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Oliveira R, Brito JP, Fernandes R, Morgans R, Alves S, Santos FJ, Pinto P, Espada MC. The Effects of Pre-Season and Relationships with Physical, Physiological, Body Composition, and Load Markers: A Case Study Comparing Starters versus Non-Starters from an Elite Female Professional Soccer Team. Medicina (Kaunas) 2023; 59:2156. [PMID: 38138259 PMCID: PMC10745088 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59122156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Research on female soccer players that analyzes playing status is scarce and has previously only examined load monitoring, while other markers, such as physical (i.e., strength, power, and agility), physiological (i.e., maximal oxygen uptake), and body composition (i.e., body fat mass, fat-free mass, body water, and phase angle) markers, warrant further investigation. Thus, the study aims were to (a) compare physical, physiological, body composition, and load markers between starters and non-starters; (b) compare measurements pre- and post-training intervention (five weeks); and (c) analyze any relationships between physical, physiological, body composition, and load markers in an elite female soccer team. Materials and Methods: Fourteen first-team players participated in the study (age 23.29 ± 3.19 years, weight 59.14 ± 6.87 kg, height 1.66 ± 0.08 m). Several physical (n = 15), physiological (n = 1), body composition (n = 11), and load markers (n = 14) were collected. In addition, participants were sub-divided into starters (n = 7) and non-starters (n = 7). Results: No differences were revealed between starters and non-starters in any of the examined variables. Moreover, following the training intervention, a significantly lower value was found for total body water/fat-free mass ratio (p = 0.043; ES = 0.582). In addition, there were several correlations detected between load and physical/physiological markers (n = 28); load and body composition markers (n = 6); physical/physiological and body composition markers (n = 34); and physical and physiological markers (n = 42). Conclusions: In conclusion, only a slight tendency of higher load values for starters than non-starters was observed. In addition, no differences in physical, physiological, and body composition markers were found between starters and non-starters, possibly suggesting that five weeks were not enough to improve such variables. Finally, the present results provide novel information assessing the effects of the pre-season in elite female Portuguese soccer players and contribute to a better understanding of the associations between different types of measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Oliveira
- Sports Science School of Rio Maior–Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (J.P.B.); (R.F.); (S.A.)
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), Complexo Andaluz, Apartado, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (F.J.S.); (P.P.); (M.C.E.)
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - João Paulo Brito
- Sports Science School of Rio Maior–Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (J.P.B.); (R.F.); (S.A.)
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), Complexo Andaluz, Apartado, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (F.J.S.); (P.P.); (M.C.E.)
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Renato Fernandes
- Sports Science School of Rio Maior–Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (J.P.B.); (R.F.); (S.A.)
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), Complexo Andaluz, Apartado, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (F.J.S.); (P.P.); (M.C.E.)
| | - Ryland Morgans
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK;
| | - Susana Alves
- Sports Science School of Rio Maior–Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (J.P.B.); (R.F.); (S.A.)
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), Complexo Andaluz, Apartado, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (F.J.S.); (P.P.); (M.C.E.)
| | - Fernando J. Santos
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), Complexo Andaluz, Apartado, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (F.J.S.); (P.P.); (M.C.E.)
- Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal, Escola Superior de Educação, 2914-504 Setúbal, Portugal
- Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paula Pinto
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), Complexo Andaluz, Apartado, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (F.J.S.); (P.P.); (M.C.E.)
- Escola Superior Agraria–Instituto Politécnico de Santarém, 2001-904 Santarém, Portugal
| | - Mário C. Espada
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), Complexo Andaluz, Apartado, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (F.J.S.); (P.P.); (M.C.E.)
- Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal, Escola Superior de Educação, 2914-504 Setúbal, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Centre for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Lisbon, Portugal
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Mohr M, Sjúrðarson T, Skoradal MB, Nordsborg NB, Krustrup P. Long-term continuous exercise training counteracts the negative impact of the menopause transition on cardiometabolic health in hypertensive women - a 9-year RCT follow-up. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2023:S0033-0620(23)00123-8. [PMID: 38070694 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2023.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The study examined effects of 9-yrs of multicomponent exercise training during the menopause interval on cardiometabolic health in hypertensive women. METHODS Sedentary, middle-aged women (n = 25) with mild-to-moderate arterial hypertension were randomized into a soccer training (multicomponent exercise; EX; n = 12) or control group (CON; n = 13). EX took part in 1-h football training sessions, 1-3 times weekly, for a consecutive 9-years, totaling ∼800 training sessions, while CON did not take part in regular exercise training. 22 participants entered menopause during the intervention. RESULTS A time×group interaction effect (P = 0.04) of 8.5 mmHg in favour of EX was observed for changes in mean arterial pressure (MAP) (EX: -4.8 [-10.7;1.1] mmHg, CON +3.7 [-2.0;9.3] mmHg). Time×group interaction effects in favour of EX were also observed for total body weight (4.6 kg, P = 0.008, EX: +0.7 [-1.7;3.0] kg, CON: +5.3 [3.0;7.6] kg, total fat percentage (5.7%-points, P = 0.02; EX (-1.9 [-4.4;0.6] %-points; P = 0.13), CON +3.8 [1.4;6.2] %-points and for total cholesterol (1.2 mmol/l, P = 0.03, EX: -0.5 [-1.0;-0.1] mmol/l, CON: +0.7 [0.2;1.1] mmol/l. EX reduced (P = 0.02) plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol by -0.4 [-0.8;-0.1] mmol/l, whereas an increase (P = 0.01) of 0.4 [0.1;0.8] mmol/l occurred in CON (interaction. P < 0.001). A time×group interaction (P = 0.004) existed for changes in exercise capacity in favour of EX. Fasting glucose remained unchanged in EX and increased (P < 0.001) by 0.7 [0.4;1.0] mmol/l in CON (time×group interaction P = 0.02). CONCLUSION In conclusion, long-term multicomponent exercise training fully counteracts the detrimental effects of the menopause transition on cardiometabolic health in hypertensive women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magni Mohr
- Center of Health Science, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Faroe Islands, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands; Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Tórur Sjúrðarson
- Center of Health Science, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Faroe Islands, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
| | - May-Britt Skoradal
- Center of Health Science, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Faroe Islands, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
| | - Nikolai B Nordsborg
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sport Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Krustrup
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; Danish Institute for Advanced Study (DIAS), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Wezenbeek E, Denolf S, Bourgois JG, Philippaerts RM, De Winne B, Willems TM, Witvrouw E, Verstockt S, Schuermans J. Impact of (long) COVID on athletes' performance: a prospective study in elite football players. Ann Med 2023; 55:2198776. [PMID: 37126052 PMCID: PMC10134946 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2023.2198776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate possible persistent performance deficits after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in elite athletes. METHODS A prospective cohort study in three Belgian professional male football teams was performed during the 2020 - 2021 season. Participants were submitted to strength, jump, and sprint tests and an aerobic performance test (the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery test (YYIR)). These tests were repeated at fixed time intervals throughout the season. Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 infection was performed by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test before each official game. RESULTS Of the 84 included participants, 22 were infected with SARS-CoV-2 during follow-up. At the first testing after infection (52.0 ± 11.2 days after positive PCR testing) significantly higher percentages of maximal heart rate (%HRmax) were seen - within the isolated group of infected players- during (p = .006) and after the YYIR (2 min after, p = .013), compared to pre-infection data. This increase in %HRmax was resolved at the second YYIR testing after infection (127.6 ± 33.1 days after positive PCR testing). Additionally, when comparing the first test after infection in formerly infected to non-infected athletes, significantly higher %HRmax were found during (p < .001) and after the YYIR test (p < .001),No significant deficits were found for the jump, muscular strength or sprint tests. Aerobic performance seems compromised even weeks after infection. Simultaneously, anaerobic performance seemed to be spared. Because of the potential detrimental effects on the immune system, caution might be advised with high-intensity exposure until aerobic performance is restored.KEY MESSAGESElite football players' aerobic performance seems to be affected for weeks after they return to sports after a SARS-CoV-2 infection.Similarly, anaerobic performance tests showed no discernible changes between both before and after SARS-CoV-2 infections.Regular YYIR testing is recommended to monitor aerobic performance after SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Wezenbeek
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - J G Bourgois
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Performance and Sports Sciences, KAA Ghent - UGent, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | - S Verstockt
- Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Shushan T, Lovell R, Buchheit M, Scott TJ, Barrett S, Norris D, McLaren SJ. Submaximal Fitness Test in Team Sports: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Exercise Heart Rate Measurement Properties. Sports Med Open 2023; 9:21. [PMID: 36964427 PMCID: PMC10039193 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-023-00564-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Submaximal fitness tests (SMFT) are a pragmatic approach for evaluating athlete's physiological state, due to their time-efficient nature, low physiological burden and relative ease of administration in team sports settings. While a variety of outcome measures can be collected during SMFT, exercise heart rate (HRex) is the most popular. Understanding the measurement properties of HRex can support the interpretation of data and assist in decision making regarding athlete's current physiological state and training effects. OBJECTIVES The aims of our systematic review and meta-analysis were to: (1) establish meta-analytic estimates of SMFT HRex reliability and convergent validity and (2) examine the moderating influence of athlete and protocol characteristics on the magnitude of these measurement properties. METHODS We conducted a systematic literature search with MEDLINE, Scopus and Web of Science databases for studies published up until January 2022 since records began. Studies were considered for inclusion when they included team sports athletes and the reliability and/or convergent validity of SMFT HRex was investigated. Reliability statistics included the group mean difference (MD), typical error of measurement (TE) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) derived from test-retest(s) designs. Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) describing the relationship between SMFT HRex and a criterion measure of endurance performance was used as the statistic for convergent validity. Qualitative assessment was conducted using risk of bias assessment tool for non-randomised studies. Mixed-effects, multilevel hierarchical models combined with robust variance estimate tests were performed to obtain pooled measurement property estimates, effect heterogeneity, and meta-regression of modifying effects. RESULTS The electronic search yielded 21 reliability (29 samples) and 20 convergent validity (29 samples) studies that met the inclusion criteria. Reliability meta-analysis indicated good absolute (MD = 0.5 [95% CI 0.1 to 0.9] and TE = 1.6 [95% CI 1.4 to 1.9] % points), and high relative (ICC = 0.88 [95% CI 0.84 to 0.91]) reliability. Convergent validity meta-analysis indicated an inverse, large relationship (r = - 0.58 [95% CI - 0.62 to - 0.54]) between SMFT HRex and endurance tests performance. Meta-regression analyses suggested no meaningful influence of SMFT protocol or athlete characteristics on reliability or convergent validity estimates. CONCLUSIONS Submaximal fitness test HRex is a reliable and valid proxy indicator of endurance performance in team sport athletes. Athlete and SMFT protocol characteristics do not appear to have a meaningful effect on these measurement properties. Practitioners may implement SMFT HRex for monitoring athlete's physiological state by using our applied implications to guide the interpretation of data in practice. Future research should examine the utility of SMFT HRex to track within-athlete changes in aerobic capacity, as well as any further possible effects of SMFT protocols design elements or HRex analytical methods on measurement properties. Registration Protocol registration can be found in Open Science Framework and available through https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/9C2JV .
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzlil Shushan
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Ric Lovell
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Martin Buchheit
- HIIT Science, Revelstoke, BC, Canada
- Laboratory of Sport, Expertise and Performance, French National Institute of Sport (INSEP), 7370, Paris, France
- Kitman Labs, Performance Research Intelligence Initiative, Dublin, Ireland
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Tannath J Scott
- Netball Australia, Victoria, Australia
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Steve Barrett
- Department of Sport Science Innovation, Playermaker, London, UK
| | - Dean Norris
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Shaun J McLaren
- Newcastle Falcons Rugby Club, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
- Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
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Hammami M, Ben Ayed K, Ali A, Zouita S, Marzougui H, Moran J, Clark C, Mekni R, Zouhal H. The effects of a soccer season on anthropometric characteristics, physical fitness, and soccer skills in North African elite female youth soccer players. Sci Sports 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to present reference standards for physical performance test outcomes relevant to elite female soccer players. We analysed mixed-longitudinal data (n = 1715 observations) from a sample of 479 elite youth and senior players as part of the English Football Association's national development programme (age range: 12.7 to 36.0 years). Semi-parametric generalized additive models for location, scale and shape (GAMLSS) estimated age-related reference centiles for 5-m sprinting, 30-m sprinting, countermovement jump (CMJ) height, and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1) performance. The estimated reference centiles indicated that the median of the distribution of physical performance test scores varied non-linearly with advancing chronological age, improving until around 25 years for each performance variable. These are the first reference ranges for performance test outcomes in elite English female soccer players. These data can assist practitioners when interpreting physical test performance outcomes to track an individual's progress over time and support decision-making regarding player recruitment and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Datson
- Institute of Sport, Nursing and Allied Health, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK.,Football Exchange, Research Institute of Sport Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Matthew Weston
- Institute for Sport, Physical Education and Health Sciences, Moray House School of Education and Sport, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Barry Drust
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Greg Atkinson
- Football Exchange, Research Institute of Sport Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lorenzo Lolli
- Football Exchange, Research Institute of Sport Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Warren Gregson
- Football Exchange, Research Institute of Sport Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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Shushan T, McLaren SJ, Buchheit M, Scott TJ, Barrett S, Lovell R. Submaximal Fitness Tests in Team Sports: A Theoretical Framework for Evaluating Physiological State. Sports Med 2022; 52:2605-2626. [PMID: 35817993 PMCID: PMC9584880 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01712-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Team-sports staff often administer non-exhaustive exercise assessments with a view to evaluating physiological state, to inform decision making on athlete management (e.g., future training or recovery). Submaximal fitness tests have become prominent in team-sports settings for observing responses to a standardized physical stimulus, likely because of their time-efficient nature, relative ease of administration, and physiological rationale. It is evident, however, that many variations of submaximal fitness test characteristics, response measures, and monitoring purposes exist. The aim of this scoping review is to provide a theoretical framework of submaximal fitness tests and a detailed summary of their use as proxy indicators of training effects in team sports. Using a review of the literature stemming from a systematic search strategy, we identified five distinct submaximal fitness test protocols characterized in their combinations of exercise regimen (continuous or intermittent) and the progression of exercise intensity (fixed, incremental, or variable). Heart rate-derived indices were the most studied outcome measures in submaximal fitness tests and included exercise (exercise heart rate) and recovery (heart rate recovery and vagal-related heart rate variability) responses. Despite the disparity between studies, these measures appear more relevant to detect positive chronic endurance-oriented training effects, whereas their role in detecting negative transient effects associated with variations in autonomic nervous system function is not yet clear. Subjective outcome measures such as ratings of perceived exertion were less common in team sports, but their potential utility when collected alongside objective measures (e.g., exercise heart rate) has been advocated. Mechanical outcome measures either included global positioning system-derived locomotor outputs such as distance covered, primarily during standardized training drills (e.g., small-sided games) to monitor exercise performance, or responses derived from inertial measurement units to make inferences about lower limb neuromuscular function. Whilst there is an emerging interest regarding the utility of these mechanical measures, their measurement properties and underpinning mechanisms are yet to be fully established. Here, we provide a deeper synthesis of the available literature, culminating with evidence-based practical recommendations and directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzlil Shushan
- grid.1029.a0000 0000 9939 5719School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Shaun J. McLaren
- Newcastle Falcons Rugby Club, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK ,grid.8250.f0000 0000 8700 0572Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Martin Buchheit
- HIIT Science, Revelstoke, BC Canada ,grid.418501.90000 0001 2163 2398French National Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory of Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Paris, France ,Kitman Labs, Performance Research Intelligence Initiative, Dublin, Ireland ,grid.1019.90000 0001 0396 9544Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Tannath J. Scott
- Netball Australia, Melbourne, VIC Australia ,grid.10346.300000 0001 0745 8880Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Steve Barrett
- Department of Sport Science Innovation, Playermaker, London, UK
| | - Ric Lovell
- grid.1029.a0000 0000 9939 5719School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW Australia
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Zouhal H, Coppalle S, Ravé G, Dupont G, Jan J, Tourny C, Ahmaidi S. Football de haut-niveau : analyses physique et physiologique – blessures et prévention. Sci Sports 2021; 36:332-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Pedersen S, Welde B, Sagelv EH, Heitmann KA, B Randers M, Johansen D, Pettersen SA. Associations between maximal strength, sprint, and jump height and match physical performance in high-level female football players. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 32 Suppl 1:54-61. [PMID: 34357656 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Studies on females' decisive physical components to physical match-play performance are sparse and only emphasize endurance tests. Thus, the influence of maximal strength and power on physical performance during match-play is currently unknown. The aim of this study was to assess the association between one repetition maximum (1RM) half squat strength, 5-, 10-, and 15-m sprint times, countermovement jump (CMJ) height, and physical high-intensity match-play performance in high-level female football players. Thirty-seven female high-level football players completed 1-2 football matches with physical performance measured by local positioning tracking. Correlations were assessed between physical match-play performance variables (total distance covered, running distance, high-intensity running distance, sprinting distance as well as acceleration and deceleration counts, and peak speed) and laboratory tests (half squat 1RM, 15-m sprint, and CMJ). We found no correlation between 1RM and physical match-play performance. Further, 10-m- and 15-m sprint time (r = -0.56, r = -0.56, p < 0.001) and CMJ jump height (r = 0.50, p < 0.01) strongly correlated with peak match speed. Further, there was a moderate correlation between 15-m sprint time and ACC (r = -0.43, p < 0.05). 5-m sprint time did not correlate with physical match-play performance. Laboratory-based sprint and jump performance, but not maximal half squat strength, showed moderate to large correlations with high-intensity physical match-play performance measures in high-level female football players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigurd Pedersen
- School of Sports Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Boye Welde
- School of Sports Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Edvard H Sagelv
- School of Sports Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kim Arne Heitmann
- School of Sports Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Morten B Randers
- School of Sports Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Sport Sciences and Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Dag Johansen
- Department of Computer Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Ramos GP, Nakamura FY, Penna EM, Mendes TT, Mahseredjian F, Lima AM, Garcia ES, Prado LS, Coimbra CC. Comparison of Physical Fitness and Anthropometrical Profiles Among Brazilian Female Soccer National Teams From U15 to Senior Categories. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:2302-2308. [PMID: 31009426 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Ramos, GP, Nakamura, FY, Penna, EM, Mendes, TT, Mahseredjian, F, Lima, AM, Garcia, ES, Prado, LS, and Coimbra, CC. Comparison of physical fitness and anthropometrical profiles among Brazilian female soccer national teams from U15 to senior categories. J Strength Cond Res 35(8): 2302-2308, 2021-This study aimed to compare anthropometric and physical fitness of Brazilian female national team soccer players from the U15 to senior categories, and to compare the physical performance between selected and nonselected players. Subjects included 231 athletes (U15, n = 46, U17, n = 49, U20, n = 98, and Senior, n = 38). Body mass, height, sum of skinfolds, squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), 20-m linear sprint, and Yo-Yo IR1 were assessed. The U15 players were shorter than all other groups (p < 0.01) and lighter than U20 players (p < 0.01). Regarding physical tests, Senior athletes presented higher SJ compared with U20, and both showed higher CMJ and SJ compared with the U15 and U17 (p < 0.05). Senior athletes were also faster than players of all other categories in 20-m sprint (p < 0.01) and covered the greatest distance in the Yo-Yo IR1 (p < 0.05). U20 were better in the Yo-Yo IR1 than the younger groups (p < 0.05). When comparing selected and nonselected players, no differences were identified in anthropometric measures (p > 0.05). However, selected players from U17, U20, and Senior teams showed better performance in Yo-Yo IR1 than nonselected ones (p < 0.05). Finally, selected senior athletes also presented higher CMJ and SJ than nonselected players (p < 0.05). These results suggest that, although there is a tendency for maintenance in anthropometric measures from the age of 15 years, there are substantial improvements in speed, lower-body power, and aerobic capacity from U20 age group. In addition, it seems that intermittent aerobic fitness contributes to the selection of players to international tournaments in national teams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme P Ramos
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Brazilian National Football Confederation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabio Y Nakamura
- The College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Eduardo M Penna
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Federal University of Para, Castanhal, Pará, Brazil
| | - Thiago T Mendes
- Federal University of Maranhão, São Luiz, Maranhão, Brazil ; and
| | | | - Andre M Lima
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Emerson S Garcia
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Luciano S Prado
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Cândido C Coimbra
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Institute of Biological Sciences, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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11
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Sinclair CJ, Coetzee FF, Schall R. Morphological and skill-related fitness components as potential predictors of injury in elite netball players: A cohort study. S Afr J Physiother 2021; 77:1524. [PMID: 34192207 PMCID: PMC8182463 DOI: 10.4102/sajp.v77i1.1524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A limited number of studies on the epidemiology of injuries and fitness profiles of netball players in South Africa have been conducted, but no research on the potential morphological and skill-related fitness predictors of injuries could be located. OBJECTIVES We investigated whether morphological or skill-related factors measured in the pre-season could predict injuries sustained in-season. METHOD In our cohort study, 77 under-18 (U18), U19, U21 and senior elite netball players underwent pre-season testing including anthropometry, balance, flexibility, explosive power, upper and lower body strength, core strength, speed and agility testing. A questionnaire was used to collect demographic data, elite-level experience and injury history. Injuries in pre-season, training and matches were recorded during the subsequent 2017-2018 season using an injury profile sheet. RESULTS Amongst the 77 players who underwent pre-season fitness tests, 33 players (42.9%) had at least one injury. Regarding player morphology, a significant association of body mass and body fat percentage with injury risk was found in a simple logistic regression. In a multiple logistic regression analysis, only fat percentage (p = 0.0508) remained a significant predictor of injury at the 10% significance level, with higher fat percentage being associated with lower injury risk. CONCLUSION Heavier players and players with a higher fat percentage had a decreased injury risk. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS As a result of the apparent protective effect of heavier weight of players, referees should more strictly enforce the no-contact rule in netball. Further research on functional movement screening as a tool for potential prediction of injury in netball is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen J Sinclair
- Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Frederik F Coetzee
- Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Robert Schall
- Department of Mathematical Statistics and Actuarial Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
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12
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Abstract
ABSTRACT Metaxas, TI. Match running performance of elite soccer players: V̇o2max and players position influences. J Strength Cond Res 35(1): 162-168, 2021-The aims of this study were (a) to assess the relationship between laboratory-measured V̇o2max with total distance covered in a soccer match, (b) to assess the relationship between laboratory-measured V̇o2max with the distance covered at a different running intensity in a soccer match, (c) to quantify different intensity running in various playing positions, and (d) to determine the differences of running performance between halves. Analyzed match running performance of the Greek elite (n = 14) soccer players using a global positioning system within the second division professional league. No correlation was found between V̇o2max and match running performance at any velocity. The players covered greater distances in the first half at all speed levels except walking. In the first half, they covered a greater distance than in the second half (1,533 vs. 1,297 m, p < 0.001; 879 vs. 708 m, p < 0.001; 433 vs. 359 m, p < 001; 185 vs. 152 m, p < 0.01; 81.4 vs. 65.5 m, p < 0.001) when jogging, running, high-intensity running, fast running, sprint and total, respectively. Wide players covered greater distances at fast running (p < 0.001) and sprint zone than the players who played at the axon of the field (348 vs. 297 and 186 vs. 113 m, respectively). In addition, midfielders covered a greater distance at high-intensity running zone and at fast running zone than the defenders and forwards (1,768 vs. 1,372 m, p < 0.01 and 1,768 vs. 1,361 m, p < 0.01; 686 vs. 878 m, p < 0.01 and 709 vs. 878 m, p < 0.05, respectively). The results demonstrate that match running performance and the distance covered depends on the tactical role of each player in the team. These data provide valuable information for coaches regarding the running profile of the Greek elite soccer players that could be used to design a more effective training program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas I Metaxas
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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13
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Poehling RA, Tsai MC, Manson SA, Koehle MS, Meylan CMP. Physical performance development in a female national team soccer program. J Sci Med Sport 2021; 24:597-602. [PMID: 33390301 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2020.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Significant resources are invested in maximizing player performance without extensive knowledge of the athletic progression of elite female soccer players during their career. The aim of the current study was therefore to investigate the change in physical performance characteristics in 12- to 34-year-old female soccer players in a national team program. DESIGN Mixed-longitudinal study. METHODS Physical performance was assessed across five years and 657 testing occasions (n = 143) using anthropometrics, 40 m sprint (10 m split), broad jump, countermovement jump, squat jump, and 30-15 intermittent fitness test (IFT). RESULTS Using a Gaussian mixture model, Youth and Senior groups were bifurcated at approximately 23 years old. Subsequent linear mixed models for each group and variable identified significant improvements in the Youth group in maximal speed (30-40 m split), broad jump, countermovement jump, and final velocity30-15IFT (p ≤ 0.002), and a decrease in squat jump height with increasing age (p = 0.04). The Senior group recorded slower 10 m sprint time and a decrease in squat jump height with increasing age (p < 0.001). Body mass increased from 12 to 34 years old (Youth and Senior: p ≤ 0.001). The Youth group significantly differed in the rate of change compared to the Senior group in body mass, 10 m sprint time, countermovement jump, squat jump, and final velocity30-15IFT (p ≤ 0.001). CONCLUSIONS This information can be used to identify average rates of physical performance improvement and decay to help guide optimal physical training and maximize the longevity of a female soccer players' career.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Poehling
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Education, University of British Columbia, 210-6081 University Boulevard, Canada; Canada Soccer, Canada; Canadian Sport Institute Pacific, Canada.
| | | | | | - Michael S Koehle
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Education, University of British Columbia, 210-6081 University Boulevard, Canada
| | - Cesar M P Meylan
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Education, University of British Columbia, 210-6081 University Boulevard, Canada; Canada Soccer, Canada; Canadian Sport Institute Pacific, Canada
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14
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de Albuquerque Freire L, Tannure M, Sampaio M, Slimani M, Znazen H, Bragazzi NL, Aedo-Muñoz E, Sobarzo Soto DA, Brito CJ, Miarka B. COVID-19-Related Restrictions and Quarantine COVID-19: Effects on Cardiovascular and Yo-Yo Test Performance in Professional Soccer Players. Front Psychol 2020; 11:589543. [PMID: 33391113 PMCID: PMC7775546 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.589543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to verify the quarantine's effects during a serious viral outbreak on the cardiovascular and performance associated with the Yo-Yo test in a sample of professional soccer players. 20 high-level soccer players (n = 20; age: 26 ± 4 years-old; weight: 76.85 ± 6.7 kg; height: 179 ± 6 cm) participated in this study. The intermittent Yo-Yo test was performed pre- and post- COVID-19 quarantine in a random order. During each test, the soccer players' running performance outcomes were monitored using a portable 5-Hz GPS with a 100 Hz accelerometer and a paired t-test was conducted at a p-value of ≤ 0.05. The main results demonstrated significant differences between pre- versus post-COVID-19 quarantine in the following variables: relative distance (161.7 ± 5.9 > 141.1 ± 33.8 m/min), maximal speed (18.7 ± 0.9 > 18.2 ± 0.6 km/h), acceleration (60 ± 20 frequency > 52 ± 16 frequency), deceleration (34 ± 13 frequency > 27 ± 6 frequency), sprints > 19 km/h [0.8 (0.2;3)% >0.5 (0;0.5)%], and in high intensity running distance [16.48 (2.68;41.64)m > 0.827 (0.164;3.0)m]. We concluded that COVID-19-related restrictions and quarantine COVID-19 demonstrated adverse effects on professional soccer players' Yo-Yo tests performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas de Albuquerque Freire
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, School of Physical Education and Sports, Department of Fights, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Márcio Tannure
- Brazilian Society of Orthopedics and Traumatology, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Márcio Sampaio
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, School of Physical Education and Sports, Department of Fights, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maamer Slimani
- Postgraduate School of Public Health, Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), Genoa University, Genoa, Italy
| | - Hela Znazen
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, College of Education, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Esteban Aedo-Muñoz
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Chilean High Performance Center, Physical Activity, Sport and Health Sciences Laboratory, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Ciro José Brito
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Bianca Miarka
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, School of Physical Education and Sports, Department of Fights, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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15
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Kammoun MM, Trabelsi O, Gharbi A, Masmoudi L, Ghorbel S, Tabka Z, Chamari K. Anthropometric and physical fitness profiles of Tunisian female soccer players: Associations with field position. Acta Gymnica 2020. [DOI: 10.5507/ag.2020.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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16
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Benjamin CL, Hosokawa Y, Curtis RM, Schaefer DA, Bergin RT, Abegg MR, Casa DJ. Environmental Conditions, Preseason Fitness Levels, and Game Workload: Analysis of a Female NCAA DI National Championship Soccer Season. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:988-994. [PMID: 31996612 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Benjamin, CL, Hosokawa, Y, Curtis, RM, Schaefer, DA, Bergin, RT, Abegg, MR, and Casa, DJ. Environmental conditions, preseason fitness levels, and game workload: Analysis of a female NCAA DI National Championship Soccer Season. J Strength Cond Res 34(4): 988-994, 2020-The purpose of this study was to determine the independent and combined moderating effect of aerobic fitness and environmental conditions on physical workloads during collegiate female soccer matches. Nineteen National Collegiate Athletic Association female soccer athletes were included in this study (mean ± SD: age, 20.6 ± 1.4 years; height, 169 ± 6.1 cm; body mass 64.7 ± 5.3 kg). Maximal oxygen consumption (V[Combining Dot Above]O2max) was estimated from the yo-yo intermittent recovery test before preseason training and wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT) was recorded onsite for home matches and at the nearest weather station for away matches. Relative distance (TD), relative high-speed running distance (%HSD), and relative high metabolic load (%HML) performance were collected during each match using a global positioning system unit (Viper Pod; STATSports, Chicago, IL). Statistically significant differences were observed in TD between LOW WBGT and MOD WBGT (mean difference [MD] = 7.08 m·min; effect size [ES] = 0.54; p < 0.001), in %HSD between LOW WBGT and MOD WBGT (MD = 1.97%; ES = 0.64; p = 0.01) and between LOW WBGT and HIGH WBGT (MD = 2.71%; ES = 1.01; p < 0.001), and in %HML between LOW WBGT and MOD WBGT (MD = 1.24%; ES = 0.56; p < 0.001) and between LOW WBGT and HIGH WBGT (MD = 1.55%; ES = 0.78; p = 0.01). There was a significant interaction between WBGT and V[Combining Dot Above]O2max for %HSD (p = 0.03). These findings demonstrate that physical performance metrics were affected by increased WBGT. In addition, aerobic fitness seemed to moderate the effect of increasing WBGT on %HSD, meaning maximizing aerobic capacity is important for optimizing running performance in the heat. Coaches and sports medicine staff could alter training time and session length based on environmental conditions as well as potentially use aggressive cooling strategies to mitigate the imposed heat stress and decrements in physical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courteney L Benjamin
- Strength and Conditioning, Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida.,Department of Kinesiology, Korey Stringer Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Yuri Hosokawa
- Department of Kinesiology, Korey Stringer Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut.,Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan; and
| | - Ryan M Curtis
- Department of Kinesiology, Korey Stringer Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Daniel A Schaefer
- Strength and Conditioning, Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Reiley T Bergin
- Strength and Conditioning, Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida.,Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Sports Medicine Research Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Marisa R Abegg
- Strength and Conditioning, Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Douglas J Casa
- Department of Kinesiology, Korey Stringer Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
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17
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Griffin J, Horan S, Keogh J, Dodd K, Andreatta M, Minahan C. Contextual factors influencing the characteristics of female football players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 61:218-232. [PMID: 32744042 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.11182-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Women's football participation rates are projected to increase to 60 million worldwide by 2026, doubling the current participation. Growing investment and the increase in research in women's football has had a positive effect on the level of performance over the last 10 years. The present review aimed to examine the literature on the physical and physiological characteristics of female football players from 2010 to 2019 to reflect the recent changes in professionalism. Characteristics investigated include anthropometry, strength, speed, endurance, power, change of direction and repeated sprint ability. These characteristics are presented in relation to playing position, age and competition-level. Results revealed that goalkeepers (171 cm, 66 kg) and defenders (168 cm, 61 kg) were the tallest and had the greatest body mass, while attackers were the fastest players over 20 m (3.05 s) and 30 m (4.38 s) and midfielders had the highest endurance (55.4 mL∙kg-1∙min-1) (P<0.05). Characteristics tended to improve with age until full biological maturity around 17 to 18 years of age. Competition comparisons demonstrated international players have significantly greater speed, repeated sprint ability, power and endurance characteristics (P<0.05). By identifying influential factors, coaches may be able to optimize their training and physical assessment practices, to better expose players to the required stimulus to develop these characteristics considered crucial to improved performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Griffin
- Griffith Sports Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia -
| | - Sean Horan
- Unit of Physiotherapy, School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Justin Keogh
- Unit of Exercise and Sports Science, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia.,Sports Performance Research Center New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Karl Dodd
- Guam Football Association, Barrigada, Guam
| | | | - Clare Minahan
- Griffith Sports Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
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18
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Emmonds S, Sawczuk T, Scantlebury S, Till K, Jones B. Seasonal Changes in the Physical Performance of Elite Youth Female Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:2636-2643. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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19
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The Yo-Yo test is widely used both in the practical and research contexts; however, its true test-retest reliability remains unclear. OBJECTIVE The present systematic review aims to identify studies that have examined the test-retest reliability of the Yo-Yo test and summarize their results. METHODS A search of ten databases was performed to find studies that have investigated test-retest reliability of any variant of the Yo-Yo test. The COSMIN checklist was employed to assess the methodological quality of the included studies. RESULTS Nineteen studies of excellent or moderate methodological quality were included. When considering all variants of the Yo-Yo test, the included studies reported intra-class correlation coefficients for test-retest reliability ranging from 0.78 to 0.98 where 62% of all intra-class correlation coefficients were higher than 0.90, while 97% of intra-class correlation coefficients were higher than 0.80. The coefficients of variation ranged from 3.7 to 19.0%. Regardless of the variant of the test, the participants' familiarization with the test, and previous sport experience, the intra-class correlation coefficients generally seem high (≥ 0.90) and coefficients of variation low (< 10%). CONCLUSIONS The results of this review indicate that the Yo-Yo test (in all its variants) generally has good-to-excellent test-retest reliability. The evidence concerning reliability arises from 19 included studies that were of moderate or high methodological quality. Considering that most of the included studies examined the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 1 test while including Association Football players, more reliability studies examining Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 2 test and Yo-Yo intermittent endurance level 1 and level 2 tests, and in the context of sports other than Association Football as well as in non-athletic populations, are required. Finally, future studies should explicitly state the type of intra-class correlation coefficient used for the reliability data analysis to allow for better between-study comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozo Grgic
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Luca Oppici
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.,Psychology of Learning and Instruction, Department of Psychology, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Centre for Tactile Internet with Human-in-the-Loop (CeTI), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Pavle Mikulic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jens Bangsbo
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Peter Krustrup
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Zeljko Pedisic
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
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20
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Ribeiro R, Duarte B, Guedes da Silva A, Ramos GP, Rossi Picanço A, Penna EM, Coswig V, Barbalho M, Gentil P, Gualano B, Saunders B. Short-Duration Beta-Alanine Supplementation Did Not Prevent the Detrimental Effects of an Intense Preparatory Period on Exercise Capacity in Top-Level Female Footballers. Front Nutr 2020; 7:43. [PMID: 32373621 PMCID: PMC7186414 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: High-intensity activity is an important aspect of football performance during competitive match play. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of beta-alanine supplementation throughout a short-duration intense football-specific training period prior to an international competition on measures of high-intensity running performance. Methods: Twenty-four elite international U20 female footballers (age 18 ± 1 y, height 1.67 ± 0.07 m, body mass 62.7 ± 7.4 kg) volunteered to perform the YoYo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 (YoYo IR1), the Running Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST) and a 20-m maximal sprint test on two separate occasions, separated by 3 weeks of training and supplementation. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either 6.4 g·day-1 sustained-release beta-alanine (BA, N = 12) or an equivalent dose of maltodextrin (placebo, PL, N = 12) throughout a 3-week standardized training camp. Results: There was a main effect of group (P = 0.05) and time (P = 0.004) on YoYo IR1; overall values were lower in PL and distance covered was lower post- vs. pre-supplementation. There was no group × time interaction (P = 0.07). There was an effect of sprint number for RAST, but no further main effects and there were no effect for the 20-m sprint. Conclusions: Top-level female footballers involved in this intense 3-week training period prior to a competition worsened their high-intensity intermittent exercise capacity, and this negative result was not attenuated by a short-duration BA supplementation protocol throughout the same period. Further work is necessary to elucidate whether adapted training protocols and BA dosing regimens could lead to better results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Ribeiro
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Breno Duarte
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André Guedes da Silva
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Eduardo Macedo Penna
- Physical Education, Federal University of Pará – Campus Castanhal, Castanhal, Brazil
| | - Victor Coswig
- Physical Education, Federal University of Pará – Campus Castanhal, Castanhal, Brazil
| | - Matheus Barbalho
- Physical Education and Dance Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Paulo Gentil
- Physical Education and Dance Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Bruno Gualano
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bryan Saunders
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Aquino R, Carling C, Maia J, Vieira LHP, Wilson RS, Smith N, Almeida R, Gonçalves LGC, Kalva-Filho CA, Garganta J, Puggina EF. Relationships between running demands in soccer match-play, anthropometric, and physical fitness characteristics: a systematic review. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1746555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Aquino
- Research Group in Soccer Science, Department of Sports, Center of Physical Education and Sports (CEFD), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
- Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - José Maia
- CIFI2D, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luiz H. Palucci Vieira
- Human Movement Research Laboratory, Post-graduate Program in Movement Sciences, São Paulo State University, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Robbie S. Wilson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Nicholas Smith
- School of Life and Environmental Science, University of Sydney, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Rodrigo Almeida
- Research Group in Soccer Science, Department of Sports, Center of Physical Education and Sports (CEFD), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Augusto Kalva-Filho
- Human Movement Research Laboratory, Post-graduate Program in Movement Sciences, São Paulo State University, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Júlio Garganta
- CIFI2D, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Enrico F. Puggina
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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22
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Hammami M, Ben Klifa W, Ben Ayed K, Mekni R, Saeidi A, Jan J, Zouhal H. Physical performances and anthropometric characteristics of young elite North-African female soccer players compared with international standards. Sci Sports 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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23
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Ramos GP, Nakamura FY, Penna EM, Wilke CF, Pereira LA, Loturco I, Capelli L, Mahseredjian F, Silami-Garcia E, Coimbra CC. Activity Profiles in U17, U20, and Senior Women's Brazilian National Soccer Teams During International Competitions: Are There Meaningful Differences? J Strength Cond Res 2020; 33:3414-3422. [PMID: 28767483 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ramos, GP, Nakamura, FY, Penna, EM, Wilke, CF, Pereira, LA, Loturco, I, Capelli, L, Mahseredjian, F, Silami-Garcia, E, and Coimbra, CC. Activity profiles in U17, U20, and senior women's Brazilian national soccer teams during international competitions: are there meaningful differences? J Strength Cond Res 33(12): 3414-3422, 2019-The aim of this study was to compare locomotor activity profiles of Brazilian top-class female soccer players competing at distinct age brackets (under 17 [U17], under [U20], and senior). External match load of 14 U17, 14 U20, and 17 senior female soccer players competing in 6-7 full official international matches were assessed using global positioning systems. Total distance covered, distance covered in high intensity (15.6-20 km·h), distance covered in sprints (sprint: >20 km·h), number of accelerations (Acc) >1 m·s, decelerations (Dec) >-1 m·s, and Player Load generally increased across the age brackets (U17 <U20 <senior). For all playing positions, senior athletes presented greater total distance, accelerations, and decelerations than U20 players. For high-intensity distance and sprints, only central defender and midfielder senior players presented greater values than U20 players. Senior players demonstrated higher values in all locomotor activities in comparison to U17 players, irrespective of playing positions. Except for central defenders who presented similar total distance, sprint distance, and number of accelerations between U20 and U17, most match external loads evaluated in all playing positions were greater in U20 than in U17 players. These results provide useful information for player development and should be used to establish appropriate match-specific conditioning drills according to age categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme P Ramos
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Brazilian National Football Confederation (CBF), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fábio Y Nakamura
- NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, Sa[Combining Tilde]o Paulo, Brazil.,The College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville City, Queensland, Australia
| | - Eduardo M Penna
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Federal University of Pará, Castanhal, Brazil
| | - Carolina F Wilke
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Sport and Exercise Discipline Group, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lucas A Pereira
- NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, Sa[Combining Tilde]o Paulo, Brazil
| | - Irineu Loturco
- NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, Sa[Combining Tilde]o Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciano Capelli
- Brazilian National Football Confederation (CBF), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Cândido C Coimbra
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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de Araújo MC, Baumgart C, Freiwald J, Hoppe MW. Contrasts in intermittent endurance performance and heart rate response between female and male soccer players of different playing levels. Biol Sport 2019; 36:323-31. [PMID: 31938003 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2019.88755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study compared intermittent endurance performance and heart rate (HR) response, as well as their relationship, by sex and competitive level in soccer. A total of 68 outfield (18 elite and 16 sub-elite female, 17 elite and 17 sub-elite male) soccer players performed the Interval Shuttle Run Test (ISRT) with monitored HR. Sex and level effects were evaluated by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the relationships between parameters using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Female players presented lower performance (effect sizes [ES]: 2.12-4.71, p < 0.01) and higher submaximal HR during the ISRT (ES: 1.66-3.40, p < 0.01). Elite players showed higher performance and reduced submaximal HR compared with their sub-elite counterparts, with a large level effect only evident between the female groups (ES: 1.22-1.56, p < 0.01). The maximum and the HR recovery 1 min after the ISRT (HRR) did not differ among all groups (ES: 0.01-0.51, p ≥ 0.18). The HRR was slightly related to the test performance for all groups (r = 0.20, p = 0.12). Large to very large negative correlations were verified between HR at 6 and 9 min during the ISRT and the test performance for each group (r = -0.54 to -0.84, p ≤ 0.04). However, 16 (3 elite and 13 sub-elite) female players did not reach the 9th minute of the test. The gap between competitive levels among female soccer players is greater than that observed for male players in intermittent endurance performance and submaximal HR response. The HRR had only a minor impact on performance and was influenced neither by sex nor by level.
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Papanikolaou K, Chatzinikolaou A, Pontidis T, Avloniti A, Deli CK, Leontsini D, Draganidis D, Tsimeas PD, Rafailakis L, Jamurtas AZ, Krustrup P, Mohr M, Fatouros IG. The Yo-Yo Intermittent Endurance Level 2 Test: Reliability of Performance Scores, Physiological Responses and Overload Characteristics in Competitive Soccer, Basketball and Volleyball Players. J Hum Kinet 2019; 67:223-33. [PMID: 31523320 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2018-0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reliability and reproducibility of the physiological and overload features of the Yo-Yo intermittent endurance test level 2 (Yo-Yo IE2) in competitive male soccer (n = 20), basketball (n = 11), and volleyball players (n = 10). The participants completed Yo-Yo IE2 tests on three separate occasions with assessment of performance, heart rate, running speed, accelerations, decelerations and body load using GPS instrumentation. The intra-class correlation coefficient index, confidence intervals and coefficients of variation were calculated to assess the reliability of the test. Intra-class correlation coefficients for test-retest trials in the total sample ranged from large to nearly perfect (total distance: 0.896; mean speed: 0.535; maximum speed: 0.715; mean HR: 0.876; maximum HR: 0.866; body load: 0.865). The coefficients of variation for distance, mean speed, HR response, as well as acceleration and deceleration scores for test-retest trials ranged from 1.2 to 12.5% with no differences observed among particular sport disciplines. The CV for shuttles performed ranged from 4.4 to 5.5% in all sports. Similar results were obtained for the three different categories of players tested. These results suggest that the Yo-Yo IE2 test appears to be a reliable alternative for evaluating the ability to perform intermittent high-intensity running in different outdoor and indoor team sports. Players may need one or two familiarization tests to ensure valid assessment of intermittent endurance capacity. It appears that the Yo-Yo IE2 test incorporates accelerations and decelerations in a consistent and reproducible fashion.
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Schmitz B, Pfeifer C, Kreitz K, Borowski M, Faldum A, Brand SM. Normative Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 1 and Yo-Yo Intermittent Endurance Level 1 test values of boys aged 9-16years. J Sci Med Sport 2019; 22:1030-1037. [PMID: 31202616 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2019.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To provide age- and sex-specific reference values of Yo-Yo tests in children and adolescents. DESIGN Systematic review. METHODS A literature search for articles on Yo-Yo Intermittent (YYI) tests was performed in MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science and Google Scholar. Original reports on healthy children/adolescents 6-16years of age were eligible. For each test, age- and sex-related reference values were calculated using global means and percentiles. RESULTS Ninety-two studies (7398 participants) fulfilled the eligibility criteria. The YYI tests most frequently used were the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 1 test (YYIR1, 57.8%), Yo-Yo Intermittent Endurance Level 1 test (YYIE1, 14.7%), Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 1 Children's test (YYIR1C, 12.7%), Yo-Yo Intermittent Endurance Level 2 test (YYIE2, 8.8%) and the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 2 test (YYIR2, 5.9%). Of these, 71.6% reported test results of boys, 17.6% reported mixed test results and 10.8% reported test results of girls. Smoothed centile curves for the YYIR1 and YYIE1 over the entire age range were generated for boys, revealing constantly increasing performance with increasing age. CONCLUSIONS YYI tests values differ with respect to age and sex. In boys, development of YYIR1 and YYIE1 test values (6-16years of age) was different, suggesting better applicability of the YYIR1 test for boys >13years of age. The results may be used to rate YYI test performance for continuous screening and to identify children with low physical fitness. Since limited data was available of females, further research on YYI tests is needed with respect to sex-specific results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Schmitz
- Institute of Sports Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Germany.
| | - Carina Pfeifer
- Institute of Sports Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Germany
| | - Kiana Kreitz
- Institute of Biostatistics and Clinical Research, University of Muenster, Germany
| | - Matthias Borowski
- Institute of Biostatistics and Clinical Research, University of Muenster, Germany
| | - Andreas Faldum
- Institute of Biostatistics and Clinical Research, University of Muenster, Germany
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Wright MD, Innerd A. Application and interpretation of the yo-yo intermittent recovery test to the long-term physical development of girls association football players. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2019.1609071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew David Wright
- Sport & Wellbeing, Department of Student and Library Services, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Alison Innerd
- Department of Exercise and Sport, Paramedic and Operational Departmental Practice, School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
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Abstract
Data regarding anthropometric and motor characteristics of elite national level female soccer players are scarce. Determining these characteristics may likely assist in evaluating the specificity of current training programmes, identify players who might lack specific qualities deemed critical for the successful execution of their tactical roles, and benchmark norms for developing future playing talent. Therefore, the aims of this study were to describe anthropometric and motor characteristics of South African national level female soccer players (n = 37) and determine possible differences with regard to their playing position. The following measurements and tests were performed: anthropometry (body mass index and sum-of-skinfolds), the countermovement jump, sprints (10 m, 20 m and 40 m), upper body muscle endurance (push-ups) and the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test - level 1. One-way analysis of variance revealed few differences in the main outcome variables. Fischer Least Significant Difference (LSD) showed that strikers had a greater body mass index than midfielders and defenders (both p = 0.04) and goalkeepers were heavier than defenders (p = 0.02). Goalkeepers were slower than strikers and defenders over 10 m (p = 0.01; p = 0.03) and 20 m (p = 0.001; p = 0.01). Midfielders were slower than strikers over 20 m (p = 0.02), and with strikers and defenders over 40 m (both p = 0.04). Defenders performed better than goalkeepers in the upper body muscle endurance test (p = 0.02). In conclusion, both strikers and defenders require speed to win ball possession, which may explain their fast sprint times. However, the similarity of certain motor characteristics across playing positions may suggest that conditioning coaches train players similarly, irrespective of their tactical position. The authors suggest that South African fitness professionals, particularly at a club level, develop physical conditioning programs specific to each field position. Furthermore, fitness assessments should occur on a continuous basis and comparisons should be made with existing normative data in order to guide the development of players over the course of their careers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Jon Booysen
- Centre for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine (CESSM), School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Philippe Jean-Luc Gradidge
- Centre for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine (CESSM), School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Demitri Constantinou
- Centre for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine (CESSM), School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Wright MD, Atkinson G. Changes in Sprint-Related Outcomes During a Period of Systematic Training in a Girls' Soccer Academy. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:793-800. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Pavin LN, Leicht AS, Gimenes SV, da Silva BVC, Simim MADM, Marocolo M, da Mota GR. Can compression stockings reduce the degree of soccer match-induced fatigue in females? Res Sports Med 2018; 27:351-364. [PMID: 30318916 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2018.1527335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Soccer-induced fatigue and performance are different between the sexes. The effect of compression stockings (CS) use on fatigue during the soccer match in females is unknown. Thus, we evaluated the impact of CS use during a female soccer match on match-induced fatigue. Twenty soccer players were randomly allocated to two groups (n = 10 for each group): CS and Control (regular socks), and equally distributed within two teams. At rest (baseline 48-h before the match) and immediately post-match, we assessed agility T-test, standing heel-rise test and YoYo Intermittent Endurance Test level 2 (YoYoIE2) performance. Effort during the match (heart rate and rating of perceived exertion) was similar (p > 0.05) between groups. The YoYoIE2 performance was decreased post-match (p < 0.05) equally for both groups. Otherwise, the CS group exhibited a greater post-match performance (p < 0.05) for the agility T-test and heel-rise test (large effect sizes). Therefore, we conclude that the use of CS during an amateur female soccer match resulted in less match-induced fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Neves Pavin
- a Human Performance and Sport Research Group, Department of Sport Sciences , Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro , Uberaba , Brazil
| | - Anthony S Leicht
- b Sport and Exercise Science , James Cook University , Townsville , Australia
| | - Samuel Valencia Gimenes
- a Human Performance and Sport Research Group, Department of Sport Sciences , Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro , Uberaba , Brazil
| | - Bruno Victor Corrêa da Silva
- c Department of Environmental, Biological and Health Sciences , University Center of Belo Horizonte (Uni-BH) , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | - Mário Antônio de Moura Simim
- d Research Group in Biodynamic Human Movement, Institute of Physical Education and Sports , Federal University of Ceará , Fortaleza , Brazil
| | - Moacir Marocolo
- e Physiology and Human Performance Research Group, Department of Physiology , Federal University of Juiz de Fora , Juiz de For a , Brazil
| | - Gustavo Ribeiro da Mota
- a Human Performance and Sport Research Group, Department of Sport Sciences , Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro , Uberaba , Brazil
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Abstract
Paulsen, KM, Butts, CL, and McDermott, BP. Observation of women soccer players' physiology during a single season. J Strength Cond Res 32(6): 1702-1707, 2018-The purpose of this study was to observe heart rate (HR) responses in match settings over the course of a conference season in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I women's soccer. Twenty-one female collegiate soccer players were provided a HR monitor and instructed to wear it for the duration of match play. Player positions included 6 defenders (DEF), 6 midfielders (MID), and 9 forwards (FWD). Defenders were further identified as either center defenders (CD) or outside defenders (OD). A 1-way analysis of variance was used to determine if mean HR varied between FWD, MID, and DEF. An independent t-test was used to determine if there was a difference between CD and OD HRs. The FWD, MID, and DEF did have significantly different mean HR (p ≤ 0.05), but post-hoc analysis revealed no significant differences (p ≥ 0.05). However, CD demonstrated significantly lower HRs than OD (p = 0.009). Player position, specifically in the CD and OD role, impact the intensity of exercise in match settings and may be used to specify training and conditioning sessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Paulsen
- Exercise Science Research Center, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
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López-Fernández J, Sánchez-Sánchez J, Rodríguez-Cañamero S, Ubago-Guisado E, Colino E, Gallardo L. Physiological responses, fatigue and perception of female soccer players in small-sided games with different pitch size and sport surfaces. Biol Sport 2018; 35:291-9. [PMID: 30449947 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2018.77829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this research was to evaluate the influence of game surface and pitch size on the physiological responses, jump performance and perceptions of sub-elite female soccer players playing four-a-side games. Sixteen sub-elite female soccer players were divided into four groups of four players each. Three small-sided games (SSGs; pitch size: 400 m2, 600 m2 and 800 m2) were played on three surfaces (dirt [DT], artificial turf [AT] and natural grass [NG]). Players' heart rate (HR) was monitored during each game. Before and after each SSG, participants performed two counter-movement jumps (CMJs) and answered a questionnaire based on visual analogue scales (VASs) to indicate their perception of the effort required on each surface. DT obtained lower outputs for most variables. In the SSG 600 mean HR was higher on NG than AT (+3.31 %HRmax; p = 0.029), but players' overall satisfaction with both surfaces was similar (p>0.05). The SSG 400 received the lowest ratings for most variables, whereas the SSG 600 resulted in higher mean HR than SSG 800 [NG (+9.14 b.p.m.; p = 0.001); AT (+7.32 b.p.m.; p = 0.014)]. No surface differences in CMJ performance were found. In conclusion, a higher internal load can be achieved on NG, whereas DT is not recommended for playing soccer. Moreover, the internal load on players in SSGs can be controlled by manipulating pitch size, but over-large pitches may entail a reduction in the physiological profile of female soccer players.
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Schmitz B, Pfeifer C, Kreitz K, Borowski M, Faldum A, Brand SM. The Yo-Yo Intermittent Tests: A Systematic Review and Structured Compendium of Test Results. Front Physiol 2018; 9:870. [PMID: 30026706 PMCID: PMC6041409 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Although Yo-Yo intermittent tests are frequently used in a variety of sports and research studies to determine physical fitness, no structured reference exists for comparison and rating of test results. This systematic review of the most common Yo-Yo tests aimed to provide reference values for test results by statistical aggregation of published data. Methods: A systematic literature search for articles published until August 2017 was performed in MEDLINE, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus and Google Scholar. Original reports on healthy females and males ≥16 years were eligible for the analysis. Sub-maximal test versions and the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 1 Children's test (YYIR1C) were not included. Results: 248 studies with 9,440 participants were included in the structured analysis. The Yo-Yo test types most frequently used were the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 1 (YYIR1, 57.7%), the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 2 (YYIR2, 28.0%), the Yo-Yo Intermittent Endurance Level 2 (YYIE2, 11.4%), and the Yo-Yo Intermittent Endurance Level 1 (YYIE1, 2.9%) test. For each separate test, reference values (global means and percentiles) for sports at different levels and both genders were calculated. Conclusions: Our analysis provides evidence that Yo-Yo intermittent tests reference values differ with respect to the type and level of sport performed.The presented results may be used by practitioners, trainers and athletes to rate Yo-Yo intermittent test performance levels and monitor training effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Schmitz
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Molecular Genetics of Cardiovascular Disease, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Carina Pfeifer
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Molecular Genetics of Cardiovascular Disease, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Kiana Kreitz
- Institute of Biostatistics and Clinical Research, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Matthias Borowski
- Institute of Biostatistics and Clinical Research, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Andreas Faldum
- Institute of Biostatistics and Clinical Research, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Stefan-Martin Brand
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Molecular Genetics of Cardiovascular Disease, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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Lockie RG, Risso FG, Giuliano DV, Orjalo AJ, Jalilvand F. Practical Fitness Profiling Using Field Test Data for Female Elite-Level Collegiate Soccer Players: A Case Analysis of a Division I Team. Strength Cond J 2018. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Altmann S, Kuberczyk M, Ringhof S, Neumann R, Woll A. Relationships between performance test and match-related physical performance parameters: A study in professional soccer players across three seasons. Ger J Exerc Sport Res 2018; 48:218-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s12662-018-0519-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Black GM, Gabbett TJ, Johnston RD, Cole MH, Naughton G, Dawson B. The Influence of Physical Qualities on Activity Profiles of Female Australian Football Match Play. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2018; 13:524-9. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2016-0723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Londe AM, Marocolo M, Marocolo IC, Fisher J, Neto OB, Souza MVC, da Mota GR. Wearing Colored Glasses can Influence Exercise Performance and Testosterone concentration? Sports Med Int Open 2018; 2:E46-E51. [PMID: 30539117 PMCID: PMC6225961 DOI: 10.1055/a-0601-7250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Perception of red color is associated with higher testosterone concentration and better human performance. Thus, we evaluated the acute effects of wearing colored-lens glasses on the YoYo intermittent endurance exercise test 2 (YoYoIE2) performance indicators and testosterone concentration. Ten soccer players performed three YoYoIE2 (counterbalanced crossover) wearing colorless (control), blue- or red-lensed glasses (2-4 days of rest in between). YoYoIE2 performance did not differ among the trials ( p >0.05), but blood testosterone increased post-exercise in red compared to red baseline (red=14%, effect size=0.75). Analysis showed faster heart rate recovery ( p <0.05) at 1 min post-test for blue compared to red lenses. Rating of perceived exertion and blood lactate concentration did not differ ( p >0.05) among the trials. Wearing red-colored lenses during high-intensity intermittent exercise increased testosterone concentration, but do not influence performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- André M. Londe
- Human Performance and Sport Research Group, Department of Sport Science/Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Moacir Marocolo
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Isabela Coelho Marocolo
- Human Performance and Sport Research Group, Department of Sport Science/Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - James Fisher
- Centre for Health, Exercise & Sport Science, Southampton Solent University, Southampton, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Octavio Barbosa Neto
- Human Performance and Sport Research Group, Department of Sport Science/Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Markus Vinicius Campos Souza
- Human Performance and Sport Research Group, Department of Sport Science/Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Ribeiro da Mota
- Human Performance and Sport Research Group, Department of Sport Science/Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
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Marocolo IC, da Mota GR, Londe AM, Patterson SD, Barbosa Neto O, Marocolo M. Acute ischemic preconditioning does not influence high-intensity intermittent exercise performance. PeerJ 2017; 5:e4118. [PMID: 29204325 PMCID: PMC5712465 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the acute effect of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) on a high-intensity intermittent exercise performance and physiological indicators in amateur soccer players. Thirteen players (21.5 ± 2 yrs) attended three trials separated by 3–5 days in a counterbalanced randomized cross-over design: IPC (4 × 5-min occlusion 220 mmHg/reperfusion 0 mmHg) in each thigh; SHAM (similar to the IPC protocol but “occlusion” at 20 mmHg) and control (seated during the same time of IPC). After 6-min of each trial (IPC, SHAM or control), the players performed the YoYo Intermittent Endurance Test level 2 (YoYoIE2). The distance covered in the YoYoIE2 (IPC 867 ± 205 m; SHAM 873 ± 212 m; control 921 ± 206 m) was not different among trials (p = 0.10), furthermore, lactate concentration and rate of perceived exertion did not differ (P > 0.05) among protocols. There were also no significant differences in either mean heart rate (HR) or peak HR (p > 0.05) for both IPC and SHAM compared to control. Therefore, we conclude that acute IPC does not influence high-intensity intermittent exercise performance in amateur soccer players and that rate of perceived exertion, heart rate and lactate do not differ between the intervention IPC, SHAM and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabela Coelho Marocolo
- Human Performance and Sport Research Group, Department of Sport Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Ribeiro da Mota
- Human Performance and Sport Research Group, Department of Sport Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - André Monteiro Londe
- Human Performance and Sport Research Group, Department of Sport Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Stephen D Patterson
- School of Sport, Health, and Applied Science, St. Mary's University, Twickenham, UK
| | - Octávio Barbosa Neto
- Human Performance and Sport Research Group, Department of Sport Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Moacir Marocolo
- Physiology and Human Performance Research Group, Department of Physiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
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Julian R, Hecksteden A, Fullagar HHK, Meyer T. The effects of menstrual cycle phase on physical performance in female soccer players. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173951. [PMID: 28288203 PMCID: PMC5348024 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Female soccer has grown extensively in recent years, however differences in gender-specific physiology have rarely been considered. The female reproductive hormones which rise and fall throughout the menstrual cycle, are known to affect numerous cardiovascular, respiratory, thermoregulatory and metabolic parameters, which in turn, may have implications on exercise physiology and soccer performance. Therefore, the main aim of the present study was to investigate potential effects of menstrual cycle phase on performance in soccer specific tests. METHODS Nine sub elite female soccer players, all of whom have menstrual cycles of physiological length; performed a series of physical performance tests (Yo-Yo Intermittent endurance test (Yo-Yo IET), counter movement jump (CMJ) and 3x30 m sprints). These were conducted at distinct time points during two main phases of the menstrual cycle (early follicular phase (FP) and mid luteal phase (LP)) where hormones contrasted at their greatest magnitude. RESULTS Yo-Yo IET performance was considerably lower during the mid LP (2833±896 m) as compared to the early FP (3288±800 m). A trend towards significance was observed (p = 0.07) and the magnitude based inferences suggested probabilities of 0/61/39 for superiority/equality/inferiority of performance during the mid LP, leading to the inference of a possibly harmful effect. For CMJ (early FP, 20.0±3.9 cm; mid LP 29.6±3.0 cm, p = 0.33) and sprint (early FP, 4.7±0.1 s; mid LP, 4.7±0.1 s, p = 0.96) performances the results were unclear (8/24/68, 48/0/52, respectively). CONCLUSION The results of this study are in support of a reduction in maximal endurance performance during the mid LP of the menstrual cycle. However, the same effect was not observed for jumping and sprint performance. Therefore, consideration of cycle phase when monitoring a player's endurance capacity may be worthwhile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Julian
- Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Anne Hecksteden
- Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Hugh H. K. Fullagar
- Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany
- Sport & Exercise Discipline Group, University of Technology Sydney, Lindifield, Australia
- Department of Athletics (Football), University of Oregon, Leo Harris Pwky Drive, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Tim Meyer
- Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany
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Čović N, Jelešković E, Alić H, Rađo I, Kafedžić E, Sporiš G, McMaster DT, Milanović Z. Reliability, Validity and Usefulness of 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test in Female Soccer Players. Front Physiol 2016; 7:510. [PMID: 27909408 PMCID: PMC5112263 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to examine the reliability, validity and usefulness of the 30-15IFT in competitive female soccer players. METHODS: Seventeen elite female soccer players participated in the study. A within subject test-retest study design was utilized to assess the reliability of the 30-15 intermittent fitness test (IFT). Seven days prior to 30-15IFT, subjects performed a continuous aerobic running test (CT) under laboratory conditions to assess the criterion validity of the 30-15IFT. End running velocity (VCT and VIFT), peak heart rate (HRpeak) and maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) were collected and/or estimated for both tests. RESULTS: VIFT (ICC = 0.91; CV = 1.8%), HRpeak (ICC = 0.94; CV = 1.2%), and VO2max (ICC = 0.94; CV = 1.6%) obtained from the 30-15IFT were all deemed highly reliable (p > 0.05). Pearson product moment correlations between the CT and 30-15IFT for VO2max, HRpeak and end running velocity were large (r = 0.67, p = 0.013), very large (r = 0.77, p = 0.02) and large (r = 0.57, p = 0.042), respectively. CONCLUSION: Current findings suggest that the 30-15IFT is a valid and reliable intermittent aerobic fitness test of elite female soccer players. The findings have also provided practitioners with evidence to support the accurate detection of meaningful individual changes in VIFT of 0.5 km/h (1 stage) and HRpeak of 2 bpm. This information may assist coaches in monitoring "real" aerobic fitness changes to better inform training of female intermittent team sport athletes. Lastly, coaches could use the 30-15IFT as a practical alternative to laboratory based assessments to assess and monitor intermittent aerobic fitness changes in their athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nedim Čović
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sarajevo Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Eldin Jelešković
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sarajevo Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Haris Alić
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sarajevo Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Izet Rađo
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sarajevo Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | | | - Goran Sporiš
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Daniel T McMaster
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT UniversityAuckland, New Zealand; Health, Sport and Human Performance, University of WaikatoHamilton, New Zealand
| | - Zoran Milanović
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Niš Niš, Serbia
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Abstract
Little is known about the responses of girl athletes to training interventions throughout maturation. This study evaluated group and individual responses to an 8-week, mixed-methods, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) programme in girl football players. Thirty-seven players (age 13.4 ± 1.5 years) were tested for 20-m speed, repeated-sprint ability, change-of-direction speed and level 1 yo-yo intermittent recovery (YYIR). Players were subcategorised into before-, at- and after-PHV (peak height velocity) based on maturity offset. Very likely moderate (25%; ±90% confidence limits = 9.2) improvements occurred in YYIR, but data were unclear in players before-PHV with moderate individual differences in response. Decrements in repeated-sprint ability were most likely very large (6.5%; ±3.2) before-PHV, and likely moderate (1.7%; ±1.0) at-PHV. Data were unclear after-PHV. A very likely moderate (2.7%; ±1.0) decrement occurred in change-of-direction speed at-PHV while there was a very likely increase (-2.4%; ±1.3) in after-PHV players. Possibly small (-1.1%; ±1.4) improvements in 20-m speed occurred before-PHV but the effect was otherwise unclear with moderate to large individual differences. These data reflect specific responses to training interventions in girls of different biological maturity, while highlighting individual responses to HIIT interventions. This can assist practitioners in providing effective training prescription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Wright
- a Sport and Wellbeing, Department of Student Services , Teesside University , Middlesbrough , UK
| | - Christopher Hurst
- b Department of Sport and Exercise, School of Social Sciences and Law , Teesside University , Middlesbrough , UK
| | - Jonathan M Taylor
- b Department of Sport and Exercise, School of Social Sciences and Law , Teesside University , Middlesbrough , UK
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Krustrup P, Bradley PS, Christensen JF, Castagna C, Jackman S, Connolly L, Randers MB, Mohr M, Bangsbo J. The Yo-Yo IE2 test: physiological response for untrained men versus trained soccer players. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016; 47:100-8. [PMID: 24824774 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to examine the physical capacity and physiological response to the Yo-Yo Intermittent Endurance level 2 test (IE2) for untrained individuals (UTR) and trained male soccer players (TR) and to investigate the determinants of intense intermittent exercise performance. METHODS Thirty-four healthy UTR males and 15 age-matched TR performed a maximal incremental treadmill test and a Yo-Yo IE2 test. Muscle biopsies and blood samples were obtained, and heart rate (HR) was measured before, during, and after tests. RESULTS UTR had a 67% lower (P < 0.01) Yo-Yo IE2 performance (665 ± 271 vs 2027 ± 298 m; effect size (ES), 4.8), 34% lower V˙O2max (P < 0.01), and 19% lower resting muscle glycogen (P < 0.05) than those of TR. Blood lactate concentration and HR during the first 560 m of the Yo-Yo IE2 test were higher (P < 0.01) in UTR than those in TR (560 m, 7.4 ± 2.8 vs 2.4 ± 0.8 mM; ES, 1.7-2.8; 188 ± 11 vs 173 ± 8 bpm; ES, 0.9-1.5), with no differences at exhaustion. Time >95% HRmax was lower (P < 0.01) in UTR than that in TR (1.0 ± 1.1 vs 6.3 ± 2.9 min; ES, 3.1). Mean rates of muscle creatine phosphate utilization (16.5 ± 9.5 vs 4.3 ± 2.7 mmol·kg d.w·min), muscle lactate accumulation (16.8 ± 9.1 vs 4.2 ± 2.9 mmol·kg d.w.·min), and glycogen breakdown (29.6 ± 14.2 vs 7.7 ± 5.4 mmol·kg d.w.·min) were fourfold higher (P < 0.01; ES, 1.4-1.7) in UTR than those in TR. For UTR, correlations (P < 0.01) were observed between Yo-Yo IE2 performance and V˙O2max (r = 0.77), incremental treadmill test performance (r = 0.79), and muscle citrate synthase activity (r = 0.57) but not for TR (r = -0.12 to 0.50; P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The Yo-Yo IE2 test was shown to possess high construct validity by showing large differences in performance, HR, and anaerobic metabolism between UTR and TR. In addition, V˙O2max seemed to be important for intermittent exercise performance in UTR but not for TR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Krustrup
- 1Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Copenhagen Centre for Team Sport and Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DENMARK; 2Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UNITED KINGDOM; 3Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Sunderland, Sunderland, UNITED KINGDOM; 4Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Metropolitan University, Leeds, UNITED KINGDOM; 5University Hospitals Centre for Health Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, DENMARK; 6Italian Football Referees Association, Rome, ITALY; 7Football Training and Biomechanics Laboratory, Italian Football Federation, Technical Department, Coverciano, Florence, ITALY; 8Faculty of Natural and Health Sciences, University of the Faroe Islands, FAROE ISLANDS; and 9Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SWEDEN
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Póvoas SCA, Castagna C, Soares JMC, Silva PMR, Lopes MVMF, Krustrup P. Reliability and validity of Yo-Yo tests in 9- to 16-year-old football players and matched non-sports active schoolboys. Eur J Sport Sci 2015; 16:755-63. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2015.1119197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Abstract
Background/Objective This research examines whether or not the Yo-Yo testing performance could reflect the repeatability of high-intensity intermittent dribbling in adolescent basketball players. Methods Thirty-six teenage basketball players aged 13-18 years were invited to participate in this study. Results A test-retest showed that the Yo-Yo intermittent endurance Level 2 (IE2) test with dribbling (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.92; coefficient of variation = 12.6%; d = 0.24) and without dribbling (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.83; coefficient of variation = 15.0%; d = 0.37) had acceptable reliability. The dribbling distance covered was significantly shorter than was the running performance of the Yo-Yo IE2 test in participants younger than 15 years (junior; 1138 ± 417 m vs. 910 ± 299 m, p < 0.01; d = 0.65), as well as in the entire study sample (1077 ± 398 m vs. 1267 ± 437 m, p < 0.05; d = 0.45), whereas there was no significant difference in the senior players between the two protocols (1396 ± 436 m vs. 1244 ± 427 m, p > 0.05; d = 0.35). Moderate to large correlations were found between running and dribbling performances in the senior sample (r = 0.57, p = 0.06), the junior sample (r = 0.87, p < 0.01), and the whole (r = 0.72, p < 0.01) sample, respectively. Conclusion The results suggest that the Yo-Yo IE2 test could reflect the repeatability of high-intensity intermittent basketball dribbling performance, while dribbling skills may have different influences on high-intensity intermittent exercise capacity in adolescent players at different ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaowei Kong
- Faculty of Education, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Fengxue Qi
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Qingde Shi
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Macao Polytechnic Institute, Macao, China
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Bradley PS, Vescovi JD. Velocity thresholds for women's soccer matches: sex specificity dictates high-speed running and sprinting thresholds - Female Athletes in Motion (FAiM). Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2015; 10:112-6. [PMID: 25203354 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2014-0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
There is no methodological standardization of velocity thresholds for the quantification of distances covered in various locomotor activities for women's soccer matches, especially for high-speed running and sprinting. Applying velocity thresholds used for motion analysis of men's soccer has likely created skewed observations about high-intensity movement demands for the women's game because these thresholds do not accurately reflect the capabilities of elite female players. Subsequently, a cohesive view of the locomotor characteristics of women's soccer does not yet exist. The aim of this commentary is to provide suggestions for standardizing high-speed running and sprint velocity thresholds specific to women's soccer. The authors also comment on using generic vs individualized thresholds, as well as age-related considerations, to establish velocity thresholds.
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Abstract
The aims of the present study were to assess gender differences regarding lactate threshold and intermittent shuttle run performance in female and male soccer players as well as to investigate the relationships between both endurance characteristics in both genders. Fourteen female (1(st) division) and thirteen male (4(th) division) soccer players completed an incremental test (IT) to determine running velocities at 2 and 4 mmol · l(-1) blood lactate (v2 and v4) and maximum velocity (vmax) as well as an interval shuttle run test (ISRT) to determine running distance. Based on v2 and v4 and their percentages in relation to vmax, three intensity zones were calculated: a low lactate zone (<v2), a lactate accommodation zone (v2 to v4), and a lactate accumulation zone (>v4). Female soccer players have a lower v4 (8.2%), vmax (11.3%) and ISRT distance (31.6%). No gender difference was found in v2. In contrast to males, ISRT distance correlates with vmax as well as with v2 and v4 in female soccer players. The intensity zones <v2 and >v4 differ between genders. The present study revealed that gender differences increase when the running performance is intermittent including change of directions. In both genders, different relationships between lactate threshold and intermittent shuttle run performance exist. During incremental testing, the running performances of female and male players reflect different distributions of aerobic and anaerobic metabolic pathways. The revealed gender differences should be considered for soccer endurance training.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Baumgart
- Research Center for Performance Diagnostics and Training Advice, University of Wuppertal, Germany
| | - M W Hoppe
- Research Center for Performance Diagnostics and Training Advice, University of Wuppertal, Germany
| | - J Freiwald
- Research Center for Performance Diagnostics and Training Advice, University of Wuppertal, Germany
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Mohr M, Nordsborg NB, Lindenskov A, Steinholm H, Nielsen HP, Mortensen J, Weihe P, Krustrup P. High-intensity intermittent swimming improves cardiovascular health status for women with mild hypertension. Biomed Res Int 2014; 2014:728289. [PMID: 24812628 PMCID: PMC4000940 DOI: 10.1155/2014/728289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To test the hypothesis that high-intensity swim training improves cardiovascular health status in sedentary premenopausal women with mild hypertension, sixty-two women were randomized into high-intensity (n = 21; HIT), moderate-intensity (n = 21; MOD), and control groups (n = 20; CON). HIT performed 6-10 × 30 s all-out swimming interspersed by 2 min recovery and MOD swam continuously for 1 h at moderate intensity for a 15-week period completing in total 44 ± 1 and 43 ± 1 sessions, respectively. In CON, all measured variables were similar before and after the intervention period. Systolic BP decreased (P < 0.05) by 6 ± 1 and 4 ± 1 mmHg in HIT and MOD; respectively. Resting heart rate declined (P < 0.05) by 5 ± 1 bpm both in HIT and MOD, fat mass decreased (P < 0.05) by 1.1 ± 0.2 and 2.2 ± 0.3 kg, respectively, while the blood lipid profile was unaltered. In HIT and MOD, performance improved (P < 0.05) for a maximal 10 min swim (13 ± 3% and 22 ± 3%), interval swimming (23 ± 3% and 8 ± 3%), and Yo-Yo IE1 running performance (58 ± 5% and 45 ± 4%). In conclusion, high-intensity intermittent swimming is an effective training strategy to improve cardiovascular health and physical performance in sedentary women with mild hypertension. Adaptations are similar with high- and moderate-intensity training, despite markedly less total time spent and distance covered in the high-intensity group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magni Mohr
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter EX12LU, UK
- Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nikolai Baastrup Nordsborg
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Copenhagen Centre for Team Sport and Health, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Annika Lindenskov
- The Faroese Confederation of Sports and Olympic Committee, 100 Torshavn, Faroe Islands
| | - Hildigunn Steinholm
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Natural and Health Sciences, University of the Faroe Islands, 100 Torshavn, Faroe Islands
| | | | - Jann Mortensen
- Department of Medicine, The Faroese National Hospital, 100 Torshavn, Faroe Islands
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pal Weihe
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Public Health, The Faroese Hospital System, 100 Torshavn, Faroe Islands
| | - Peter Krustrup
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter EX12LU, UK
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Copenhagen Centre for Team Sport and Health, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Bradley PS, Lago-Peñas C, Rey E, Gomez Diaz A. The effect of high and low percentage ball possession on physical and technical profiles in English FA Premier League soccer matches. J Sports Sci 2013; 31:1261-70. [PMID: 23697463 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2013.786185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the effects of high (HPBPT) and low percentage ball possession teams (LPBPT) on physical and technical profiles in elite soccer matches. Match performance data were collected from players in the English FA Premier League (n = 810) using a multiple-camera computerised tracking system. Physical indicators such as the total (10690 ± 996 vs 10778 ± 979 m; effect size [ES] = 0.11) and high-intensity running distance covered in matches (931 ± 299 vs 938 ± 311 m; ES = 0.13) did not differ between HPBPT and LPBPT. However, high-intensity running with ball possession in HPBPT was 31% higher (P < 0.01) than LPBPT (449 ± 266 vs 343 ± 236 m; ES = 0.42) but 22% lower without ball possession (423 ± 153 vs 539 ± 177 m; ES = 0.73). Players in HPBPT performed 44% more (P < 0.01) passes than those in LPBPT (35.3 ± 14.2 vs 24.6 ± 11.2; ES = 0.83). This trend was also evident (P < 0.05) for successful passes, received passes, touches per possession, shots, dribbles and final-third entries (ES range of 0.20-0.94). Central defenders of LPBPT covered 33% less (P < 0.01) high-intensity running with ball possession than central defenders of HPBPT. While fullbacks, attackers, central and wide midfielders of LPBPT covered more (P < 0.01) high-intensity running without and less with ball possession than their HPBPT counterparts (ES range of 0.91-1.23). Technical indicators such as total passes and passes received were higher (P < 0.01) across all positions in HPBPT than LPBPT (ES range of 0.82-1.52). The data demonstrate that percentage ball possession does not influence the overall activity profile of a team but impacts on the composition of high-intensity running efforts (with and without ball) and some technical elements of performance. Position-specific changes in physical and technical profiles were evident for teams employing different ball possession percentages and this information could aid training preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Bradley
- Department of Sport & Exercise Sciences, Soccer Research Group, University of Sunderland, Sunderland, UK.
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