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Fang Z, Fu J, Chen X. A combined immune and exosome-related risk signature as prognostic biomakers in acute myeloid leukemia. Hematology 2024; 29:2300855. [PMID: 38186215 DOI: 10.1080/16078454.2023.2300855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is one of the common hematological diseases with low survival rates. Studies have highlighted the dysregulated expression of immune-related and exosome-related genes (ERGs) in cancers. Nevertheless, it remains to be determined whether combining these genes have a prognostic significance in AML. METHODS Immune-ERG profiles for 151 AML patients from TCGA were analyzed. A risk model was constructed and optimized through the combination of univariate Cox regression and LASSO regression analysis. GEO datasets were utilized as the external validation for the robustness of the risk model. In addition, we performed KEGG and GO enrichment analyses to investigate the role played by these genes in AML. The variations in immune cell infiltrations among risk groups were assessed through four algorithms. Expression of hub gene in specific cell was analyzed by single-cell RNA seq. RESULTS A total of 85 immune-ERGs associated with prognosis were identified, enabling the construction of a risk model for AML. The risk model based on five immune-ERGs (CD37, NUCB2, LSP1, MGST1, and PLXNB1) demonstrated a correlation with the clinical outcomes. Additionally, age, FAB classification, cytogenetics risk, and risk score were identified as independent prognostic factors. The five immune-ERGs exhibited correlations with cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, and antigen processing and presentation. Notably, the risk model demonstrated significant associations with immune responses and the expression of immune checkpoints. CONCLUSIONS An immune-ERG-based risk model was developed to effectively predict prognostic outcomes for AML patients. There is potential for immune therapy in AML targeting the five hub genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenghui Fang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiali Fu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, People's Republic of China
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Covino DA, Desimio MG, Giovinazzo A, de Oliveira BSP, Merolle M, Marazziti D, Pellegrini M, Doria M. Absence of ATM leads to altered NK cell function in mice. Clin Immunol 2024; 263:110233. [PMID: 38697554 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2024.110233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) is a rare disorder caused by genetic defects of A-T mutated (ATM) kinase, a key regulator of stress response, and characterized by neurodegeneration, immunodeficiency, and high incidence of cancer. Here we investigated NK cells in a mouse model of A-T (Atm-/-) showing that they are strongly impaired at killing tumor cells due to a block of early signaling events. On the other hand, in Atm-/- littermates with thymic lymphoma NK cell cytotoxicity is enhanced as compared with ATM-proficient mice, possibly via tumor-produced TNF-α. Results also suggest that expansion of exhausted NKG2D+ NK cells in Atm-/- mice is driven by low-level expression of stress-inducible NKG2D ligands, whereas development of thymoma expressing the high-affinity MULT1 ligand is associated with NKG2D down-regulation on NK cells. These results expand our understanding of immunodeficiency in A-T and encourage exploring NK cell biology in A-T patients in the attempt to identify cancer predictive biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Angela Covino
- Research Unit of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Desimio
- Research Unit of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Giovinazzo
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, IBBC-CNR, Monterotondo Scalo, 00015 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Matilde Merolle
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, IBBC-CNR, Monterotondo Scalo, 00015 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Marazziti
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, IBBC-CNR, Monterotondo Scalo, 00015 Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Pellegrini
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, IBBC-CNR, Monterotondo Scalo, 00015 Rome, Italy
| | - Margherita Doria
- Research Unit of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
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3
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Fenis A, Demaria O, Gauthier L, Vivier E, Narni-Mancinelli E. New immune cell engagers for cancer immunotherapy. Nat Rev Immunol 2024:10.1038/s41577-023-00982-7. [PMID: 38273127 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-023-00982-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
There have been major advances in the immunotherapy of cancer in recent years, including the development of T cell engagers - antibodies engineered to redirect T cells to recognize and kill cancer cells - for the treatment of haematological malignancies. However, the field still faces several challenges to develop agents that are consistently effective in a majority of patients and cancer types, such as optimizing drug dose, overcoming treatment resistance and improving efficacy in solid tumours. A new generation of T cell-targeted molecules was developed to tackle these issues that are potentially more effective and safer. In addition, agents designed to engage the antitumour activities of other immune cells, including natural killer cells and myeloid cells, are showing promise and have the potential to treat a broader range of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Fenis
- Innate Pharma Research Laboratories, Innate Pharma, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Demaria
- Innate Pharma Research Laboratories, Innate Pharma, Marseille, France
| | - Laurent Gauthier
- Innate Pharma Research Laboratories, Innate Pharma, Marseille, France
| | - Eric Vivier
- Innate Pharma Research Laboratories, Innate Pharma, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille Immunopôle, Marseille, France
| | - Emilie Narni-Mancinelli
- Aix Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France.
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4
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Anthofer M, Windisch M, Haller R, Ehmann S, Wrighton S, Miller M, Schernthanner L, Kufferath I, Schauer S, Jelušić B, Kienesberger S, Zechner EL, Posselt G, Vales-Gomez M, Reyburn HT, Gorkiewicz G. Immune evasion by proteolytic shedding of natural killer group 2, member D ligands in Helicobacter pylori infection. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1282680. [PMID: 38318189 PMCID: PMC10839011 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1282680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) uses various strategies that attenuate mucosal immunity to ensure its persistence in the stomach. We recently found evidence that H. pylori might modulate the natural killer group 2, member 2 (NKG2D) system. The NKG2D receptor and its ligands are a major activation system of natural killer and cytotoxic T cells, which are important for mucosal immunity and tumor immunosurveillance. The NKG2D system allows recognition and elimination of infected and transformed cells, however viruses and cancers often subvert its activation. Here we aimed to identify a potential evasion of the NKG2D system in H. pylori infection. Methods We analyzed expression of NKG2D system genes in gastric tissues of H. pylori gastritis and gastric cancer patients, and performed cell-culture based infection experiments using H. pylori isogenic mutants and epithelial and NK cell lines. Results In biopsies of H. pylori gastritis patients, NKG2D receptor expression was reduced while NKG2D ligands accumulated in the lamina propria, suggesting NKG2D evasion. In vitro, H. pylori induced the transcription and proteolytic shedding of NKG2D ligands in stomach epithelial cells, and these effects were associated with specific H. pylori virulence factors. The H. pylori-driven release of soluble NKG2D ligands reduced the immunogenic visibility of infected cells and attenuated the cytotoxic activity of effector immune cells, specifically the anti-tumor activity of NK cells. Conclusion H. pylori manipulates the NKG2D system. This so far unrecognized strategy of immune evasion by H. pylori could potentially facilitate chronic bacterial persistence and might also promote stomach cancer development by allowing transformed cells to escape immune recognition and grow unimpeded to overt malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margit Anthofer
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Markus Windisch
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Rosa Haller
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sandra Ehmann
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Michael Miller
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Iris Kufferath
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Silvia Schauer
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Barbara Jelušić
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sabine Kienesberger
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Interuniversity Cooperation, BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ellen L. Zechner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Interuniversity Cooperation, BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gernot Posselt
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Mar Vales-Gomez
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Spanish National Centre for Biotechnology, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hugh T. Reyburn
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Spanish National Centre for Biotechnology, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gregor Gorkiewicz
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Interuniversity Cooperation, BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
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5
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Schinstock CA, Agrawal A, Valenzuela NM. The Significance of Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Chain-related Molecule A in Solid Organ and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: A Comprehensive Overview. Transplantation 2024; 108:115-126. [PMID: 37218026 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Improving long-term allograft survival and minimizing recipient morbidity is of key importance in all of transplantation. Improved matching of classical HLA molecules and avoiding HLA donor-specific antibody has been a major focus; however, emerging data suggest the relevance of nonclassical HLA molecules, major histocompatibility complex class I chain-related gene A (MICA) and B, in transplant outcomes. The purpose of this review is to discuss the structure, function, polymorphisms, and genetics of the MICA molecule and relates this to clinical outcomes in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The tools available for genotyping and antibody detection will be reviewed combined with a discussion of their shortcomings. Although data supporting the relevance of MICA molecules have accumulated, key knowledge gaps exist and should be addressed before widespread implementation of MICA testing for recipients pre- or posttransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie A Schinstock
- Von Liebig Center for Transplant and Clinical Regeneration, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Amogh Agrawal
- Von Liebig Center for Transplant and Clinical Regeneration, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Nicole M Valenzuela
- UCLA Immunogenetics Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
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6
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Torres-Martínez S, Calabuig-Fariñas S, Gallach S, Mosqueda M, Munera-Maravilla E, Sirera R, Navarro L, Blasco A, Camps C, Jantus-Lewintre E. Circulating Immune Proteins: Improving the Diagnosis and Clinical Outcome in Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17587. [PMID: 38139416 PMCID: PMC10743468 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has been proven a viable treatment option for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treatment in patients. However, some patients still do not benefit. Finding new predictive biomarkers for immunocheckpoint inhibitor (ICI) response will improve treatment management in the clinical routine. In this regard, liquid biopsy is a useful and noninvasive alternative to surgical biopsies. In the present study, we evaluated the potential diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive value of seven different soluble mediators involved in immunoregulation. Fifty-two plasma samples from advanced NSCLC treated in first-line with pembrolizumab at baseline (PRE) and at first response assessment (FR) were analyzed. In terms of diagnostic value, our results revealed that sFGL1, sGAL-3, and sGAL-1 allowed for optimal diagnostic efficacy for cancer patients. Additionally, the combination of sFGL1 and sGAL-3 significantly improved diagnostic accuracy. Regarding the predictive value to assess patients' immune response, sCD276 levels at PRE were significantly higher in patients without tumor response (p = 0.035). Moreover, we observed that high levels of sMICB at PRE were associated with absence of clinical benefit (pembrolizumab treatment less than 6 months) (p = 0.049), and high levels of sMICB and sGAL-3 at FR are also related to a lack of clinical benefit (p = 0.027 and p = 0.03, respectively). Finally, in relation to prognosis significance, at PRE and FR, sMICB levels above the 75th percentile are related to poor progression-free survival (PFS) (p = 0.013 and p = 0.023, respectively) and overall survival (OS) (p = 0.001 and p = 0.011, respectively). An increase in sGAL3 levels at FR was associated with worse PFS (p = 0.037). Interestingly, high sGAL-3 at PRE was independently associated with PFS and OS with a hazard ratio (HR) of 2.45 (95% CI 1.14-5.25; p = 0.021) and 4.915 (95% CI 1.89-12.73; p = 0.001). In conclusion, plasma levels of sFGL1, sGAL-3, and sGAL-1 could serve as diagnostic indicators and sMICB, sCD276, and sGAL3 were linked to outcomes, suggesting their potential in assessing NSCLC under pembrolizumab treatment. Our results highlight the value of employing soluble immune biomarkers in advanced lung cancer patients treated with pembrolizumab at first-line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Torres-Martínez
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Fundación Investigación Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain; (S.T.-M.); (S.G.); (M.M.); (E.M.-M.); (C.C.); (E.J.-L.)
- TRIAL Mixed Unit, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe—Fundación Investigación Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer, CIBERONC, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Calabuig-Fariñas
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Fundación Investigación Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain; (S.T.-M.); (S.G.); (M.M.); (E.M.-M.); (C.C.); (E.J.-L.)
- TRIAL Mixed Unit, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe—Fundación Investigación Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer, CIBERONC, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pathology, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Sandra Gallach
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Fundación Investigación Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain; (S.T.-M.); (S.G.); (M.M.); (E.M.-M.); (C.C.); (E.J.-L.)
- TRIAL Mixed Unit, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe—Fundación Investigación Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer, CIBERONC, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marais Mosqueda
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Fundación Investigación Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain; (S.T.-M.); (S.G.); (M.M.); (E.M.-M.); (C.C.); (E.J.-L.)
- TRIAL Mixed Unit, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe—Fundación Investigación Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Ester Munera-Maravilla
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Fundación Investigación Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain; (S.T.-M.); (S.G.); (M.M.); (E.M.-M.); (C.C.); (E.J.-L.)
- TRIAL Mixed Unit, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe—Fundación Investigación Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer, CIBERONC, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Sirera
- Department of Biotechnology, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Lara Navarro
- Department of Pathology, Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Ana Blasco
- TRIAL Mixed Unit, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe—Fundación Investigación Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer, CIBERONC, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos Camps
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Fundación Investigación Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain; (S.T.-M.); (S.G.); (M.M.); (E.M.-M.); (C.C.); (E.J.-L.)
- TRIAL Mixed Unit, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe—Fundación Investigación Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer, CIBERONC, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Eloisa Jantus-Lewintre
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Fundación Investigación Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain; (S.T.-M.); (S.G.); (M.M.); (E.M.-M.); (C.C.); (E.J.-L.)
- TRIAL Mixed Unit, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe—Fundación Investigación Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer, CIBERONC, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biotechnology, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain;
- Nanomedicine, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe—Universitat Politècnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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7
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Ormandjieva A, Yordanov S, Stoyanov H, Deliverska E, Shivarov V, Ivanova M. The role of non-classical and chain-related human leukocyte antigen polymorphisms in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:7245-7252. [PMID: 37418079 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08629-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) is the major pathological subtype of laryngeal cancer. It has been shown that alterations of the expression of non-classical human leukocyte antigens (HLA) and the chain-related MIC molecules by malignant cells can lead to escape from the immune system control and certain allele variants may participate in immune editing and therefore be associated with modulation of cancer risk. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of non-classical HLA class Ib and chain-related MIC polymorphisms, determined at the allelic level by next-generation sequencing (NGS), in patients from the Bulgarian population, diagnosed with LSCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the present study DNA samples from 48 patients with LSCC were used. Data was compared to 63 healthy controls analysed in previous studies. HLA genotyping was performed by using the AlloSeq Tx17 early pooling protocol and the library preparation AlloSeq Tx17 kit (CareDx). Sequencing was performed on MiniSeq sequencing platform (Illumina) and HLA genotypes were assigned with the AlloSeq Assign analysis software v1.0.3 (CareDx) and the IPD-IMGT/HLA database 3.45.1.2. RESULTS The HLA disease association tests revealed a statistically significant predisposing association of HLA-F*01:01:02 (Pc = 0.0103, OR = 24.0194) with LSCC, while HLA-F*01:01:01 (Pc = 8.21e-04, OR = 0.0485) has a possible protective association. Additionally we observed several haplotypes with statistically significant protective and predisposing associations. The strongest association was observed for F*01:01:01-H*01:01:01 (P = 0.0054, haplotype score=-2.7801). CONCLUSION Our preliminary study suggests the involvement of HLA class Ib in cancer development and the possible role of the shown alleles as biomarkers of LSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Ormandjieva
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | | | - Hristo Stoyanov
- Department of Dental, Oral and Maxillofacial surgery, FDM, Medical University - Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Elitsa Deliverska
- Department of Dental, Oral and Maxillofacial surgery, FDM, Medical University - Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Velizar Shivarov
- Department of Experimental Research, Medical University Pleven, Pleven, Bulgaria
| | - Milena Ivanova
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria
- Clinic of Clinical Immunology with Stem Cell Bank, University Hospital ''Alexandrovska'', Sofia, Bulgaria
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8
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Huan T, Guan B, Li H, Tu X, Zhang C, Tang B. Principles and current clinical landscape of NK cell engaging bispecific antibody against cancer. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2023; 19:2256904. [PMID: 37772505 PMCID: PMC10543353 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2256904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody-based targeted therapies have greatly improved treatment options for patients by binding to the innate immune system. However, the long-term efficacy of such antibodies is limited by mechanisms of drug resistance. Over the last 50 years, with advances in protein engineering technology, more and more bispecific antibody (bsAb) platforms have been engineered to meet diverse clinical needs. Bispecific NK cell engagers (BiKEs) or tri-specific NK cell engagers (TriKEs) allow for direct targeting of immune cells to tumors, and therefore resistance and serious adverse effects are greatly reduced. Many preclinical and clinical trials are currently underway, depicting the promise of antibody-based natural killer cell engager therapeutics. In this review, we compile worldwide efforts to explore the involvement of NK cells in bispecific antibodies. With a particular emphasis on lessons learned, we focus on preclinical and clinical studies in malignancies and discuss the reasons for the limited success of NK-cell engagers against solid tumors, offering plausible new ideas for curing some advanced cancers shortly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Huan
- Department of General Surgery, Jinhu County People’s Hospital, Huaian, Jiangsu, China
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bugao Guan
- Department of General Surgery, Jinhu County People’s Hospital, Huaian, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongbo Li
- Department of General Surgery, Jinhu County People’s Hospital, Huaian, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiu Tu
- Department of General Surgery, Jinhu County People’s Hospital, Huaian, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Jinhu County People’s Hospital, Huaian, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bin Tang
- Department of General Surgery, Jinhu County People’s Hospital, Huaian, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Central Laboratory, Jinhu County People’s Hospital, Huaian, Jiangsu, China
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9
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Goulding J, Yeh WI, Hancock B, Blum R, Xu T, Yang BH, Chang CW, Groff B, Avramis E, Pribadi M, Pan Y, Chu HY, Sikaroodi S, Fong L, Brookhouser N, Dailey T, Meza M, Denholtz M, Diaz E, Martin J, Szabo P, Cooley S, Ferrari de Andrade L, Lee TT, Bjordahl R, Wucherpfennig KW, Valamehr B. A chimeric antigen receptor uniquely recognizing MICA/B stress proteins provides an effective approach to target solid tumors. Med 2023; 4:457-477.e8. [PMID: 37172578 PMCID: PMC10524375 DOI: 10.1016/j.medj.2023.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The advent of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapies has transformed the treatment of hematological malignancies; however, broader therapeutic success of CAR T cells has been limited in solid tumors because of their frequently heterogeneous composition. Stress proteins in the MICA and MICB (MICA/B) family are broadly expressed by tumor cells following DNA damage but are rapidly shed to evade immune detection. METHODS We have developed a novel CAR targeting the conserved α3 domain of MICA/B (3MICA/B CAR) and incorporated it into a multiplexed-engineered induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived natural killer (NK) cell (3MICA/B CAR iNK) that expressed a shedding-resistant form of the CD16 Fc receptor to enable tumor recognition through two major targeting receptors. FINDINGS We demonstrated that 3MICA/B CAR mitigates MICA/B shedding and inhibition via soluble MICA/B while simultaneously exhibiting antigen-specific anti-tumor reactivity across an expansive library of human cancer cell lines. Pre-clinical assessment of 3MICA/B CAR iNK cells demonstrated potent antigen-specific in vivo cytolytic activity against both solid and hematological xenograft models, which was further enhanced in combination with tumor-targeted therapeutic antibodies that activate the CD16 Fc receptor. CONCLUSIONS Our work demonstrated 3MICA/B CAR iNK cells to be a promising multi-antigen-targeting cancer immunotherapy approach intended for solid tumors. FUNDING Funded by Fate Therapeutics and NIH (R01CA238039).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wen-I Yeh
- Fate Therapeutics Inc., San Diego, CA 92131, USA
| | | | - Robert Blum
- Fate Therapeutics Inc., San Diego, CA 92131, USA
| | - Tianhao Xu
- Fate Therapeutics Inc., San Diego, CA 92131, USA
| | - Bi-Huei Yang
- Fate Therapeutics Inc., San Diego, CA 92131, USA
| | | | - Brian Groff
- Fate Therapeutics Inc., San Diego, CA 92131, USA
| | - Earl Avramis
- Fate Therapeutics Inc., San Diego, CA 92131, USA
| | | | - Yijia Pan
- Fate Therapeutics Inc., San Diego, CA 92131, USA
| | - Hui-Yi Chu
- Fate Therapeutics Inc., San Diego, CA 92131, USA
| | | | - Lauren Fong
- Fate Therapeutics Inc., San Diego, CA 92131, USA
| | | | | | - Miguel Meza
- Fate Therapeutics Inc., San Diego, CA 92131, USA
| | | | - Evelyn Diaz
- Fate Therapeutics Inc., San Diego, CA 92131, USA
| | - Judy Martin
- Fate Therapeutics Inc., San Diego, CA 92131, USA
| | - Peter Szabo
- Fate Therapeutics Inc., San Diego, CA 92131, USA
| | - Sarah Cooley
- Fate Therapeutics Inc., San Diego, CA 92131, USA
| | | | - Tom T Lee
- Fate Therapeutics Inc., San Diego, CA 92131, USA
| | | | - Kai W Wucherpfennig
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Neurology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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10
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Petersdorf EW, McKallor C, Malkki M, He M, Spellman SR, Hsu KC, Strong RK, Gooley T, Stevenson P. Role of NKG2D ligands and receptor in haploidentical related donor hematopoietic cell transplantation. Blood Adv 2023; 7:2888-2896. [PMID: 36763517 PMCID: PMC10300293 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2022008922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The recurrence of malignancy after hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is the primary cause of transplantation failure. The NKG2D axis is a powerful pathway for antitumor responses, but its role in the control of malignancy after HCT is not well-defined. We tested the hypothesis that gene variation of the NKG2D receptor and its ligands MICA and MICB affect relapse and survival in 1629 patients who received a haploidentical HCT for the treatment of a malignant blood disorder. Patients and donors were characterized for MICA residue 129, the exon 5 short tandem repeat (STR), and MICB residues 52, 57, 98, and 189. Donors were additionally defined for the presence of NKG2D residue 72. Mortality was higher in patients with MICB-52Asn relative to those with 52Asp (hazard ratio [HR], 1.83; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.24-2.71; P = .002) and lower in those with MICA-STR mismatch than in those with STR match (HR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.54-0.79; P = .00002). Relapse was lower with NKG2D-72Thr donors than with 72Ala donors (relapse HR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.35-0.91; P = .02). The protective effects of patient MICB-52Asp with donor MICA-STR mismatch and NKG2D-72Thr were enhanced when all 3 features were present. The NKG2D ligand/receptor pathway is a transplantation determinant. The immunobiology of relapse is defined by the concerted effects of MICA, MICB, and NKG2D germ line variation. Consideration of NKG2D ligand/receptor pairings may improve survival for future patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Effie W. Petersdorf
- Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Caroline McKallor
- Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Mari Malkki
- Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Meilun He
- National Marrow Donor Program/BeTheMatch, Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Stephen R. Spellman
- National Marrow Donor Program/BeTheMatch, Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Katharine C. Hsu
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Roland K. Strong
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Ted Gooley
- Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Phil Stevenson
- Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
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11
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Wang S, Onyeaghala GC, Pankratz N, Nelson HH, Thyagarajan B, Tang W, Norby FL, Ugoji C, Joshu CE, Gomez CR, Couper DJ, Coresh J, Platz EA, Prizment AE. Associations between MICA and MICB Genetic Variants, Protein Levels, and Colorectal Cancer: Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC). Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2023; 32:784-794. [PMID: 36958849 PMCID: PMC10239349 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-22-1113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The MHC class I chain-related protein A (MICA) and protein B (MICB) participate in tumor immunosurveillance and may be important in colorectal cancer, but have not been examined in colorectal cancer development. METHODS sMICA and sMICB blood levels were measured by SomaScan in Visit 2 (1990-92, baseline) and Visit 3 (1993-95) samples in cancer-free participants in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. We selected rs1051792, rs1063635, rs2516448, rs3763288, rs1131896, rs2596542, and rs2395029 that were located in or in the vicinity of MICA or MICB and were associated with cancer or autoimmune diseases in published studies. SNPs were genotyped by the Affymetrix Genome-Wide Human SNP Array. We applied linear and Cox proportional hazards regressions to examine the associations of preselected SNPs with sMICA and sMICB levels and colorectal cancer risk (236 colorectal cancers, 8,609 participants) and of sMICA and sMICB levels with colorectal cancer risk (312 colorectal cancers, 10,834 participants). In genetic analyses, estimates adjusted for ancestry markers were meta-analyzed. RESULTS Rs1051792-A, rs1063635-A, rs2516448-C, rs3763288-A, rs2596542-T, and rs2395029-G were significantly associated with decreased sMICA levels. Rs2395029-G, in the vicinity of MICA and MICB, was also associated with increased sMICB levels. Rs2596542-T was significantly associated with decreased colorectal cancer risk. Lower sMICA levels were associated with lower colorectal cancer risk in males (HR = 0.68; 95% confidence interval, 0.49-0.96) but not in females (Pinteraction = 0.08). CONCLUSIONS Rs2596542-T associated with lower sMICA levels was associated with decreased colorectal cancer risk. Lower sMICA levels were associated with lower colorectal cancer risk in males. IMPACT These findings support an importance of immunosurveillance in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wang
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Guillaume C. Onyeaghala
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Nathan Pankratz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Heather H Nelson
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Bharat Thyagarajan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Weihong Tang
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Faye L. Norby
- Department of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Smidt Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Chinenye Ugoji
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Corinne E. Joshu
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD
| | - Christian R. Gomez
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS
| | - David J. Couper
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Josef Coresh
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Elizabeth A. Platz
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD
| | - Anna E. Prizment
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
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12
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Ivanova M, Tsvetkova G, Lessichkova S, Gesheva N, Hadjiev E, Shivarov V. Exploration of the role of
NKG2D
ligands
MICA
and
MICB
in
JAK2 V617F
‐positive myeloproliferative neoplasms. HLA 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/tan.15026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Milena Ivanova
- Department of Clinical Immunology University Hospital Alexandrovska, Medical University Sofia Bulgaria
| | - Gergana Tsvetkova
- Department of Clinical Hematology University Hospital Alexandrovska, Medical University Sofia Bulgaria
| | - Spaska Lessichkova
- Department of Clinical Immunology University Hospital Alexandrovska, Medical University Sofia Bulgaria
| | - Nevena Gesheva
- Department of Clinical Immunology University Hospital Alexandrovska, Medical University Sofia Bulgaria
| | - Evgueniy Hadjiev
- Department of Clinical Hematology University Hospital Alexandrovska, Medical University Sofia Bulgaria
| | - Velizar Shivarov
- Department of Experimental Research Medical University Pleven Bulgaria
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13
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Abstract
Exosomes are small vesicles with a diameter of ~40-100 nm that are secreted by the majority of endogenous cells under normal and pathological conditions. They contain abundant proteins, lipids, microRNAs, and biomolecules such as signal transduction molecules, adhesion factors and cytoskeletal proteins, and play an important role in exchanging materials and transmitting information between cells. Recent studies have shown that exosomes are involved in the pathophysiology of leukaemia by affecting the bone marrow microenvironment, apoptosis, tumour angiogenesis, immune escape and chemotherapy resistance. Furthermore, exosomes are potential biomarkers and drug carriers for leukaemia, impacting the diagnosis and treatment of leukaemia. The present study describes the biogenesis and general characteristics of exosomes, and then highlight the emerging roles of exosomes in different types of leukaemia. Finally, the value of clinical application of exosomes as biomarkers and drug carriers is discussed with the aim to provide novel strategies for the treatment of leukaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261031, P.R. China
| | - Ting Xie
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China
| | - Bing Wei
- Department of Immunology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China
| | - Da-Lin Di
- Department of Immunology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China,Correspondence to: Dr Da-Lin Di, Department of Immunology, Weifang Medical University, 7166 Baotongxi Street, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China . com
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Moran J, Mylod E, Kane LE, Marion C, Keenan E, Mekhaeil M, Lysaght J, Dev KK, O'Sullivan J, Conroy MJ. Investigating the Effects of Olaparib on the Susceptibility of Glioblastoma Multiforme Tumour Cells to Natural Killer Cell-Mediated Responses. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15. [PMID: 36839682 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common adult primary brain malignancy, with dismal survival rates of ~14.6 months. The current standard-of-care consists of surgical resection and chemoradiotherapy, however the treatment response is limited by factors such as tumour heterogeneity, treatment resistance, the blood-brain barrier, and immunosuppression. Several immunotherapies have undergone clinical development for GBM but demonstrated inadequate efficacy, yet future combinatorial approaches are likely to hold more promise. Olaparib is FDA-approved for BRCA-mutated advanced ovarian and breast cancer, and clinical studies have revealed its utility as a safe and efficacious radio- and chemo-sensitiser in GBM. The ability of Olaparib to enhance natural killer (NK) cell-mediated responses has been reported in prostate, breast, and lung cancer. This study examined its potential combination with NK cell therapies in GBM by firstly investigating the susceptibility of the GBM cell line T98G to NK cells and, secondly, examining whether Olaparib can sensitise T98G cells to NK cell-mediated responses. Here, we characterise the NK receptor ligand profile of T98G cells and demonstrate that Olaparib does not dampen T98G susceptibility to NK cells or elicit immunomodulatory effects on the function of NK cells. This study provides novel insights into the potential combination of Olaparib with NK cell therapies for GBM.
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15
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Akbar S, Raza A, Mohsin R, Kanbour A, Qadri S, Parray A, Zar Gul AR, Philip A, Vijayakumar S, Merhi M, Hydrose S, Inchakalody VP, Al-Abdulla R, Abualainin W, Sirriya SA, Al-Bozom I, Uddin S, Khan OM, Mohamed Ibrahim MI, Al Homsi U, Dermime S. Circulating exosomal immuno-oncological checkpoints and cytokines are potential biomarkers to monitor tumor response to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy in non-small cell lung cancer patients. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1097117. [PMID: 36741391 PMCID: PMC9890181 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1097117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) including anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 antibodies, have significantly changed the treatment outcomes of NSCLC patients with better overall survival. However, 15-40% of the patients still fail to respond to ICIs therapy. Identification of biomarkers associated with responses are mandated in order to increase the efficacy of such therapy. In this study we evaluated 27 serum-derived exosomal immuno-oncological proteins and 44 cytokines/chemokines before and after ICIs therapy in 17 NSCLC patients to identify surrogate biomarkers for treatment/monitoring patient stratification for maximum therapeutic benefit. We first confirmed the identity of the isolated exosomes to have their specific markers (CD63, CD81, HSP70 and CD91). We have demonstrated that baseline concentration of exosomal-PD-L1 (p<0.0001), exosomal-PD-L2 (p=0.0413) and exosomal-PD-1 (p=0.0131) from NSCLC patients were significantly higher than their soluble-free forms. Furthermore, the exosomal-PD-L1 was present in all the patients (100%), while only 71% of patients expressed tissue PD-L1. This indicates that exosomal-PD-L1 is a more reliable diagnostic biomarker. Interestingly, exosomal-PD-L2 expression was significantly higher (p=0.0193) in tissue PD-L1-negative patients compared to tissue PD-L1-positive patients. We have also shown that immuno-oncological proteins isolated from pre-ICIs treated patients were significantly higher in exosomes compared to their soluble-free counterparts (CD152, p=0.0008; CD80, p=0.0182; IDO, p=0.0443; Arginase, p<0.0001; Nectin-2, p<0.0001; NT5E, p<0.0001; Siglec-7, p<0.0001; Siglec-9, p=0.0335; CD28, p=0.0092; GITR, p<0.0001; MICA, p<0.0001). Finally, the changes in the expression levels of exosomal immuno-oncological proteins/cytokines and their correlation with tumor response to ICIs treatment were assessed. There was a significant downregulation of exosomal PD-L1 (p=0.0156), E-Cadherin (p=0.0312), ULBP1 (p=0.0156), ULBP3 (p=0.0391), MICA (p=0.0391), MICB (p=0.0469), Siglec7 (p=0.0078) and significant upregulation of exosomal PD-1 (p=0.0156) and IFN- γ (p=0.0156) in responding patients. Non-responding patients showed a significant increase in exosomal-PD-L1 (p=0.0078). Furthermore, responding-patients without liver-metastasis showed significant-upregulation of PD-1 (p=0.0070), and downregulation of ULBP1 (p=0.0137) and Siglec-7 (p=0.0037). Non-responding patients had significant-downregulation of ULBP3 (p=0.0317) in patient without brain-metastasis and significant-upregulation/downregulation of PD-L1 and ULBP3 (p=0.0262/0.0286) in patients with pulmonary-metastasis. We demonstrated for the first time that exosomal immuno-oncological proteins/cytokines are potential biomarkers to monitor response to ICIs therapy and can predict the clinical outcomes in NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayista Akbar
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Afsheen Raza
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar,Translational Cancer Research Facility, Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar
| | - Reyad Mohsin
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Aladdin Kanbour
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shahnaz Qadri
- Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, Kingsville, TX, United States
| | - Aijaz Parray
- Neuroscience Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Abdul Rehman Zar Gul
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Anite Philip
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Suma Vijayakumar
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Maysaloun Merhi
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar,Translational Cancer Research Facility, Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar
| | - Shereena Hydrose
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar,Translational Cancer Research Facility, Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar
| | - Varghese Philipose Inchakalody
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar,Translational Cancer Research Facility, Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar
| | - Rajaa Al-Abdulla
- Anatomical Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Wafa Abualainin
- Diagnostic Genomic Division, Solid Tumor Section, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shaza Abu Sirriya
- Diagnostic Genomic Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Issam Al-Bozom
- Anatomical Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shahab Uddin
- Translational Research Institute and Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar,Laboratory Animal Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Omar Muhammad Khan
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Ussama Al Homsi
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Said Dermime
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar,Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar,Translational Cancer Research Facility, Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar,*Correspondence: Said Dermime,
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16
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Dzobo K, Senthebane DA, Dandara C. The Tumor Microenvironment in Tumorigenesis and Therapy Resistance Revisited. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15. [PMID: 36672326 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15020376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumorigenesis is a complex and dynamic process involving cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions that allow tumor cell growth, drug resistance and metastasis. This review provides an updated summary of the role played by the tumor microenvironment (TME) components and hypoxia in tumorigenesis, and highlight various ways through which tumor cells reprogram normal cells into phenotypes that are pro-tumorigenic, including cancer associated- fibroblasts, -macrophages and -endothelial cells. Tumor cells secrete numerous factors leading to the transformation of a previously anti-tumorigenic environment into a pro-tumorigenic environment. Once formed, solid tumors continue to interact with various stromal cells, including local and infiltrating fibroblasts, macrophages, mesenchymal stem cells, endothelial cells, pericytes, and secreted factors and the ECM within the tumor microenvironment (TME). The TME is key to tumorigenesis, drug response and treatment outcome. Importantly, stromal cells and secreted factors can initially be anti-tumorigenic, but over time promote tumorigenesis and induce therapy resistance. To counter hypoxia, increased angiogenesis leads to the formation of new vascular networks in order to actively promote and sustain tumor growth via the supply of oxygen and nutrients, whilst removing metabolic waste. Angiogenic vascular network formation aid in tumor cell metastatic dissemination. Successful tumor treatment and novel drug development require the identification and therapeutic targeting of pro-tumorigenic components of the TME including cancer-associated- fibroblasts (CAFs) and -macrophages (CAMs), hypoxia, blocking ECM-receptor interactions, in addition to the targeting of tumor cells. The reprogramming of stromal cells and the immune response to be anti-tumorigenic is key to therapeutic success. Lastly, this review highlights potential TME- and hypoxia-centered therapies under investigation.
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17
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Li Y, Wang H, Zhao Z, Yang Y, Meng Z, Qin L. Effects of the interactions between platelets with other cells in tumor growth and progression. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1165989. [PMID: 37153586 PMCID: PMC10158495 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1165989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been confirmed that platelets play a key role in tumorigenesis. Tumor-activated platelets can recruit blood cells and immune cells to migrate, establish an inflammatory tumor microenvironment at the sites of primary and metastatic tumors. On the other hand, they can also promote the differentiation of mesenchymal cells, which can accelerate the proliferation, genesis and migration of blood vessels. The role of platelets in tumors has been well studied. However, a growing number of studies suggest that interactions between platelets and immune cells (e.g., dendritic cells, natural killer cells, monocytes, and red blood cells) also play an important role in tumorigenesis and tumor development. In this review, we summarize the major cells that are closely associated with platelets and discuss the essential role of the interaction between platelets with these cells in tumorigenesis and tumor development.
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18
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Kimura Y, Tsunedomi R, Yoshimura K, Matsukuma S, Shindo Y, Matsui H, Tokumitsu Y, Yoshida S, Iida M, Suzuki N, Takeda S, Ioka T, Hazama S, Nagano H. Immune Evasion of Hepatoma Cancer Stem-Like Cells from Natural Killer Cells. Ann Surg Oncol 2022; 29:7423-7433. [PMID: 35876924 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-022-12220-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor prognosis in liver cancer is due to its high frequency of intrahepatic metastasis. Cancer stem-like cells (CSLCs), which possess the properties of stemness, tumor initiation capability, and resistance to therapy, also exhibit metastatic potential. Immune surveillance plays an important role in the accomplishment of metastasis. Herein, the property of immune evasion in CSLCs was investigated. METHODS Sphere cells were induced as CSLCs using a sphere induction medium containing neural survival factor-1. The expression of genes involved in immune evasion was determined using RNA-sequencing for sphere and parental cells followed by validation using flow cytometric analysis and ELISA. Susceptibility to natural killer (NK) cell-mediated cytotoxicity was examined by a chromium release assay. A xenograft model using BALB/c nu/nu mice was used to assess tumor growth. Gene set enrichment analysis was performed for interpreting RNA sequencing. RESULTS The cell surface expressions of PD-L1, PD-L2, and CEACAM1 were upregulated and those of ULBP1 and MICA/MICB were downregulated in SK-sphere, CSLCs derived from SK-HEP-1, compared with that in parental cells. Levels of soluble MICA were elevated in conditioned medium from SK-sphere. Expression of HLA class I was not downregulated in SK-sphere. The susceptibilities to NK cell-mediated killing and secreted perforin were significantly lower in both CSLCs derived from SK-HEP-1 and HLE than in parental cells. Tumors formed upon inoculation of SK-sphere in immunodeficient mice harboring NK cells were larger than those formed upon inoculation of parental cells. CONCLUSION Human hepatoma cell line-derived CSLCs may possess immune evasion properties, especially from NK cell-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Kimura
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast, and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Ryouichi Tsunedomi
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast, and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan.
| | - Kiyoshi Yoshimura
- Department of Clinical Research in Tumor Immunology, Showa University Clinical Research Institute for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Matsukuma
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast, and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Yoshitaro Shindo
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast, and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Hiroto Matsui
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast, and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Yukio Tokumitsu
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast, and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Shin Yoshida
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast, and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Michihisa Iida
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast, and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast, and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Shigeru Takeda
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast, and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Ioka
- Oncology Center, Yamaguchi University Hospital, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Shoichi Hazama
- Department of Translational Research and Developmental Therapeutics Against Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nagano
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast, and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
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19
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Peipp M, Klausz K, Boje AS, Zeller T, Zielonka S, Kellner C. Immunotherapeutic targeting of activating natural killer cell receptors and their ligands in cancer. Clin Exp Immunol 2022; 209:22-32. [PMID: 35325068 PMCID: PMC9307233 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxac028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells exert an important role in cancer immune surveillance. Recognition of malignant cells and controlled activation of effector functions are facilitated by the expression of activating and inhibitory receptors, which is a complex interplay that allows NK cells to discriminate malignant cells from healthy tissues. Due to their unique profile of effector functions, the recruitment of NK cells is attractive in cancer treatment and a key function of NK cells in antibody therapy is widely appreciated. In recent years, besides the low-affinity fragment crystallizable receptor for immunoglobulin G (FcγRIIIA), the activating natural killer receptors p30 (NKp30) and p46 (NKp46), as well as natural killer group 2 member D (NKG2D), have gained increasing attention as potential targets for bispecific antibody-derivatives to redirect NK cell cytotoxicity against tumors. Beyond modulation of the receptor activity on NK cells, therapeutic targeting of the respective ligands represents an attractive approach. Here, novel therapeutic approaches to unleash NK cells by engagement of activating NK-cell receptors and alternative strategies targeting their tumor-expressed ligands in cancer therapy are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Peipp
- Division of Antibody-Based Immunotherapy, Department of Internal Medicine II, Christian Albrechts University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Katja Klausz
- Division of Antibody-Based Immunotherapy, Department of Internal Medicine II, Christian Albrechts University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ammelie Svea Boje
- Division of Antibody-Based Immunotherapy, Department of Internal Medicine II, Christian Albrechts University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Tobias Zeller
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Cell Therapeutics and Haemostaseology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Zielonka
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christian Kellner
- Correspondence: Christian Kellner, Division of Transfusion Medicine, Cell Therapeutics and Haemostaseology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
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Fernández A, Pérez-Martínez A, Escudero A, Mirones I, González B, de Paz R, Matamala N, Clares L, Navarro A, Galán V, Martínez-Romera I, Martínez-López J, Leivas A, Valés-Gómez M, Ferreras C, Fernández L. Infusion of haploidentical NKG2D-CAR-T CD45RA- cells in two pediatric patients with advanced relapsed and refractory acute leukemia was safe but achieved no clinical benefits. Leuk Lymphoma 2022; 63:1970-1974. [DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2022.2057490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Fernández
- Hematological Malignancies Lab-H12O Clinical Research Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Pérez-Martínez
- Pediatric Hemato-Oncology Department, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Translational Research Group in Pediatric Oncology Hematopoietic Transplantation and Cell Therapy, La Paz University Hospital Institute for Health Research-IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
- Pediatric Department, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adela Escudero
- Pediatric Molecular Hemato-Oncology Department, Medical and Molecular Genetics Institute (INGEMM), La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Mirones
- Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products Production Unit, Pediatric Hemato-Oncology Service and Pharmacy Service, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Berta González
- Pediatric Hemato-Oncology Department, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel de Paz
- Hematology and Hemotherapy Department, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nerea Matamala
- Pediatric Molecular Hemato-Oncology Department, Medical and Molecular Genetics Institute (INGEMM), La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Clares
- Translational Research Group in Pediatric Oncology Hematopoietic Transplantation and Cell Therapy, La Paz University Hospital Institute for Health Research-IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Navarro
- Translational Research Group in Pediatric Oncology Hematopoietic Transplantation and Cell Therapy, La Paz University Hospital Institute for Health Research-IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Victor Galán
- Pediatric Hemato-Oncology Department, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Joaquín Martínez-López
- Hematological Malignancies Lab-H12O Clinical Research Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- Hematology Department, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandra Leivas
- Hematological Malignancies Lab-H12O Clinical Research Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- Hematology Department, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar Valés-Gómez
- Tumor Immune Activation and Evasion Group, National Biotechnology Center, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Ferreras
- Translational Research Group in Pediatric Oncology Hematopoietic Transplantation and Cell Therapy, La Paz University Hospital Institute for Health Research-IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucía Fernández
- Hematological Malignancies Lab-H12O Clinical Research Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
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21
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Chitadze G, Kabelitz D. Immune surveillance in glioblastoma: role of the NKG2D system and novel cell-based therapeutic approaches. Scand J Immunol 2022; 96:e13201. [PMID: 35778892 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma, formerly known as Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most frequent and most aggressive brain tumor in adults. The brain is an immunopriviledged organ and the blood brain barrier shields the brain from immune surveillance. In this review we discuss the composition of the immunosuppressive tumor micromilieu and potential immune escape mechanisms in GBM. In this respect, we focus on the role of the NKG2D receptor/ligand system. NKG2D ligands are frequently expressed on GBM tumor cells and can activate NKG2D-expressing killer cells including NK cells and γδ T cells. Soluble NKG2D ligands, however, contribute to tumor escape from immunological attack. We also discuss the current immunotherapeutic strategies to improve the survival of GBM patients. Such approaches include the modulation of the NKG2D receptor/ligand system, the application of checkpoint inhibitors, the adoptive transfer of ex vivo expanded and/or modified immune cells, or the application of antibodies and antibody constructs to target cytotoxic effector cells in vivo. In view of the multitude of pursued strategies, there is hope for improved overall survival of GBM patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guranda Chitadze
- Unit for Hematological Diagnostics, Department of Internal Medicine II
| | - Dieter Kabelitz
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH) Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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22
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Godoy‑Pacheco A, García‑Chagollán M, Ramírez‑De‑Arellano A, Hernández‑Silva C, Villegas‑Pineda J, Ramírez‑López I, Zepeda‑Nuño J, Aguilar‑Lemarroy A, Pereira‑Suárez A. Differential modulation of natural killer cell cytotoxicity by 17β‑estradiol and prolactin through the NKG2D/NKG2DL axis in cervical cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2022; 24:288. [DOI: 10.3892/ol.2022.13408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Godoy‑Pacheco
- Department of Physiology, University Center for Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico
| | - Mariel García‑Chagollán
- Institute for Research in Biomedical Sciences, University Center for Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico
| | - Adrián Ramírez‑De‑Arellano
- Institute for Research in Biomedical Sciences, University Center for Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico
| | - Christian Hernández‑Silva
- Institute for Research in Biomedical Sciences, University Center for Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico
| | - Julio Villegas‑Pineda
- Department of Physiology, University Center for Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico
| | - Inocencia Ramírez‑López
- Department of Physiology, University Center for Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico
| | - José Zepeda‑Nuño
- Center for Research and Diagnosis of Pathology, Department of Microbiology and Pathology, University Center of Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico
| | - Adriana Aguilar‑Lemarroy
- Department of Immunology, Western Biomedical Research Center, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico
| | - Ana Pereira‑Suárez
- Institute for Research in Biomedical Sciences, University Center for Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico
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Amin AH, Sharifi LMA, Kakhharov AJ, Opulencia MJC, Alsaikhan F, Bokov DO, Majdi HS, Jawad MA, Hammid AT, Shalaby MN, Mustafa YF, Siahmansouri H. Role of Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)-Derived exosomes in tumor progression and survival. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 150:113009. [PMID: 35486974 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a quickly aggressive hematopoietic disorder that progress due to the accumulation and clonal expansion of immature myeloid cells. Despite the latest developments in AML treatment, repeated relapses and drug resistance remain one of the major challenges in treatment of leukemia. Currently, it is well known that the components of the tumor microenvironment such as cellular and non-cellular elements play a critical function in treatment failures of AML, also they are most common cause of complications including suppression of hematopoiesis. Exosomes are membrane-bound extracellular vesicles (EVs) that transfer signaling molecules and have attracted a large amount of attention due to their important role in inter-cellular communication in health and disease. Exosomes participate in the survival and chemoresistance of many leukemia through transferring their rich cargos of molecules including miRNAs, growth factors, and cytokines. The key producers of exosomes that mainly participate to AML pathogenesis are bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSCs) and AML cell themselves. These cells release an enormous number of exosomes that affect several target cells such as natural killer (NK) and hematopoietic stem cells to the development of leukemia proliferation and progression. In the present study, a comprehensive review of the literature has been done to briefly discuss the biology of exosomes and highlight the role of exosomes derived from AML in the progress of acute myeloid leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali H Amin
- Deanship of Scientific Research, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia; Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | | | - Alisher Jamoliddinovich Kakhharov
- Department of Oncology and Medical Radiology, Tashkent State Dental Institute, Tashkent, Uzbekistan; Department of Oncology and Medical Radiology, Samarkand State Dental Institute, Samarkand, Uzbekistan.
| | | | - Fahad Alsaikhan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dmitry Olegovich Bokov
- Institute of Pharmacy, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 8 Trubetskaya St., bldg. 2, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation; Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Federal Research Center of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, 2/14 Ustyinsky pr., Moscow 109240, Russian Federation
| | - Hasan Sh Majdi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Petroleum Industries, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon 51001, Iraq
| | | | - Ali Thaeer Hammid
- Computer Engineering Department, Imam Ja'afar Al-Sadiq University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Mohammed Nader Shalaby
- Biological Sciences and Sports Health Department, Faculty of Physical Education, Suez Canal University, Egypt
| | - Yasser Fakri Mustafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul 41001, Iraq
| | - Homayoon Siahmansouri
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Staufer O, Hernandez Bücher JE, Fichtler J, Schröter M, Platzman I, Spatz JP. Vesicle Induced Receptor Sequestration: Mechanisms behind Extracellular Vesicle-Based Protein Signaling. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2022; 9:e2200201. [PMID: 35233981 PMCID: PMC9069182 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202200201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are fundamental for proper physiological functioning of multicellular organisms. By shuttling nucleic acids and proteins between cells, EVs regulate a plethora of cellular processes, especially those involved in immune signalling. However, the mechanistic understanding concerning the biophysical principles underlying EV-based communication is still incomplete. Towards holistic understanding, particular mechanisms explaining why and when cells apply EV-based communication and how protein-based signalling is promoted by EV surfaces are sought. Here, the authors study vesicle-induced receptor sequestration (VIRS) as a universal mechanism augmenting the signalling potency of proteins presented on EV-membranes. By bottom-up reconstitution of synthetic EVs, the authors show that immobilization of the receptor ligands FasL and RANK on EV-like vesicles, increases their signalling potential by more than 100-fold compared to their soluble forms. Moreover, the authors perform diffusion simulations within immunological synapses to compare receptor activation between soluble and EV-presented proteins. By this the authors propose vesicle-triggered local clustering of membrane receptors as the principle structural mechanism underlying EV-based protein presentation. The authors conclude that EVs act as extracellular templates promoting the local aggregation of membrane receptors at the EV contact site, thereby fostering inter-protein interactions. The results uncover a potentially universal mechanism explaining the unique structural profit of EV-based intercellular signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Staufer
- Department for Cellular BiophysicsMax Planck Institute for Medical ResearchJahnstraße 29HeidelbergD‐69120Germany
- Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering (IMSE)Heidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 225HeidelbergD‐69120Germany
- Max Planck‐Bristol Center for Minimal BiologyUniversity of Bristol1 Tankard's CloseBristolBS8 1TDUK
- Max Planck School Matter to LifeJahnstraße 29HeidelbergD‐69120Germany
| | - Jochen Estebano Hernandez Bücher
- Department for Cellular BiophysicsMax Planck Institute for Medical ResearchJahnstraße 29HeidelbergD‐69120Germany
- Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering (IMSE)Heidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 225HeidelbergD‐69120Germany
| | - Julius Fichtler
- Biophysical Engineering of Life GroupMax Planck Institute for Medical ResearchJahnstraße 29HeidelbergD‐69120Germany
| | - Martin Schröter
- Department for Cellular BiophysicsMax Planck Institute for Medical ResearchJahnstraße 29HeidelbergD‐69120Germany
- Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering (IMSE)Heidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 225HeidelbergD‐69120Germany
| | - Ilia Platzman
- Department for Cellular BiophysicsMax Planck Institute for Medical ResearchJahnstraße 29HeidelbergD‐69120Germany
- Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering (IMSE)Heidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 225HeidelbergD‐69120Germany
- Max Planck‐Bristol Center for Minimal BiologyUniversity of Bristol1 Tankard's CloseBristolBS8 1TDUK
| | - Joachim P. Spatz
- Department for Cellular BiophysicsMax Planck Institute for Medical ResearchJahnstraße 29HeidelbergD‐69120Germany
- Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering (IMSE)Heidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 225HeidelbergD‐69120Germany
- Max Planck‐Bristol Center for Minimal BiologyUniversity of Bristol1 Tankard's CloseBristolBS8 1TDUK
- Max Planck School Matter to LifeJahnstraße 29HeidelbergD‐69120Germany
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25
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Lettau M, Janssen O. Intra- and Extracellular Effector Vesicles From Human T And NK Cells: Same-Same, but Different? Front Immunol 2022; 12:804895. [PMID: 35003134 PMCID: PMC8733945 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.804895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and Natural Killer (NK) cells utilize an overlapping effector arsenal for the elimination of target cells. It was initially proposed that all cytotoxic effector proteins are stored in lysosome-related effector vesicles (LREV) termed "secretory lysosomes" as a common storage compartment and are only released into the immunological synapse formed between the effector and target cell. The analysis of enriched LREV, however, revealed an uneven distribution of individual effectors in morphologically distinct vesicular entities. Two major populations of LREV were distinguished based on their protein content and signal requirements for degranulation. Light vesicles carrying FasL and 15 kDa granulysin are released in a PKC-dependent and Ca2+-independent manner, whereas dense granules containing perforin, granzymes and 9 kDa granulysin require Ca2+-signaling as a hallmark of classical degranulation. Notably, both types of LREV do not only contain the mentioned cytolytic effectors, but also store and transport diverse other immunomodulatory proteins including MHC class I and II, costimulatory and adhesion molecules, enzymes (i.e. CD26/DPP4) or cytokines. Interestingly, the recent analyses of CTL- or NK cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EV) revealed the presence of a related mixture of proteins in microvesicles or exosomes that in fact resemble fingerprints of the cells of origin. This overlapping protein profile indicates a direct relation of intra- and extracellular vesicles. Since EV potentially also interact with cells at distant sites (apart from the IS), they might act as additional effector vesicles or intercellular communicators in a more systemic fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Lettau
- Molecular Immunology, Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine II, Unit for Hematological Diagnostics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ottmar Janssen
- Molecular Immunology, Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
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26
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Rahn S, Becker-Pauly C. Meprin and ADAM proteases as triggers of systemic inflammation in sepsis. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:534-556. [PMID: 34762736 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Systemic inflammatory disorders (SIDs) comprise a broad range of diseases characterized by dysregulated excessive innate immune responses. Severe forms of SIDs can lead to organ failure and death, and their increasing incidence represents a major issue for the healthcare system. Protease-mediated ectodomain shedding of cytokines and their receptors represents a central mechanism in the regulation of inflammatory responses. The metalloprotease A disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM) 17 is the best-characterized ectodomain sheddase capable of releasing TNF-α and soluble IL-6 receptor, which are decisive factors of systemic inflammation. Recently, meprin metalloproteases were also identified as IL-6 receptor sheddases and activators of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18. In different mouse models of SID, particularly those mimicking a sepsis-like phenotype, ADAM17 and meprins have been found to promote disease progression. In this review, we summarize the role of ADAM10, ADAM17, and meprins in the onset and progression of sepsis and discuss their potential as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Rahn
- Biochemical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany
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27
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Bai S, Wei Y, Liu R, Xu R, Xiang L, Du J. Role of tumour-derived exosomes in metastasis. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 147:112657. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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28
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Mtashar B, Ashoor Z, Shabeeb Z, Matti B. Assessment of soluble natural killer group 2d ligand (MHC Class I A and UL16 Binding Protein 1) in Iraqi patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Mustansiriya Med J 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/mj.mj_29_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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29
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Vulpis E, Loconte L, Peri A, Molfetta R, Caracciolo G, Masuelli L, Tomaipitinca L, Peruzzi G, Petillo S, Petrucci MT, Fazio F, Simonelli L, Fionda C, Soriani A, Cerboni C, Cippitelli M, Paolini R, Bernardini G, Palmieri G, Santoni A, Zingoni A. Impact on NK cell functions of acute versus chronic exposure to extracellular vesicle-associated MICA: Dual role in cancer immunosurveillance. J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12176. [PMID: 34973063 PMCID: PMC8720178 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate cytotoxic lymphocytes that play a key role in cancer immunosurveillance thanks to their ability to recognize and kill cancer cells. NKG2D is an activating receptor that binds to MIC and ULBP molecules typically induced on damaged, transformed or infected cells. The release of NKG2D ligands (NKG2DLs) in the extracellular milieu through protease-mediated cleavage or by extracellular vesicle (EV) secretion allows cancer cells to evade NKG2D-mediated immunosurveillance. In this work, we investigated the immunomodulatory properties of the NKG2D ligand MICA*008 associated to distinct populations of EVs (i.e., small extracellular vesicles [sEVs] and medium size extracellular vesicles [mEVs]). By using as model a human MICA*008-transfected multiple myeloma (MM) cell line, we found that this ligand is present on both vesicle populations. Interestingly, our findings reveal that NKG2D is specifically involved in the uptake of vesicles expressing its cognate ligand. We provide evidence that MICA*008-expressing sEVs and mEVs are able on one hand to activate NK cells but, following prolonged stimulation induce a sustained NKG2D downmodulation leading to impaired NKG2D-mediated functions. Moreover, our findings show that MICA*008 can be transferred by vesicles to NK cells causing fratricide. Focusing on MM as a clinically and biologically relevant model of tumour-NK cell interactions, we found enrichment of EVs expressing MICA in the bone marrow of a cohort of patients. All together our results suggest that the accumulation of NKG2D ligands associated to vesicles in the tumour microenvironment could favour the suppression of NK cell activity either by NKG2D down-modulation or by fratricide of NK cell dressed with EV-derived NKG2D ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Vulpis
- Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia‐Fondazione Cenci BolognettiDepartment of Molecular MedicineSapienza’ University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Luisa Loconte
- Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia‐Fondazione Cenci BolognettiDepartment of Molecular MedicineSapienza’ University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Agnese Peri
- Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia‐Fondazione Cenci BolognettiDepartment of Molecular MedicineSapienza’ University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Rosa Molfetta
- Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia‐Fondazione Cenci BolognettiDepartment of Molecular MedicineSapienza’ University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Giulio Caracciolo
- Department of Molecular MedicineSapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Laura Masuelli
- Department of Experimental MedicineSapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Luana Tomaipitinca
- Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia‐Fondazione Cenci BolognettiDepartment of Molecular MedicineSapienza’ University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Giovanna Peruzzi
- Center for Life Nano & Neuro ScienceIstituto Italiano di TecnologiaRomeItaly
| | - Sara Petillo
- Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia‐Fondazione Cenci BolognettiDepartment of Molecular MedicineSapienza’ University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Maria Teresa Petrucci
- Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and HematologySapienza University of RomeItaly
| | - Francesca Fazio
- Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and HematologySapienza University of RomeItaly
| | - Lucilla Simonelli
- Department of Experimental MedicineSapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Cinzia Fionda
- Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia‐Fondazione Cenci BolognettiDepartment of Molecular MedicineSapienza’ University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Alessandra Soriani
- Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia‐Fondazione Cenci BolognettiDepartment of Molecular MedicineSapienza’ University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Cristina Cerboni
- Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia‐Fondazione Cenci BolognettiDepartment of Molecular MedicineSapienza’ University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Marco Cippitelli
- Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia‐Fondazione Cenci BolognettiDepartment of Molecular MedicineSapienza’ University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Rossella Paolini
- Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia‐Fondazione Cenci BolognettiDepartment of Molecular MedicineSapienza’ University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Giovanni Bernardini
- Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia‐Fondazione Cenci BolognettiDepartment of Molecular MedicineSapienza’ University of RomeRomeItaly
| | | | - Angela Santoni
- Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia‐Fondazione Cenci BolognettiDepartment of Molecular MedicineSapienza’ University of RomeRomeItaly
- Neuromed I.R.C.C.S.‐Istituto Neurologico MediterraneoPozzilliItaly
| | - Alessandra Zingoni
- Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia‐Fondazione Cenci BolognettiDepartment of Molecular MedicineSapienza’ University of RomeRomeItaly
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Abakushina EV, Popova LI, Zamyatnin AA, Werner J, Mikhailovsky NV, Bazhin AV. The Advantages and Challenges of Anticancer Dendritic Cell Vaccines and NK Cells in Adoptive Cell Immunotherapy. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1363. [PMID: 34835294 PMCID: PMC8625865 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9111363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, an impressive advance was achieved in adoptive cell therapy (ACT), which has improved therapeutic potential and significant value in promising cancer treatment for patients. The ACT is based on the cell transfer of dendritic cells (DCs) and/or immune effector cells. DCs are often used as vaccine carriers or antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to prime naive T cells ex vivo or in vivo. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer (NK) cells are used as major tool effector cells for ACT. Despite the fact that NK cell immunotherapy is highly effective and promising against many cancer types, there are still some limitations, including insignificant infiltration, adverse conditions of the microenvironment, the immunosuppressive cellular populations, and the low cytotoxic activity in solid tumors. To overcome these difficulties, novel methods of NK cell isolation, expansion, and stimulation of cytotoxic activity should be designed. In this review, we discuss the basic characteristics of DC vaccines and NK cells as potential adoptive cell preparations in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V. Abakushina
- Department for Development and Research in Immunology, LLC “Tecon Medical Devices”, 123298 Moscow, Russia; (L.I.P.); (N.V.M.)
| | - Liubov I. Popova
- Department for Development and Research in Immunology, LLC “Tecon Medical Devices”, 123298 Moscow, Russia; (L.I.P.); (N.V.M.)
| | - Andrey A. Zamyatnin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia;
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Biotechnology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 1 Olympic Ave, 354340 Sochi, Russia
| | - Jens Werner
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (J.W.); (A.V.B.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nikolay V. Mikhailovsky
- Department for Development and Research in Immunology, LLC “Tecon Medical Devices”, 123298 Moscow, Russia; (L.I.P.); (N.V.M.)
| | - Alexandr V. Bazhin
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (J.W.); (A.V.B.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
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Polevshchikov AV, Nazarov PG. Immunity, Aging, and the Works of V.M. Dilman. Adv Gerontol 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s2079057021030103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Uchida Y, Gherardini J, Pappelbaum K, Chéret J, Schulte-Mecklenbeck A, Gross CC, Strbo N, Gilhar A, Rossi A, Funk W, Kanekura T, Almeida L, Bertolini M, Paus R. Resident human dermal γδT-cells operate as stress-sentinels: Lessons from the hair follicle. J Autoimmun 2021; 124:102711. [PMID: 34479087 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2021.102711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Murine γδT-cells have stress-surveillance functions and are implicated in autoimmunity. Yet, whether human γδT-cells are also stress sentinels and directly promote autoimmune responses in the skin is unknown. Using a novel (mini-)organ assay, we tested if human dermis resident γδT-cells can recognize stressed human scalp hair follicles (HFs) to promote an alopecia areata (AA)-like autoimmune response. Accordingly, we show that γδT-cells from healthy human scalp skin are activated (CD69+), up-regulate the expression of NKG2D and IFN-γ, and become cytotoxic when co-cultured with autologous stressed HFs ex vivo. These autologous γδT-cells induce HF immune privilege collapse, dystrophy, and premature catagen, i.e. three hallmarks of the human autoimmune HF disorder, AA. This is mediated by CXCL12, MICA, and in part by IFN-γ and CD1d. In conclusion, human dermal γδT-cells exert physiological stress-sentinel functions in human skin, where their excessive activity can promote autoimmunity towards stressed HFs that overexpress CD1d, CXCL12, and/or MICA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youhei Uchida
- Department of Dermatology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Jennifer Gherardini
- Monasterium Laboratory, Münster, Germany; Dr. Phillip Frost Dept. of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | | | - Jérémy Chéret
- Dr. Phillip Frost Dept. of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Andreas Schulte-Mecklenbeck
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Catharina C Gross
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Natasa Strbo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Amos Gilhar
- Skin Research Laboratory, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Alfredo Rossi
- Department of Clinical Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, University ''La Sapienza'', Rome, Italy
| | - Wolfgang Funk
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Dr. Dr. Med. Funk, Munich, Germany
| | - Takuro Kanekura
- Department of Dermatology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | | | | | - Ralf Paus
- Monasterium Laboratory, Münster, Germany; Dr. Phillip Frost Dept. of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA; Centre for Dermatology Research, University of Manchester, MAHSC, And Manchester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester, UK.
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Desimio MG, Finocchi A, Di Matteo G, Di Cesare S, Giancotta C, Conti F, Chessa L, Piane M, Montin D, Dellepiane M, Rossi P, Cancrini C, Doria M. Altered NK-cell compartment and dysfunctional NKG2D/NKG2D-ligand axis in patients with ataxia-telangiectasia. Clin Immunol 2021; 230:108802. [PMID: 34298181 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2021.108802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) is a multisystem disorder caused by biallelic pathogenic variants in the gene encoding A-T mutated (ATM) kinase, a master regulator of the DNA damage response (DDR) pathway. Most A-T patients show cellular and/or humoral immunodeficiency that has been associated with cancer risk and reduced survival, but NK cells have not been thoroughly studied. Here we investigated NK cells of A-T patients with a special focus on the NKG2D receptor that triggers cytotoxicity upon engagement by its ligands (NKG2DLs) commonly induced via the DDR pathway on infected, transformed, and variously stressed cells. Using flow cytometry, we examined the phenotype and function of NK cells in 6 A-T patients as compared with healthy individuals. NKG2D expression was evaluated also by western blotting and RT-qPCR; plasma soluble NKG2DLs (sMICA, sMICB, sULBP1, ULBP2) were measured by ELISA. Results showed that A-T NK cells were skewed towards the CD56neg anergic phenotype and displayed decreased expression of NKG2D and perforin. NKG2D was reduced at the protein but not at the mRNA level and resulted in impaired NKG2D-mediated cytotoxicity in 4/6 A-T patients. Moreover, in A-T plasma we found 24-fold and 2-fold increase of sMICA and sULBP1, respectively, both inversely correlated with NKG2D expression. Overall, NK cells are disturbed in A-T patients showing reduced NKG2D expression, possibly caused by persistent engagement of its ligands, that may contribute to susceptibility to cancer and infections and represent novel targets for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Giovanna Desimio
- Research Unit of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Finocchi
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Gigliola Di Matteo
- Research Unit of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Di Cesare
- Research Unit of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Carmela Giancotta
- Research Unit of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Conti
- Research Unit of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Maria Piane
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Montin
- Pediatric Immunology and Rheumatology, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Marta Dellepiane
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Paolo Rossi
- Research Unit of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Cancrini
- Research Unit of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Margherita Doria
- Research Unit of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
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Lee YS, Choi H, Cho HR, Son WC, Park YS, Kang CD, Bae J. Downregulation of NKG2DLs by TGF-β in human lung cancer cells. BMC Immunol 2021; 22:44. [PMID: 34253166 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-021-00434-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is a typical immuno-inhibitory cytokine and highly secreted by lung cancer cells. It was supposed that its immunosuppressive effects to NK cell might be related with the altered expression of activating and inhibitory molecules in lung cancer cells. In this study, we examined the expression of NKG2DLs, PD-L1 and PD-L2 in lung cancer cells after treatment of TGF-β and a TGF-β inhibitor, Galunisertib (LY2157299). Results TGF-β reduced the level of surface proteins of five NKG2DLs without altered transcription levels in lung cancer cells. Galunisertib reversed the effect of TGF-β on the expression of NKG2DLs. Since MMP inhibitors, MMPi III and MMP2 inhibitor I, restored the reduced expression of NKG2DLs after treatment of TGF-β, it was thought that TGF-β induced the expression of MMP2 which facilitated the shedding of the NKG2DLs in cancer cells. However, the expression of PD-L1, L2 were not changed by treatment with TGF-β or Galunisertib. Conclusions Therefore, inhibition of TGF-β might reverse the immunosuppressive status on immune cells and restore NK cell mediated anticancer immune responses by upregulation of NKG2DLs in cancer cells. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12865-021-00434-8.
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Hamilton G, Plangger A. The Impact of NK Cell-Based Therapeutics for the Treatment of Lung Cancer for Biologics: Targets and Therapy. Biologics 2021; 15:265-277. [PMID: 34262255 PMCID: PMC8273903 DOI: 10.2147/btt.s290305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer has a dismal prognosis and novel targeted therapies leave still room for major improvements and better outcomes. Immunotherapy targeting immune checkpoint (IC) proteins, either as single agents or in combination with chemotherapy, is active but responders constitute only approximately 10-15% of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Other effector immune cells such as CAR-T cells or NK cells may help to overcome the limitations of the IC inhibitor therapies for lung cancer. NK cells can kill tumor cells without previous priming and are present in the circulatory system and lymphoid organs. Tissue-residing NK cells differ from peripheral effector cells and, in case of the lung, comprise CD56bright CD16-negative populations showing high cytokine release but low cytotoxicity in contrast to the circulating CD56dim CD16-positive NK cells exhibiting high cytotoxic efficacy. This local attenuation of NK cell killing potency seems due to a specific stage of NK differentiation, immunosuppressive factors as well as presence of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and regulatory T cells (TREGs). Improved NK cell-based immunotherapies involve IL-2-stimulated effector cells, NK cells expanded with the help of cytokines, permanent NK cell lines, induced pluripotent stem cell-derived NK cells and NK cells armed with chimeric antigen receptors. Compared to CAR T cell therapy, NK cells administration is devoid of graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) and cytokine-release syndrome. Although NK cells are clearly active against lung cancer cells, the low-cytotoxicity differentiation state in lung tumors, the presence of immunosuppressive leucocyte populations, limited infiltration and adverse conditions of the microenvironment need to be overcome. This goal may be achieved in the future using large numbers of activated and armed NK cells as provided by novel methods in NK cell isolation, expansion and stimulation of cytotoxic activity, including combinations with monoclonal antibodies in antibody-dependent cytotoxicity (ADCC). This review discusses the basic characteristics of NK cells and the potential of NK cell preparations in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Hamilton
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adelina Plangger
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Demaria O, Gauthier L, Debroas G, Vivier E. Natural killer cell engagers in cancer immunotherapy: Next generation of immuno-oncology treatments. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:1934-1942. [PMID: 34145579 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Immuno-oncology is revolutionizing the treatment of cancers, by inducing the recognition and elimination of tumor cells by the immune system. Recent advances have focused on generating or unleashing tumor antigen-specific T-cell responses, leading to alternative treatment paradigms for many cancers. Despite these successes, the clinical benefit has been limited to a subset of patients and certain tumor types, highlighting the need for alternative strategies. One innovative approach is to broaden and amplify antitumoral immune responses by targeting innate immunity. Particularly, the aim has been to develop new antibody formats capable of stimulating the antitumor activity of innate immune cells, boosting not only their direct role in tumor elimination, but also their function in eliciting multicellular immune responses ultimately resulting in long-lasting tumor control by adaptive immunity. This review covers the development of a new class of synthetic molecules, natural killer cell engagers (NKCEs), which are built from fragments of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and are designed to harness the immune functions of NK cells in cancer. As currently shown in preclinical studies and clinical trials, NKCEs are promising candidates for the next generation of tumor immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Eric Vivier
- Innate Pharma, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France.,APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille-Immunopôle, Marseille, France
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37
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Salminen A. Feed-forward regulation between cellular senescence and immunosuppression promotes the aging process and age-related diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 67:101280. [PMID: 33581314 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a progressive degenerative process involving a chronic low-grade inflammation and the accumulation of senescent cells. One major issue is to reveal the mechanisms which promote the deposition of pro-inflammatory senescent cells within tissues. The accumulation involves mechanisms which increase cellular senescence as well as those inhibiting the clearance of senescent cells from tissues. It is known that a persistent inflammatory state evokes a compensatory immunosuppression which inhibits pro-inflammatory processes by impairing the functions of effector immune cells, e.g., macrophages, T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. Unfortunately, these cells are indispensable for immune surveillance and the subsequent clearance of senescent cells, i.e., the inflammation-induced counteracting immunosuppression prevents the cleansing of host tissues. Moreover, senescent cells can also repress their own clearance by expressing inhibitors of immune surveillance and releasing the ligands of NKG2D receptors which impair their surveillance by NK and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. It seems that cellular senescence and immunosuppression establish a feed-forward process which promotes the aging process and age-related diseases. I will examine in detail the immunosuppressive mechanisms which impair the surveillance and clearance of pro-inflammatory senescent cells with aging. In addition, I will discuss several therapeutic strategies to halt the degenerative feed-forward circuit associated with the aging process and age-related diseases.
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Li Z, Yu B, Qi F, Li F. KIF11 Serves as an Independent Prognostic Factor and Therapeutic Target for Patients With Lung Adenocarcinoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:670218. [PMID: 33968780 PMCID: PMC8103954 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.670218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is challenging in clinical practice due to the poor understanding of molecular mechanisms and limited therapeutic targets. Herein, the work aimed to use bioinformatics to identify a promising molecular target for LUAD therapy. Methods Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset were used for a weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to screen the hub gene. After a prognostic estimation with meta-analysis and COX regression analysis, we performed a function analysis on the corresponding gene. The ESTIMATE and CIBERSORT methods were adopted to analyze the association of the hub gene with the tumor microenvironment (TME). A cohort of functional assays was conducted to establish the functional roles of the hub gene in A549 and PC-9 cells. Results Our screen identified KIF11 as a prognostic factor, which indicated the poor overall survival and the worse progression-free survival in LUAD patients. Additionally, KIF11 was primarily involved in cell cycle, TME alteration and tumor-infiltrating immune cells proportions. KIF11 knockdown exerted inhibitory effects on cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Results of the flow cytometry analysis revealed that KIF11 knockdown induced a G2/M phase arrest and improved apoptosis in LUAD cells. Conclusions KIF11 is essential for LUAD cell proliferation and metastasis, and it may serve as an independent prognostic factor as well as a promising therapeutic target for LUAD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaodong Li
- Department of Pathogenobiology, The Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bingxin Yu
- Department of Ultrasonography, The Third Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fangyuan Qi
- Department of Pathogenobiology, The Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fan Li
- Department of Pathogenobiology, The Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,The Key Laboratory for Bionics Engineering, Ministry of Education, China, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Engineering Research Center for Medical Biomaterials of Jilin Province, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory for Biomedical Materials of Jilin Province, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Urumqi, China
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Ivanova M, Al Hadra B, Yordanov S, Lesichkova S, Stoyanov H, Shivarov V, Deliverska E. Associations of high-resolution-typing-defined MICA and MICB polymorphisms, and the levels of soluble MICA and MICB with Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Bulgarian patients. J Oral Pathol Med 2021; 50:758-765. [PMID: 33835601 DOI: 10.1111/jop.13185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) is a malignancy characterized by an aggressive tumor growth and significant mortality. Clarifying mechanisms responsible for immunomodulation are among the main challenges for the development of personalized approaches for the management of patients with Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. The aim of the present study was to analyze the relevance of MICA and MICB to Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma pathogenesis focusing on allele polymorphisms and the levels of soluble MICA and MICB molecules. MATERIALS AND METHODS 73 patients diagnosed with Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma and 149 healthy controls from the Bulgarian population were included in the study. MICA and MICB polymorphism was analyzed at high-resolution level using Next-Generation Sequencing. Serum levels of soluble MICA and MICB molecules were measured by ELISA. RESULTS Our results show significant protective association with MICB*002:01, while relatively rare alleles MICB*018, *019, and *020 were observed with statistically significant increased frequency in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma patients compared to controls. Additionally, a predisposing association was observed for MICA*008:01-MICB*019 haplotype. A correlation analysis between functionally relevant MICA polymorphisms and sMICA showed that homozygosity for MICA-A5.1 or 129Val in OSCC patients was associated with significantly higher serum levels of sMICA. CONCLUSION This is the first study showing significant associations between MICB alleles and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma and suggesting the possible role of MICB in immunosurveillance in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma development. Observed correlations between the levels of soluble MICA molecules and functionally relevant polymorphisms might represent a further step toward a better understanding of molecular mechanisms of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma and developing strategies for therapeutic targeting harnessing effective immunosurveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Ivanova
- Department of Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Alexandrovska, Medical University - Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Bushra Al Hadra
- Department of Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Alexandrovska, Medical University - Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Stanislav Yordanov
- Clinic of ENT diseases, University Hospital Tzaritsa Yoanna -ISUL, Medical University -Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Spaska Lesichkova
- Department of Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Alexandrovska, Medical University - Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Hristo Stoyanov
- Department of Dental, Oral and Maxillofacial surgery, FDM, Medical University- Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Velizar Shivarov
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Elitsa Deliverska
- Department of Dental, Oral and Maxillofacial surgery, FDM, Medical University- Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
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40
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Toledo-Stuardo K, Ribeiro CH, Canals A, Morales M, Gárate V, Rodríguez-Siza J, Tello S, Bustamante M, Armisen R, Matthies DJ, Zapata-Torres G, González-Hormazabal P, Molina MC. Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I-Related Chain A (MICA) Allelic Variants Associate With Susceptibility and Prognosis of Gastric Cancer. Front Immunol 2021; 12:645528. [PMID: 33868281 PMCID: PMC8045969 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.645528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the fifth most prevalent type of cancer worldwide. Gastric tumor cells express MICA protein, a ligand to NKG2D receptor that triggers natural killer (NK) cells effector functions for early tumor elimination. MICA gene is highly polymorphic, thus originating alleles that encode protein variants with a controversial role in cancer. The main goal of this work was to study MICA gene polymorphisms and their relationship with the susceptibility and prognosis of GC. Fifty patients with GC and 50 healthy volunteers were included in this study. MICA alleles were identified using Sanger sequencing methods. The analysis of MICA gene sequence revealed 13 MICA sequences and 5 MICA-short tandem repeats (STR) alleles in the studied cohorts We identified MICA*002 (*A9) as the most frequent allele in both, patients and controls, followed by MICA*008 allele (*A5.1). MICA*009/049 allele was significantly associated with increased risk of GC (OR: 5.11 [95% CI: 1.39–18.74], p = 0.014). The analysis of MICA-STR alleles revealed a higher frequency of MICA*A5 in healthy individuals than GC patients (OR = 0.34 [95% CI: 0.12–0.98], p = 0.046). Survival analysis after gastrectomy showed that patients with MICA*002/002 or MICA*002/004 alleles had significantly higher survival rates than those patients bearing MICA*002/008 (p = 0.014) or MICA*002/009 (MICA*002/049) alleles (p = 0.040). The presence of threonine in the position MICA-181 (MICA*009/049 allele) was more frequent in GC patients than controls (p = 0.023). Molecular analysis of MICA-181 showed that the presence of threonine provides greater mobility to the protein than arginine in the same position (MICA*004), which could explain, at least in part, some immune evasion mechanisms developed by the tumor. In conclusion, our findings suggest that the study of MICA alleles is crucial to search for new therapeutic approaches and may be useful for the evaluation of risk and prognosis of GC and personalized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Toledo-Stuardo
- Immunology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina H Ribeiro
- Immunology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea Canals
- Biostatistics Program, School of Public Health, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Academic Direction, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcela Morales
- Immunology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Valentina Gárate
- Immunology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jose Rodríguez-Siza
- Immunology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Samantha Tello
- Immunology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marco Bustamante
- Department of Surgery (Oriente), Hospital del Salvador, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo Armisen
- Center of Genetics and Genomics, Faculty of Medicine Clínica Alemana, Institute for Sciences and Innovations in Medicine (ICIM), Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Douglas J Matthies
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gerald Zapata-Torres
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - María Carmen Molina
- Immunology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Ferguson Bennit HR, Gonda A, Kabagwira J, Oppegard L, Chi D, Licero Campbell J, De Leon M, Wall NR. Natural Killer Cell Phenotype and Functionality Affected by Exposure to Extracellular Survivin and Lymphoma-Derived Exosomes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1255. [PMID: 33513976 PMCID: PMC7865330 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The inherent abilities of natural killer (NK) cells to recognize and kill target cells place them among the first cells with the ability to recognize and destroy infected or transformed cells. Cancer cells, however, have mechanisms by which they can inhibit the surveillance and cytotoxic abilities of NK cells with one believed mechanism for this: their ability to release exosomes. Exosomes are vesicles that are found in abundance in the tumor microenvironment that can modulate intercellular communication and thus enhance tumor malignancy. Recently, our lab has found cancer cell exosomes to contain the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) protein survivin to be associated with decreased immune response in lymphocytes and cellular death. The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of survivin and lymphoma-derived survivin-containing exosomes on the immune functions of NK cells. NK cells were obtained from the peripheral blood of healthy donors and treated with pure survivin protein or exosomes from two lymphoma cell lines, DLCL2 and FSCCL. RNA was isolated from NK cell samples for measurement by PCR, and intracellular flow cytometry was used to determine protein expression. Degranulation capacity, cytotoxicity, and natural killer group 2D receptor (NKG2D) levels were also assessed. Lymphoma exosomes were examined for size and protein content. This study established that these lymphoma exosomes contained survivin and FasL but were negative for MHC class I-related chains (MIC)/B (MICA/B) and TGF-β. Treatment with exosomes did not significantly alter NK cell functionality, but extracellular survivin was seen to decrease natural killer group 2D receptor (NKG2D) levels and the intracellular protein levels of perforin, granzyme B, TNF-α, and IFN-γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather R. Ferguson Bennit
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (H.R.F.B.); (A.G.); (J.K.); (L.O.); (D.C.)
- Center for Health Disparities & Molecular Medicine, Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11085 Campus Street, Mortensen Hall 160, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (J.L.C.); (M.D.L.)
| | - Amber Gonda
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (H.R.F.B.); (A.G.); (J.K.); (L.O.); (D.C.)
- Center for Health Disparities & Molecular Medicine, Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11085 Campus Street, Mortensen Hall 160, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (J.L.C.); (M.D.L.)
| | - Janviere Kabagwira
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (H.R.F.B.); (A.G.); (J.K.); (L.O.); (D.C.)
- Center for Health Disparities & Molecular Medicine, Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11085 Campus Street, Mortensen Hall 160, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (J.L.C.); (M.D.L.)
| | - Laura Oppegard
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (H.R.F.B.); (A.G.); (J.K.); (L.O.); (D.C.)
| | - David Chi
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (H.R.F.B.); (A.G.); (J.K.); (L.O.); (D.C.)
| | - Jenniffer Licero Campbell
- Center for Health Disparities & Molecular Medicine, Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11085 Campus Street, Mortensen Hall 160, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (J.L.C.); (M.D.L.)
- Division of Physiology, Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Marino De Leon
- Center for Health Disparities & Molecular Medicine, Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11085 Campus Street, Mortensen Hall 160, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (J.L.C.); (M.D.L.)
- Division of Physiology, Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Nathan R. Wall
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (H.R.F.B.); (A.G.); (J.K.); (L.O.); (D.C.)
- Center for Health Disparities & Molecular Medicine, Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11085 Campus Street, Mortensen Hall 160, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (J.L.C.); (M.D.L.)
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42
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Terkelsen T, Pernemalm M, Gromov P, Børresen-Dale AL, Krogh A, Haakensen VD, Lethiö J, Papaleo E, Gromova I. High-throughput proteomics of breast cancer interstitial fluid: identification of tumor subtype-specific serologically relevant biomarkers. Mol Oncol 2021; 15:429-461. [PMID: 33176066 PMCID: PMC7858121 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite significant advancements in breast cancer (BC) research, clinicians lack robust serological protein markers for accurate diagnostics and tumor stratification. Tumor interstitial fluid (TIF) accumulates aberrantly externalized proteins within the local tumor space, which can potentially gain access to the circulatory system. As such, TIF may represent a valuable starting point for identifying relevant tumor-specific serological biomarkers. The aim of the study was to perform comprehensive proteomic profiling of TIF to identify proteins associated with BC tumor status and subtype. A liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis of 35 TIFs of three main subtypes: luminal (19), Her2 (4), and triple-negative (TNBC) (12) resulted in the identification of > 8800 proteins. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering segregated the TIF proteome into two major clusters, luminal and TNBC/Her2 subgroups. High-grade tumors enriched with tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) were also stratified from low-grade tumors. A consensus analysis approach, including differential abundance analysis, selection operator regression, and random forest returned a minimal set of 24 proteins associated with BC subtypes, receptor status, and TIL scoring. Among them, a panel of 10 proteins, AGR3, BCAM, CELSR1, MIEN1, NAT1, PIP4K2B, SEC23B, THTPA, TMEM51, and ULBP2, was found to stratify the tumor subtype-specific TIFs. In particular, upregulation of BCAM and CELSR1 differentiates luminal subtypes, while upregulation of MIEN1 differentiates Her2 subtypes. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed a direct correlation between protein abundance in TIFs and intratumor expression levels for all 10 proteins. Sensitivity and specificity were estimated for this protein panel by using an independent, comprehensive breast tumor proteome dataset. The results of this analysis strongly support our data, with eight of the proteins potentially representing biomarkers for stratification of BC subtypes. Five of the most representative proteomics databases currently available were also used to estimate the potential for these selected proteins to serve as putative serological markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilde Terkelsen
- Computational Biology Laboratory, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria Pernemalm
- Cancer Proteomics Mass Spectrometry, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pavel Gromov
- Breast Cancer Biology Group, Genome Integrity Unit, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna-Lise Børresen-Dale
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Anders Krogh
- Department of Computer Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vilde D Haakensen
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Janne Lethiö
- Cancer Proteomics Mass Spectrometry, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elena Papaleo
- Computational Biology Laboratory, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Translational Disease System Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Irina Gromova
- Breast Cancer Biology Group, Genome Integrity Unit, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Stephen ZR, Zhang M. Recent Progress in the Synergistic Combination of Nanoparticle-Mediated Hyperthermia and Immunotherapy for Treatment of Cancer. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001415. [PMID: 33236511 PMCID: PMC8034553 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has demonstrated great clinical success in certain cancers, driven primarily by immune checkpoint blockade and adoptive cell therapies. Immunotherapy can elicit strong, durable responses in some patients, but others do not respond, and to date immunotherapy has demonstrated success in only a limited number of cancers. To address this limitation, combinatorial approaches with chemo- and radiotherapy have been applied in the clinic. Extensive preclinical evidence suggests that hyperthermia therapy (HT) has considerable potential to augment immunotherapy with minimal toxicity. This progress report will provide a brief overview of immunotherapy and HT approaches and highlight recent progress in the application of nanoparticle (NP)-based HT in combination with immunotherapy. NPs allow for tumor-specific targeting of deep tissue tumors while potentially providing more even heating. NP-based HT increases tumor immunogenicity and tumor permeability, which improves immune cell infiltration and creates an environment more responsive to immunotherapy, particularly in solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R Stephen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Miqin Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
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44
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Raynaud A, Desrumeaux K, Vidard L, Termine E, Baty D, Chames P, Vigne E, Kerfelec B. Anti-NKG2D single domain-based antibodies for the modulation of anti-tumor immune response. Oncoimmunology 2020; 10:1854529. [PMID: 33457075 PMCID: PMC7781768 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2020.1854529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural killer group 2 member D (NKG2D) receptor is a C-type lectin-like activating receptor mainly expressed by cytotoxic immune cells including NK, CD8+ T, γδ T and NKT cells and in some pathological conditions by a subset of CD4+ T cells. It binds a variety of ligands (NKG2DL) whose expressions is finely regulated by stress-related conditions. The NKG2DL/NKG2D axis plays a central and complex role in the regulation of immune responses against diverse cellular threats such as oncogene-mediated transformations or infections. We generated a panel of seven highly specific anti-human NKG2D single-domain antibodies targeting various epitopes. These single-domain antibodies were integrated into bivalent and bispecific antibodies using a versatile plug-and-play Fab-like format. Depending on the context, these Fab-like antibodies exhibited activating or inhibitory effects on the immune response mediated by the NKG2DL/NKG2D axis. In solution, the bivalent anti-NKG2D antibodies that compete with NKG2DL potently blocked the activation of NK cells seeded on immobilized MICA, thus constituting antagonizing candidates. Bispecific anti-NKG2DxHER2 antibodies that concomitantly engage HER2 on tumor cells and NKG2D on NK cells elicited cytotoxicity of unstimulated NK in a tumor-specific manner, regardless of their apparent affinities and epitopes. Importantly, the bispecific antibodies that do not compete with ligands binding retained their full cytotoxic activity in the presence of ligands, a valuable property to circumvent immunosuppressive effects induced by soluble ligands in the microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Raynaud
- Cancer Research Center of Marseille, INSERM, CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, Institut Paoli - Calmettes, Marseille, France.,Sanofi Oncology, Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | | | | | - Elise Termine
- Cancer Research Center of Marseille, INSERM, CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, Institut Paoli - Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Daniel Baty
- Cancer Research Center of Marseille, INSERM, CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, Institut Paoli - Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Patrick Chames
- Cancer Research Center of Marseille, INSERM, CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, Institut Paoli - Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | | | - Brigitte Kerfelec
- Cancer Research Center of Marseille, INSERM, CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, Institut Paoli - Calmettes, Marseille, France
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45
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Partanen J, Hyvärinen K, Bickeböller H, Bogunia-Kubik K, Crossland RE, Ivanova M, Perutelli F, Dressel R. Review of Genetic Variation as a Predictive Biomarker for Chronic Graft-Versus-Host-Disease After Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:575492. [PMID: 33193367 PMCID: PMC7604383 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.575492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGvHD) is one of the major complications of allogeneic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). cGvHD is an autoimmune-like disorder affecting multiple organs and involves a dermatological rash, tissue inflammation and fibrosis. The incidence of cGvHD has been reported to be as high as 30% to 60% and there are currently no reliable tools for predicting the occurrence of cGvHD. There is therefore an important unmet clinical need for predictive biomarkers. The present review summarizes the state of the art for genetic variation as a predictive biomarker for cGvHD. We discuss three different modes of action for genetic variation in transplantation: genetic associations, genetic matching, and pharmacogenetics. The results indicate that currently, there are no genetic polymorphisms or genetic tools that can be reliably used as validated biomarkers for predicting cGvHD. A number of recommendations for future studies can be drawn. The majority of studies to date have been under-powered and included too few patients and genetic markers. Like in all complex multifactorial diseases, large collaborative genome-level studies are now needed to achieve reliable and unbiased results. Some of the candidate genes, in particular, CTLA4, HSPE, IL1R1, CCR6, FGFR1OP, and IL10, and some non-HLA variants in the HLA gene region have been replicated to be associated with cGvHD risk in independent studies. These associations should now be confirmed in large well-characterized cohorts with fine mapping. Some patients develop cGvHD despite very extensive immunosuppression and other treatments, indicating that the current therapeutic regimens may not always be effective enough. Hence, more studies on pharmacogenetics are also required. Moreover, all of these studies should be adjusted for diagnostic and clinical features of cGvHD. We conclude that future studies should focus on modern genome-level tools, such as machine learning, polygenic risk scores and genome-wide association study-transcription meta-analyses, instead of focusing on just single variants. The risk of cGvHD may be related to the summary level of immunogenetic differences, or whole genome histocompatibility between each donor-recipient pair. As the number of genome-wide analyses in HSCT is increasing, we are approaching an era where there will be sufficient data to incorporate these approaches in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jukka Partanen
- Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, Research and Development, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kati Hyvärinen
- Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, Research and Development, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heike Bickeböller
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katarzyna Bogunia-Kubik
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Rachel E Crossland
- Haematological Sciences, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Milena Ivanova
- Medical University, University Hospital Alexandrovska, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Francesca Perutelli
- Haematological Sciences, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Section of Hematology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ralf Dressel
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Cantoni C, Wurzer H, Thomas C, Vitale M. Escape of tumor cells from the NK cell cytotoxic activity. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:1339-1360. [PMID: 32930468 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2mr0820-652r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, NK cells, initially identified as potent cytotoxic effector cells, have revealed an unexpected complexity, both at phenotypic and functional levels. The discovery of different NK cell subsets, characterized by distinct gene expression and phenotypes, was combined with the characterization of the diverse functions NK cells can exert, not only as circulating cells, but also as cells localized or recruited in lymphoid organs and in multiple tissues. Besides the elimination of tumor and virus-infected cells, these functions include the production of cytokines and chemokines, the regulation of innate and adaptive immune cells, the influence on tissue homeostasis. In addition, NK cells display a remarkable functional plasticity, being able to adapt to the environment and to develop a kind of memory. Nevertheless, the powerful cytotoxic activity of NK cells remains one of their most relevant properties, particularly in the antitumor response. In this review, the process of tumor cell recognition and killing mediated by NK cells, starting from the generation of cytolytic granules and recognition of target cell, to the establishment of the NK cell immunological synapse, the release of cytotoxic molecules, and consequent tumor cell death is described. Next, the review focuses on the heterogeneous mechanisms, either intrinsic to tumors or induced by the tumor microenvironment, by which cancer cells can escape the NK cell-mediated attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cantoni
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Integrated Department of Services and Laboratories, IRCCS Istituto G. Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Hannah Wurzer
- Cytoskeleton and Cancer Progression, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.,Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Clément Thomas
- Cytoskeleton and Cancer Progression, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Massimo Vitale
- UO Immunologia, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genova, Genoa, Italy
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Abstract
Recurrence is a primary cause of death in patients with leukemia. The
interactions of tumor cells with the microenvironment and tumor stem cells
hidden in bone marrow promote the recurrence and metastasis of leukemia to
lymphoid tissue. Exosomes, membrane-coated nanovesicles secreted by living
cells, perform biomaterial transfer and information exchange between cells.
Exosomes contain various other biological components derived from parental
cells, and they remotely regulate the function of target cells through body
fluid flow. Recent studies revealed that exosomes participate in the development
of leukemia and play important roles in its diagnosis and treatment by
influencing cell proliferation and apoptosis, regulating bone marrow
microenvironment, promoting angiogenesis, and inhibiting hematopoiesis. Exosomes
are potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for leukemia, and they can
influence drug resistance. Leukemia-derived exosomes present leukemia-related
antigens to target cells, promote the proliferation of leukemic cells, help
these cells escape immunity, protect them from the cytotoxic effects of
chemotherapeutics, and promote angiogenesis and tumor migration. Therefore,
exosomes are closely related to the metastasis, treatment, and prognosis of
leukemia, and they can be used to detect and monitor the progression of
leukemia. This paper reviews the regulatory roles of exosomes in leukemia and
their clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Deng
- Department of Pediatric General Internal Medicine, Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child-care Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Pediatric General Internal Medicine, Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child-care Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Ming Pan
- Department of Hematology, Wuwei People's Hospital, Wuwei, Gansu, China
| | - Jianping Zheng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xiangyang Central Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, China
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48
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Chen Y, Lu D, Churov A, Fu R. Research Progress on NK Cell Receptors and Their Signaling Pathways. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:6437057. [PMID: 32774149 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6437057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer cells (NK cells) play an important role in innate immunity. NK cells recognize self and nonself depending on the balance of activating receptors and inhibitory receptors. After binding to their ligands, NK cell receptors trigger subsequent signaling conduction and then determine whether NK is activated or inhibited. Furthermore, NK cell response includes cytotoxicity and cytokine release, which is tightly related to the activation of NK cell-activating receptors and the inhibition of inhibitory receptors on the surfaces of NK cells. The expression and function of NK cell surface receptors also alter in virus infection, tumor, and autoimmune diseases and influence the occurrence and development of diseases. So, it is important to understand the mechanism of recognition between NK receptors and their ligands in pathological conditions and the signaling pathways of NK cell receptors. This review mainly summarizes the research progress on NK cell surface receptors and their signal pathways.
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Sharma N, Markiewicz MA. Constitutive expression of ULBP-4 on monocytes regulates NK cell NKG2D expression. Blood Adv 2019; 3:1563-7. [PMID: 31097432 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018025742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Key Points
The NKG2D ligand ULBP-4 is expressed on healthy monocytes. Monocyte ULBP-4 expression regulates NKG2D expression by NK cells.
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50
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Wang J, Matosevic S. Functional and metabolic targeting of natural killer cells to solid tumors. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2020; 43:577-600. [DOI: 10.1007/s13402-020-00523-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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