1
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Xiao S, Yuan Z, Huang Y. The Potential Role of Nitric Oxide as a Therapeutic Agent against SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17162. [PMID: 38138990 PMCID: PMC10742813 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become the greatest worldwide public health threat of this century, which may predispose multi-organ failure (especially the lung) and death despite numerous mild and moderate symptoms. Recent studies have unraveled the molecular and clinical characteristics of the infectivity, pathogenicity, and immune evasion of SARS-CoV-2 and thus improved the development of many different therapeutic strategies to combat COVID-19, including treatment and prevention. Previous studies have indicated that nitric oxide (NO) is an antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory molecule with key roles in pulmonary vascular function in the context of viral infections and other pulmonary disease states. This review summarized the recent advances of the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2, and accordingly elaborated on the potential application of NO in the management of patients with COVID-19 through antiviral activities and anti-inflammatory properties, which mitigate the propagation of this disease. Although there are some limits of NO in the treatment of COVID-19, it might be a worthy candidate in the multiple stages of COVID-19 prevention or therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yi Huang
- National Biosafety Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430020, China
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2
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Pius-Sadowska E, Kulig P, Niedźwiedź A, Baumert B, Łuczkowska K, Rogińska D, Sobuś A, Ulańczyk Z, Kawa M, Paczkowska E, Parczewski M, Machalińska A, Machaliński B. VEGFR and DPP-IV as Markers of Severe COVID-19 and Predictors of ICU Admission. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17003. [PMID: 38069327 PMCID: PMC10707633 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242317003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiology of the severe course of COVID-19 is multifactorial and not entirely elucidated. However, it is well known that the hyperinflammatory response and cytokine storm are paramount events leading to further complications. In this paper, we investigated the vascular response in the pathophysiology of severe COVID-19 and aimed to identify novel biomarkers predictive of ICU admission. The study group consisted of 210 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 (age range: 18-93; mean ± SD: 57.78 ± 14.16), while the control group consisted of 80 healthy individuals. We assessed the plasma concentrations of various vascular factors using the Luminex technique. Then, we isolated RNA from blood mononuclear cells and performed a bioinformatics analysis investigating various processes related to vascular response, inflammation and angiogenesis. Our results confirmed that severe COVID-19 is associated with vWF/ADAMTS 13 imbalance. High plasma concentrations of VEGFR and low DPP-IV may be potential predictors of ICU admission. SARS-CoV-2 infection impairs angiogenesis, hinders the generation of nitric oxide, and thus impedes vasodilation. The hypercoagulable state develops mainly in the early stages of the disease, which may contribute to the well-established complications of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Pius-Sadowska
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Al. Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (P.K.); (A.N.); (B.B.); (K.Ł.); (D.R.); (A.S.); (Z.U.); (E.P.)
| | - Piotr Kulig
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Al. Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (P.K.); (A.N.); (B.B.); (K.Ł.); (D.R.); (A.S.); (Z.U.); (E.P.)
| | - Anna Niedźwiedź
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Al. Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (P.K.); (A.N.); (B.B.); (K.Ł.); (D.R.); (A.S.); (Z.U.); (E.P.)
| | - Bartłomiej Baumert
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Al. Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (P.K.); (A.N.); (B.B.); (K.Ł.); (D.R.); (A.S.); (Z.U.); (E.P.)
| | - Karolina Łuczkowska
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Al. Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (P.K.); (A.N.); (B.B.); (K.Ł.); (D.R.); (A.S.); (Z.U.); (E.P.)
| | - Dorota Rogińska
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Al. Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (P.K.); (A.N.); (B.B.); (K.Ł.); (D.R.); (A.S.); (Z.U.); (E.P.)
| | - Anna Sobuś
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Al. Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (P.K.); (A.N.); (B.B.); (K.Ł.); (D.R.); (A.S.); (Z.U.); (E.P.)
| | - Zofia Ulańczyk
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Al. Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (P.K.); (A.N.); (B.B.); (K.Ł.); (D.R.); (A.S.); (Z.U.); (E.P.)
| | - Miłosz Kawa
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Al. Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (P.K.); (A.N.); (B.B.); (K.Ł.); (D.R.); (A.S.); (Z.U.); (E.P.)
| | - Edyta Paczkowska
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Al. Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (P.K.); (A.N.); (B.B.); (K.Ł.); (D.R.); (A.S.); (Z.U.); (E.P.)
| | - Miłosz Parczewski
- Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Immune Deficiency, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Arkońska 4 Street, 71-455 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Anna Machalińska
- First Department of Ophthalmology, Pomeranian Medical University, Al. Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Bogusław Machaliński
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Al. Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (P.K.); (A.N.); (B.B.); (K.Ł.); (D.R.); (A.S.); (Z.U.); (E.P.)
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3
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Oza PP, Kashfi K. Utility of NO and H 2S donating platforms in managing COVID-19: Rationale and promise. Nitric Oxide 2022; 128:72-102. [PMID: 36029975 PMCID: PMC9398942 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Viral infections are a continuing global burden on the human population, underscored by the ramifications of the COVID-19 pandemic. Current treatment options and supportive therapies for many viral infections are relatively limited, indicating a need for alternative therapeutic approaches. Virus-induced damage occurs through direct infection of host cells and inflammation-related changes. Severe cases of certain viral infections, including COVID-19, can lead to a hyperinflammatory response termed cytokine storm, resulting in extensive endothelial damage, thrombosis, respiratory failure, and death. Therapies targeting these complications are crucial in addition to antiviral therapies. Nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide are two endogenous gasotransmitters that have emerged as key signaling molecules with a broad range of antiviral actions in addition to having anti-inflammatory properties and protective functions in the vasculature and respiratory system. The enhancement of endogenous nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide levels thus holds promise for managing both early-stage and later-stage viral infections, including SARS-CoV-2. Using SARS-CoV-2 as a model for similar viral infections, here we explore the current evidence regarding nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide's use to limit viral infection, resolve inflammation, and reduce vascular and pulmonary damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palak P Oza
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Khosrow Kashfi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10031, USA; Graduate Program in Biology, City University of New York Graduate Center, New York, 10091, USA.
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4
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Abstract
In the prevailing covid times, scientific community is busy in developing vaccine against COVID-19. Under such fascination this article describes the possible role of nitric oxide (NO) releasers in aiding the immune system of a human body against this dreadful pandemic disease. Despite some prodrug antiviral compounds are in practice to recover the patients suffering from covid-19, however, co-morbidity deaths are highest among the total deaths happened so far. This concurrence of a number of diseases in a patient along with this viral infection is indicative of the poor immunity. Literature background supports the use of NO as immunity boosting agent and hence, the nitric oxide releasing compounds could act as lucrative in this context. Some dietary suggestions of NO-containing food items have also been introduced in this article. Also, the profound effect of NO in relieving symptomatic severity of covid-19 has been opined in this work.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Mohammad Mir
- Department of Chemistry, Islamic University of Science and Technology Awantipora, Pulwama, India
- Coordination, Metallopharmaceutical and Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Department of P. G. Studies and Research in Chemistry and Pharmacy, R. D. University, Jabalpur, M. P., India
| | - Ram Charitra Maurya
- Coordination, Metallopharmaceutical and Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Department of P. G. Studies and Research in Chemistry and Pharmacy, R. D. University, Jabalpur, M. P., India
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Sodano F, Gazzano E, Fruttero R, Lazzarato L. NO in Viral Infections: Role and Development of Antiviral Therapies. Molecules 2022; 27:2337. [PMID: 35408735 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide is a ubiquitous signaling radical that influences critical body functions. Its importance in the cardiovascular system and the innate immune response to bacterial and viral infections has been extensively investigated. The overproduction of NO is an early component of viral infections, including those affecting the respiratory tract. The production of high levels of NO is due to the overexpression of NO biosynthesis by inducible NO synthase (iNOS), which is involved in viral clearance. The development of NO-based antiviral therapies, particularly gaseous NO inhalation and NO-donors, has proven to be an excellent antiviral therapeutic strategy. The aim of this review is to systematically examine the multiple research studies that have been carried out to elucidate the role of NO in viral infections and to comprehensively describe the NO-based antiviral strategies that have been developed thus far. Particular attention has been paid to the potential mechanisms of NO and its clinical use in the prevention and therapy of COVID-19.
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6
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Kamenshchikov NO, Berra L, Carroll RW. Therapeutic Effects of Inhaled Nitric Oxide Therapy in COVID-19 Patients. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020369. [PMID: 35203578 PMCID: PMC8962307 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The global COVID-19 pandemic has become the largest public health challenge of recent years. The incidence of COVID-19-related acute hypoxemic respiratory failure (AHRF) occurs in up to 15% of hospitalized patients. Antiviral drugs currently available to clinicians have little to no effect on mortality, length of in-hospital stay, the need for mechanical ventilation, or long-term effects. Inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) administration is a promising new non-standard approach to directly treat viral burden while enhancing oxygenation. Along with its putative antiviral affect in COVID-19 patients, iNO can reduce inflammatory cell-mediated lung injury by inhibiting neutrophil activation, lowering pulmonary vascular resistance and decreasing edema in the alveolar spaces, collectively enhancing ventilation/perfusion matching. This narrative review article presents recent literature on the iNO therapy use for COVID-19 patients. The authors suggest that early administration of the iNO therapy may be a safe and promising approach for the treatment of COVID-19 patients. The authors also discuss unconventional approaches to treatment, continuous versus intermittent high-dose iNO therapy, timing of initiation of therapy (early versus late), and novel delivery systems. Future laboratory and clinical research is required to define the role of iNO as an adjunct therapy against bacterial, viral, and fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay O. Kamenshchikov
- Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 634012 Tomsk, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Lorenzo Berra
- Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA;
- Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Ryan W. Carroll
- Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Abstract
More than 25% of human infectious diseases are vector-borne diseases (VBDs). These diseases, caused by pathogens shared between animals and humans, are a growing threat to global health with more than 2.5 million annual deaths. Mosquitoes and ticks are the main vectors of arboviruses including flaviviruses, which greatly affect humans. However, all tick or mosquito species are not able to transmit all viruses, suggesting important molecular mechanisms regulating viral infection, dissemination, and transmission by vectors. Despite the large distribution of arthropods (mosquitoes and ticks) and arboviruses, only a few pairings of arthropods (family, genus, and population) and viruses (family, genus, and genotype) successfully transmit. Here, we review the factors that might limit pathogen transmission: internal (vector genetics, immune responses, microbiome including insect-specific viruses, and coinfections) and external, either biotic (adult and larvae nutrition) or abiotic (temperature, chemicals, and altitude). This review will demonstrate the dynamic nature and complexity of virus–vector interactions to help in designing appropriate practices in surveillance and prevention to reduce VBD threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Viglietta
- Unit of Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Rachel Bellone
- Unit of Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Adrien Albert Blisnick
- Unit of Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Anna-Bella Failloux
- Unit of Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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8
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Abstract
Although the antimicrobial potential of nitric oxide (NO) is widely published, it is little used clinically. NO is a key signalling molecule modulating vascular, neuronal, inflammatory and immune responses. Endogenous antimicrobial activity is largely mediated by high local NO concentrations produced by cellular inducible nitric oxide synthase, and by derivative reactive nitrogen oxide species including peroxynitrite and S-nitrosothiols. NO may be taken as dietary substrate (inorganic nitrate, L-arginine), and therapeutically as gaseous NO, and transdermal, sublingual, oral, intranasal and intravenous nitrite or nitrate. Numerous preclinical studies have demonstrated that NO has generic static and cidal activities against viruses (including β-coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV-2), bacteria, protozoa and fungi/yeasts
in vitro. Therapeutic effects have been seen in animal models
in vivo, and phase II trials have demonstrated that NO donors can reduce microbial infection. Nevertheless, excess NO, as occurs in septic shock, is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. In view of the dose-dependent positive and negative effects of NO, safety and efficacy trials of NO and its donors are needed for assessing their role in the prevention and treatment of infections. Trials should test dietary inorganic nitrate for pre- or post-exposure prophylaxis and gaseous NO or oral, topical or intravenous nitrite and nitrate for treatment of mild-to-severe infections, including due to SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). This review summarises the evidence base from
in vitro, in vivo and early phase clinical studies of NO activity in viral, bacterial, protozoal and fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M. Bath
- Stroke Trials Unit, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, Notts, NG7 2UH, UK
- Stroke, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, Notts, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Christopher M. Coleman
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Microbes, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, Notts, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Adam L. Gordon
- Unit of Injury, Inflammation and Recovery Sciences, University of Nottingham, Derby, Derbyshire, DE22 3NE, UK
- NIHR Applied Research Collaboration-East Midlands (ARC-EM), Nottingham, Notts, UK
| | - Wei Shen Lim
- Respiratory Medicine, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Andrew J. Webb
- Clinical Pharmacology, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, Kings College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, St Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
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9
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AbdelMassih A, Hozaien R, El Shershaby M, Kamel A, Ismail HA, Arsanyous M, El-Husseiny N, Khalil N, Naeem Y, Fouda R. The potential role of inhaled nitric oxide for postexposure chemoprophylaxis of COVID-19. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2021; 19:165. [PMID: 34677688 PMCID: PMC8532099 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-021-00249-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Several vaccines have been fast-tracked in an attempt to decrease the morbidity and mortality of COVID-19. However, post-exposure prophylaxis has been overlooked in battling COVID-19. Main text Inhaled nitric oxide is a potential tool in post-exposure prophylaxis of COVID-19. It decreases cytosolic calcium levels, which impairs the action of Furin. SARS-CoV-2 uses Furin to replicate in the respiratory tract. Short conclusion Inhaled nitric oxide could decrease the viral load in the upper respiratory tract, abort clinically symptomatic infection, and prevent subsequent complications. Nitric oxide might be a tool for post-exposure chemoprophylaxis in at-risk groups, especially medical personnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine AbdelMassih
- Pediatric Cardiology unit, Pediatrics' Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt. .,Pediatric Cardio-Oncology Department, Children Cancer Hospital of Egypt, Cairo, 57357, Egypt.
| | - Rafeef Hozaien
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship research program Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Meryam El Shershaby
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship research program Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Aya Kamel
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship research program Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Habiba-Allah Ismail
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship research program Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mariem Arsanyous
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship research program Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nadine El-Husseiny
- Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.,Pixagon Graphic Design Agency, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Noha Khalil
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship research program Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Youstina Naeem
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship research program Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Raghda Fouda
- Clinical and Chemical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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10
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Abstract
Although the antimicrobial potential of nitric oxide (NO) is widely published, it is little used clinically. NO is a key signalling molecule modulating vascular, neuronal, inflammatory and immune responses. Endogenous antimicrobial activity is largely mediated by high local NO concentrations produced by cellular inducible nitric oxide synthase, and by derivative reactive nitrogen oxide species including peroxynitrite and S-nitrosothiols. NO may be taken as dietary substrate (inorganic nitrate, L-arginine), and therapeutically as gaseous NO, and transdermal, sublingual, oral, intranasal and intravenous nitrite or nitrate. Numerous preclinical studies have demonstrated that NO has generic static and cidal activities against viruses (including β-coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV-2), bacteria, protozoa and fungi/yeasts in vitro. Therapeutic effects have been seen in animal models in vivo, and phase II trials have demonstrated that NO donors can reduce microbial infection. Nevertheless, excess NO, as occurs in septic shock, is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. In view of the dose-dependent positive and negative effects of NO, safety and efficacy trials of NO and its donors are needed for assessing their role in the prevention and treatment of infections. Trials should test dietary inorganic nitrate for pre- or post-exposure prophylaxis and gaseous NO or oral, topical or intravenous nitrite and nitrate for treatment of mild-to-severe infections, including due to SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). This review summarises the evidence base from in vitro, in vivo and early phase clinical studies of NO activity in viral, bacterial, protozoal and fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M. Bath
- Stroke Trials Unit, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, Notts, NG7 2UH, UK
- Stroke, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, Notts, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Christopher M. Coleman
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Microbes, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, Notts, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Adam L. Gordon
- Unit of Injury, Inflammation and Recovery Sciences, University of Nottingham, Derby, Derbyshire, DE22 3NE, UK
- NIHR Applied Research Collaboration-East Midlands (ARC-EM), Nottingham, Notts, UK
| | - Wei Shen Lim
- Respiratory Medicine, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Andrew J. Webb
- Clinical Pharmacology, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, Kings College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, St Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
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11
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Guimarães LMF, Rossini CVT, Lameu C. Implications of SARS-Cov-2 infection on eNOS and iNOS activity: Consequences for the respiratory and vascular systems. Nitric Oxide 2021; 111-112:64-71. [PMID: 33831567 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Symptoms of COVID-19 range from asymptomatic/mild symptoms to severe illness and death, consequence of an excessive inflammatory process triggered by SARS-CoV-2 infection. The diffuse inflammation leads to endothelium dysfunction in pulmonary blood vessels, uncoupling eNOS activity, lowering NO production, causing pulmonary physiological alterations and coagulopathy. On the other hand, iNOS activity is increased, which may be advantageous for host defense, once NO plays antiviral effects. However, overproduction of NO may be deleterious, generating a pro-inflammatory effect. In this review, we discussed the role of endogenous NO as a protective or deleterious agent of the respiratory and vascular systems, the most affected in COVID-19 patients, focusing on eNOS and iNOS roles. We also reviewed the currently available NO therapies and pointed out possible alternative treatments targeting NO metabolism, which could help mitigate health crises in the present and future CoV's spillovers.
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12
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Garren MR, Ashcraft M, Qian Y, Douglass M, Brisbois EJ, Handa H. Nitric oxide and viral infection: Recent developments in antiviral therapies and platforms. Appl Mater Today 2021; 22:100887. [PMID: 38620577 PMCID: PMC7718584 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmt.2020.100887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a gasotransmitter of great significance to developing the innate immune response to many bacterial and viral infections, while also modulating vascular physiology. The generation of NO from the upregulation of endogenous nitric oxide synthases serves as an efficacious method for inhibiting viral replication in host defense and warrants investigation for the development of antiviral therapeutics. With increased incidence of global pandemics concerning several respiratory-based viral infections, it is necessary to develop broad therapeutic platforms for inhibiting viral replication and enabling more efficient host clearance, as well as to fabricate new materials for deterring viral transmission from medical devices. Recent developments in creating stabilized NO donor compounds and their incorporation into macromolecular scaffolds and polymeric substrates has created a new paradigm for developing NO-based therapeutics for long-term NO release in applications for bactericidal and blood-contacting surfaces. Despite this abundance of research, there has been little consideration of NO-releasing scaffolds and substrates for reducing passive transmission of viral infections or for treating several respiratory viral infections. The aim of this review is to highlight the recent advances in developing gaseous NO, NO prodrugs, and NO donor compounds for antiviral therapies; discuss the limitations of NO as an antiviral agent; and outline future prospects for guiding materials design of a next generation of NO-releasing antiviral platforms.
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Key Words
- ACE, angiotensin converting enzyme
- AP1, activator protein 1
- COVID-19
- COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019
- ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, FDA, United States Food and Drug Administration
- GNSO, S-nitrosoglutathione
- H1N1, influenza A virus subtype H1N1
- HI, Host Immunology
- HIV, human immunodeficiency virus
- HPV, human papillomavirus
- HSV, herpes simplex virus
- I/R, pulmonary ischemia-reperfusion
- IC50, inhibitory concentration 50
- IFN, interferon
- IFNγ, interferon gamma
- IKK, inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B kinase
- IRF-1, interferon regulatory factor 1
- Inhalation therapy
- Medical Terminology: ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome
- NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain enhancer of activated B cells
- NO, nitric oxide
- NOS, nitric oxide synthase
- Nitric Oxide and Related Compounds: eNOS/NOS 3, endothelial nitric oxide synthase
- Nitric oxide
- Other: DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid
- P38-MAPK, P38 mitogen-activated protein kinases
- PAMP, pathogen-associated molecular pattern
- PCV2, porcine circovirus type 2
- PHT, pulmonary hypertension
- PKR, protein kinase R
- RNA, ribonucleic acid
- RNI, reactive nitrogen intermediate
- RSNO, S-nitrosothiol
- SARS, severe acute respiratory syndrome
- SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
- SNAP, S-nitroso-N-acetyl-penicillamine
- STAT-1, signal transducer and activator of transcription 1
- Severe acute respiratory distress
- TAK1, transforming growth factor β-activated kinases-1
- TLR, toll-like receptor
- VAP, ventilator associated pneumonia
- Viral infection
- Viruses: CVB3, coxsackievirus
- dsRNA, double stranded (viral) ribonucleic acid
- gNO, gaseous nitric oxide
- iNOS/NOS 2, inducible nitric oxide synthase
- mtALDH, mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase
- nNOS/NOS 1, neuronal nitric oxide synthase
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Garren
- School of Chemical, Materials, and Biochemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Morgan Ashcraft
- School of Chemical, Materials, and Biochemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Yun Qian
- School of Chemical, Materials, and Biochemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Megan Douglass
- School of Chemical, Materials, and Biochemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Brisbois
- School of Chemical, Materials, and Biochemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Hitesh Handa
- School of Chemical, Materials, and Biochemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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13
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Pieretti JC, Rubilar O, Weller RB, Tortella GR, Seabra AB. Nitric oxide (NO) and nanoparticles - Potential small tools for the war against COVID-19 and other human coronavirus infections. Virus Res 2021; 291:198202. [PMID: 33086123 PMCID: PMC7568847 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The endogenous free radical nitric oxide (NO) plays a pivotal role in the immunological system. NO has already been reported as a potential candidate for use in the treatment of human coronavirus infections, including COVID-19. In fact, inhaled NO has been used in clinical settings for its antiviral respiratory action, and in the regulation of blood pressure to avoid clot formation. In this mini-review, we discuss recent progress concerning the antivirus activity of NO in clinical, pre-clinical and research settings, and its beneficial effects in the treatment of clinical complications in patients infected with coronaviruses and other respiratory viral diseases, including COVID-19. We also highlight promising therapeutic effects of NO donors allied to nanomaterials to combat COVID-19 and other human coronavirus infections. Nanomaterials can be designed to deliver sustained, localized NO release directly at the desired application site, enhancing the beneficial effects of NO and minimizing the side effects. Challenges and perspectives are presented to open new fields of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana C Pieretti
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences (CCNH), Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Olga Rubilar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; Centro de Excelencia en Investigación Biotecnologica Aplicada al Medio Ambiente (CIBAMA-BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Richard B Weller
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Gonzalo R Tortella
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; Centro de Excelencia en Investigación Biotecnologica Aplicada al Medio Ambiente (CIBAMA-BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Amedea B Seabra
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences (CCNH), Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo André, SP, Brazil.
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14
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Abstract
Among several possible therapies applicable for treating COVID-19, nitric oxide therapy has also gained considerable interest. This article describes the same with mechanistic details.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Mohammad Mir
- Coordination, Metallopharmaceutical and Computational Laboratory
- Department of PG Studies and Research in Chemistry and Pharmacy
- R. D. University
- Jabalpur
- India
| | - Ram Charitra Maurya
- Coordination, Metallopharmaceutical and Computational Laboratory
- Department of PG Studies and Research in Chemistry and Pharmacy
- R. D. University
- Jabalpur
- India
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15
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Ebrahimi KH, Gilbert-Jaramillo J, James WS, McCullagh JSO. Interferon-stimulated gene products as regulators of central carbon metabolism. FEBS J 2020; 288:3715-3726. [PMID: 33185982 PMCID: PMC8359365 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In response to viral infections, the innate immune system rapidly activates expression of several interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), whose protein and metabolic products are believed to directly interfere with the viral life cycle. Here, we argue that biochemical reactions performed by two specific protein products of ISGs modulate central carbon metabolism to support a broad-spectrum antiviral response. We demonstrate that the metabolites generated by metalloenzymes nitric oxide synthase and the radical S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) enzyme RSAD2 inhibit the activity of the housekeeping and glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). We discuss that this inhibition is likely to stimulate a range of metabolic and signalling processes to support a broad-spectrum immune response. Based on these analyses, we propose that inhibiting GAPDH in individuals with deteriorated cellular innate immune response like elderly might help in treating viral diseases such as COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kourosh H Ebrahimi
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Javier Gilbert-Jaramillo
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, UK.,Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, UK
| | - William S James
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, UK
| | - James S O McCullagh
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, UK
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16
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Al-Hatamleh MAI, Hatmal MM, Sattar K, Ahmad S, Mustafa MZ, Bittencourt MDC, Mohamud R. Antiviral and Immunomodulatory Effects of Phytochemicals from Honey against COVID-19: Potential Mechanisms of Action and Future Directions. Molecules 2020; 25:E5017. [PMID: 33138197 PMCID: PMC7672575 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The new coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has recently put the world under stress, resulting in a global pandemic. Currently, there are no approved treatments or vaccines, and this severe respiratory illness has cost many lives. Despite the established antimicrobial and immune-boosting potency described for honey, to date there is still a lack of evidence about its potential role amid COVID-19 outbreak. Based on the previously explored antiviral effects and phytochemical components of honey, we review here evidence for its role as a potentially effective natural product against COVID-19. Although some bioactive compounds in honey have shown potential antiviral effects (i.e., methylglyoxal, chrysin, caffeic acid, galangin and hesperidinin) or enhancing antiviral immune responses (i.e., levan and ascorbic acid), the mechanisms of action for these compounds are still ambiguous. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work exclusively summarizing all these bioactive compounds with their probable mechanisms of action as antiviral agents, specifically against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A. I. Al-Hatamleh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia; (M.A.I.A.-H.); (S.A.)
| | - Ma’mon M. Hatmal
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan;
| | - Kamran Sattar
- Department of Medical Education, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11472, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Suhana Ahmad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia; (M.A.I.A.-H.); (S.A.)
| | - Mohd Zulkifli Mustafa
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia;
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Marcelo De Carvalho Bittencourt
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, UMR 7365, IMoPA, F-54000 Nancy, France;
- Université de Lorraine, CHRU-Nancy, Laboratoire d’Immunologie, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Rohimah Mohamud
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia; (M.A.I.A.-H.); (S.A.)
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
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17
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Chrzanowski J, Chrzanowska A, Graboń W. Glycyrrhizin: An old weapon against a novel coronavirus. Phytother Res 2020; 35:629-636. [PMID: 32902005 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Currently, over 100 countries are fighting against a common enemy, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2, which causes COVID-19. This has created a demand for a substance whose effectiveness has already been demonstrated in a similar scenario. Glycyrrhizin (GZ) is a promising agent against SARS-CoV-2 as its antiviral activity against SARS-CoV has already been confirmed. It is worthwhile to extrapolate from its proven therapeutic effects as there is a high similarity in the structure and genome of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. There are many possible mechanisms through which GZ acts against viruses: increasing nitrous oxide production in macrophages, affecting transcription factors and cellular signalling pathways, directly altering the viral lipid-bilayer membrane, and binding to the ACE2 receptor. In this review, we discuss the possible use of GZ in the COVID-19 setting, where topical administration appears to be promising, with the nasal and oral cavity notably being the potent location in terms of viral load. The most recently published papers on the distribution of ACE2 in the human body and documented binding of GZ to this receptor, as well as its antiviral activity, suggest that GZ can be used as a therapeutic for COVID-19 and as a preventive agent against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Chrzanowski
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alicja Chrzanowska
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Graboń
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, Warsaw, Poland
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18
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Yang F, Zhang Y, Tariq A, Jiang X, Ahmed Z, Zhihao Z, Idrees M, Azizullah A, Adnan M, Bussmann RW. Food as medicine: A possible preventive measure against coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Phytother Res 2020; 34:3124-3136. [PMID: 32468635 PMCID: PMC7283886 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The recent and ongoing outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) is a huge global challenge. The outbreak, which first occurred in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China and then rapidly spread to other provinces and to more than 200 countries abroad, has been declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization. Those with compromised immune systems and/or existing respiratory, metabolic or cardiac problems are more susceptible to the infection and are at higher risk of serious illness or even death. The present review was designed to report important functional food plants with immunomodulatory and anti‐viral properties. Data on medicinal food plants were retrieved and downloaded from English‐language journals using online search engines. The functional food plants herein documented might not only enhance the immune system and cure respiratory tract infections but can also greatly impact the overall health of the general public. As many people in the world are now confined to their homes, inclusion of these easily accessible plants in the daily diet may help to strengthen the immune system and guard against infection by SARS‐CoV‐2. This might reduce the risk of COVID‐19 and initiate a rapid recovery in cases of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- The Medical Center of General Practice, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- The Medical Center of General Practice and Nephrology Department, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Akash Tariq
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China.,Xinjiang Desert Plant Roots Ecology and Vegetation Restoration Laboratory, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China.,Cele National Station of Observation and Research for Desert-Grassland Ecosystems, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Cele, Xinjiang, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolan Jiang
- The Medical Center of General Practice, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zeeshan Ahmed
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China.,Xinjiang Desert Plant Roots Ecology and Vegetation Restoration Laboratory, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China.,Cele National Station of Observation and Research for Desert-Grassland Ecosystems, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Cele, Xinjiang, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhang Zhihao
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China.,Xinjiang Desert Plant Roots Ecology and Vegetation Restoration Laboratory, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China.,Cele National Station of Observation and Research for Desert-Grassland Ecosystems, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Cele, Xinjiang, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Muhammad Idrees
- College of Life Science, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang, Sichuan, China
| | - Azizullah Azizullah
- Department of Botanical Studies and Environmental Sciences, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Adnan
- Department of Botanical Studies and Environmental Sciences, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Rainer W Bussmann
- Department of Ethnobotany, Institute of Botany, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
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19
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Kumar R, Gupta N, Kodan P, Mittal A, Soneja M, Wig N. Battling COVID-19: using old weapons for a new enemy. Trop Dis Travel Med Vaccines 2020; 6:6. [PMID: 32454984 PMCID: PMC7237624 DOI: 10.1186/s40794-020-00107-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) has reached pandemic proportions. Most of the drugs that are being tried for the treatment have not been evaluated in any randomized controlled trials. The purpose of this review was to summarize the in-vitro and in-vivo efficacy of these drugs on Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) and related viruses (SARS and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome) and evaluate their potential for re-purposing them in the management of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Kumar
- Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Nitin Gupta
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Parul Kodan
- Dr Ram Manohar Lohia hospital & Post-Graduate Institute of Medica education and Research, New Delhi, 110001 India
| | - Ankit Mittal
- Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Manish Soneja
- Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Naveet Wig
- Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029 India
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20
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Martel J, Ko YF, Young JD, Ojcius DM. Could nasal nitric oxide help to mitigate the severity of COVID-19? Microbes Infect 2020; 22:168-171. [PMID: 32387333 PMCID: PMC7200356 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The nasal cavity and turbinates play important physiological functions by filtering, warming and humidifying inhaled air. Paranasal sinuses continually produce nitric oxide (NO), a reactive oxygen species that diffuses to the bronchi and lungs to produce bronchodilatory and vasodilatory effects. Studies indicate that NO may also help to reduce respiratory tract infection by inactivating viruses and inhibiting their replication in epithelial cells. In view of the pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), clinical trials have been designed to examine the effects of inhaled nitric oxide in COVID-19 subjects. We discuss here additional lifestyle factors such as mouth breathing which may affect the antiviral response against SARS-CoV-2 by bypassing the filtering effect of the nose and by decreasing NO levels in the airways. Simple devices that promote nasal breathing during sleep may help prevent the common cold, suggesting potential benefits against coronavirus infection. In the absence of effective treatments against COVID-19, the alternative strategies proposed here should be considered and studied in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Martel
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Fei Ko
- Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Chang Gung Biotechnology Corporation, Taipei, Taiwan; Biochemical Engineering Research Center, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - John D Young
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Chang Gung Biotechnology Corporation, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - David M Ojcius
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Pacific, Arthur Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, USA; University of Paris, Paris, France.
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21
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Yang Z, Bochkov YA, Voelker DR, Foster MW, Que LG. Identification of a Novel Inhibitor of Human Rhinovirus Replication and Inflammation in Airway Epithelial Cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2019; 60:58-67. [PMID: 30156431 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2018-0058oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human rhinovirus (RV), the major cause of the common cold, triggers the majority of acute airway exacerbations in patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Nitric oxide, and the related metabolite S-nitrosoglutathione, are produced in the airway epithelium via nitric oxide synthase (NOS) 2 and have been shown to function in host defense against RV infection. We hypothesized that inhibitors of the S-nitrosoglutathione-metabolizing enzyme, S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR), might potentiate the antiviral properties of airway-derived NOS2. Using in vitro models of RV-A serotype 16 (RV-A16) and mNeonGreen-H1N1pr8 infection of human airway epithelial cells, we found that treatment with a previously characterized GSNOR inhibitor (4-[[2-[[(3-cyanophenyl)methyl]thio]-4-oxothieno-[3,2-d]pyrimidin-3(4H)-yl]methyl]-benzoic acid; referred to as C3m) decreased RV-A16 replication and expression of downstream proinflammatory and antiviral mediators (e.g., RANTES [regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted], CXCL10, and Mx1), and increased Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2)-dependent genes (e.g., SQSTM1 and TrxR1). In contrast, C3m had no effect on influenza virus H1N1pr8 replication. Moreover, a structurally dissimilar GSNOR inhibitor (N6022) did not alter RV replication, suggesting that the properties of C3m may be specific to rhinovirus owing to an off-target effect. Consistent with this, C3m antiviral effects were not blocked by either NOS inhibition or GSNOR knockdown but appeared to be mediated by reduced intercellular adhesion molecule 1 transcription and increased shedding of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 protein. Collectively these data show that C3m has novel antirhinoviral properties that may synergize with, but are unrelated to, its GSNOR inhibitor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghui Yang
- 1 Department of Medicine, Duke University Health System, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Yury A Bochkov
- 2 Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin; and
| | - Dennis R Voelker
- 3 Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Matthew W Foster
- 1 Department of Medicine, Duke University Health System, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Loretta G Que
- 1 Department of Medicine, Duke University Health System, Durham, North Carolina
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22
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Kumar A, Sharma P, Shukla KK, Misra S, Nyati KK. Japanese encephalitis virus: Associated immune response and recent progress in vaccine development. Microb Pathog 2019; 136:103678. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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23
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Wu JQH, Barabé ND, Chau D. Effect of exogenous expression of IFN-γ on the new world alphavirus replication and infection. Future Virol 2019. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2019-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aim: IFN-γ plays an important role in control of the old world alphavirus infection. However, the role of IFN-γ in the infection by the new world alphaviruses is not well characterized. Materials & methods: Ad5-mIFN-γ, a recombinant, replication-deficient human adenovirus, was constructed to express mouse IFN-γ (mIFN-γ) and a mouse, lethal challenge model of the new world alphavirus western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV) was used. Results: A single-dose injection of Ad5-mIFN-γ produced a high level of mIFN-γ in mice. Cells inoculated with Ad5-mIFN-γ restricted the replication of WEEV. A single-dose injection of Ad5-mIFN-γ delayed the WEEV infection and extended the survival time in mice. Conclusion: IFN-γ restricts the WEEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh QH Wu
- Bio Threat Defence Section, Defence Research & Development Canada; Suffield Research Centre; Box 4000, Station Main, Medicine Hat, Alberta T1A 8K6, Canada
| | - Nicole D Barabé
- Bio Threat Defence Section, Defence Research & Development Canada; Suffield Research Centre; Box 4000, Station Main, Medicine Hat, Alberta T1A 8K6, Canada
| | - Damon Chau
- Bio Threat Defence Section, Defence Research & Development Canada; Suffield Research Centre; Box 4000, Station Main, Medicine Hat, Alberta T1A 8K6, Canada
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24
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Abstract
Interferon-gamma (IFNG) is a pleiotropic cytokine that modulates both innate and adaptive immune networks; it is the most potent activator of macrophages and a signature cytokine of activated T lymphocytes. Though IFNG is now appreciated to have a multitude of roles in immune modulation and broad-spectrum pathogen defense, it was originally discovered, and named, as a secretory factor that interferes with viral replication. In contrast to the prototypical type I interferons produced by any cells upon viral infection, only specific subsets of immune cells can produce IFNG upon infection or stimulation with antigen or mitogen. Still, virtually all cells can respond to both types of interferons. This makes IFNG a versatile anti-microbial cytokine and also gives it a unique position in the antiviral defense system. The goal of this review is to highlight the direct antiviral mechanisms of IFNG, thereby clarifying its antiviral function in the effective control of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soowon Kang
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Hailey M. Brown
- Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Seungmin Hwang
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Committee on Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Committee on Cancer Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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25
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Nolan R, Gaskill PJ. The role of catecholamines in HIV neuropathogenesis. Brain Res 2019; 1702:54-73. [PMID: 29705605 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The success of anti-retroviral therapy has improved the quality of life and lifespan of HIV + individuals, transforming HIV infection into a chronic condition. These improvements have come with a cost, as chronic HIV infection and long-term therapy have resulted in the emergence of a number of new pathologies. This includes a variety of the neuropathological and neurocognitive effects collectively known as HIVassociated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) or NeuroHIV. These effects persist even in the absence of viral replication, suggesting that they are mediated the long-term changes in the CNS induced by HIV infection rather than by active replication. Among these effects are significant changes in catecholaminergic neurotransmission, especially in dopaminergic brain regions. In HIV-infected individuals not treated with ARV show prominent neuropathology is common in dopamine-rich brain regions and altered autonomic nervous system activity. Even infected individuals on therapy, there is significant dopaminergic neuropathology, and elevated stress and norepinephrine levels correlate with a decreased effectiveness of antiretroviral drugs. As catecholamines function as immunomodulatory factors, the resultant dysregulation of catecholaminergic tone could substantially alter the development of HIVassociated neuroinflammation and neuropathology. In this review, we discuss the role of catecholamines in the etiology of HIV neuropathogenesis. Providing a comprehensive examination of what is known about these molecules in the context of HIV-associated disease demonstrates the importance of further studies in this area, and may open the door to new therapeutic strategies that specifically ameliorate the effects of catecholaminergic dysregulation on NeuroHIV.
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26
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Ganguly B, Umapathi V, Rastogi SK. Nitric oxide induced by Indian ginseng root extract inhibits Infectious Bursal Disease virus in chicken embryo fibroblasts in vitro. J Anim Sci Technol 2018; 60:2. [PMID: 29340165 PMCID: PMC5759882 DOI: 10.1186/s40781-017-0156-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Infectious Bursal Disease is a severe viral disease of chicken responsible for serious economic losses to poultry farmers. The causative agent, Infectious Bursal Disease virus, is inhibited by nitric oxide. Root extract of the Indian ginseng, Withania somnifera, inhibits Infectious Bursal Disease virus in vitro. Also, Withania somnifera root extract is known to induce nitric oxide production in vitro. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to determine if the inhibitory activity of Withania somnifera against Infectious Bursal Disease virus was based on the production of nitric oxide. We show that besides other mechanisms, the inhibition of Infectious Bursal Disease virus by Withania somnifera involves the production of nitric oxide. Our results also highlight the paradoxical role of nitric oxide in the pathogenesis of Infectious Bursal Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar Ganguly
- Animal Biotechnology Center, Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, 263145 India.,Clinical Research Division, Ayurvet Limited, Katha, 173205 India
| | - Vijaypillai Umapathi
- Animal Biotechnology Center, Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, 263145 India.,Division of Animal Biochemistry, FMD Research Laboratory, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024 India
| | - Sunil Kumar Rastogi
- Animal Biotechnology Center, Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, 263145 India
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Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is an arbovirus with increased global incidence in the last decade. It is also a major cause of human encephalitis in the USA. WNV is an arthropod-transmitted virus that mainly affects birds but humans become infected as incidental dead-end hosts which can cause outbreaks in naïve populations. The main vectors of WNV are mosquitoes of the genus Culex, which preferentially feed on birds. As in many other arboviruses, the characteristics that allow Flaviviruses like WNV to replicate and transmit to different hosts are encrypted in their genome, which also contains information for the production of structural and nonstructural proteins needed for host cell infection. WNV and other Flaviviruses have developed different strategies to establish infection, replication, and successful transmission. Most of these strategies include the diversion of the host's immune responses away from the virus. In this review, we describe the molecular structure and protein function of WNV with emphasis on protein involvement in the modulation of antiviral immune responses.
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Zhou J, Wang SQ, Wei JC, Zhang XM, Gao ZC, Liu K, Ma ZY, Chen PY, Zhou B. Mx Is Not Responsible for the Antiviral Activity of Interferon-α against Japanese Encephalitis Virus. Viruses 2017; 9:v9010005. [PMID: 28075421 PMCID: PMC5294974 DOI: 10.3390/v9010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mx proteins are interferon (IFN)-induced dynamin-like GTPases that are present in all vertebrates and inhibit the replication of myriad viruses. However, the role Mx proteins play in IFN-mediated suppression of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection is unknown. In this study, we set out to investigate the effects of Mx1 and Mx2 expression on the interferon-α (IFNα) restriction of JEV replication. To evaluate whether the inhibitory activity of IFNα on JEV is dependent on Mx1 or Mx2, we knocked down Mx1 or Mx2 with siRNA in IFNα-treated PK-15 cells and BHK-21 cells, then challenged them with JEV; the production of progeny virus was assessed by plaque assay, RT-qPCR, and Western blotting. Our results demonstrated that depletion of Mx1 or Mx2 did not affect JEV restriction imposed by IFNα, although these two proteins were knocked down 66% and 79%, respectively. Accordingly, expression of exogenous Mx1 or Mx2 did not change the inhibitory activity of IFNα to JEV. In addition, even though virus-induced membranes were damaged by Brefeldin A (BFA), overexpressing porcine Mx1 or Mx2 did not inhibit JEV proliferation. We found that BFA inhibited JEV replication, not maturation, suggesting that BFA could be developed into a novel antiviral reagent. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that IFNα inhibits JEV infection by Mx-independent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Shi-Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Jian-Chao Wei
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Xiao-Min Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Zhi-Can Gao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Ke Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Zhi-Yong Ma
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Pu-Yan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Bin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Sun J, Chen Y, Qin F, Guan X, Xu W, Xu L. Prokaryotic expression of chicken interferon-γ fusion protein and its effect on expression of poultry heat shock protein 70 under heat stress. Anim Sci J 2016; 88:882-892. [DOI: 10.1111/asj.12725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology; Northeast Agricultural University; Harbin China
| | - Yinglin Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology; Northeast Agricultural University; Harbin China
| | - Feiyue Qin
- College of Animal Science and Technology; Northeast Agricultural University; Harbin China
| | - Xueting Guan
- College of Animal Science and Technology; Northeast Agricultural University; Harbin China
| | - Wei Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology; Northeast Agricultural University; Harbin China
| | - Liangmei Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology; Northeast Agricultural University; Harbin China
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30
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Wang SC, Yang JF, Wang CL, Huang CF, Lin YY, Chen YY, Lo CT, Lee PY, Wu KT, Lin CI, Hsieh MH, Chuang HY, Ho CK, Yu ML, Dai CY. Distinct subpopulations of hepatitis C virus infectious cells with different levels of intracellular hepatitis C virus core protein. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2016; 32:487-493. [PMID: 27742031 DOI: 10.1016/j.kjms.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic infection by hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major risk factor for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Despite the clear clinical importance of virus-associated HCC, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unclarified. Oxidative stress, in particular, DNA lesions associated with oxidative damage, plays a major role in carcinogenesis, and is strongly linked to the development of many cancers, including HCC. However, in identifying hepatocytes with HCV viral RNA, estimates of the median proportion of HCV-infected hepatocytes have been found as high as 40% in patients with chronic HCV infection. In order to explore the gene alternation and association between different viral loads of HCV-infected cells, we established a method to dissect high and low viral load cells and examined the expression of DNA damage-related genes using a quantitative polymerase chain reaction array. We found distinct expression patterns of DNA damage-related genes between high and low viral load cells. This study provides a new method for future study on virus-associated gene expression research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Chi Wang
- Health Management Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Fu Yang
- Health Management Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Ling Wang
- Health Management Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Feng Huang
- Health Management Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Faculty of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Yin Lin
- Health Management Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-You Chen
- Health Management Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ting Lo
- Health Management Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yen Lee
- Health Management Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Ta Wu
- Health Management Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-I Lin
- Health Management Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Hsuan Hsieh
- Health Management Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yi Chuang
- Health Management Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Kung Ho
- Health Management Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Lung Yu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Faculty of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yen Dai
- Health Management Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Faculty of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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31
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Abdul-Cader MS, Amarasinghe A, Abdul-Careem MF. Activation of toll-like receptor signaling pathways leading to nitric oxide-mediated antiviral responses. Arch Virol 2016; 161:2075-86. [PMID: 27233799 PMCID: PMC7087267 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-2904-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs), well-characterized pattern-recognizing receptors of the innate arm of the immune system, are vital in detecting pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). The TLR-PAMP interaction initiates an intracellular signaling cascade, predominantly culminating in upregulation of antiviral components, including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). After activation, various TLR pathways can promote iNOS production via the myeloid differentiation primary response-88 (MyD-88) adapter protein. Subsequently, iNOS facilitates production of nitric oxide (NO), a highly reactive and potent antiviral molecule that can inhibit replication of RNA and DNA viruses. Furthermore, NO can diffuse freely across cell membranes and elicit antiviral mechanisms in various ways, including direct and indirect damage to viral genomes. This review emphasizes current knowledge of NO-mediated antiviral responses elicited after activation of TLR signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Sarjoon Abdul-Cader
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Center 2C58, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Aruna Amarasinghe
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Center 2C58, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Center 2C58, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
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32
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Begam M, Sengupta M. Immunomodulation of intestinal macrophages by mercury involves oxidative damage and rise of pro-inflammatory cytokine release in the fresh water fish Channa punctatus Bloch. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2015; 45:378-385. [PMID: 25936688 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Mercury and its compounds have been parts of widespread pollutants of the aquatic environment. The present study was designed to assess the effect of mercury on fish immune responses. Since the metal is absorbed by fish and passed up the food chain to other fish-eating species, it not only affects aquatic ecosystems but also humans through bioaccumulation. In the present study, it was found that innate immunity of the fresh water fish Channa punctatus Bloch. was significantly debilitated after a periods of exposure to a sub-lethal concentration of mercury (0.3 mg/L). After 7 days of exposure, phagocytosis, cell adhesion and intracellular killing activity were found to decrease significantly along with significant decreases in nitric oxide (NO) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) production from macrophages as compared to the control group indicating intracellular damages. Levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6 were found to be significantly more in mercury treated groups than that of control group indicating inflammatory damage. This included significant ultrastructural changes like fragmented epithelium, lesions in mucosal foldings, degenerated mitochondria, reduction in the number of goblet cells and disoriented microvilli as evident from transmission electron micrographs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moriom Begam
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Assam University, Silchar, Assam 788011, India
| | - Mahuya Sengupta
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Assam University, Silchar, Assam 788011, India.
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33
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Wu B, Geng S, Bi Y, Liu H, Hu Y, Li X, Zhang Y, Zhou X, Zheng G, He B, Wang B. Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Suppresses the Function of Lung Dendritic Cells via Caveolin-1. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2015; 22:883-95. [PMID: 26018534 DOI: 10.1128/CVI.00170-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Caveolin-1 (Cav-1), the principal structural protein of caveolae, has been implicated as a regulator of virus-host interactions. Several viruses exploit caveolae to facilitate viral infections. However, the roles of Cav-1 in herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infection have not fully been elucidated. Here, we report that Cav-1 downregulates the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and the production of nitric oxide (NO) in dendritic cells (DCs) during HSV-1 infection. As a result, Cav-1 deficiency led to an accelerated elimination of virus and less lung pathological change following HSV-1 infection. This protection was dependent on iNOS and NO production in DCs. Adoptive transfer of DCs with Cav-1 knockdown was sufficient to confer the protection to wild-type (WT) mice. In addition, Cav-1 knockout (KO) (Cav-1(-/-)) mice treated with an iNOS inhibitor exhibited significantly reduced survival compared to that of the nontreated controls. We found that Cav-1 colocalized with iNOS and HSV-1 in caveolae in HSV-1-infected DCs, suggesting their interaction. Taken together, our results identified Cav-1 as a novel regulator utilized by HSV-1 to evade the host antiviral response mediated by NO production. Therefore, Cav-1 might be a valuable target for therapeutic approaches against herpesvirus infections.
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34
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Miest JJ, Adamek M, Pionnier N, Harris S, Matras M, Rakus KŁ, Irnazarow I, Steinhagen D, Hoole D. Differential effects of alloherpesvirus CyHV-3 and rhabdovirus SVCV on apoptosis in fish cells. Vet Microbiol 2014; 176:19-31. [PMID: 25596969 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Whilst Herpesviridae, which infect higher vertebrates, actively influence host immune responses to ensure viral replication, it is mostly unknown if Alloherpesviridae, which infect lower vertebrates, possess similar abilities. An important antiviral response is clearance of infected cells via apoptosis, which in mammals influences the outcome of infection. Here, we utilise common carp infected with CyHV-3 to determine the effect on the expression of genes encoding apoptosis-related proteins (p53, Caspase 9, Apaf-1, IAP, iNOS) in the pronephros, spleen and gills. The influence of CyHV-3 on CCB cells was also studied and compared to SVCV (a rhabdovirus) which induces apoptosis in carp cell lines. Although CyHV-3 induced iNOS expression in vivo, significant induction of the genetic apoptosis pathway was only seen in the pronephros. In vitro CyHV-3 did not induce apoptosis or apoptosis-related expression whilst SVCV did stimulate apoptosis. This suggests that CyHV-3 possesses mechanisms similar to herpesviruses of higher vertebrates to inhibit the antiviral apoptotic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna J Miest
- Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, ST5 5BG Keele, United Kingdom.
| | - Mikolaj Adamek
- Fish Diseases Research Unit, Institute of Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine in Hanover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hanover, Germany.
| | - Nicolas Pionnier
- Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, ST5 5BG Keele, United Kingdom.
| | - Sarah Harris
- Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, ST5 5BG Keele, United Kingdom; Fish Diseases Research Unit, Institute of Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine in Hanover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hanover, Germany.
| | - Marek Matras
- Laboratory of Fish Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Ł Rakus
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Ichthyobiology & Aquaculture in Gołysz, Kalinowa 2, 43-520 Chybie, Poland.
| | - Ilgiz Irnazarow
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Ichthyobiology & Aquaculture in Gołysz, Kalinowa 2, 43-520 Chybie, Poland.
| | - Dieter Steinhagen
- Fish Diseases Research Unit, Institute of Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine in Hanover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hanover, Germany.
| | - Dave Hoole
- Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, ST5 5BG Keele, United Kingdom.
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35
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Daep CA, Muñoz-Jordán JL, Eugenin EA. Flaviviruses, an expanding threat in public health: focus on dengue, West Nile, and Japanese encephalitis virus. J Neurovirol 2014; 20:539-60. [PMID: 25287260 PMCID: PMC4331079 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-014-0285-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The flaviviruses dengue, West Nile, and Japanese encephalitis represent three major mosquito-borne viruses worldwide. These pathogens impact the lives of millions of individuals and potentially could affect non-endemic areas already colonized by mosquito vectors. Unintentional transport of infected vectors (Aedes and Culex spp.), traveling within endemic areas, rapid adaptation of the insects into new geographic locations, climate change, and lack of medical surveillance have greatly contributed to the increase in flaviviral infections worldwide. The mechanisms by which flaviviruses alter the immune and the central nervous system have only recently been examined despite the alarming number of infections, related deaths, and increasing global distribution. In this review, we will discuss the expansion of the geographic areas affected by flaviviruses, the potential threats to previously unaffected countries, the mechanisms of pathogenesis, and the potential therapeutic interventions to limit the devastating consequences of these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Amorin Daep
- Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Jorge L. Muñoz-Jordán
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Dengue Branch, 1324 Cañada Street, San Juan, PR 00971
| | - Eliseo Alberto Eugenin
- Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
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Burrack KS, Morrison TE. The role of myeloid cell activation and arginine metabolism in the pathogenesis of virus-induced diseases. Front Immunol 2014; 5:428. [PMID: 25250029 PMCID: PMC4157561 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
When an antiviral immune response is generated, a balance must be reached between two opposing pathways: the production of proinflammatory and cytotoxic effectors that drive a robust antiviral immune response to control the infection and regulators that function to limit or blunt an excessive immune response to minimize immune-mediated pathology and repair tissue damage. Myeloid cells, including monocytes and macrophages, play an important role in this balance, particularly through the activities of the arginine-hydrolyzing enzymes nitric oxide synthase 2 (Nos2; iNOS) and arginase 1 (Arg1). Nitric oxide (NO) production by iNOS is an important proinflammatory mediator, whereas Arg1-expressing macrophages contribute to the resolution of inflammation and wound repair. In the context of viral infections, expression of these enzymes can result in a variety of outcomes for the host. NO has direct antiviral properties against some viruses, whereas during other virus infections NO can mediate immunopathology and/or inhibit the antiviral immune response to promote chronic infection. Arg1 activity not only has important wound healing functions but can also inhibit the antiviral immune response during some viral infections. Thus, depending on the specific virus and the tissue(s) involved, the activity of both of these arginine-hydrolyzing enzymes can either exacerbate or limit the severity of virus-induced disease. In this review, we will discuss a variety of viral infections, including HIV, SARS-CoV, LCMV, HCV, RSV, and others, where myeloid cells influence the control and clearance of the virus from the host, as well as the severity and resolution of tissue damage, via the activities of iNOS and/or Arg1. Clearly, monocyte/macrophage activation and arginine metabolism will continue to be important areas of investigation in the context of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina S Burrack
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine , Aurora, CO , USA
| | - Thomas E Morrison
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine , Aurora, CO , USA
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Paul N, Chakraborty S, Sengupta M. Lead toxicity on non-specific immune mechanisms of freshwater fish Channa punctatus. Aquat Toxicol 2014; 152:105-112. [PMID: 24747082 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Lead has no known role in the body that is physiologically relevant, and its harmful effects are myriad. Lead from the atmosphere and soil ends up in water bodies thus affecting the aquatic organisms. This situation has thus prompted numerous investigations on the effects of this metal on the biological functions of aquatic organisms, particularly on immune mechanisms in fish. This paper addresses the immunotoxicologic effects of lead acetate in intestinal macrophages of freshwater fish Channa punctatus. Fish were exposed to lead acetate (9.43mg/l) for 4 days. When checked for its effects on macrophages, it was noted that lead interfered with bacterial phagocytosis, intracellular killing capacity and cell adhesion as well as inhibited release of antimicrobial substances like nitric oxide (NO) and myeloperoxidase (MPO). On giving bacterial challenge with Staphylococcus aureus to intestinal macrophages of both control and lead treated groups, the macrophages showed significantly higher concentration of viable bacteria in the intracellular milieu in lead treated group as compared to control. We also report that in vivo exposure to lead acetate inhibits phagocytosis, which is evident from a reduced phagocytic index of treated group from that of the control. The amount of MPO and NO released by the control cells was also reduced significantly upon in vivo lead treatment. The property of antigenic adherence to the macrophage cell membrane, a vital process in phagocytosis, was significantly decreased in the treated group as compared to control. Severe damage in intestinal epithelium, disarrangement and fragmentation of mucosal foldings was observed in lead treated group when compared with the untreated group. The present results also showed decreased tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) level upon metal exposure in sera as well as cell lysate of lead exposed fish thus, implicating both MAPK signaling pathways as well as NFκβ signaling. We thus conclude that lead affects the general immune status of C. punctatus and renders the fish immunocompromised and susceptible to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilantika Paul
- Department of Biotechnology, Assam University, Durgakona, Silchar 788 011, Assam, India
| | - Samujjwal Chakraborty
- Department of Biotechnology, Assam University, Durgakona, Silchar 788 011, Assam, India
| | - Mahuya Sengupta
- Department of Biotechnology, Assam University, Durgakona, Silchar 788 011, Assam, India.
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38
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Gülaçtı I, Işıdan H, Sözdutmaz I. Detection of bovine torovirus in fecal specimens from calves with diarrhea in Turkey. Arch Virol 2014; 159:1623-7. [PMID: 24420162 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-1977-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bovine torovirus (BToV), a member of the family Coronaviridae, is an established gastrointestinal infectious agent in cattle. In this study, we performed a survey to detect BToV in Turkey between 2009 and 2011 using 235 fecal samples from neonatal calves with diarrhea that were analyzed by the nested reverse transcription (RT) PCR method using primers located in the consensus sequences of the BToV membrane (M) gene. The BToV M gene was detected in 4.7 % (11/235) of the samples using the nested RT-PCR method. The nucleotide sequences of partial M fragments from the BToV isolates, including the newly identified Turkish isolates, showed more than 96 % identity. The result indicates that BToV is one of the pathogens that contribute to neonatal calf diarrhea cases in Turkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irem Gülaçtı
- The Pendik Veterinary Control and Research Institute, 34890, İstanbul, Turkey
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Hoenen A, Gillespie L, Morgan G, van der Heide P, Khromykh A, Mackenzie J. The West Nile virus assembly process evades the conserved antiviral mechanism of the interferon-induced MxA protein. Virology 2014; 448:104-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Abstract
JE is a flavivirus generated dreadful CNS disease which causes high mortality in various pediatric groups. JE disease is currently diagnosed by measuring the level of viral antigens and virus neutralization IgM antibodies in blood serum and CSF by ELISA. However, it is not possible to measure various disease-identifying molecules, structural and molecular changes occurred in tissues, and cells by using such routine methods. However, few important biomarkers such as cerebrospinal fluid, plasma, neuro-imaging, brain mapping, immunotyping, expression of nonstructural viral proteins, systematic mRNA profiling, DNA and protein microarrays, active caspase-3 activity, reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species, levels of stress-associated signaling molecules, and proinflammatory cytokines could be used to confirm the disease at an earlier stage. These biomarkers may also help to diagnose mutant based environment specific alterations in JEV genotypes causing high pathogenesis and have immense future applications in diagnostics. There is an utmost need for the development of new more authentic, appropriate, and reliable physiological, immunological, biochemical, biophysical, molecular, and therapeutic biomarkers to confirm the disease well in time to start the clinical aid to the patients. Hence, the present review aims to discuss new emerging biomarkers that could facilitate more authentic and fast diagnosis of JE disease and its related disorders in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Kant Upadhyay
- Department of Zoology, D. D. U. Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh 273009, India
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41
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Donadieu E, Bahuon C, Lowenski S, Zientara S, Coulpier M, Lecollinet S. Differential virulence and pathogenesis of West Nile viruses. Viruses 2013; 5:2856-80. [PMID: 24284878 PMCID: PMC3856419 DOI: 10.3390/v5112856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a neurotropic flavivirus that cycles between mosquitoes and birds but that can also infect humans, horses, and other vertebrate animals. In most humans, WNV infection remains subclinical. However, 20%-40% of those infected may develop WNV disease, with symptoms ranging from fever to meningoencephalitis. A large variety of WNV strains have been described worldwide. Based on their genetic differences, they have been classified into eight lineages; the pathogenic strains belong to lineages 1 and 2. Ten years ago, Beasley et al. (2002) found that dramatic differences exist in the virulence and neuroinvasion properties of lineage 1 and lineage 2 WNV strains. Further insights on how WNV interacts with its hosts have recently been gained; the virus acts either at the periphery or on the central nervous system (CNS), and these observed differences could help explain the differential virulence and neurovirulence of WNV strains. This review aims to summarize the current state of knowledge on factors that trigger WNV dissemination and CNS invasion as well as on the inflammatory response and CNS damage induced by WNV. Moreover, we will discuss how WNV strains differentially interact with the innate immune system and CNS cells, thus influencing WNV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Donadieu
- Université Paris Est Créteil (UPEC), UMR 1161 Virologie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES) , Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort (ENVA), 7 avenue du Général De Gaulle, Maisons-Alfort 94700, France.
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Imanishi N, Andoh T, Sakai S, Satoh M, Katada Y, Ueda K, Terasawa K, Ochiai H. Induction of Inducible Nitric Oxide (NO) Synthase mRNA and NO Production in Macrophages Infected with Influenza A/PR/8 Virus and Stimulated with Its Ether-Split Product. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 49:41-8. [PMID: 15665452 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2005.tb03638.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the inductive activity of infective influenza A/PR/8/34 (PR8) virus and its ether-split product (ESP) on the expression of inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS) and NO production in RAW264.7 (RAW) cells, a murine macrophage (M psi) cell line, and thioglycolate-elicited peritoneal M psi (TPM). In both cells, PR8 virus infection induced iNOS mRNA between 4 hr and 24 hr, attaining a peak value at 12 hr. In correlation with induction of iNOS mRNA, NO amounts increased significantly from 12 to 24 hr. Moreover, this study demonstrated that ESP with the same hemagglutination titer as PR8 virus could induce iNOS mRNA and NO production, although the inductive activity of ESP was weaker than that of PR8 virus. Considering the dual role (beneficial and detrimental roles) of NO on certain inflammatory disorders and virus infections, the inductive activity of influenza virus on the iNOS-mediated NO production independent of its infectivity might contribute to a modification of influenza virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuko Imanishi
- Department of Japanese Oriental Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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43
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Ashhurst TM, van Vreden C, Munoz-Erazo L, Niewold P, Watabe K, Terry RL, Deffrasnes C, Getts DR, King NJC. Antiviral macrophage responses in flavivirus encephalitis. Indian J Med Res 2013; 138:632-47. [PMID: 24434318 PMCID: PMC3928696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquito-borne flaviviruses are a major current and emerging threat, affecting millions of people worldwide. Global climate change, combined with increasing proximity of humans to animals and mosquito vectors by expansion into natural habitats, coupled with the increase in international travel, have resulted in significant spread and concomitant increase in the incidence of infection and severe disease. Although neuroinvasive disease has been well described for some viral infections such as Japanese Encephalitis virus (JEV) and West Nile virus (WNV), others such as dengue virus (DENV) have recently displayed an emerging pattern of neuroinvasive disease, distinct from the previously observed, systemically-induced encephalomyelopathy. In this setting, the immune response is a crucial component of host defence, in preventing viral dissemination and invasion of the central nervous system (CNS). However, subversion of the anti-viral activities of macrophages by flaviviruses can facilitate viral replication and spread, enhancing the intensity of immune responses, leading to severe immune-mediated disease which may be further exacerbated during the subsequent infection with some flaviviruses. Furthermore, in the CNS myeloid cells may be responsible for inducing specific inflammatory changes, which can lead to significant pathological damage during encephalitis. The interaction of virus and cells of the myeloid lineage is complex, and this interaction is likely responsible at least in part, for crucial differences between viral clearance and pathology. Recent studies on the role of myeloid cells in innate immunity and viral control, and the mechanisms of evasion and subversion used by flaviviruses are rapidly advancing our understanding of the immunopathological mechanisms involved in flavivirus encephalitis and will lead to the development of therapeutic strategies previously not considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Myles Ashhurst
- Viral Immunopathology Unit, Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, Bosch Institute & The Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Disease & Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Caryn van Vreden
- Viral Immunopathology Unit, Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, Bosch Institute & The Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Disease & Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Luis Munoz-Erazo
- Viral Immunopathology Unit, Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, Bosch Institute & The Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Disease & Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Paula Niewold
- Viral Immunopathology Unit, Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, Bosch Institute & The Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Disease & Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Kanami Watabe
- Viral Immunopathology Unit, Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, Bosch Institute & The Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Disease & Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Rachael L. Terry
- Viral Immunopathology Unit, Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, Bosch Institute & The Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Disease & Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia,Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60208, USA
| | - Celine Deffrasnes
- Viral Immunopathology Unit, Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, Bosch Institute & The Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Disease & Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia,CSIRO, Animal, Food & Health Science, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Daniel R. Getts
- Viral Immunopathology Unit, Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, Bosch Institute & The Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Disease & Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia,Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60208, USA
| | - Nicholas Jonathan Cole King
- Viral Immunopathology Unit, Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, Bosch Institute & The Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Disease & Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Abstract
In response to a JE virus attack, infected body cells start secretion of different cytokines and activate innate immune response. Virus starts neuronal invasion by entering into nerve cells and inflecting the central nervous system. It avoids exposure of body’s natural immunity and generates neurotrophic effects. Virus causes acute susceptibility to CNS and establishes encephalitis syndrome that results in very high fatality in children. In survivors, JEV inhibits the growth and proliferation of NCPs and imposes permanent neuronal disorders like cognitive, motor, and behavioral impairments. However, body cells start TCR mediated interactions, to recognize viral antigens with class I MHC complex on specific target cells, and operate mass killing of virus infected cells by increased CTL activity. Thus, both cell mediated and antibody interactions plays a central role in protection against JEV. In the present review article virus generated neurovirulence, antigenicity, and host immune responses are described in detail. More emphasis is given on diagnosis, clinical care, and active immunization with well-designed potential antiflavivirus vaccines. Further, for achieving an elite success against JEV, global eradication strategies are to be needed for making vaccination program more responsible and effective in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Kant Upadhyay
- Department of Zoology, D D U Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur 273009, India
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45
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Larena M, Regner M, Lobigs M. Cytolytic effector pathways and IFN-γ help protect against Japanese encephalitis. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:1789-98. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201243152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Larena
- Department of Emerging Pathogens and Vaccines; John Curtin School of Medical Research; The Australian National University; Canberra; Australia
| | - Matthias Regner
- Department of Emerging Pathogens and Vaccines; John Curtin School of Medical Research; The Australian National University; Canberra; Australia
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46
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Chiu YH, Chan YL, Li TL, Wu CJ. Inhibition of Japanese encephalitis virus infection by the sulfated polysaccharide extracts from Ulva lactuca. Mar Biotechnol (NY) 2012; 14:468-478. [PMID: 22193590 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-011-9428-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a neurotropic flavivirus, is one of the major causes of acute encephalitis in humans. After infection, inflammatory reactions and neurological diseases often develop. Still there are no effective drugs available against virus infection. Recently, extracts of algae have been shown to possess a broad range of biological activities including antivirus activity. In this study, we identified that the sulfated polysaccharide extracts from Ulva lactuca can inhibit JEV infection in Vero cells. Mechanistic studies further revealed that the Ulva sulfated polysaccharide extracts can block virus adsorption and thus make the virus unable to enter cells. The Ulva sulfated polysaccharide extracts also effectively decrease the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the JEV-infected primary mixed glia cells. In an animal study, the JEV-infected C3H/HeN mice appeared to have neurobehavioral abnormalities on the fifth day and died on the seventh day post infection. However, the JEV-infected mice pretreated with the Ulva sulfated polysaccharide extracts can delay the onset of hind limb paralysis and thereby prevent mice from death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Huang Chiu
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Pei Ning Road, Keelung, Taiwan
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47
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Sooryanarain H, Sapkal GN, Gore MM. Pathogenic and vaccine strains of Japanese encephalitis virus elicit different levels of human macrophage effector functions. Arch Virol 2012; 157:1905-18. [PMID: 22729616 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-012-1386-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In India, Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) remains one of the major causative agents of pediatric encephalitis. Macrophages support various neurotropic viruses and influence the immune response. However, the functional status of human macrophages during JEV infection remains unidentified. In this study, we examined the cytokine response and co-stimulatory marker levels in primary human monocyte derived macrophages (MDMs) infected with JE057434 (neurovirulent, primary clinical isolate) or SA14-14-2 (non-neurovirulent, live-attenuated vaccine) JEV strains. We also examined the differential susceptibility of these JEV strains to antiviral effects of interferon and nitric oxide. The results indicate that both JEV strains are capable of inducing various cytokines (type-I IFN, TNFα, IL6 and IL8) and co-stimulatory molecules (CD86 and CD80) in MDMs. However, they varied in replication potential and corresponding interferon sensitivity. SA14-14-2 was highly susceptible to interferon and nitric oxide when compared to JE057434. Thus, reduction in infectious virion production and increased sensitivity of SA14-14-2 towards interferon in MDMs could potentially play a role in limiting viral spread to additional target tissues.
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48
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Diamond MS, Gale M. Cell-intrinsic innate immune control of West Nile virus infection. Trends Immunol 2012; 33:522-30. [PMID: 22726607 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2012.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is an enveloped positive-stranded RNA virus that has emerged over the past decade in North America to cause epidemics of meningitis, encephalitis, and acute flaccid paralysis in humans. WNV has broad species specificity, and replicates efficiently in many cell types, including those of the innate immune and central nervous systems. Recent studies have defined the pathogen recognition receptor (PRR) and signaling pathways by which WNV is detected, and several effector mechanisms that contribute to protective cell-intrinsic immunity. This review focuses on recent advances in identifying the host sensors that detect WNV, the adaptor molecules and signaling pathways that regulate the induction of interferon (IFN)-dependent defenses, and the proteins that limit WNV replication, spread, and disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Diamond
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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49
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Babizhayev MA, Deyev AI. Management of the virulent influenza virus infection by oral formulation of nonhydrolized carnosine and isopeptide of carnosine attenuating proinflammatory cytokine-induced nitric oxide production. Am J Ther 2012; 19:e25-47. [PMID: 20841992 DOI: 10.1097/MJT.0b013e3181dcf589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) plays an important role in mediating inflammation. In our studies, we found that iNOS-derived NO was significantly increased in the serum samples of 150 patients infected with influenza A virus in comparison with samples of 140 healthy individuals. In human lung epithelial cells, infection with influenza A virus or stimulation with poly(I:C) + interferon-gamma resulted in increased mRNA and protein levels of both interleukin-32 and iNOS, with subsequent release of NO. Activated macrophages are also a source of nitric oxide (NO), which is largely produced by iNOS in response to proinflammatory cytokines. In this review article, the presented findings have many important implications for understanding the Influenza A (H1N1) viral pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment. The direct viral cytotoxicity (referred cytopathic effect) is only a fraction of several types of events induced by virus infection. Nitric oxide and oxygen free radicals such as superoxide anion (O₂⁻˙) are generated markedly in influenza A (including H1N1) virus-infected host boosts, and these molecular species are identified as the potent pathogenic agents. The mutual interaction of NO with O₂⁻˙ resulting in formation of peroxynitrite is operative in the pathogenic mechanism of influenza virus pneumonia. The toxicity and reactivity of oxygen radicals, generated in excessive amounts mediate the overreaction of the host's immune response against the organs or tissues in which viruses are replicating, and this may explain the mechanism of tissue injuries observed in influenza virus infection of various types. The authors revealed the protection that carnosine and its bioavailable nonhydrolized forms provide against peroxynitrite damage and other types of viral injuries in which immunologic interactions are usually involved. Carnosine (beta-alanyl-L-histidine) shows the pharmacologic intracellular correction of NO release which might be one of the important factors of natural immunity in controlling the initial stages of influenza A virus infection (inhibition of virus replication) and virus-induced regulation of cytokine gene expression. The protective effects of orally applied nonhydrolized formulated species of carnosine include at least direct interaction with nitric oxide, inhibition of cytotoxic NO-induced proinflammatory condition, and attenuation of the effects of cytokines and chemokines that can exert profound effects on inflammatory cells. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that natural products, such as chicken soup and chicken breast extracts rich in carnosine and its derivative anserine (beta-alanyl-1-methyl-L-histidine) could contribute to the pathogenesis and prevention of influenza virus infections and cold but have a limitation due to susceptibility to enzymatic hydrolysis of dipeptides with serum carnosinase and urine excretion after oral ingestion of a commercial chicken extract. The developed and patented by the authors formulations of nonhydrolized in digestive tract and blood natural carnosine peptide and isopeptide (gamma-glutamyl-carnosine) products have a promise in the Influenza A (H1N1) virus infection disease control and prevention.
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Meyerhoff RR, Nighot PK, Ali RA, Blikslager AT, Koci MD. Characterization of turkey inducible nitric oxide synthase and identification of its expression in the intestinal epithelium following astrovirus infection. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2011; 35:63-9. [PMID: 22118854 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) enzyme has long been recognized as a key mediator of innate immune responses to infectious diseases across the phyla. Its role in killing or inactivating bacterial, parasitic, and viral pathogens has been documented in numerous host systems. iNOS, and its innate immune mediator NO has also been described to have negative consequence on host tissues as well; therefore understanding the pathogenesis of any infectious agent which induces iNOS expression requires a better understanding of the role iNOS and NO play in that disease. Previous studies in our laboratory and others have demonstrated evidence for increased levels of iNOS and activity of its innate immune mediator NO in the intestine of turkeys infected with astrovirus. To begin to characterize the role iNOS plays in the innate immune response to astrovirus infection, we identified, characterized, developed tkiNOS specific reagents, and demonstrated that the intestinal epithelial cells induce expression of iNOS following astrovirus infection. These data are the first to our knowledge to describe the tkiNOS gene, and demonstrate that astrovirus infection induces intestinal epithelial cells to express iNOS, suggesting these cells play a key role in the antiviral response to enteric infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ryan Meyerhoff
- Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
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