1
|
Armani-Tourret M, Bone B, Tan TS, Sun W, Bellefroid M, Struyve T, Louella M, Yu XG, Lichterfeld M. Immune targeting of HIV-1 reservoir cells: a path to elimination strategies and cure. Nat Rev Microbiol 2024; 22:328-344. [PMID: 38337034 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-024-01010-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Successful approaches for eradication or cure of HIV-1 infection are likely to include immunological mechanisms, but remarkably little is known about how human immune responses can recognize and interact with the few HIV-1-infected cells that harbour genome-intact viral DNA, persist long term despite antiretroviral therapy and represent the main barrier to a cure. For a long time regarded as being completely shielded from host immune responses due to viral latency, these cells do, on closer examination with single-cell analytic techniques, display discrete footprints of immune selection, implying that human immune responses may be able to effectively engage and target at least some of these cells. The failure to eliminate rebound-competent virally infected cells in the majority of persons likely reflects the evolution of a highly selected pool of reservoir cells that are effectively camouflaged from immune recognition or rely on sophisticated approaches for resisting immune-mediated killing. Understanding the fine-tuned interplay between host immune responses and viral reservoir cells will help to design improved interventions that exploit the immunological vulnerabilities of HIV-1 reservoir cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Armani-Tourret
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin Bone
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Toong Seng Tan
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Weiwei Sun
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Maxime Bellefroid
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tine Struyve
- HIV Cure Research Center, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michael Louella
- Community Advisory Board, Delaney AIDS Research Enterprise (DARE), San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Xu G Yu
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mathias Lichterfeld
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Joshi VR, Altfeld M. Harnessing natural killer cells to target HIV-1 persistence. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2024; 19:141-149. [PMID: 38457230 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this article is to review recent advances in the role of natural killer (NK) cells in approaches aimed at reducing the latent HIV-1 reservoir. RECENT FINDINGS Multiple approaches to eliminate cells harboring latent HIV-1 are being explored, but have been met with limited success so far. Recent studies have highlighted the role of NK cells and their potential in HIV-1 cure efforts. Anti-HIV-1 NK cell function can be optimized by enhancing NK cell activation, antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity, reversing inhibition of NK cells as well as by employing immunotherapeutic complexes to enable HIV-1 specificity of NK cells. While NK cells alone do not eliminate the HIV-1 reservoir, boosting NK cell function might complement other strategies involving T cell and B cell immunity towards an HIV-1 functional cure. SUMMARY Numerous studies focusing on targeting latently HIV-1-infected cells have emphasized a potential role of NK cells in these strategies. Our review highlights recent advances in harnessing NK cells in conjunction with latency reversal agents and other immunomodulatory therapeutics to target HIV-1 persistence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinita R Joshi
- Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology
| | - Marcus Altfeld
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Armani-Tourret M, Gao C, Hartana CA, Sun W, Carrere L, Vela L, Hochroth A, Bellefroid M, Sbrolla A, Shea K, Flynn T, Roseto I, Rassadkina Y, Lee C, Giguel F, Malhotra R, Bushman FD, Gandhi RT, Yu XG, Kuritzkes DR, Lichterfeld M. Selection of epigenetically privileged HIV-1 proviruses during treatment with panobinostat and interferon-α2a. Cell 2024; 187:1238-1254.e14. [PMID: 38367616 PMCID: PMC10903630 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells with latent HIV-1 infection persist despite treatment with antiretroviral agents and represent the main barrier to a cure of HIV-1 infection. Pharmacological disruption of viral latency may expose HIV-1-infected cells to host immune activity, but the clinical efficacy of latency-reversing agents for reducing HIV-1 persistence remains to be proven. Here, we show in a randomized-controlled human clinical trial that the histone deacetylase inhibitor panobinostat, when administered in combination with pegylated interferon-α2a, induces a structural transformation of the HIV-1 reservoir cell pool, characterized by a disproportionate overrepresentation of HIV-1 proviruses integrated in ZNF genes and in chromatin regions with reduced H3K27ac marks, the molecular target sites for panobinostat. By contrast, proviruses near H3K27ac marks were actively selected against, likely due to increased susceptibility to panobinostat. These data suggest that latency-reversing treatment can increase the immunological vulnerability of HIV-1 reservoir cells and accelerate the selection of epigenetically privileged HIV-1 proviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ce Gao
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ciputra Adijaya Hartana
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - WeiWei Sun
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Leah Carrere
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Liliana Vela
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | | | - Amy Sbrolla
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Katrina Shea
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Theresa Flynn
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Isabelle Roseto
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Carole Lee
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Francoise Giguel
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rajeev Malhotra
- Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Frederic D Bushman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rajesh T Gandhi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Xu G Yu
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daniel R Kuritzkes
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mathias Lichterfeld
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Schriek AI, Aldon YLT, van Gils MJ, de Taeye SW. Next-generation bNAbs for HIV-1 cure strategies. Antiviral Res 2024; 222:105788. [PMID: 38158130 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Despite the ability to suppress viral replication using anti-retroviral therapy (ART), HIV-1 remains a global public health problem. Curative strategies for HIV-1 have to target and eradicate latently infected cells across the body, i.e. the viral reservoir. Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) targeting the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) have the capacity to neutralize virions and bind to infected cells to initiate elimination of these cells. To improve the efficacy of bNAbs in terms of viral suppression and viral reservoir eradication, next generation antibodies (Abs) are being developed that address the current limitations of Ab treatment efficacy; (1) low antigen (Env) density on (reactivated) HIV-1 infected cells, (2) high viral genetic diversity, (3) exhaustion of immune cells and (4) short half-life of Abs. In this review we summarize and discuss preclinical and clinical studies in which anti-HIV-1 Abs demonstrated potent viral control, and describe the development of engineered Abs that could address the limitations described above. Next generation Abs with optimized effector function, avidity, effector cell recruitment and immune cell activation have the potential to contribute to an HIV-1 cure or durable control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A I Schriek
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Y L T Aldon
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M J van Gils
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - S W de Taeye
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Blazkova J, Whitehead EJ, Schneck R, Shi V, Justement JS, Rai MA, Kennedy BD, Manning MR, Praiss L, Gittens K, Wender PA, Oguz C, Lack J, Moir S, Chun TW. Immunologic and virologic parameters associated with HIV DNA reservoir size in people living with HIV receiving antiretroviral therapy. J Infect Dis 2023:jiad595. [PMID: 38128541 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A better understanding of the dynamics of HIV reservoirs in CD4+ T cells of people with HIV (PWH) receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) is crucial for developing therapies to eradicate the virus. METHODS We conducted a study involving 28 aviremic PWH receiving ART with high and low levels of HIV DNA. We analyzed immunologic and virologic parameters and their association with the HIV reservoir size. RESULTS The frequency of CD4+ T cells carrying HIV DNA was associated with higher pre-ART plasma viremia, lower pre-ART CD4+ T cell counts, and lower pre-ART CD4/CD8 ratios. During ART, the High group maintained elevated levels of intact HIV proviral DNA, cell-associated HIV RNA, and inducible virion-associated HIV RNA. HIV sequence analysis showed no evidence for preferential accumulation of defective proviruses nor higher frequencies of clonal expansion in the High versus Low group. Phenotypic and functional T-cell analyses did not show enhanced immune-mediated virologic control in the Low versus High group. Of considerable interest, pre-ART innate immunity was significantly higher in the Low versus High group. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that innate immunity at the time of ART initiation may play an important role in modulating the dynamics and persistence of viral reservoirs in PWH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Blazkova
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Emily J Whitehead
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rachel Schneck
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Victoria Shi
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - J Shawn Justement
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - M Ali Rai
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Brooke D Kennedy
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Maegan R Manning
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lauren Praiss
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kathleen Gittens
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paul A Wender
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, CA, USA
| | - Cihan Oguz
- Integrated Data Sciences Section, Research Technologies Branch, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Justin Lack
- Integrated Data Sciences Section, Research Technologies Branch, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Susan Moir
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tae-Wook Chun
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Astorga-Gamaza A, Perea D, Sanchez-Gaona N, Calvet-Mirabent M, Gallego-Cortés A, Grau-Expósito J, Sanchez-Cerrillo I, Rey J, Castellví J, Curran A, Burgos J, Navarro J, Suanzes P, Falcó V, Genescà M, Martín-Gayo E, Buzon MJ. KLRG1 expression on natural killer cells is associated with HIV persistence, and its targeting promotes the reduction of the viral reservoir. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101202. [PMID: 37741278 PMCID: PMC10591043 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection induces immunological dysfunction, which limits the elimination of HIV-infected cells during treated infection. Identifying and targeting dysfunctional immune cells might help accelerate the purging of the persistent viral reservoir. Here, we show that chronic HIV infection increases natural killer (NK) cell populations expressing the negative immune regulator KLRG1, both in peripheral blood and lymph nodes. Antiretroviral treatment (ART) does not reestablish these functionally impaired NK populations, and the expression of KLRG1 correlates with active HIV transcription. Targeting KLRG1 with specific antibodies significantly restores the capacity of NK cells to kill HIV-infected cells, reactivates latent HIV present in CD4+ T cells co-expressing KLRG1, and reduces the intact HIV genomes in samples from ART-treated individuals. Our data support the potential use of immunotherapy against the KLRG1 receptor to impact the viral reservoir during HIV persistence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Astorga-Gamaza
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Perea
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nerea Sanchez-Gaona
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Calvet-Mirabent
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Gallego-Cortés
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judith Grau-Expósito
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ildefonso Sanchez-Cerrillo
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Joan Rey
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Castellví
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adrian Curran
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquin Burgos
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Navarro
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Suanzes
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicenç Falcó
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Meritxell Genescà
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enrique Martín-Gayo
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain; Infectious Diseases CIBER (CIBERINFECC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria J Buzon
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Alrubayyi A, Rowland-Jones S, Peppa D. Natural killer cells during acute HIV-1 infection: clues for HIV-1 prevention and therapy. AIDS 2022; 36:1903-1915. [PMID: 35851334 PMCID: PMC9612724 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Despite progress in preexposure prophylaxis, the number of newly diagnosed cases with HIV-1 remains high, highlighting the urgent need for preventive and therapeutic strategies to reduce HIV-1 acquisition and limit disease progression. Early immunological events, occurring during acute infection, are key determinants of the outcome and course of disease. Understanding early immune responses occurring before viral set-point is established, is critical to identify potential targets for prophylactic and therapeutic approaches. Natural killer (NK) cells represent a key cellular component of innate immunity and contribute to the early host defence against HIV-1 infection, modulating the pathogenesis of acute HIV-1 infection (AHI). Emerging studies have identified tools for harnessing NK cell responses and expanding specialized NK subpopulations with adaptive/memory features, paving the way for development of novel HIV-1 therapeutics. This review highlights the knowns and unknowns regarding the role of NK cell subsets in the containment of acute HIV-1 infection, and summarizes recent advances in selectively augmenting NK cell functions through prophylactic and therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aljawharah Alrubayyi
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London
| | | | - Dimitra Peppa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London
- Mortimer Market Centre, Department of HIV, CNWL NHS Trust, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li SF, Wang XY, Li GL, Jiao YY, Wang WH, Wu XK, Zhang LW. Potential HIV latency-reversing agents with STAT1-activating activity from the leaves of Wikstroemia chamaedaphne. Phytochemistry 2022; 203:113395. [PMID: 36027969 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Developing highly effective HIV latency-reversing agent is an inportmant approach for the treatment of AIDS via the "shock and kill" of latent HIV. In this study, two unreported modified daphnane-type diterpenes (chamaedaphnelide A and epi-chamaedaphnelide A) and one unreported tigliane-type diterpene (chamaedaphnelide B), along with four known daphnane-type diterpenes and one known tigliane-type diterpene were obtained from the leaves of Wikstroemia chamaedaphne. Chamaedaphnelide A and epi-chamaedaphnelide A represents the first A ring cleavage daphnane-type backbone. Chamaedaphnelide A, epi-chamaedaphnelide A, chamaedaphnelide B, and 6α,7α-epoxy-5β-hydroxy-12-deoxyphorbol-13-decanoate showed HIV latency-reversing activity, especially chamaedaphnelide B and 6α,7α-epoxy-5β-hydroxy-12-deoxyphorbol-13-decanoate displayed equally potential to positive drugs prostratin with reversing latent HIV on more than 100-fold compared to unstimulated cells. Furthermore, the activation of STAT1 was involved in the HIV latency-reversing activity of these diterpenes, firstly demonstrating that daphnane- and tigliane-type diterpenes can rapidly activate STAT1 activity. Indeed, these results also supported that activating STAT1 activity is a pathway for reversing latent HIV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Fei Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Education Ministry, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiu-Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Education Ministry, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, People's Republic of China; Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Gong-Lu Li
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Ying Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Education Ministry, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Hao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Education Ministry, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Kang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Education Ministry, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Education Ministry, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pace M, Ogbe A, Hurst J, Robinson N, Meyerowitz J, Olejniczak N, Thornhill JP, Jones M, Waters A, Lwanga J, Kuldanek K, Hall R, Zacharopoulou P, Martin GE, Brown H, Nwokolo N, Peppa D, Fox J, Fidler S, Frater J. Impact of antiretroviral therapy in primary HIV infection on natural killer cell function and the association with viral rebound and HIV DNA following treatment interruption. Front Immunol 2022; 13:878743. [PMID: 36110857 PMCID: PMC9468877 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.878743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells play a key role in controlling HIV replication, with potential downstream impact on the size of the HIV reservoir and likelihood of viral rebound after antiretroviral therapy (ART) cessation. It is therefore important to understand how primary HIV infection (PHI) disrupts NK cell function, and how these functions are restored by early ART. We examined the impact of commencing ART during PHI on phenotypic and functional NK cell markers at treatment initiation (baseline), 3 months, 1 year, and 2 years in seven well-characterised participants in comparison to HIV seronegative volunteers. We then examined how those NK cell properties differentially impacted by ART related to time to viral rebound and HIV DNA levels in 44 individuals from the SPARTAC trial who stopped ART after 48 weeks treatment, started during PHI. NK cell markers that were significantly different between the seven people with HIV (PWH) treated for 2 years and HIV uninfected individuals included NKG2C levels in CD56dim NK cells, Tim-3 expression in CD56bright NK cells, IFN-γ expressed by CD56dim NK cells after IL-12/IL-18 stimulation and the fraction of Eomes-/T-bet+ in CD56dim and CD56bright NK cells. When exploring time to viral rebound after stopping ART among the 44 SPARTAC participants, no single NK phenotypic marker correlated with control. Higher levels of IL-12/IL-18 mediated NK cell degranulation at baseline were associated with longer times to viral rebound after treatment interruption (P=0.028). Additionally, we found higher fractions of CD56dim NK cells in individuals with lower levels of HIV DNA (P=0.048). NKG2A and NKp30 levels in CD56neg NK cells were higher in patients with lower HIV DNA levels (p=0.00174, r=-0.49 and p=0.03, r= -0.327, respectively) while CD27 levels were higher in those with higher levels of HIV DNA (p=0.026). These data show NK cell functions are heterogeneously impacted by HIV infection with a mixed picture of resolution on ART, and that while NK cells may affect HIV DNA levels and time to viral rebound, no single NK cell marker defined delayed viral rebound.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Pace
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ane Ogbe
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jacob Hurst
- Etcembly Ltd, Harwell Campus, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Robinson
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jodi Meyerowitz
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Natalia Olejniczak
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - John P. Thornhill
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mathew Jones
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anele Waters
- Department of Infection, Guys and St Thomas’ National Health Service (NHS) Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julianne Lwanga
- Department of Infection, Guys and St Thomas’ National Health Service (NHS) Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kristen Kuldanek
- Department of HIV Medicine, St Mary’s Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare National Health Service (NHS) Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Hall
- Department of HIV Medicine, St Mary’s Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare National Health Service (NHS) Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Genevieve E. Martin
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Helen Brown
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nneka Nwokolo
- Department of HIV/GUM, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dimitra Peppa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julie Fox
- Department of Infection, Guys and St Thomas’ National Health Service (NHS) Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Fidler
- Department of HIV Medicine, St Mary’s Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare National Health Service (NHS) Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Imperial College Biomedical Research Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - John Frater
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Astorga-Gamaza A, Grau-Expósito J, Burgos J, Navarro J, Curran A, Planas B, Suanzes P, Falcó V, Genescà M, Buzon M. Identification of HIV-reservoir cells with reduced susceptibility to antibody-dependent immune response. eLife 2022; 11:78294. [PMID: 35616530 PMCID: PMC9177146 DOI: 10.7554/elife.78294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV establishes a persistent infection in heterogeneous cell reservoirs, which can be maintained by different mechanisms including cellular proliferation, and represent the main obstacle to curing the infection. The expression of the Fcγ receptor CD32 has been identified as a marker of the active cell reservoirs in people on antiretroviral therapy, but if its expression has any role in conferring advantage for viral persistence is unknown. Here, we report that HIV-infected cells expressing CD32 have reduced susceptibility to natural killer (NK) antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) by a mechanism compatible with the suboptimal binding of HIV-specific antibodies. Infected CD32 cells have increased proliferative capacity in the presence of immune complexes, and are more resistant to strategies directed to potentiate NK function. Remarkably, reactivation of the latent reservoir from antiretroviral-treated people living with HIV increases the pool of infected CD32 cells, which are largely resistant to the ADCC immune mechanism. Thus, we report the existence of reservoir cells that evade part of the NK immune response through the expression of CD32.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joaquín Burgos
- Infectious Disease Department, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)
| | - Jordi Navarro
- Infectious Disease Department, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)
| | - Adrià Curran
- Infectious Disease Department, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)
| | - Bibiana Planas
- Infectious Disease Department, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)
| | - Paula Suanzes
- Infectious Disease Department, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)
| | - Vicenç Falcó
- Infectious Disease Department, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)
| | - Meritxell Genescà
- Infectious Disease Department, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)
| | - Maria Buzon
- Infectious Disease Department, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) can inhibit the replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and reduce viral loads in the peripheral blood to undetectable levels. However, the presence of latent HIV-1 reservoirs prevents complete HIV-1 eradication. Several drugs and strategies targeting T cells are now in clinical trials, but their effectiveness in reducing viral reservoirs has been mixed. Interestingly, innate immune natural killer (NK) cells, which are promising targets for cancer therapy, also play an important role in HIV-1 infection. NK cells are a unique innate cell population with features of adaptive immunity that can regulate adaptive and innate immune cell populations; therefore, they can be exploited for HIV-1 immunotherapy and reservoir eradication. In this review, we highlight immunotherapy strategies for HIV infection that utilize the beneficial properties of NK cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siqin Duan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuwen Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sun Y, Zhou J, Jiang Y. Negative Regulation and Protective Function of Natural Killer Cells in HIV Infection: Two Sides of a Coin. Front Immunol 2022; 13:842831. [PMID: 35320945 PMCID: PMC8936085 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.842831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play an important immunologic role, targeting tumors and virus-infected cells; however, NK cells do not impede the progression of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. In HIV infection, NK cells exhibit impaired functions and negatively regulate other immune cell responses, although NK cells can kill HIV-infected cells and thereby suppress HIV replication. Considerable recent research has emerged regarding NK cells in the areas of immune checkpoints, negative regulation, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and HIV reservoirs during HIV infection; however, no overall summary of these factors is available. This review focuses on several important aspects of NK cells in relation to HIV infection, including changes in NK cell count, subpopulations, and immune checkpoints, as well as abnormalities in NK cell functions and NK cell negative regulation. The protective function of NK cells in inhibiting HIV replication to reduce the viral reservoir and approaches for enhancing NK cell functions are also summarized.
Collapse
|
13
|
Richter E, Bornemann L, Korencak M, Alter G, Schuster M, Esser S, Boesecke C, Rockstroh J, Gunzer M, Streeck H. Reduction of CD8 T cell functionality but not inhibitory capacity by integrase inhibitors. J Virol 2022;:JVI0173021. [PMID: 35019724 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01730-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although HIV-specific CD8 T cells are effective in controlling HIV-infection, they fail to clear infection even in the presence of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and cure strategies such as "shock-and-kill". Little is known how ART is contributing to HIV-specific CD8 T cell function and the ability to clear HIV infection. Therefore, we first assessed the cytokine polyfunctionality and proliferation of CD8 T cells from ART-treated HIV+ individuals directly ex vivo and observed a decline in the multifunctional response as well as proliferation indices of these cells in individuals treated with integrase inhibitor (INSTI) based ART regimens compared to both protease inhibitor (PI) and non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) based regimens. We next co-cultured CD8 T cells with different drugs individually and were able to observe reduced functional properties with significantly decreased ability of CD8 T cells to express IFNγ, MIP1β and TNFα only after treatment with INSTI-based regimens. Furthermore, previously activated and INSTI-treated CD8 T cells demonstrated reduced capacity to express perforin and granzyme B compared to PI and NNRTI treated cells. Unexpectedly, CD8 T cells treated with dolutegravir showed a similar killing ability 7 dpi compared to emtricitabine or rilpivirine treated cells. We next used a live cell imaging assay to determine the migratory capacity of CD8 T cells. Only INSTI-treated cells showed less migratory activity after SDF-1α stimulation compared to NRTI regimens. Our data show that the choice of ART can have a significant impact on CD8 T cell effector functions, but the importance for potential eradication attempts is unknown. Importance Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors (INSTI) are recommended by national and international guidelines as a key component of ART in the treatment of HIV-infected patients. In particular, their efficacy, tolerability and low drug-drug interaction profile have made them to the preferred choice as part of the first-line regimen in treatment-naïve individuals. Here, we demonstrate that the choice of ART can have a significant impact on function and metabolism of CD8 T cells. In summary, our study provides first evidence on a significant, negative impact on CD8 T cell effector functions in the presence of two INSTIs, dolutegravir and elvitegravir, which may contribute to the limited success of eradicating HIV-infected cells through "shock-and-kill" strategies. Although our findings are coherent with recent studies highlighting a possible role of dolutegravir in weight gain, further investigations are necessary to fully understand the impact of INSTI-based regimens on the health of the individual during antiretroviral therapy.
Collapse
|
14
|
Liang T, Wu Z, Li Y, Li C, Zhao K, Qiao X, Duan H, Zhang X, Liu S, Xi B, Li L. A synthetic resveratrol analog termed Q205 reactivates latent HIV-1 through activation of P-TEFb. Biochem Pharmacol 2021;:114901. [PMID: 34971588 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The persistence of HIV-1 latent reservoir creates the major obstacle toward an HIV-1 cure. The "shock and kill" strategy aims to reverse HIV-1 proviral latency using latency-reversing agents (LRAs), thus boosting immune recognition and clearance to residual infected cells. Unfortunately, to date, none of these tested LRA candidates has been demonstrated effectiveness and/or safety in reactivation HIV-1 latency. The discovery and development of effective, safe and affordable LRA candidates are urgently needed for creating an HIV-1 functional cure. Here, we designed and synthesized a series of small-molecule phenoxyacetic acid derivatives based on the resveratrol scaffold and found one of them, named 5, 7-dimethoxy-2-(5-(methoxymethyl) furan-2-yl) quinazolin-4(3H)-one (Q205), effectively reactivated latent HIV-1 in latent HIV-1-infected cells without a corresponding increase in induction of potentially damaging cytokines. The molecular mechanism of Q205 is shown to increase the phosphorylation of the CDK9 T-loop at position Thr186, dissociate positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) from BRD4, and promote the Tat-mediated HIV-1 transcription and RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) C-terminal domain (CTD) on Ser (CTD-Ser2P) to bind to the HIV promoter. This study provides a unique insight into resveratrol modified derivatives as promising leads for preclinical LRAs, which in turn may help toward inhibitor design and chemical optimization for improving HIV-1 shock-and kill-based efforts.
Collapse
|
15
|
Adeniji OS, Kuri-Cervantes L, Yu C, Xu Z, Ho M, Chew GM, Shikuma C, Tomescu C, George AF, Roan NR, Ndhlovu LC, Liu Q, Muthumani K, Weiner DB, Betts MR, Xiao H, Abdel-Mohsen M. Siglec-9 defines and restrains a natural killer subpopulation highly cytotoxic to HIV-infected cells. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010034. [PMID: 34762717 PMCID: PMC8584986 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Siglec-9 is an MHC-independent inhibitory receptor expressed on a subset of natural killer (NK) cells. Siglec-9 restrains NK cytotoxicity by binding to sialoglycans (sialic acid-containing glycans) on target cells. Despite the importance of Siglec-9 interactions in tumor immune evasion, their role as an immune evasion mechanism during HIV infection has not been investigated. Using in vivo phenotypic analyses, we found that Siglec-9+ CD56dim NK cells, during HIV infection, exhibit an activated phenotype with higher expression of activating receptors and markers (NKp30, CD38, CD16, DNAM-1, perforin) and lower expression of the inhibitory receptor NKG2A, compared to Siglec-9- CD56dim NK cells. We also found that levels of Siglec-9+ CD56dim NK cells inversely correlate with viral load during viremic infection and CD4+ T cell-associated HIV DNA during suppressed infection. Using in vitro cytotoxicity assays, we confirmed that Siglec-9+ NK cells exhibit higher cytotoxicity towards HIV-infected cells compared to Siglec-9- NK cells. These data are consistent with the notion that Siglec-9+ NK cells are highly cytotoxic against HIV-infected cells. However, blocking Siglec-9 enhanced NK cells' ability to lyse HIV-infected cells, consistent with the known inhibitory function of the Siglec-9 molecule. Together, these data support a model in which the Siglec-9+ CD56dim NK subpopulation is highly cytotoxic against HIV-infected cells even whilst being restrained by the inhibitory effects of Siglec-9. To harness the cytotoxic capacity of the Siglec-9+ NK subpopulation, which is dampened by Siglec-9, we developed a proof-of-concept approach to selectively disrupt Siglec/sialoglycan interactions between NK and HIV-infected cells. We achieved this goal by conjugating Sialidase to several HIV broadly neutralizing antibodies. These conjugates selectively desialylated HIV-infected cells and enhanced NK cells' capacity to kill them. In summary, we identified a novel, glycan-based interaction that may contribute to HIV-infected cells' ability to evade NK immunosurveillance and developed an approach to break this interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Opeyemi S. Adeniji
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | - Chenfei Yu
- Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ziyang Xu
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michelle Ho
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Glen M. Chew
- University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Cecilia Shikuma
- University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Costin Tomescu
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ashley F. George
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Nadia R. Roan
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Lishomwa C. Ndhlovu
- University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Qin Liu
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kar Muthumani
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - David B. Weiner
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael R. Betts
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Han Xiao
- Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Mohamed Abdel-Mohsen
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Doria M, Zicari S, Cotugno N, Domínguez‐Rodríguez S, Ruggiero A, Pascucci GR, Tagarro A, Rojo Conejo P, Nastouli E, Gärtner K, Cameron M, Richardson B, Foster C, Williams SL, Rinaldi S, De Rossi A, Giaquinto C, Rossi P, Pahwa S, Palma P. Early ART initiation during infancy preserves natural killer cells in young European adolescents living with HIV (CARMA cohort). J Int AIDS Soc 2021; 24:e25717. [PMID: 34235857 PMCID: PMC8264399 DOI: 10.1002/jia2.25717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION HIV infection causes pathological changes in the natural killer (NK) cell compartment that can be only partially restored by antiretroviral therapy (ART). We investigated NK cells phenotype and function in children with perinatally acquired HIV (PHIV) and long-term viral control (five years) due to effective ART in a multicentre cross-sectional European study (CARMA, EPIICAL consortium). The impact of age at ART start and viral reservoir was also evaluated. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 40 PHIV who started ART within two years of life (early treated patients (ET), ≤6 months; late treated patients (LT), > 6 months), with at least five years of HIV-1 suppression (<40 HIV copies/mL), were collected between November 2017 and August 2018. NK phenotype and function were analysed by flow cytometry and transcriptional profile of PBMCs by RNA-Seq. HIV-1 DNA was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction (Data were analysed by Spearman correlation plots and multivariable Poisson regression model (adjusted for baseline %CD4 and RNA HIV viral load and for age at ART start as an interaction term, either ET or LT) to explore the association between NK cell parameters and HIV reservoir modulated by age at ART start. RESULTS A significantly higher frequency of CD56neg NK cells was found in LT compared with ET. We further found in LT a positive correlation of CD56neg NK cells with HIV-1 DNA. LT also displayed increased expression of the NKG2D and NKp46 activating receptors and perforin compared with ET. Moreover, CD107a+ and IFN-γ+ frequencies in non-stimulated NK were associated with HIV-1 DNA in LT patients. Finally, RNA-Seq analysis showed in LT an up-regulation of genes related to NK-activating pathways and susceptibility to apoptosis compared with ET. CONCLUSIONS We show that early initiation of ART during infancy preserves the NK compartment and is associated with lower HIV-1 reservoir. Such condition persists over adolescence due to long-term viral control achieved through effective ART.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Doria
- Research Unit of Primary ImmunodeficiencyBambino Gesú Children's HospitalIRCCSRomeItaly
| | - Sonia Zicari
- Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and VaccinologyAcademic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO)Bambino Gesù Children's HospitalIRCCSRomeItaly
| | - Nicola Cotugno
- Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and VaccinologyAcademic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO)Bambino Gesù Children's HospitalIRCCSRomeItaly
- Department of Systems MedicineChair of PediatricsUniversity of Rome "Tor Vergata"RomeItaly
| | - Sara Domínguez‐Rodríguez
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases UnitFundación para la Investigación Biomédica del HospitalMadridSpain
| | - Alessandra Ruggiero
- Research Unit of Primary ImmunodeficiencyBambino Gesú Children's HospitalIRCCSRomeItaly
| | - Giuseppe R Pascucci
- Research Unit of Primary ImmunodeficiencyBambino Gesú Children's HospitalIRCCSRomeItaly
- Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and VaccinologyAcademic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO)Bambino Gesù Children's HospitalIRCCSRomeItaly
- Department of Systems MedicineChair of PediatricsUniversity of Rome "Tor Vergata"RomeItaly
| | - Alfredo Tagarro
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases UnitFundación para la Investigación Biomédica del HospitalMadridSpain
| | - Pablo Rojo Conejo
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases UnitFundación para la Investigación Biomédica del HospitalMadridSpain
| | - Eleni Nastouli
- Department of VirologyUniversity College Hospital LondonUK
| | | | - Mark Cameron
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOHUSA
| | - Brian Richardson
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOHUSA
| | | | - Sion L Williams
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiamiFLUSA
| | - Stefano Rinaldi
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiamiFLUSA
| | - Anita De Rossi
- Section of Oncology and ImmunologyDepartment of Surgery, Oncology, and GastroenterologyUnit of Viral Oncology and AIDS Reference CenterUniversity of PadovaPadovaItaly
- Istituto Oncologico Veneto (IOV)‐IRCCSRomeItaly
| | - Carlo Giaquinto
- Department of Mother and Child HealthUniversity of PadovaPadovaItaly
| | - Paolo Rossi
- Research Unit of Primary ImmunodeficiencyBambino Gesú Children's HospitalIRCCSRomeItaly
- Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and VaccinologyAcademic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO)Bambino Gesù Children's HospitalIRCCSRomeItaly
- Department of Systems MedicineChair of PediatricsUniversity of Rome "Tor Vergata"RomeItaly
| | - Savita Pahwa
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiamiFLUSA
| | - Paolo Palma
- Research Unit of Primary ImmunodeficiencyBambino Gesú Children's HospitalIRCCSRomeItaly
- Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and VaccinologyAcademic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO)Bambino Gesù Children's HospitalIRCCSRomeItaly
- Department of Systems MedicineChair of PediatricsUniversity of Rome "Tor Vergata"RomeItaly
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Fu Y, Zhang Z, Yang Z, Jiang Y, Han X, Xu J, Chu Z, Ding H, He S, Shang H. CD27 -CD38 + B cells accumulated in early HIV infection exhibit transitional profile and promote HIV disease progression. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109344. [PMID: 34260905 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although peripheral B cell dysfunction in early HIV infection is established, how B cell subsets are altered by HIV infection is poorly understood. While investigating B cell subsets among individuals recently infected with HIV, we observe an accumulation of CD27-CD38+ B cells and find that these cells can directly facilitate HIV infection of primary CD4+ T cells in vitro. Comprehensive analyses of the phenotype, function, and transcriptome of the CD27-CD38+ B cell subset is conducted compared with memory and naive B cells. We find that the CD27-CD38+ B cells exhibit a transitional B cell phenotype and an extremely high turnover rate. Importantly, individuals with higher proportions of CD27-CD38+ B cells during early HIV infection tend to become rapid progressors in the chronic infection stage. In this study, we identify a peripheral transitional B cell subset that accumulates during early HIV infection and may contribute to disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Fu
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79 Qingchun Street, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Zining Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79 Qingchun Street, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Zhijun Yang
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Yongjun Jiang
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79 Qingchun Street, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xiaoxu Han
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79 Qingchun Street, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Junjie Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79 Qingchun Street, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Zhenxing Chu
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79 Qingchun Street, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Haibo Ding
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79 Qingchun Street, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Sijia He
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79 Qingchun Street, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Hong Shang
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79 Qingchun Street, Hangzhou 310003, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Covino DA, Desimio MG, Doria M. Combinations of Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors with Distinct Latency Reversing Agents Variably Affect HIV Reactivation and Susceptibility to NK Cell-Mediated Killing of T Cells That Exit Viral Latency. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136654. [PMID: 34206330 PMCID: PMC8267728 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The ‘shock-and-kill’ strategy to purge the latent HIV reservoir relies on latency-reversing agents (LRAs) to reactivate the provirus and subsequent immune-mediated killing of HIV-expressing cells. Yet, clinical trials employing histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis; Vorinostat, Romidepsin, Panobinostat) as LRAs failed to reduce the HIV reservoir size, stressing the need for more effective latency reversal strategies, such as 2-LRA combinations, and enhancement of the immune responses. Interestingly, several LRAs are employed to treat cancer because they up-modulate ligands for the NKG2D NK-cell activating receptor on tumor cells. Therefore, using in vitro T cell models of HIV latency and NK cells, we investigated the capacity of HDACis, either alone or combined with a distinct LRA, to potentiate the NKG2D/NKG2D ligands axis. While Bortezomib proteasome inhibitor was toxic for both T and NK cells, the GS-9620 TLR-7 agonist antagonized HIV reactivation and NKG2D ligand expression by HDACis. Conversely, co-administration of the Prostratin PKC agonist attenuated HDACi toxicity and, when combined with Romidepsin, stimulated HIV reactivation and further up-modulated NKG2D ligands on HIV+ T cells and NKG2D on NK cells, ultimately boosting NKG2D-mediated viral suppression by NK cells. These findings disclose limitations of LRA candidates and provide evidence that NK cell suppression of reactivated HIV may be modulated by specific 2-LRA combinations.
Collapse
|
19
|
Tong O, Duette G, O’Neil TR, Royle CM, Rana H, Johnson B, Popovic N, Dervish S, Brouwer MAE, Baharlou H, Patrick E, Ctercteko G, Palmer S, Lee E, Hunter E, Harman AN, Cunningham AL, Nasr N. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells have divergent effects on HIV infection of initial target cells and induce a pro-retention phenotype. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009522. [PMID: 33872331 PMCID: PMC8084337 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Although HIV infection inhibits interferon responses in its target cells in vitro, interferon signatures can be detected in vivo soon after sexual transmission, mainly attributed to plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). In this study, we examined the physiological contributions of pDCs to early HIV acquisition using coculture models of pDCs with myeloid DCs, macrophages and the resting central, transitional and effector memory CD4 T cell subsets. pDCs impacted infection in a cell-specific manner. In myeloid cells, HIV infection was decreased via antiviral effects, cell maturation and downregulation of CCR5 expression. In contrast, in resting memory CD4 T cells, pDCs induced a subset-specific increase in intracellular HIV p24 protein expression without any activation or increase in CCR5 expression, as measured by flow cytometry. This increase was due to reactivation rather than enhanced viral spread, as blocking HIV entry via CCR5 did not alter the increased intracellular p24 expression. Furthermore, the load and proportion of cells expressing HIV DNA were restricted in the presence of pDCs while reverse transcriptase and p24 ELISA assays showed no increase in particle associated reverse transcriptase or extracellular p24 production. In addition, pDCs also markedly induced the expression of CD69 on infected CD4 T cells and other markers of CD4 T cell tissue retention. These phenotypic changes showed marked parallels with resident memory CD4 T cells isolated from anogenital tissue using enzymatic digestion. Production of IFNα by pDCs was the main driving factor for all these results. Thus, pDCs may reduce HIV spread during initial mucosal acquisition by inhibiting replication in myeloid cells while reactivating latent virus in resting memory CD4 T cells and retaining them for immune clearance. IFNs constitute one of the first and most important innate immune controls to restrict initial viral replication and spread. As HIV has evolved mechanisms to block IFN-I induction in its target cells, but not in infiltrating pDCs, understanding how pDCs influence HIV infection of target cells upon initial transmission is critical to prevent or control initial infection. Therefore, we modelled the early events occurring immediately as HIV enters the human genital mucosa. We showed that IFNα secreting pDC compensated for HIV inhibition of IFN-I production in its target cells in two different ways: i) reduced infection in DCs and macrophages which would limit viral spread to resident or newly infiltrating memory CD4 T cells; ii) reactivation of latent HIV in all subsets of resting memory CD4 T cell subsets, accompanied by limited viral spread, upregulation of MHC-I and induction of a tissue retention phenotype. The increased HIV protein, MHC-I expression and retention may enhance exposure to CD8 T cell surveillance. This model suggests that IFNα reactivation of latent HIV combined with adoptive immunotherapy using CD8 T cells or those expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) could provide a novel ‘kick and kill’ approach to eradicate HIV reservoirs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Orion Tong
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gabriel Duette
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Thomas R. O’Neil
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Caroline M. Royle
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hafsa Rana
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Blake Johnson
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicole Popovic
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Suat Dervish
- Westmead research Hub, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michelle A. E. Brouwer
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Centre for Infectious Diseases, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Heeva Baharlou
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ellis Patrick
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of Sydney, School of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Grahame Ctercteko
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sarah Palmer
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Eunok Lee
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Eric Hunter
- Emory Vaccine Centre, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Andrew N. Harman
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anthony L. Cunningham
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail: (ALC); (NN)
| | - Najla Nasr
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail: (ALC); (NN)
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In the gastro-intestinal tract, the complex network of multiple innate cell populations play critical roles not only as a first line of defense against invading pathogens and in driving adaptive immune responses but also in maintaining intestinal homeostasis. Here, we describe the roles of various innate immune cell populations in gut immunity and detail studies investigating the impact of acute and chronic HIV infection on these cell populations. RECENT FINDINGS Alterations in frequencies, phenotype and/or function of innate lymphoid cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and innate-like T cells have been reported in people with HIV (PWH), with many of these features persisting despite anti-retroviral therapy and virological suppression. Dysregulated gut innate immunity in PWH is a feature of gut pathogenesis. A greater understanding of the mechanisms driving impairment in the multiple different gut innate immune cell populations and the downstream consequences of an altered innate immune response on host defense and gut homeostasis in PWH is needed to develop more effective HIV treatments and cure strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Dillon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, Mail Stop B168, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Cara C Wilson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, Mail Stop B168, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Astorga-Gamaza A, Vitali M, Borrajo ML, Suárez-López R, Jaime C, Bastus N, Serra-Peinado C, Luque-Ballesteros L, Blanch-Lombarte O, Prado JG, Lorente J, Pumarola F, Pellicer M, Falcó V, Genescà M, Puntes V, Buzon MJ. Antibody cooperative adsorption onto AuNPs and its exploitation to force natural killer cells to kill HIV-infected T cells. Nano Today 2021; 36:101056. [PMID: 34394703 PMCID: PMC8360327 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2020.101056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
HIV represents a persistent infection which negatively alters the immune system. New tools to reinvigorate different immune cell populations to impact HIV are needed. Herein, a novel nanotool for the specific enhancement of the natural killer (NK) immune response towards HIV-infected T-cells has been developed. Bispecific Au nanoparticles (BiAb-AuNPs), dually conjugated with IgG anti-HIVgp120 and IgG anti-human CD16 antibodies, were generated by a new controlled, linker-free and cooperative conjugation method promoting the ordered distribution and segregation of antibodies in domains. The cooperatively-adsorbed antibodies fully retained the capabilities to recognize their cognate antigen and were able to significantly enhance cell-to-cell contact between HIV-expressing cells and NK cells. As a consequence, the BiAb-AuNPs triggered a potent cytotoxic response against HIV-infected cells in blood and human tonsil explants. Remarkably, the BiAb-AuNPs were able to significantly reduce latent HIV infection after viral reactivation in a primary cell model of HIV latency. This novel molecularly-targeted strategy using a bispecific nanotool to enhance the immune system represents a new approximation with potential applications beyond HIV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Astorga-Gamaza
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitario Vall d’Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michele Vitali
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitario Vall d’Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireya L. Borrajo
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitario Vall d’Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Suárez-López
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Jaime
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Neus Bastus
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carla Serra-Peinado
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitario Vall d’Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Luque-Ballesteros
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitario Vall d’Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oscar Blanch-Lombarte
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Julia G. Prado
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Juan Lorente
- Otorhinolaryngology Department, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Felix Pumarola
- Otorhinolaryngology Department, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Pellicer
- Otorhinolaryngology Department, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicenç Falcó
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitario Vall d’Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Meritxell Genescà
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitario Vall d’Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Víctor Puntes
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitario Vall d’Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
- Corresponding author at: Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria J. Buzon
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitario Vall d’Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Corresponding author. (V. Puntes), (M.J. Buzon)
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Offersen R, Yu WH, Scully EP, Julg B, Euler Z, Sadanand S, Garcia-Dominguez D, Zheng L, Rasmussen TA, Jennewein MF, Linde C, Sassic J, Lofano G, Vigano S, Stephenson KE, Fischinger S, Suscovich TJ, Lichterfeld M, Lauffenburger D, Rosenberg ES, Allen T, Altfeld M, Charles RC, Østergaard L, Tolstrup M, Barouch DH, Søgaard OS, Alter G. HIV Antibody Fc N-Linked Glycosylation Is Associated with Viral Rebound. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108502. [PMID: 33326789 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in antibody glycosylation are linked to inflammation across several diseases. Alterations in bulk antibody galactosylation can predict rheumatic flares, act as a sensor for immune activation, predict gastric cancer relapse, track with biological age, shift with vaccination, change with HIV reservoir size on therapy, and decrease in HIV and HCV infections. However, whether changes in antibody Fc biology also track with reservoir rebound time remains unclear. The identification of a biomarker that could forecast viral rebound time could significantly accelerate the downselection and iterative improvement of promising HIV viral eradication strategies. Using a comprehensive antibody Fc-profiling approach, the level of HIV-specific antibody Fc N-galactosylation is significantly associated with time to rebound after treatment discontinuation across three independent cohorts. Thus virus-specific antibody glycosylation may represent a promising, simply measured marker to track reservoir reactivation.
Collapse
|
23
|
Falcinelli SD, Shook-Sa BE, Dewey MG, Sridhar S, Read J, Kirchherr J, James KS, Allard B, Ghofrani S, Stuelke E, Baker C, Roan NR, Eron JJ, Kuruc JD, Ramirez C, Gay C, Mollan KR, Margolis DM, Adimora AA, Archin NM. Impact of Biological Sex on Immune Activation and Frequency of the Latent HIV Reservoir During Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy. J Infect Dis 2020; 222:1843-1852. [PMID: 32496542 PMCID: PMC7653086 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persistent HIV infection of long-lived resting CD4 T cells, despite antiretroviral therapy (ART), remains a barrier to HIV cure. Women have a more robust type 1 interferon response during HIV infection relative to men, contributing to lower initial plasma viremia. As lower viremia during acute infection is associated with reduced frequency of latent HIV infection, we hypothesized that women on ART would have a lower frequency of latent HIV compared to men. METHODS ART-suppressed, HIV seropositive women (n = 22) were matched 1:1 to 22 of 39 ART-suppressed men. We also compared the 22 women to all 39 men, adjusting for age and race as covariates. We measured the frequency of latent HIV using the quantitative viral outgrowth assay, the intact proviral DNA assay, and total HIV gag DNA. We also performed activation/exhaustion immunophenotyping on peripheral blood mononuclear cells and quantified interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) expression in CD4 T cells. RESULTS We did not observe evident sex differences in the frequency of persistent HIV in resting CD4 T cells. Immunophenotyping and CD4 T-cell ISG expression analysis revealed marginal differences across the sexes. CONCLUSIONS Differences in HIV reservoir frequency and immune activation appear to be small across sexes during long-term suppressive therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shane D Falcinelli
- HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Bonnie E Shook-Sa
- Biostatistics Core, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Morgan G Dewey
- HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sumati Sridhar
- Biostatistics Core, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jenna Read
- HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jennifer Kirchherr
- HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Katherine S James
- HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brigitte Allard
- HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Simon Ghofrani
- HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Erin Stuelke
- HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Caroline Baker
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nadia R Roan
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Joseph J Eron
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - JoAnn D Kuruc
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Catalina Ramirez
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Cynthia Gay
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Katie R Mollan
- Biostatistics Core, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - David M Margolis
- HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Adaora A Adimora
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nancie M Archin
- HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sahay B, Mergia A. The Potential Contribution of Caveolin 1 to HIV Latent Infection. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9110896. [PMID: 33121153 PMCID: PMC7692328 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Combinatorial antiretroviral therapy (cART) suppresses HIV replication to undetectable levels and has been effective in prolonging the lives of HIV infected individuals. However, cART is not capable of eradicating HIV from infected individuals mainly due to HIV’s persistence in small reservoirs of latently infected resting cells. Latent infection occurs when the HIV-1 provirus becomes transcriptionally inactive and several mechanisms that contribute to the silencing of HIV transcription have been described. Despite these advances, latent infection remains a major hurdle to cure HIV infected individuals. Therefore, there is a need for more understanding of novel mechanisms that are associated with latent infection to purge HIV from infected individuals thoroughly. Caveolin 1(Cav-1) is a multifaceted functional protein expressed in many cell types. The expression of Cav-1 in lymphocytes has been controversial. Recent evidence, however, convincingly established the expression of Cav-1 in lymphocytes. In lieu of this finding, the current review examines the potential role of Cav-1 in HIV latent infection and provides a perspective that helps uncover new insights to understand HIV latent infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ayalew Mergia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +352-294-4139; Fax: +352-392-9704
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Mota TM, McCann CD, Danesh A, Huang SH, Magat DB, Ren Y, Leyre L, Bui TD, Rohwetter TM, Kovacs CM, Benko E, MacLaren L, Wimpelberg A, Cannon CM, Hardy WD, Safrit JT, Jones RB. Integrated Assessment of Viral Transcription, Antigen Presentation, and CD8 + T Cell Function Reveals Multiple Limitations of Class I-Selective Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors during HIV-1 Latency Reversal. J Virol 2020; 94:e01845-19. [PMID: 32051267 PMCID: PMC7163115 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01845-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical trials investigating histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) to reverse HIV-1 latency aim to expose reservoirs in antiretroviral (ARV)-treated individuals to clearance by immune effectors, yet have not driven measurable reductions in the frequencies of infected cells. We therefore investigated the effects of the class I-selective HDACi nanatinostat and romidepsin on various blocks to latency reversal and elimination, including viral splicing, antigen presentation, and CD8+ T cell function. In ex vivo CD4+ T cells from ARV-suppressed individuals, both HDACi significantly induced viral transcription, but not splicing nor supernatant HIV-1 RNA. In an HIV-1 latency model using autologous CD8+ T cell clones as biosensors of antigen presentation, neither HDACi-treated CD4+ T cell condition induced clone degranulation. Both HDACi also impaired the function of primary CD8+ T cells in viral inhibition assays, with nanatinostat causing less impairment. These findings suggest that spliced or cell-free HIV-1 RNAs are more indicative of antigen expression than unspliced HIV-RNAs and may help to explain the limited abilities of HDACi to generate CD8+ T cell targets in vivoIMPORTANCE Antiretroviral (ARV) drug regimens suppress HIV-1 replication but are unable to cure infection. This leaves people living with HIV-1 burdened by a lifelong commitment to expensive daily medication. Furthermore, it has become clear that ARV therapy does not fully restore health, leaving individuals at elevated risk for cardiovascular disease, certain types of cancers, and neurocognitive disorders, as well as leaving them exposed to stigma. Efforts are therefore under way to develop therapies capable of curing infection. A key focus of these efforts has been on a class of drugs called histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi), which have the potential of exposing hidden reservoirs of HIV-1 to elimination by the immune system. Unfortunately, clinical trial results with HDACi have thus far been disappointing. In the current study, we integrate a number of experimental approaches to build a model that provides insights into the limited activity of HDACi in clinical trials and offers direction for future approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Talia M Mota
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Chase D McCann
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
- Program in Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ali Danesh
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Szu-Han Huang
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dean B Magat
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yanqin Ren
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Louise Leyre
- Program in Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, New York, USA
| | - Tracy D Bui
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Thomas M Rohwetter
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | - Lynsay MacLaren
- Research Department, Whitman-Walker Health, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | - W David Hardy
- Division of Infectious Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - R Brad Jones
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
- Program in Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Van der Sluis RM, Zerbato JM, Rhodes JW, Pascoe RD, Solomon A, Kumar NA, Dantanarayana AI, Tennakoon S, Dufloo J, McMahon J, Chang JJ, Evans VA, Hertzog PJ, Jakobsen MR, Harman AN, Lewin SR, Cameron PU. Diverse effects of interferon alpha on the establishment and reversal of HIV latency. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008151. [PMID: 32109259 PMCID: PMC7065813 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV latency is the major barrier to a cure for people living with HIV (PLWH) on antiretroviral therapy (ART) because the virus persists in long-lived non-proliferating and proliferating latently infected CD4+ T cells. Latently infected CD4+ T cells do not express viral proteins and are therefore not visible to immune mediated clearance. Therefore, identifying interventions that can reverse latency and also enhance immune mediated clearance is of high interest. Interferons (IFNs) have multiple immune enhancing effects and can inhibit HIV replication in activated CD4+ T cells. However, the effects of IFNs on the establishment and reversal of HIV latency is not understood. Using an in vitro model of latency, we demonstrated that plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) inhibit the establishment of HIV latency through secretion of type I IFNα, IFNβ and IFNω but not IFNε or type III IFNλ1 and IFNλ3. However, once latency was established, IFNα but no other IFNs were able to efficiently reverse latency in both an in vitro model of latency and CD4+ T cells collected from PLWH on suppressive ART. Binding of IFNα to its receptor expressed on primary CD4+ T cells did not induce activation of the canonical or non-canonical NFκB pathway but did induce phosphorylation of STAT1, 3 and 5 proteins. STAT5 has been previously demonstrated to bind to the HIV long terminal repeat and activate HIV transcription. We demonstrate diverse effects of interferons on HIV latency with type I IFNα; inhibiting the establishment of latency but also reversing HIV latency once latency is established. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) cannot cure HIV or eliminate infection from long-lived and proliferating latently infected CD4+ T cells. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) are major producers of interferons (IFNs), which have multiple effects on viral replication and immunity including suppression of viral expression that could favor HIV latency. Van Der Sluis et al. show that type I IFNs inhibit the establishment of HIV latency, however, once established, latency can be reversed by IFNα but not by other type I or type III IFNs. These observations demonstrate that pDC through type I IFNs are important in HIV latency and can potentially be manipulated to eliminate latent infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renée M. Van der Sluis
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jennifer M. Zerbato
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jake W. Rhodes
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Rachel D. Pascoe
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ajantha Solomon
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nitasha A. Kumar
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ashanti I. Dantanarayana
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Surekha Tennakoon
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jérémy Dufloo
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - James McMahon
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Health and Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Judy J. Chang
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Vanessa A. Evans
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul J. Hertzog
- Centre for Innate Immunity and infectious Disease, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Dept Molecular & Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Andrew N. Harman
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Sharon R. Lewin
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Health and Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- * E-mail: (SRL); (PUC)
| | - Paul U. Cameron
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Health and Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- * E-mail: (SRL); (PUC)
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Gallant efforts are ongoing to achieve sustained antiretroviral therapy (ART)-free HIV remission in the HIV-infected person; however, most, if not all, current human clinical studies have primarily focused these efforts on targeting viral persistence in CD4 T cells in blood and tissue sanctuaries. The lack of myeloid centered HIV clinical trials, either as primary or secondary end points, has hindered our understanding of the contribution of myeloid cells in unsuccessful trials but may also guide successes in future HIV eradication clinical strategies. RECENT FINDINGS Recent advances have highlighted the importance of myeloid reservoirs as sanctuaries of HIV persistence and therefore may partially be responsible for viral recrudescence following ART treatment interruption in several clinical trials where HIV was not detectable or recovered from CD4 T cells. Given these findings, novel innovative therapeutic approaches specifically focused on HIV clearance in myeloid cell populations need to be vigorously pursued if we are to achieve additional cases of sustained ART-free remission. This review will highlight new research efforts defining myeloid persistence and recent advances in HIV remission and cure trials that would be relevant in targeting this compartment and make an argument as to their clinical relevancy as we progress towards sustained ART-free HIV remission in all HIV-infected persons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brooks I Mitchell
- John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, 651 Ilalo St., Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Elizabeth I Laws
- John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, 651 Ilalo St., Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Lishomwa C Ndhlovu
- John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, 651 Ilalo St., Honolulu, HI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hua S, Vigano S, Tse S, Zhengyu O, Harrington S, Negron J, Garcia-Broncano P, Marchetti G, Genebat M, Leal M, Resino S, Ruiz-Mateos E, Lichterfeld M, Yu XG. Pegylated Interferon-α-Induced Natural Killer Cell Activation Is Associated With Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 DNA Decline in Antiretroviral Therapy-Treated HIV-1/Hepatitis C Virus-Coinfected Patients. Clin Infect Dis 2019; 66:1910-1917. [PMID: 29272392 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix1111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interferon alpha (IFN-α) can potently reduce human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication in tissue culture and animal models, but may also modulate residual viral reservoirs that persist despite suppressive antiretroviral combination therapy. However, mechanisms leading to viral reservoir reduction during IFN-α treatment are unclear. Methods We analyzed HIV-1 gag DNA levels in CD4 T cells by digital droplet polymerase chain reaction and CD8 T-cell and natural killer (NK) cell phenotypes by flow cytometry in a cohort of antiretroviral therapy-treated HIV-1/hepatitis C virus-coinfected patients (n = 67) undergoing treatment for hepatitis C infection with pegylated IFN-α and ribavirin for an average of 11 months. Results We observed that IFN-α treatment induced a significant decrease in CD4 T-cell counts (P < .0001), in CD4 T-cell-associated HIV-1 DNA copies (P = .002) and in HIV-1 DNA copies per microliter of blood (P < .0001) in our study patients. Notably, HIV-1 DNA levels were unrelated to HIV-1-specific CD8 T-cell responses. In contrast, proportions of total NK cells, CD56brightCD16- NK cells, and CD56brightCD16+ NK cells were significantly correlated with reduced levels of CD4 T-cell-associated HIV-1 DNA during IFN-α treatment, especially when coexpressing the activation markers NKG2D and NKp30. Conclusions These data suggest that the reduction of viral reservoir cells during treatment with IFN-α is primarily attributable to antiviral activities of NK cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Hua
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge
| | - Selena Vigano
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge
| | - Samantha Tse
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge
| | - Ouyang Zhengyu
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge
| | - Sean Harrington
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge
| | - Jordi Negron
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge
| | - Pilar Garcia-Broncano
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge.,Unit of Viral Infection and Immunity, National Center for Microbiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Giulia Marchetti
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinic of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Miguel Genebat
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, University of Seville, Spain
| | - Manuel Leal
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, University of Seville, Spain
| | - Salvador Resino
- Unit of Viral Infection and Immunity, National Center for Microbiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ezequiel Ruiz-Mateos
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, University of Seville, Spain.,Clinic Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)/University of Seville, Spain
| | - Mathias Lichterfeld
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge.,Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Xu G Yu
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge.,Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Desimio MG, Covino DA, Doria M. Potential of the NKG2D/NKG2DL Axis in NK Cell-Mediated Clearance of the HIV-1 Reservoir. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4490. [PMID: 31514330 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral persistency in latently infected CD4+ T cells despite antiretroviral therapy (ART) represents a major drawback in the fight against HIV-1. Efforts to purge latent HIV-1 have been attempted using latency reversing agents (LRAs) that activate expression of the quiescent virus. However, initial trials have shown that immune responses of ART-treated patients are ineffective at clearing LRA-reactivated HIV-1 reservoirs, suggesting that an adjuvant immunotherapy is needed. Here we overview multiple lines of evidence indicating that natural killer (NK) cells have the potential to induce anti-HIV-1 responses relevant for virus eradication. In particular, we focus on the role of the NKG2D activating receptor that crucially enables NK cell-mediated killing of HIV-1-infected cells. We describe recent data indicating that LRAs can synergize with HIV-1 at upregulating ligands for NKG2D (NKG2DLs), hence sensitizing T cells that exit from viral latency for recognition and lysis by NK cells; in addition, we report in vivo and ex vivo data showing the potential benefits and drawbacks that LRAs may have on NKG2D expression and, more in general, on the cytotoxicity of NK cells. Finally, we discuss how the NKG2D/NKG2DLs axis can be exploited for the development of effective HIV-1 eradication strategies combining LRA-induced virus reactivation with recently optimized NK cell-based immunotherapies.
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
HIV reservoirs persist in infected individuals despite combination antiretroviral therapy and can be identified in secondary lymphoid tissues, in intestinal tissues, in the central nervous system as well as in blood. Clinical trials have begun to explore effects of small molecule interventions to perturb the latent viral infection, but only limited information is available regarding the impacts of HIV cure-related clinical interventions on viral reservoirs found in tissues. Of the 14 HIV cure-related clinical trials since 2012 that have evaluated the effects of small molecule interventions in vivo, four trials have examined the impacts of the interventions in peripheral blood as well as other tissues that harbor persistent HIV. The additional tissues examined include cerebral spinal fluid, intestines and lymph nodes. We provide a comparison contrast analyses of the data across anatomical compartments tested in these studies to reveal where peripheral blood analyses reflect outcomes in other tissues as well as where the data reveal differences between tissue outcomes. We also summarize the current knowledge on these topics and highlight key open questions that need to be addressed experimentally to move the HIV cure research field closer to the development of an intervention strategy capable of eliciting long-term antiretroviral free remission of HIV disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Denton
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Ole S Søgaard
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Martin Tolstrup
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Lyu X, Hu M, Peng J, Zhang X, Sanders YY. HDAC inhibitors as antifibrotic drugs in cardiac and pulmonary fibrosis. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2019; 10:2040622319862697. [PMID: 31367296 PMCID: PMC6643173 DOI: 10.1177/2040622319862697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis usually results from dysregulated wound repair and is characterized by
excessive scar tissue. It is a complex process with unclear mechanisms.
Accumulating evidence indicates that epigenetic alterations, including histone
acetylation, play a pivotal role in this process. Histone acetylation is
governed by histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs).
HDACs are enzymes that remove the acetyl groups from both histone and nonhistone
proteins. Aberrant HDAC activities are observed in fibrotic diseases, including
cardiac and pulmonary fibrosis. HDAC inhibitors (HDACIs) are molecules that
block HDAC functions. HDACIs have been studied extensively in a variety of
tumors. Currently, there are four HDACIs approved by the US Food and Drug
Administration for cancer treatment yet none for fibrotic diseases. Emerging
evidence from in vitro and in vivo preclinical
studies has presented beneficial effects of HDACIs in preventing or reversing
fibrogenesis. In this review, we summarize the latest findings of the roles of
HDACs in the pathogenesis of cardiac and pulmonary fibrosis and highlight the
potential applications of HDACIs in these two fibrotic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Lyu
- Laboratory of Clinical Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Min Hu
- Laboratory of Clinical Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jieting Peng
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Yan Y Sanders
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 901 19 Street South, BMRII Room 408, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Papasavvas E, Azzoni L, Kossenkov AV, Dawany N, Morales KH, Fair M, Ross BN, Lynn K, Mackiewicz A, Mounzer K, Tebas P, Jacobson JM, Kostman JR, Showe L, Montaner LJ. NK Response Correlates with HIV Decrease in Pegylated IFN-α2a-Treated Antiretroviral Therapy-Suppressed Subjects. J Immunol 2019; 203:705-717. [PMID: 31253727 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that pegylated IFN-α2a (Peg-IFN-α2a) added to antiretroviral therapy (ART)-suppressed, HIV-infected subjects resulted in plasma HIV control and integrated HIV DNA decrease. We now evaluated whether innate NK cell activity or PBMC transcriptional profiles were associated with decreases in HIV measures. Human peripheral blood was analyzed prior to Peg-IFN-α2a administration (ART, baseline), after 5 wk of ART+Peg-IFN-α2a, and after 12 wk of Peg-IFN-α2a monotherapy (primary endpoint). After 5 wk of ART+Peg-IFN-α2a, immune subset frequencies were preserved, and induction of IFN-stimulated genes was noted in all subjects except for a subset in which the lack of IFN-stimulated gene induction was associated with increased expression of microRNAs. Viral control during Peg-IFN-α2a monotherapy was associated with 1) higher levels of NK cell activity and IFN-γ-induced protein 10 (IP-10) on ART (preimmunotherapy) and 2) downmodulation of NK cell KIR2DL1 and KIR2DL2/DL3 expression, transcriptional enrichment of expression of genes associated with NK cells in HIV controller subjects, and higher ex vivo IFN-α-induced NK cytotoxicity after 5 wk of ART+Peg-IFN-α2a. Integrated HIV DNA decline after immunotherapy was also associated with gene expression patterns indicative of cell-mediated activation and NK cytotoxicity. Overall, an increase in innate activity and NK cell cytotoxicity were identified as correlates of Peg-IFN-α2a-mediated HIV control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Noor Dawany
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Knashawn H Morales
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | | | | | - Kenneth Lynn
- Presbyterian Hospital-University of Pennsylvania Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | | | - Karam Mounzer
- Jonathan Lax Immune Disorders Treatment Center, Philadelphia Field Initiating Group for HIV-1 Trials, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Pablo Tebas
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Jeffrey M Jacobson
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140; and
| | - Jay R Kostman
- John Bell Health Center, Philadelphia Field Initiating Group for HIV-1 Trials, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Liang T, Zhang X, Lai F, Lin J, Zhou C, Xu X, Tan X, Liu S, Li L. A novel bromodomain inhibitor, CPI-203, serves as an HIV-1 latency-reversing agent by activating positive transcription elongation factor b. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 164:237-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
34
|
Rhodes JW, Tong O, Harman AN, Turville SG. Human Dendritic Cell Subsets, Ontogeny, and Impact on HIV Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1088. [PMID: 31156637 PMCID: PMC6532592 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play important roles in orchestrating host immunity against invading pathogens, representing one of the first responders to infection by mucosal invaders. From their discovery by Ralph Steinman in the 1970s followed shortly after with descriptions of their in vivo diversity and distribution by Derek Hart, we are still continuing to progressively elucidate the spectrum of DCs present in various anatomical compartments. With the power of high-dimensional approaches such as single-cell sequencing and multiparameter cytometry, recent studies have shed new light on the identities and functions of DC subtypes. Notable examples include the reclassification of plasmacytoid DCs as purely interferon-producing cells and re-evaluation of intestinal conventional DCs and macrophages as derived from monocyte precursors. Collectively, these observations have changed how we view these cells not only in steady-state immunity but also during disease and infection. In this review, we will discuss the current landscape of DCs and their ontogeny, and how this influences our understanding of their roles during HIV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jake William Rhodes
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Orion Tong
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew Nicholas Harman
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Applied Medical Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stuart Grant Turville
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Kirby Institute, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Zerbato JM, Purves HV, Lewin SR, Rasmussen TA. Between a shock and a hard place: challenges and developments in HIV latency reversal. Curr Opin Virol 2019; 38:1-9. [PMID: 31048093 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Latently infected cells that persist in HIV-infected individuals on antiretroviral therapy (ART) are a major barrier to cure. One strategy to eliminate latency is by activating viral transcription, commonly called latency reversal. Several small non-randomised clinical trials of latency reversing agents (LRAs) in HIV-infected individuals on ART increased viral production, but disappointingly did not reduce the number of latently infected cells or delay time to viral rebound following cessation of ART. More recent approaches aimed at reversing latency include compounds that both activate virus and also modulate immunity to enhance clearance of infected cells. These immunomodulatory LRAs include toll-like receptor agonists, immune checkpoint inhibitors and some cytokines. Here, we provide a brief review of the rationale for transcription-activating and immunomodulatory LRAs, discuss recent clinical trials and some suggestions for combination approaches and research priorities for the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Zerbato
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and the Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Harrison V Purves
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and the Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sharon R Lewin
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and the Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Thomas A Rasmussen
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and the Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Garrido C, Tolstrup M, Søgaard OS, Rasmussen TA, Allard B, Soriano-Sarabia N, Archin NM, Margolis DM. In-vivo administration of histone deacetylase inhibitors does not impair natural killer cell function in HIV+ individuals. AIDS 2019; 33:605-13. [PMID: 30830886 DOI: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000002112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) have proven to induce HIV-RNA and antigen expression in resting CD4 T cells of antiretroviral therapy (ART)-treated HIV-infected individuals. However, to achieve viral eradication, immune clearance must follow latency reversal, and thus it is essential to understand the impact of latency reversal agents on immune function. DESIGN Here we evaluate the impact of in-vivo administration of vorinostat (VOR) and panobinostat (PNB) during clinical trials on natural killer (NK) cell function and phenotype. METHODS Cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HIV-positive participants receiving VOR (NCT01319383) or PNB (NCT01680094) were selected to assess the impact of the drugs on cell composition, activation, NK cell phenotype (CD16, NKG2D, NKp30, NKp46 and DNAM-1), cytotoxic activity (CD107a), and interferon (IFN)-γ production. RESULTS No impairment of NK cell function was observed during treatment with either VOR or PNB. An increase in the frequency of CD3CD56 NK cells was consistently observed. Interestingly, after VOR administration, NK cells increased expression of NKp46 and CD16, and showed improved degranulation and IFN-γ production capacity. Moreover, taking together VOR and PNB samples, HIV DNA levels in CD4 cells were negatively correlated with NK cell frequency and NK cell expression of CD16. CONCLUSIONS In-vivo treatment with HDACi does not have measurable negative effects on NK cell function, with some evidence of improved function in vitro. These results have important implications for potential combinatorial approaches to target HIV reservoirs, suggesting that the use of HDACis as a latency reversal agent could be paired with interventions to enhance NK cell activity or recruitment.
Collapse
|
37
|
Giuliani E, Desimio MG, Doria M. Hexamethylene bisacetamide impairs NK cell-mediated clearance of acute T lymphoblastic leukemia cells and HIV-1-infected T cells that exit viral latency. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4373. [PMID: 30867508 PMCID: PMC6416400 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40760-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA) anticancer drug was dismissed due to limited efficacy in leukemic patients but it may re-enter into the clinics in HIV-1 eradication strategies because of its recently disclosed capacity to reactivate latent virus. Here, we investigated the impact of HMBA on the cytotoxicity of natural killer (NK) cells against acute T lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) cells or HIV-1-infected T cells that exit from latency. We show that in T-ALL cells HMBA upmodulated MICB and ULBP2 ligands for the NKG2D activating receptor. In a primary CD4+ T cell-based latency model, HMBA did not reactivate HIV-1, yet enhanced ULBP2 expression on cells harboring virus reactivated by prostratin (PRO). However, HMBA reduced the expression of NKG2D and its DAP10 adaptor in NK cells, hence impairing NKG2D-mediated cytotoxicity and DAP10-dependent response to IL-15 stimulation. Alongside, HMBA dampened killing of T-ALL targets by IL-15-activated NK cells and impaired NK cell-mediated clearance of PRO-reactivated HIV-1+ cells. Overall, our results demonstrate a dominant detrimental effect of HMBA on the NKG2D pathway that crucially controls NK cell-mediated killing of tumors and virus-infected cells, providing one possible explanation for poor clinical outcome in HMBA-treated cancer patients and raising concerns for future therapeutic application of this drug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erica Giuliani
- Laboratory of Immunoinfectivology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00165, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Desimio
- Laboratory of Immunoinfectivology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00165, Rome, Italy
| | - Margherita Doria
- Laboratory of Immunoinfectivology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00165, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Maschmeyer G, De Greef J, Mellinghoff SC, Nosari A, Thiebaut-Bertrand A, Bergeron A, Franquet T, Blijlevens NMA, Maertens JA. Infections associated with immunotherapeutic and molecular targeted agents in hematology and oncology. A position paper by the European Conference on Infections in Leukemia (ECIL). Leukemia 2019; 33:844-862. [PMID: 30700842 PMCID: PMC6484704 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-019-0388-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A multitude of new agents for the treatment of hematologic malignancies has been introduced over the past decade. Hematologists, infectious disease specialists, stem cell transplant experts, pulmonologists and radiologists have met within the framework of the European Conference on Infections in Leukemia (ECIL) to provide a critical state-of-the-art on infectious complications associated with immunotherapeutic and molecular targeted agents used in clinical routine. For brentuximab vedotin, blinatumomab, CTLA4- and PD-1/PD-L1-inhibitors as well as for ibrutinib, idelalisib, HDAC inhibitors, mTOR inhibitors, ruxolitinib, and venetoclax, a detailed review of data available until August 2018 has been conducted, and specific recommendations for prophylaxis, diagnostic and differential diagnostic procedures as well as for clinical management have been developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georg Maschmeyer
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Care, Klinikum Ernst von Bergmann, Charlottenstrasse 72, 14467, Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Julien De Greef
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Saint-Luc University Hospital, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Hematology, Henri Mondor Teaching Hospital, Créteil, France
| | - Sibylle C Mellinghoff
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Annamaria Nosari
- Department of Hematology, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Anne Bergeron
- Department of Pneumology, Université Paris Diderot, APHP Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Tomas Franquet
- Department of Radiology, Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Johan A Maertens
- Department of Hematology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Zhang XX, Lin J, Liang TZ, Duan H, Tan XH, Xi BM, Li L, Liu SW. The BET bromodomain inhibitor apabetalone induces apoptosis of latent HIV-1 reservoir cells following viral reactivation. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2019; 40:98-110. [PMID: 29789664 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-018-0027-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The persistence of latent HIV-1 reservoirs throughout combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) is a major barrier on the path to achieving a cure for AIDS. It has been shown that bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) inhibitors could reactivate HIV-1 latency, but restrained from clinical application due to their toxicity and side effects. Thus, identifying a new type of BET inhibitor with high degrees of selectivity and safety is urgently needed. Apabetalone is a small-molecule selective BET inhibitor specific for second bromodomains, and has been evaluated in phase III clinical trials that enrolled patients with high-risk cardiovascular disorders, dyslipidemia, and low HDL cholesterol. In the current study, we examined the impact of apabetalone on HIV-1 latency. We showed that apabetalone (10-50 μmol/L) dose-dependently reactivated latent HIV-1 in 4 types of HIV-1 latency cells in vitro and in primary human CD4+ T cells ex vivo. In ACH2 cells, we further demonstrated that apabetalone activated latent HIV-1 through Tat-dependent P-TEFB pathway, i.e., dissociating bromodomain 4 (BDR4) from the HIV-1 promoter and recruiting Tat for stimulating HIV-1 elongation. Furthermore, we showed that apabetalone (10-30 μmol/L) caused dose-dependent cell cycle arrest at the G1/G0 phase in ACH2 cells, and thereby induced the preferential apoptosis of HIV-1 latent cells to promote the death of reactivated reservoir cells. Notably, cardiovascular diseases and low HDL cholesterol are known as the major side effects of cART, which should be prevented by apabetalone. In conclusion, apabetalone should be an ideal bifunctional latency-reversing agent for advancing HIV-1 eradication and reducing the side effects of BET inhibitors.
Collapse
|
40
|
Zhao M, De Crignis E, Rokx C, Verbon A, van Gelder T, Mahmoudi T, Katsikis PD, Mueller YM. T cell toxicity of HIV latency reversing agents. Pharmacol Res 2018; 139:524-534. [PMID: 30366100 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy reduces morbidity and mortality in HIV infected patients. However, the cure of HIV infection is hindered by the persistence of the latent HIV reservoir. Latency reversing agents (LRAs) are developed to target the HIV latently infected cells for HIV reactivation. In addition to reversal of HIV latency, the eradication of HIV latently infected cells will require effector HIV-specific CD8+ T cells. Therefore it is imperative we understand how LRAs affect immune cells. We have performed a comparative in depth analysis of the cytotoxicity of several compounds belonging to four LRA classes on T cells, B cells, and NK cells. In addition, the effect of these LRAs on activation and inhibitory receptor expression of CD8+ T cells was examined. We show that the HDAC inhibitors romidepsin and panobinostat are highly cytotoxic for CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, whereas the PKC agonists bryostatin and prostratin and BET inhibitors JQ1 and OXT-015 were less cytotoxic. The BAF inhibitors CAPE and pyrimethamine exhibit no cytotoxicity. Drug-specific cytotoxicity on CD8+ T cells was comparable between healthy controls and cART-treated HIV-infected patients. Bryostatin and both BET inhibitors downregulated the expression of CD279 on CD8+ T cells without affecting their activation. Our comparison of LRAs identified differences in cytotoxicity between LRA classes and members within a class and suggests that some LRAs such as bryostatin and BET inhibitors may also downregulate inhibitory receptors on activated HIV-specific CD8+ T cells. These findings may guide the use of LRAs that have the capacity to preserve or restore CD8+ T cell immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manzhi Zhao
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elisa De Crignis
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Casper Rokx
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annelies Verbon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Teun van Gelder
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tokameh Mahmoudi
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter D Katsikis
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yvonne M Mueller
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Sung JA, Patel S, Clohosey ML, Roesch L, Tripic T, Kuruc JD, Archin N, Hanley PJ, Cruz CR, Goonetilleke N, Eron JJ, Rooney CM, Gay CL, Bollard CM, Margolis DM. HIV-Specific, Ex Vivo Expanded T Cell Therapy: Feasibility, Safety, and Efficacy in ART-Suppressed HIV-Infected Individuals. Mol Ther 2018; 26:2496-2506. [PMID: 30249388 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive T cell therapy has had dramatic successes in the treatment of virus-related malignancies and infections following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. We adapted this method to produce ex vivo expanded HIV-specific T cells (HXTCs), with the long-term goal of using HXTCs as part of strategies to clear persistent HIV infection. In this phase 1 proof-of-concept study (NCT02208167), we administered HXTCs to antiretroviral therapy (ART)-suppressed, HIV-infected participants. Participants received two infusions of 2 × 107 cells/m2 HXTCs at a 2-week interval. Leukapheresis was performed at baseline and 12 weeks post-infusion to measure the frequency of resting cell infection by the quantitative viral outgrowth assay (QVOA). Overall, participants tolerated HXTCs, with only grade 1 adverse events (AEs) related to HXTCs. Two of six participants exhibited a detectable increase in CD8 T cell-mediated antiviral activity following the two infusions in some, but not all, assays. As expected, however, in the absence of a latency reversing agent, no meaningful decline in the frequency of resting CD4 T cell infection was detected. HXTC therapy in ART-suppressed, HIV-infected individuals appears safe and well tolerated, without any clinical signs of immune activation, likely due to the low residual HIV antigen burden present during ART.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia A Sung
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Shabnum Patel
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Matthew L Clohosey
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Lauren Roesch
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Tamara Tripic
- Section of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - JoAnn D Kuruc
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Nancie Archin
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Patrick J Hanley
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - C Russell Cruz
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Nilu Goonetilleke
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Joseph J Eron
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Clio M Rooney
- Section of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Cynthia L Gay
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Catherine M Bollard
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
| | - David M Margolis
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
Thirty-five years after the identification of HIV-1 as the causative agent of AIDS, we are still in search of vaccines and treatments to eradicate this devastating infectious disease. Progress has been made in understanding the molecular pathogenesis of this infection, which has been crucial for the development of the current therapy regimens. However, despite their efficacy at limiting active viral replication, these drugs are unable to purge the latent reservoir: a pool of cells that harbor transcriptionally inactive, but replication-competent HIV-1 proviruses, and that represent the main barrier to eradicate HIV-1 from affected individuals. In this review, we discuss advances in the field that have allowed a better understanding of HIV-1 latency, including the diverse cell types that constitute the latent reservoir, factors influencing latency, tools to study HIV-1 latency, as well as current and prospective therapeutic approaches to target these latently infected cells, so a functional cure for HIV/AIDS can become a reality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Castro-Gonzalez
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Marta Colomer-Lluch
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Ruth Serra-Moreno
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Desimio MG, Giuliani E, Ferraro AS, Adorno G, Doria M. In Vitro Exposure to Prostratin but Not Bryostatin-1 Improves Natural Killer Cell Functions Including Killing of CD4 + T Cells Harboring Reactivated Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1514. [PMID: 30008723 PMCID: PMC6033996 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In the attempt of purging the HIV-1 reservoir through the “shock-and-kill” strategy, it is important to select latency-reversing agents (LRAs) devoid of deleterious effects on the antiviral function of immune effector cells. Here, we investigated two LRAs with PKC agonist activity, prostratin (PRO) and bryostatin-1 (BRY), for their impact on the function of natural killer (NK) cells, the major effectors of innate immunity whose potential in HIV-1 eradication has emerged in recent clinical trials. Using NK cells of healthy donors, we found that exposure to either PRO or BRY potently activated NK cells, resulting in upmodulation of NKG2D and NKp44 activating receptors and matrix metalloprotease-mediated shedding of CD16 receptor. Despite PRO and BRY affected NK cell phenotype in the same manner, their impact on NK cell function was diverse and showed considerable donor-to-donor variation. Altogether, in most tested donors, the natural cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) of NK cells were either improved or maintained by PRO, while both activities were impaired by BRY. Moreover, we analyzed the effect of these drugs on the capacity of treated NK cells to kill autologous latently infected CD4+ T cells reactivated via the same treatment. First, we found that PRO but not BRY increased upmodulation of the ULBP2 ligand for NKG2D on reactivated p24+ cells. Importantly, we showed that clearance of reactivated p24+ cells by NK cells was enhanced when both targets and effectors were exposed to PRO but not to BRY. Overall, PRO had a superior potential compared with BRY as to the impact on key NK cell functions and on NK-cell-mediated clearance of the HIV-1 reservoir. Our results emphasize the importance of considering the effects on NK cells of candidate “shock-and-kill” interventions. With respect to combinative approaches, the impact on NK cells of each LRA should be re-evaluated upon combination with a second LRA, which may have analogous or opposite effects, or with immunotherapy targeting NK cells. In addition, avoiding co-administration of LRAs that negatively impact ADCC activity by NK cells might be essential for successful application of antibodies or vaccination to “shock-and-kill” strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Giovanna Desimio
- Laboratory of Immunoinfectivology, Immune and Infectious Diseases Division, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Erica Giuliani
- Laboratory of Immunoinfectivology, Immune and Infectious Diseases Division, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Gaspare Adorno
- SIMT, Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Margherita Doria
- Laboratory of Immunoinfectivology, Immune and Infectious Diseases Division, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Garrido C, Abad-Fernandez M, Tuyishime M, Pollara JJ, Ferrari G, Soriano-Sarabia N, Margolis DM. Interleukin-15-Stimulated Natural Killer Cells Clear HIV-1-Infected Cells following Latency Reversal Ex Vivo. J Virol 2018; 92:e00235-18. [PMID: 29593039 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00235-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Current efforts toward human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) eradication include approaches to augment immune recognition and elimination of persistently infected cells following latency reversal. Natural killer (NK) cells, the main effectors of the innate immune system, recognize and clear targets using different mechanisms than CD8+ T cells, offering an alternative or complementary approach for HIV clearance strategies. We assessed the impact of interleukin 15 (IL-15) treatment on NK cell function and the potential for stimulated NK cells to clear the HIV reservoir. We measured NK cell receptor expression, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), cytotoxicity, interferon gamma (IFN-γ) production, and antiviral activity in autologous HIV replication systems. All NK cell functions were uniformly improved by IL-15, and, more importantly, IL-15-treated NK cells were able to clear latently HIV-infected cells after exposure to vorinostat, a clinically relevant latency-reversing agent. We also demonstrate that NK cells from HIV-infected individuals aviremic on antiretroviral therapy can be efficiently stimulated with IL-15. Our work opens a promising line of investigation leading to future immunotherapies to clear persistent HIV infection using NK cells.IMPORTANCE In the search for an HIV cure, strategies to enhance immune function to allow recognition and clearance of HIV-infected cells following latency reversal are being evaluated. Natural killer (NK) cells possess characteristics that can be exploited for immunotherapy against persistent HIV infection. We demonstrate that NK cells from HIV-positive donors can be strongly stimulated with IL-15, improving their antiviral and cytotoxic potential and, more importantly, clearing HIV-infected cells after latency reversal with a clinically relevant drug. Our results encourage further investigation to design NK cell-based immunotherapies to achieve HIV eradication.
Collapse
|
45
|
Teigler JE, Leyre L, Chomont N, Slike B, Jian N, Eller MA, Phanuphak N, Kroon E, Pinyakorn S, Eller LA, Robb ML, Ananworanich J, Michael NL, Streeck H, Krebs SJ. Distinct biomarker signatures in HIV acute infection associate with viral dynamics and reservoir size. JCI Insight 2018; 3:98420. [PMID: 29769442 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.98420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Estimating the size of the viral reservoir is critical for HIV cure strategies. Biomarkers in peripheral circulation may give insights into the establishment of the viral reservoir in compartments not easily accessible. We therefore measured systemic levels of 84 soluble biomarkers belonging to a broad array of immune pathways in acute HIV infection in both antiretroviral therapy-naive (ART-naive) individuals as well as individuals who began ART upon early detection of HIV infection. These biomarkers were measured longitudinally during acute and chronic infection and their relationship to viral reservoir establishment and persistence was assessed. We observed several distinct biomarker pathways induced following HIV infection such as IFN-γ-signaled chemokines, proinflammatory markers, and TNF-α-family members. Levels of several of these factors directly correlated with contemporaneous viral loads and/or frequency of peripheral blood mononuclear cells harboring HIV DNA during acute HIV infection. MCP-1, MIP-3β, sTNFR-II, and IL-10 levels prior to ART associated with HIV DNA levels after 96 weeks of treatment, suggesting a link between early immune signaling events and the establishment and persistence of the viral reservoir during ART. Furthermore, they offer potentially novel tools for gaining insight into relative reservoir size in acutely infected individuals and the potential of associated risks of treatment interruption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey E Teigler
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring Maryland, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Louise Leyre
- CRCHUM and Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- CRCHUM and Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Bonnie Slike
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring Maryland, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ningbo Jian
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring Maryland, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael A Eller
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring Maryland, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Eugène Kroon
- SEARCH, The Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suteeraporn Pinyakorn
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring Maryland, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Leigh Anne Eller
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring Maryland, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Merlin L Robb
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring Maryland, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jintanat Ananworanich
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring Maryland, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nelson L Michael
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring Maryland, USA
| | - Hendrik Streeck
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring Maryland, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Institute for HIV Research, University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Shelly J Krebs
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring Maryland, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy can effectively block HIV-1 replication and prevent or reverse immunodeficiency in HIV-1-infected individuals. However, viral replication resumes within weeks of treatment interruption. The major barrier to a cure is a small pool of resting memory CD4+ T cells that harbor latent HIV-1 proviruses. This latent reservoir is now the focus of an intense international research effort. We describe how the reservoir is established, challenges involved in eliminating it, and pharmacologic and immunologic strategies for targeting this reservoir. The development of a successful cure strategy will most likely require understanding the mechanisms that maintain HIV-1 proviruses in a latent state and pathways that drive the proliferation of infected cells, which slows reservoir decay. In addition, a cure will require the development of effective immunologic approaches to eliminating infected cells. There is renewed optimism about the prospect of a cure, and the interventions discussed here could pave the way.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Srona Sengupta
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Graduate Program in Immunology and Medical Scientist Training Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Robert F Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abdel-Mohsen M, Kuri-Cervantes L, Grau-Exposito J, Spivak AM, Nell RA, Tomescu C, Vadrevu SK, Giron LB, Serra-Peinado C, Genescà M, Castellví J, Wu G, Del Rio Estrada PM, González-Navarro M, Lynn K, King CT, Vemula S, Cox K, Wan Y, Li Q, Mounzer K, Kostman J, Frank I, Paiardini M, Hazuda D, Reyes-Terán G, Richman D, Howell B, Tebas P, Martinez-Picado J, Planelles V, Buzon MJ, Betts MR, Montaner LJ. CD32 is expressed on cells with transcriptionally active HIV but does not enrich for HIV DNA in resting T cells. Sci Transl Med 2018; 10:eaar6759. [PMID: 29669853 PMCID: PMC6282755 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aar6759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The persistence of HIV reservoirs, including latently infected, resting CD4+ T cells, is the major obstacle to cure HIV infection. CD32a expression was recently reported to mark CD4+ T cells harboring a replication-competent HIV reservoir during antiretroviral therapy (ART) suppression. We aimed to determine whether CD32 expression marks HIV latently or transcriptionally active infected CD4+ T cells. Using peripheral blood and lymphoid tissue of ART-treated HIV+ or SIV+ subjects, we found that most of the circulating memory CD32+ CD4+ T cells expressed markers of activation, including CD69, HLA-DR, CD25, CD38, and Ki67, and bore a TH2 phenotype as defined by CXCR3, CCR4, and CCR6. CD32 expression did not selectively enrich for HIV- or SIV-infected CD4+ T cells in peripheral blood or lymphoid tissue; isolated CD32+ resting CD4+ T cells accounted for less than 3% of the total HIV DNA in CD4+ T cells. Cell-associated HIV DNA and RNA loads in CD4+ T cells positively correlated with the frequency of CD32+ CD69+ CD4+ T cells but not with CD32 expression on resting CD4+ T cells. Using RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization, CD32 coexpression with HIV RNA or p24 was detected after in vitro HIV infection (peripheral blood mononuclear cell and tissue) and in vivo within lymph node tissue from HIV-infected individuals. Together, these results indicate that CD32 is not a marker of resting CD4+ T cells or of enriched HIV DNA-positive cells after ART; rather, CD32 is predominately expressed on a subset of activated CD4+ T cells enriched for transcriptionally active HIV after long-term ART.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Leticia Kuri-Cervantes
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Judith Grau-Exposito
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Adam M Spivak
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Racheal A Nell
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | | | | | | | - Carla Serra-Peinado
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Meritxell Genescà
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Josep Castellví
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebrón, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Guoxin Wu
- Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | | | | | - Kenneth Lynn
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Jonathan Lax Center, Philadelphia FIGHT, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | | | - Sai Vemula
- Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Kara Cox
- Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Yanmin Wan
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Qingsheng Li
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Karam Mounzer
- Jonathan Lax Center, Philadelphia FIGHT, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Jay Kostman
- Jonathan Lax Center, Philadelphia FIGHT, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Ian Frank
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | | | - Gustavo Reyes-Terán
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Tlalpan 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Douglas Richman
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System and University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - Pablo Tebas
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Javier Martinez-Picado
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona 08916, Barcelona, Spain
- University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic 08500, Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona 08908, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Vicente Planelles
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Maria J Buzon
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08035, Spain.
| | - Michael R Betts
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Kurioka A, Cosgrove C, Simoni Y, van Wilgenburg B, Geremia A, Björkander S, Sverremark-Ekström E, Thurnheer C, Günthard HF, Khanna N, Walker LJ, Arancibia-Cárcamo CV, Newell EW, Willberg CB, Klenerman P. CD161 Defines a Functionally Distinct Subset of Pro-Inflammatory Natural Killer Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:486. [PMID: 29686665 PMCID: PMC5900032 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
CD161 is a C-type lectin-like receptor expressed on the majority of natural killer (NK) cells; however, the significance of CD161 expression on NK cells has not been comprehensively investigated. Recently, we found that CD161 expression identifies a transcriptional and innate functional phenotype that is shared across various T cell populations. Using mass cytometry and microarray experiments, we demonstrate that this functional phenotype extends to NK cells. CD161 marks NK cells that have retained the ability to respond to innate cytokines during their differentiation, and is lost upon cytomegalovirus-induced maturation in both healthy and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. These pro-inflammatory NK cells are present in the inflamed lamina propria where they are enriched for integrin CD103 expression. Thus, CD161 expression identifies NK cells that may contribute to inflammatory disease pathogenesis and correlates with an innate responsiveness to cytokines in both T and NK cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Kurioka
- The Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Cormac Cosgrove
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Yannick Simoni
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bonnie van Wilgenburg
- The Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandra Geremia
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sophia Björkander
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Sverremark-Ekström
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christine Thurnheer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Berne, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Huldrych F Günthard
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nina Khanna
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Lucy Jane Walker
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Carolina V Arancibia-Cárcamo
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Evan W Newell
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christian B Willberg
- The Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Klenerman
- The Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Brinkmann CR, Højen JF, Rasmussen TA, Kjær AS, Olesen R, Denton PW, Østergaard L, Ouyang Z, Lichterfeld M, Yu X, Søgaard OS, Dinarello C, Tolstrup M. Treatment of HIV-Infected Individuals with the Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor Panobinostat Results in Increased Numbers of Regulatory T Cells and Limits Ex Vivo Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Responses. mSphere 2018; 3:e00616-17. [PMID: 29468194 DOI: 10.1128/mSphere.00616-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of treatment with histone deacetylase inhibitors on the immune system in HIV-infected individuals is not clear. Analysis of results from a clinical trial in which 15 HIV-infected individuals received 12 doses of panobinostat identified a significant impact on both T cell activation status and regulatory T cell suppressive marker expression and a reduced level of monocytic responsiveness to inflammatory stimuli. These changes were substantiated by global gene expression analysis. Collectively, the results suggest that panobinostat has multiple effects on innate and adaptive immune responses. Importantly, all the effects were transient, and further panobinostat treatment did not cause persistent long-term changes in gene expression patterns in HIV-infected individuals. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) modulate the transcriptional activity of all cells, including innate and adaptive immune cells. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate immunological effects of treatment with the HDACi panobinostat in HIV-infected patients during a clinical phase IIa latency reversal trial. Using flow cytometry, we investigated changes in T cell activation (CD69, CD38, HLA-DR) and the expression of CD39 and CTLA4 on regulatory T cells (Tregs). Whole-blood stimulations were performed and cytokine responses measured using Luminex. Gene expression in purified peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was evaluated using an Affymetrix HTA 2.0 gene chip. We found that proportions of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells expressing CD69 increased 24 h after initial panobinostat administration (P < 0.01), followed by an increase in the proportions of CD38+ HLA-DR+-coexpressing CD4+ T cells on day 4 (P = 0.02). Concurrently, proportions of Tregs increased by 40% (P = 0.003). Treg CTLA4 median fluorescent intensity (MFI) increased by 25% (P = 0.007), and CD39 MFI on CD39+ Treg increased by 12% (P = 0.02). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses (interleukin-1β [IL-1β], IL-6, IL-12p40, and tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α]) in whole blood were significantly downregulated 4 days after initial dosing. Lastly, panobinostat induced significant changes in the overall gene expression pattern (fold change, >1.5; false-discovery-rate [FDR]-corrected P, <0.05). Importantly, measures of immune function returned to baseline after panobinostat treatment and follow-up revealed no sustained effect on overall gene expression. IMPORTANCE The effect of treatment with histone deacetylase inhibitors on the immune system in HIV-infected individuals is not clear. Analysis of results from a clinical trial in which 15 HIV-infected individuals received 12 doses of panobinostat identified a significant impact on both T cell activation status and regulatory T cell suppressive marker expression and a reduced level of monocytic responsiveness to inflammatory stimuli. These changes were substantiated by global gene expression analysis. Collectively, the results suggest that panobinostat has multiple effects on innate and adaptive immune responses. Importantly, all the effects were transient, and further panobinostat treatment did not cause persistent long-term changes in gene expression patterns in HIV-infected individuals.
Collapse
|
50
|
Bashiri K, Rezaei N, Nasi M, Cossarizza A. The role of latency reversal agents in the cure of HIV: A review of current data. Immunol Lett 2018; 196:135-9. [PMID: 29427743 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The definitive cure for human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV) infection is represented by the eradication of the virus from the patient's body. To reach this result, cells that are infected but do not produce the virus must become recognizable to be killed by the immune system. For this purpose, drugs defined "latency reverting agents" (LRA) that reactivate viral production are under investigation. A few clinical studies have been performed in HIV-infected patients treated with LRA and combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). The strategy is thus to combine cART and LRA to reactivate the virus and unmask latently infected cells that, because of cART, cannot produce a fully competent form of the virus. Unmasked cells can present viral antigens to the immune system, that ultimately recognizes and kills such latently infected cells. This review reports and discusses recent studies that have been published on this topic.
Collapse
|