosative stress. In parallel, we uncover the alternative strategies invasive NTS employ to impair DC functions. Aulicino, Antanaviciute et al investigate the transcriptional response to invasive Salmonella strains in dendritic cells (DCs). They show that S. Typhi mount a response against nitrosative stress pathways and propose a role of iron uptake and transport in preventing infection, which the pathogen can bypass. In parallel, they find that invasive Salmonella employs several mechanisms targeting more classic aspects of immunity to impair DC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Aulicino
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.,Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Agne Antanaviciute
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.,Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.,MRC WIMM Centre for Computational Biology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Joe Frost
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Ana Sousa Geros
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.,Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Esther Mellado
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Moustafa Attar
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK.,Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Marta Jagielowicz
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.,Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Philip Hublitz
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Genome Engineering Facility, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Julia Sinz
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.,Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Lorena Preciado-Llanes
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.,Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Giorgio Napolitani
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Rory Bowden
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Hashem Koohy
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.,MRC WIMM Centre for Computational Biology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Hal Drakesmith
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Alison Simmons
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK. .,Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.
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16
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Cho SH, Cho YJ, Park JH. The human symbiont Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron promotes diet-induced obesity by regulating host lipid metabolism. J Microbiol 2022; 60:118-27. [PMID: 34964947 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-022-1614-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiome plays an important role in lipid metabolism. Consumption of a high-fat diet (HFD) alters the bacterial communities in the gut, leading to metabolic disorders. Several bacterial species have been associated with diet-induced obesity, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and metabolic syndrome. However, the mechanisms underlying the control of lipid metabolism by symbiotic bacteria remain elusive. Here, we show that the human symbiont Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron aggravates metabolic disorders by promoting lipid digestion and absorption. Administration of B. thetaiotaomicron to HFD-fed mice promoted weight gain, elevated fasting glucose levels, and impaired glucose tolerance. Furthermore, B. thetaiotaomicron treatment upregulated the gene expression of the fatty acid transporter and increased fatty acid accumulation in the liver. B. thetaiotaomicron inhibits expression of the gene encoding a lipoprotein lipase inhibitor, angiopoietin-like protein 4 (ANGPTL4), thereby increasing lipase activity in the small intestine. In particular, we found that B. thetaiotaomicron induced the expression of hepcidin, the master regulator of iron metabolism and an antimicrobial peptide, in the liver. Hepcidin treatment resulted in a decrease in ANGPTL4 expression in Caco-2 cells, whereas treatment with an iron chelator restored ANGPTL4 expression in hepcidin-treated cells. These results indicate that B. thetaiotaomicron-mediated regulation of iron storage in intestinal epithelial cells may contribute to increased fat deposition and impaired glucose tolerance in HFD-fed mice.
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17
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Deng Q, Yang S, Sun L, Huang K, Dong K, Zhu Y, Cao Y, Li Y, Wu S, Huang R. A detrimental role of NLRP6 in host iron metabolism during Salmonella infection. Redox Biol 2021; 49:102217. [PMID: 34942528 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining host iron homeostasis is an essential component of nutritional immunity responsible for sequestrating iron from pathogens and controlling infection. Nucleotide-oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLRs) contribute to cytoplasmic sensing and antimicrobial response orchestration. However, it remains unknown whether and how NLRs may regulate host iron metabolism, an important component of nutritional immunity. Here, we demonstrated that NLRP6, a member of the NLR family, has an unconventional role in regulating host iron metabolism that perturbs host resistance to bacterial infection. NLRP6 deficiency is advantageous for maintaining cellular iron homeostasis in both macrophages and enterocytes through increasing the unique iron exporter ferroportin-mediated iron efflux in a nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2–related factor 2 (NRF2)-dependent manner. Additional studies uncovered a novel mechanism underlying NRF2 regulation and operating through NLRP6/AKT interaction and that causes a decrease in AKT phosphorylation, which in turn reduces NRF2 nuclear translocation. In the absence of NLRP6, increased AKT activation promotes NRF2/KEAP1 dissociation via increasing mTOR-mediated p62 phosphorylation and downregulates KEAP1 transcription by promoting FOXO3A phosphorylation. Together, our observations provide new insights into the mechanism of nutritional immunity by revealing a novel function of NLRP6 in regulating iron metabolism, and suggest NLRP6 as a therapeutic target for limiting bacterial iron acquisition.
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18
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Kihn KC, Wilson T, Smith AK, Bradshaw RT, Wintrode PL, Forrest LR, Wilks A, Deredge DJ. Modeling the native ensemble of PhuS using enhanced sampling MD and HDX-ensemble reweighting. Biophys J 2021; 120:5141-5157. [PMID: 34767787 PMCID: PMC8715216 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytoplasmic heme binding protein from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, PhuS, plays two essential roles in regulating heme uptake and iron homeostasis. First, PhuS shuttles exogenous heme to heme oxygenase (HemO) for degradation and iron release. Second, PhuS binds DNA and modulates the transcription of the prrF/H small RNAs (sRNAs) involved in the iron-sparing response. Heme binding to PhuS regulates this dual function, as the unliganded form binds DNA, whereas the heme-bound form binds HemO. Crystallographic studies revealed nearly identical structures for apo- and holo-PhuS, and yet numerous solution-based measurements indicate that heme binding is accompanied by large conformational rearrangements. In particular, hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) of apo- versus holo-PhuS revealed large differences in deuterium uptake, notably in α-helices 6, 7, and 8 (α6,7,8), which contribute to the heme binding pocket. These helices were mostly labile in apo-PhuS but largely protected in holo-PhuS. In contrast, in silico-predicted deuterium uptake levels of α6,7,8 from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the apo- and holo-PhuS structures are highly similar, consistent only with the holo-PhuS HDX-MS data. To rationalize this discrepancy between crystal structures, simulations, and observed HDX-MS, we exploit a recently developed computational approach (HDXer) that fits the relative weights of conformational populations within an ensemble of structures to conform to a target set of HDX-MS data. Here, a combination of enhanced sampling MD, HDXer, and dimensionality reduction analysis reveals an apo-PhuS conformational landscape in which α6, 7, and 8 are significantly rearranged compared to the crystal structure, including a loss of secondary structure in α6 and the displacement of α7 toward the HemO binding interface. Circular dichroism analysis confirms the loss of secondary structure, and the extracted ensembles of apo-PhuS and of heme-transfer-impaired H212R mutant, are consistent with known heme binding and transfer properties. The proposed conformational landscape provides structural insights into the modulation by heme of the dual function of PhuS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle C Kihn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Tyree Wilson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ally K Smith
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Patrick L Wintrode
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lucy R Forrest
- Computational Structural Biology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Angela Wilks
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Daniel J Deredge
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland.
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19
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Gomez SY, Patel J, Lopez CA. What's metal got to do with it? Transition metals in Clostridioides difficile infection. Curr Opin Microbiol 2021; 65:116-122. [PMID: 34839238 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2021.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The enteric pathogen Clostridioides difficile overcomes barriers to colonization imposed by the microbiota and host immune response to induce disease. To navigate the dynamic gut environment, C. difficile must respond to dietary and host-mediated fluctuations in transition metal availability. Transition metals are required trace nutrients that foster inter-microbial competition when limited, inhibit bacterial growth through host sequestration, or induce toxicity in excess. This review highlights recent evidence that transition metals influence multiple stages of C. difficile colonization and that C. difficile initiates a coordinated response to maintain metal-dependent homeostasis. Further exploration of the mechanisms of C. difficile metal sensing and nutrient competition with the microbiota will be necessary for the therapeutic manipulation of the gut environment during C. difficile infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanna Y Gomez
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Sacramento, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Jay Patel
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Sacramento, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Christopher A Lopez
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Sacramento, Sacramento, CA, United States.
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20
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Bhakat D, Mondal I, Mukhopadhyay AK, Chatterjee NS. Iron influences the expression of colonization factor CS6 of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Microbiology (Reading) 2021; 167. [PMID: 34550064 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a major pathogen of acute watery diarrhoea. The pathogenicity of ETEC is linked to adherence to the small intestine by colonization factors (CFs) and secretion of heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) and/or heat-stable enterotoxin (ST). CS6 is one of the most common CFs in our region and worldwide. Iron availability functions as an environmental cue for enteropathogenic bacteria, signalling arrival within the human host. Therefore, iron could modify the expression of CS6 in the intestine. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of iron availability on CS6 expression in ETEC. This would help in understanding the importance of iron during ETEC pathogenesis. ETEC strain harbouring CS6 was cultured under increasing concentrations of iron salt to assess the effect on CS6 RNA expression by quantitative RT-PCR, protein expression by ELISA, promoter activity by β-galactosidase activity, and epithelial adhesion on HT-29 cells. RNA expression of CS6 was maximum in presence of 0.2 mM iron (II) salt. The expression increased by 50-fold, which also reduced under iron-chelation conditions and an increased iron concentration of 0.4 mM or more. The surface expression of CS6 also increased by 60-fold in presence of 0.2 mM iron. The upregulation of CS6 promoter activity by 25-fold under this experimental condition was in accordance with the induction of CS6 RNA and protein. This increased CS6 expression was independent of ETEC strains. Bacterial adhesion to HT-29 epithelial cells was also enhanced by five-fold in the presence of 0.2 mM iron salt. These findings suggest that CS6 expression is dependent on iron concentration. However, with further increases in iron concentration beyond 0.2 mM CS6 expression is decreased, suggesting that there might be a strong regulatory mechanism for CS6 expression under different iron concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debjyoti Bhakat
- Division of Biochemistry, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Indranil Mondal
- Division of Biochemistry, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Asish Kumar Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
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21
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Ali A, Hussain F, Attacha S, Kalsoom A, Qureshi WA, Shakeel M, Militky J, Tomkova B, Kremenakova D. Development of Novel Antimicrobial and Antiviral Green Synthesized Silver Nanocomposites for the Visual Detection of Fe 3+ Ions. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2021; 11:nano11082076. [PMID: 34443906 PMCID: PMC8402186 DOI: 10.3390/nano11082076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the current research, we present a single-step, one-pot, room temperature green synthesis approach for the development of functional poly(tannic acid)-based silver nanocomposites. Silver nanocomposites were synthesized using only tannic acid (plant polyphenol) as a reducing and capping agent. At room temperature and under mildly alkaline conditions, tannic acid reduces the silver salt into nanoparticles. Tannic acid undergoes oxidation and self-polymerization before the encapsulating of the synthesized silver nanoparticle and forms silver nanocomposites with a thick capping layer of poly(tannic acid). No organic solvents, special instruments, or toxic chemicals were used during the synthesis process. The results for the silver nanocomposites prepared under optimum conditions confirmed the successful synthesis of nearly spherical and fine nanocomposites (10.61 ± 1.55 nm) with a thick capping layer of poly(tannic acid) (~3 nm). With these nanocomposites, iron could be detected without any special instrument or technique. It was also demonstrated that, in the presence of Fe3+ ions (visual detection limit ~20 μM), nanocomposites aggregated using the coordination chemistry and exhibited visible color change. Ultraviolet-visible (UV–vis) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis also confirmed the formation of aggregate after the addition of the analyte in the detection system (colored nanocomposites). The unique analytic performance, simplicity, and ease of synthesis of the developed functional nanocomposites make them suitable for large-scale applications, especially in the fields of medical, sensing, and environmental monitoring. For the medical application, it is shown that synthesized nanocomposites can strongly inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Furthermore, the particles also exhibit very good antifungal and antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Ali
- Department of Material and Textile Engineering, Technical University of Liberec, 46117 Liberec, Czech Republic; (J.M.); (B.T.); (D.K.)
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (W.A.Q.)
| | - Fiaz Hussain
- Institute of Advanced Materials, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60000, Pakistan; (F.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Safira Attacha
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar 25130, Pakistan;
| | - Ambreen Kalsoom
- Department of Physics, The Government Sadiq College Women University, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan;
| | - Waseem Akhtar Qureshi
- Cholistan Institute of Desert Studies, Bagdad ul Jadeed Campus, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (W.A.Q.)
| | - Muhammad Shakeel
- Institute of Advanced Materials, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60000, Pakistan; (F.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Jiri Militky
- Department of Material and Textile Engineering, Technical University of Liberec, 46117 Liberec, Czech Republic; (J.M.); (B.T.); (D.K.)
| | - Blanka Tomkova
- Department of Material and Textile Engineering, Technical University of Liberec, 46117 Liberec, Czech Republic; (J.M.); (B.T.); (D.K.)
| | - Dana Kremenakova
- Department of Material and Textile Engineering, Technical University of Liberec, 46117 Liberec, Czech Republic; (J.M.); (B.T.); (D.K.)
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22
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Pimentel C, Le C, Tuttobene MR, Subils T, Martinez J, Sieira R, Papp-Wallace KM, Keppetipola N, Bonomo RA, Actis LA, Tolmasky ME, Ramirez MS. Human Pleural Fluid and Human Serum Albumin Modulate the Behavior of a Hypervirulent and Multidrug-Resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii Representative Strain. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10040471. [PMID: 33924559 PMCID: PMC8069197 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10040471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is a nosocomial pathogen capable of causing serious infections associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Due to its antimicrobial drug resistance profile, A. baumannii is categorized as an urgent priority pathogen by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the United States and a priority group 1 critical microorganism by the World Health Organization. Understanding how A. baumannii adapts to different host environments may provide critical insights into strategically targeting this pathogen with novel antimicrobial and biological therapeutics. Exposure to human fluids was previously shown to alter the gene expression profile of a highly drug-susceptible A. baumannii strain A118 leading to persistence and survival of this pathogen. Herein, we explore the impact of human pleural fluid (HPF) and human serum albumin (HSA) on the gene expression profile of a highly multi-drug-resistant strain of A. baumannii AB5075. Differential expression was observed for ~30 genes, whose products are involved in quorum sensing, quorum quenching, iron acquisition, fatty acid metabolism, biofilm formation, secretion systems, and type IV pilus formation. Phenotypic and further transcriptomic analysis using quantitative RT-PCR confirmed RNA-seq data and demonstrated a distinctive role of HSA as the molecule involved in A. baumannii’s response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Pimentel
- Center for Applied Biotechnology Studies, Department of Biological Science, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92831-3599, USA; (C.P.); (C.L.); (M.R.T.); (J.M.); (M.E.T.)
| | - Casin Le
- Center for Applied Biotechnology Studies, Department of Biological Science, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92831-3599, USA; (C.P.); (C.L.); (M.R.T.); (J.M.); (M.E.T.)
| | - Marisel R. Tuttobene
- Center for Applied Biotechnology Studies, Department of Biological Science, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92831-3599, USA; (C.P.); (C.L.); (M.R.T.); (J.M.); (M.E.T.)
| | - Tomas Subils
- Instituto de Procesos Biotecnológicos y Químicos de Rosario (IPROBYQ, CONICET-UNR), Rosario S2002LRK, Argentina;
| | - Jasmine Martinez
- Center for Applied Biotechnology Studies, Department of Biological Science, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92831-3599, USA; (C.P.); (C.L.); (M.R.T.); (J.M.); (M.E.T.)
| | - Rodrigo Sieira
- Fundación Instituto Leloir—IIBBA CONICET, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina;
| | - Krisztina M. Papp-Wallace
- Research Service and GRECC, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (K.M.P.-W.); (R.A.B.)
- Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology, Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Biochemistry, Proteomics and Bioinformatics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- CWRU-Cleveland VAMC Center for Antimicrobial Resistance and Epidemiology (Case VA CARES), Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Niroshika Keppetipola
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92831-3599, USA;
| | - Robert A. Bonomo
- Research Service and GRECC, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (K.M.P.-W.); (R.A.B.)
- Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology, Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Biochemistry, Proteomics and Bioinformatics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- CWRU-Cleveland VAMC Center for Antimicrobial Resistance and Epidemiology (Case VA CARES), Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Luis A. Actis
- Department of Microbiology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA;
| | - Marcelo E. Tolmasky
- Center for Applied Biotechnology Studies, Department of Biological Science, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92831-3599, USA; (C.P.); (C.L.); (M.R.T.); (J.M.); (M.E.T.)
| | - Maria Soledad Ramirez
- Center for Applied Biotechnology Studies, Department of Biological Science, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92831-3599, USA; (C.P.); (C.L.); (M.R.T.); (J.M.); (M.E.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-657-278-4562
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23
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Abstract
In this issue, we introduce the second part of a series of reviews focusing on how immunometabolism influences host and pathogen interactions during infection. This part of the collection addresses the interface between metabolism and specific types of infection, including immunometabolism in macrophages during helminth infection, the role of metabolism in T-cell exhaustion during chronic viral infections and host immunometabolism in the defence against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. These reviews, together with the four articles published in part 1 of the series in November 2020, offer new insights into the complex interactions between mammalian hosts and microbial pathogens through the lens of cellular metabolic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyal Amiel
- Department of Biomedical and Health SciencesUniversity of VermontBurlingtonVermontUSA
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Poveda C, Pereira DIA, Lewis M, Walton GE. The Impact of Low-Level Iron Supplements on the Faecal Microbiota of Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Healthy Donors Using In Vitro Batch Cultures. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3819. [PMID: 33327501 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferrous iron supplementation has been reported to adversely alter the gut microbiota in infants. To date, the impact of iron on the adult microbiota is limited, particularly at low supplementary concentrations. The aim of this research was to explore the impact of low-level iron supplementation on the gut microbiota of healthy and Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) volunteers. Anaerobic, pH-controlled in vitro batch cultures were inoculated with faeces from healthy or IBS donors along with iron (ferrous sulphate, nanoparticulate iron and pea ferritin (50 μmol−1 iron)). The microbiota were explored by fluorescence in situ hybridisation coupled with flow cytometry. Furthermore, metabolite production was assessed by gas chromatography. IBS volunteers had different starting microbial profiles to healthy controls. The sources of iron did not negatively impact the microbial population, with results of pea ferritin supplementation being similar to nanoparticulate iron, whilst ferrous sulphate led to enhanced Bacteroides spp. The metabolite data suggested no shift to potentially negative proteolysis. The results indicate that low doses of iron from the three sources were not detrimental to the gut microbiota. This is the first time that pea ferritin fermentation has been tested and indicates that low dose supplementation of iron is unlikely to be detrimental to the gut microbiota.
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Abstract
Here we announce the first part of an exciting new series of reviews exploring the impact of immunometabolism in the interaction between host and pathogen, and in the outcome of infection. This collection discusses the links between metabolism and epigenetic control of cell function, post-translation modifications of host proteins that determine protein fate and host cell function, the metabolic determinants of cell migration and immune cell activity, and the tussle for iron as a metabolic mediator of host-pathogen domination. Together these reviews provide engaging new insight into the metabolic signals that guide the dynamic conversation between microbial pathogens and the mammalian hosts they aim to occupy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyal Amiel
- Department of Biomedical and Health SciencesUniversity of VermontBurlingtonVTUSA
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