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Yang X, Weber AA, Mennillo E, Secrest P, Chang M, Wong S, Le S, Liu J, Benner CW, Karin M, Gordts PL, Tukey RH, Chen S. Effects of Early Life Oral Arsenic Exposure on Intestinal Tract Development and Lipid Homeostasis in Neonatal Mice: Implications for NAFLD Development. Environ Health Perspect 2023; 131:97001. [PMID: 37668303 PMCID: PMC10478510 DOI: 10.1289/ehp12381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Newborns can be exposed to inorganic arsenic (iAs) through contaminated drinking water, formula, and other infant foods. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated a positive association between urinary iAs levels and the risk of developing nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) among U.S. adolescents and adults. OBJECTIVES The present study examined how oral iAs administration to neonatal mice impacts the intestinal tract, which acts as an early mediator for NAFLD. METHODS Neonatal mice were treated with a single dose of iAs via oral gavage. Effects on the small intestine were determined by histological examination, RNA sequencing, and biochemical analysis. Serum lipid profiling was analyzed by fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC), and hepatosteatosis was characterized histologically and biochemically. Liver X receptor-alpha (LXR α ) knockout (L x r α - / - ) mice and liver-specific activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4)-deficient (A t f 4 Δ H e p ) mice were used to define their roles in iAs-induced effects during the neonatal stage. RESULTS Neonatal mice exposed to iAs via oral gavage exhibited accumulation of dietary fat in enterocytes, with higher levels of enterocyte triglycerides and free fatty acids. These mice also showed accelerated enterocyte maturation and a longer small intestine. This was accompanied by higher levels of liver-derived very low-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein triglycerides, and a lower level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the serum. Mice exposed during the neonatal period to oral iAs also developed hepatosteatosis. Compared with the control group, iAs-induced fat accumulation in enterocytes became more significant in neonatal L x r α - / - mice, accompanied by accelerated intestinal growth, hypertriglyceridemia, and hepatosteatosis. In contrast, regardless of enterocyte fat accumulation, hepatosteatosis was largely reduced in iAs-treated neonatal A t f 4 Δ H e p mice. CONCLUSION Exposure to iAs in neonatal mice resulted in excessive accumulation of fat in enterocytes, disrupting lipid homeostasis in the serum and liver, revealing the importance of the gut-liver axis and endoplasmic reticulum stress in mediating iAs-induced NAFLD at an early age. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP12381.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Yang
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego (UC San Diego), La Jolla, California, USA
| | - André A. Weber
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego (UC San Diego), La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Elvira Mennillo
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego (UC San Diego), La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Patrick Secrest
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Max Chang
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Samantha Wong
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego (UC San Diego), La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sabrina Le
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego (UC San Diego), La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Junlai Liu
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - Michael Karin
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Philip L.S.M. Gordts
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Robert H. Tukey
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego (UC San Diego), La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Shujuan Chen
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego (UC San Diego), La Jolla, California, USA
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Oku Y, Noda S, Yamada A, Nakaoka K, Goseki-Sone M. Vitamin D restriction and/or a high-fat diet influence intestinal alkaline phosphatase activity and serum endotoxin concentration, increasing the risk of metabolic endotoxemia in rats. Nutr Res 2023; 112:20-29. [PMID: 36934524 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D insufficiency induces calcification disorder of bone or a decrease in bone mineral density, increasing the risk of fracture. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, a differentiation marker for intestinal epithelial cells, is regulated by vitamin D. It has also been suggested that ALP may prevent metabolic endotoxemia by dephosphorylating lipopolysaccharide. We hypothesized that vitamin D restriction and/or a high-fat diet influences ALP activity in each tissue and serum lipopolysaccharide concentrations and increases the risk of metabolic endotoxemia. Eleven-week-old female rats were divided into 4 groups: basic control diet (Cont.), basic control diet with vitamin D restriction (DR), high-fat diet (HF), and high-fat diet with vitamin D restriction (DRHF) groups. They were acclimated for 28 days. The results of 2-way analysis of variance showed that intestinal ALP activity, which may contribute to an improvement in phosphate/lipid metabolism and longevity, in the high-fat diet groups (HF and DRHF) was higher than in the low-fat diet groups (Cont. and DR). ALP activity in the vitamin D-restricted groups (DR and DRHF) was lower than in the vitamin D-sufficient groups (Cont. and HF). Furthermore, serum endotoxin concentrations were significantly higher in the high-fat diet groups (HF and DRHF) than in the low-fat diet groups (Cont. and DR). In the vitamin D-restricted groups (DR and DRHF), serum endotoxin concentrations were also significantly higher than in the vitamin D-sufficient groups (Cont. and HF). These results suggest that vitamin D restriction and/or a high-fat diet increases the risk of metabolic endotoxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuno Oku
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Sciences and Design, Japan Women's University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiko Noda
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Sciences and Design, Japan Women's University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Asako Yamada
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Sciences and Design, Japan Women's University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kanae Nakaoka
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Life, Jumonji University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masae Goseki-Sone
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Sciences and Design, Japan Women's University, Tokyo, Japan.
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Okazaki Y, Katayama T. High-fat diet promotes the effect of fructo-oligosaccharides on the colonic luminal environment, including alkaline phosphatase activity in rats. Nutr Res 2023; 110:44-56. [PMID: 36646013 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2022.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported that fermentable nondigestible carbohydrates such as oligosaccharides, commonly increase colonic alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and the gene expression of Alpi-1, coding for rat intestinal alkaline phosphatase-I isozyme in rats and that the effect of oligosaccharides on colonic ALP activity is affected by the quality of dietary fats. We hypothesized that the amount of dietary fat would modulate the effect of oligosaccharides on colonic ALP and luminal environment in rats. In experiment 1, male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a low-fat (LF, 5% lard) or high-fat (HF, 30% lard) diet with or without 4% fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS). In experiment 2, they were fed a 2.5%, 7%, 20%, or 40% fat (lard) diet with 4% FOS for 2 weeks. Dietary FOS in the HF diet (HF-FOS) significantly increased ALP activity in the colon and cecal digesta and colonic expression of Alpi-1, but not in the LF diet with FOS groups (LF-FOS). In comparison to the LF-FOS group, the increases in fecal mucins, Lactobacillus ratio, as well as cecal n-butyrate, and the decrease in fecal Clostridium coccoides, were more pronounced in the HF-FOS group. Compared with the 2.5% or 7% fat + FOS diet, the 20% fat + FOS diet significantly increased colonic ALP activity, Alpi-1 expression, and fecal mucins. These factors did not differ significantly between 20% and 40% fat + FOS diets. To exert the maximum effect of FOS on the colonic luminal environment, including ALP activity in rats, significantly more fat may be required than that contained present a LF diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukako Okazaki
- Faculty of Human Life Sciences, Fuji Women's University, Ishikari 061-3204, Japan.
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Noda S, Yamada A, Asawa Y, Nakamura H, Matsumura T, Orimo H, Goseki-Sone M. Characterization and Structure of Alternatively Spliced Transcript Variant of Human Intestinal Alkaline Phosphatase (ALPI) Gene. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2022; 68:284-293. [PMID: 36047100 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.68.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal-type alkaline phosphatase (IAP) is expressed at a high concentration in the brush border membrane of intestinal epithelial cells and is known to be a gut mucosal defense factor. In humans, a single gene (ALPI) for IAP has been isolated, and its transcription produces two kinds of alternatively spliced mRNAs (aAug10 and bAug10). Recently, we discovered that vitamin D up-regulated the expression of both types of human IAP alternative splicing variants in Caco-2 cells. However, the functional difference of protein encoded by the mRNA variants has remained elusive. In the present study, we aimed to provide further insight into the characterization and structure of IAP isoforms. To analyze the protein translated from the ALPI gene, we constructed two kinds of cDNA expression plasmids (aAug10 and bAug10), and the transfected cells were homogenized and assayed for alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. We also designed the homology-modeled 3D structures of the protein encoded by the mRNA variants (ALPI-aAug10 and ALPI-bAug10). The levels of ALP activity of COS-1 cells transfected with the aAug10 plasmid were increased significantly, while cells transfected with the bAug10 plasmid had undetectable ALP activity. The homology-modeled 3D structures revealed that the variant bAug10 lacks the central N-terminal α-helix and residue corresponding to Asp-42 of ALPI-aAug10 near the active site. This is the first report on the characterization and structure of alternatively spliced transcript variants of the human ALPI gene. Further studies on the regulation of aAug10 and/or bAug10 mRNA expression may identify novel physiological functions of IAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiko Noda
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Sciences and Design, Japan Women's University
| | - Asako Yamada
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Sciences and Design, Japan Women's University
| | - Yasunobu Asawa
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology
| | - Hiroyuki Nakamura
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology
| | | | - Hideo Orimo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School
| | - Masae Goseki-Sone
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Sciences and Design, Japan Women's University
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Wu H, Wang Y, Li H, Meng L, Zheng N, Wang J. Protective Effect of Alkaline Phosphatase Supplementation on Infant Health. Foods 2022; 11:foods11091212. [PMID: 35563935 PMCID: PMC9101100 DOI: 10.3390/foods11091212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is abundant in raw milk. Because of its high heat resistance, ALP negative is used as an indicator of successful sterilization. However, pasteurized milk loses its immune protection against allergy. Clinically, ALP is also used as an indicator of organ diseases. When the activity of ALP in blood increases, it is considered that diseases occur in viscera and organs. Oral administration or injecting ALP will not cause harm to the body and has a variety of probiotic effects. For infants with low immunity, ALP intake is a good prebiotic for protecting the infant’s intestine from potential pathogenic bacteria. In addition, ALP has a variety of probiotic effects for any age group, including prevention and treatment intestinal diseases, allergies, hepatitis, acute kidney injury (AKI), diabetes, and even the prevention of aging. The prebiotic effects of alkaline phosphatase on the health of infants and consumers and the content of ALP in different mammalian raw milk are summarized. The review calls on consumers and manufacturers to pay more attention to ALP, especially for infants with incomplete immune development. ALP supplementation is conducive to the healthy growth of infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoming Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.W.); (H.L.); (L.M.); (J.W.)
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;
| | - Huiying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.W.); (H.L.); (L.M.); (J.W.)
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lu Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.W.); (H.L.); (L.M.); (J.W.)
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Nan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.W.); (H.L.); (L.M.); (J.W.)
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-62816069
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.W.); (H.L.); (L.M.); (J.W.)
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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Alvarenga L, Cardozo LFMF, Lindholm B, Stenvinkel P, Mafra D. Intestinal alkaline phosphatase modulation by food components: predictive, preventive, and personalized strategies for novel treatment options in chronic kidney disease. EPMA J 2020; 11:565-79. [PMID: 33240450 DOI: 10.1007/s13167-020-00228-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Alkaline phosphatase (AP) is a ubiquitous membrane-bound glycoprotein that catalyzes phosphate monoesters' hydrolysis from organic compounds, an essential process in cell signaling. Four AP isozymes have been described in humans, placental AP, germ cell AP, tissue nonspecific AP, and intestinal AP (IAP). IAP plays a crucial role in gut microbial homeostasis, nutrient uptake, and local and systemic inflammation, and its dysfunction is associated with persistent inflammatory disorders. AP is a strong predictor of mortality in the general population and patients with cardiovascular and chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, little is known about IAP modulation and its possible consequences in CKD, a disease characterized by gut microbiota imbalance and persistent low-grade inflammation. Mitigating inflammation and dysbiosis can prevent cardiovascular complications in patients with CKD, and monitoring factors such as IAP can be useful for predicting those complications. Here, we review IAP's role and the results of nutritional interventions targeting IAP in experimental models to prevent alterations in the gut microbiota, which could be a possible target of predictive, preventive, personalized medicine (PPPM) to avoid CKD complications. Microbiota and some nutrients may activate IAP, which seems to have a beneficial impact on health; however, data on CKD remains scarce.
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Okazaki Y, Katayama T. The effects of different high-fat (lard, soybean oil, corn oil or olive oil) diets supplemented with fructo-oligosaccharides on colonic alkaline phosphatase activity in rats. Eur J Nutr 2021; 60:89-99. [PMID: 32193633 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02219-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We recently reported that fermentable non-digestible carbohydrates including fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) commonly elevate colonic alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and the expression of IAP-I, an ALP gene, in rats fed a high-fat (HF) diet, and also elevate gut mucins and modulate gut microbiota. This study aims to investigate whether dietary fat types influence the effect of FOS on colonic ALP activity and the luminal environment in HF-fed rats. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a diet containing 30% soybean oil, corn oil, olive oil or lard with or without 4% FOS for 2 weeks. Colon ALP activity, gene expression, and gut luminal variables including mucins and microbiota were measured. RESULTS In the lard diet groups, dietary FOS significantly elevated colonic ALP activity and the expression of IAP-I. The elevating effect of FOS on colonic ALP activity was also observed in the olive oil diet groups, although here the IAP-I expression was not changed. However, the soybean oil and corn oil diet groups did not exhibit the elevating effect of FOS on colon ALP. Fecal ALP and mucins were significantly elevated by dietary FOS regardless of dietary fat types, and the effect of FOS was prominent in the lard diet groups. The number of Lactobacillus spp. observed in fecal matter was significantly increased by dietary FOS in the lard and olive oil diet groups, but not in the soybean oil and corn oil diets groups. CONCLUSION This study suggests that dietary fat types may change the effect of FOS on the colonic luminal environment including the ALP activity in rats fed a high-fat diet.
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Abstract
Intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) is an alkaline phosphatase that plays an important role in maintaining the stability of the bowel function and the intestinal mucosal barrier, including adjusting the duodenal pH, participating the development of the intestinal tract, regulating the absorption ability of intestinal epithelial cells, reducing the toxicity of lipopolysaccharide, preventing and reducing the intestinal inflammation, regulating intestinal flora, improving intestinal calcium absorption, etc. In this paper, we will review the role of IAP in intestinal mucosal barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wan
- the tenth department of surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110000, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zhong Tian
- the tenth department of surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110000, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Bai-Yu Yao
- the tenth department of surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110000, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Chong Liu
- the tenth department of surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110000, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jing-Ni He
- the tenth department of surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110000, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xin Yin
- the tenth department of surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110000, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yang Shi
- the tenth department of surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110000, Liaoning Province, China
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Pereira MT, Malik M, Nostro JA, Mahler GJ, Musselman LP. Effect of dietary additives on intestinal permeability in both Drosophila and a human cell co-culture. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:dmm034520. [PMID: 30504122 PMCID: PMC6307910 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.034520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased intestinal barrier permeability has been correlated with aging and disease, including type 2 diabetes, Crohn's disease, celiac disease, multiple sclerosis and irritable bowel syndrome. The prevalence of these ailments has risen together with an increase in industrial food processing and food additive consumption. Additives, including sugar, metal oxide nanoparticles, surfactants and sodium chloride, have all been suggested to increase intestinal permeability. We used two complementary model systems to examine the effects of food additives on gut barrier function: a Drosophila in vivo model and an in vitro human cell co-culture model. Of the additives tested, intestinal permeability was increased most dramatically by high sugar. High sugar also increased feeding but reduced gut and overall animal size. We also examined how food additives affected the activity of a gut mucosal defense factor, intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP), which fluctuates with bacterial load and affects intestinal permeability. We found that high sugar reduced IAP activity in both models. Artificial manipulation of the microbiome influenced gut permeability in both models, revealing a complex relationship between the two. This study extends previous work in flies and humans showing that diet can play a role in the health of the gut barrier. Moreover, simple models can be used to study mechanisms underlying the effects of diet on gut permeability and function.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Pereira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York 13902, USA
| | - Mridu Malik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York 13902, USA
| | - Jillian A Nostro
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York 13902, USA
| | - Gretchen J Mahler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York 13902, USA
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Okazaki Y, Katayama T. Consumption of non-digestible oligosaccharides elevates colonic alkaline phosphatase activity by up-regulating the expression of IAP-I, with increased mucins and microbial fermentation in rats fed a high-fat diet. Br J Nutr 2019; 121:146-54. [PMID: 30400998 DOI: 10.1017/S0007114518003082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We have recently reported that soluble dietary fibre, glucomannan, increased colonic alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and the gene expression without affecting the small-intestinal activity and that colonic ALP was correlated with gut mucins (index of intestinal barrier function). We speculated that dietary fermentable carbohydrates including oligosaccharides commonly elevate colonic ALP and gene expression as well as increase mucin secretion and microbial fermentation. To test this hypothesis, male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a diet containing 30 % lard with or without 4 % fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS), galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS), raffinose (RAF) and lactulose (LAC), which are non-digestible oligosaccharides or isomalto-oligosaccharides (IMOS; some digestible oligosaccharides) for 2 weeks. Colon ALP activity, the gene expression and gut luminal variables including mucins, organic acids and microbiota were measured. Colonic ALP was significantly elevated in the FOS, RAF and LAC groups, and a similar trend was observed in the GOS group. Colonic expression of intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP -I), an ALP gene, was significantly elevated in the FOS, GOS and RAF groups and tended to be increased in the LAC group. Dietary FOS, GOS, RAF and LAC significantly elevated faecal mucins, caecal n-butyrate and faecal ratio of Bifidobacterium spp. Dietary IMOS had no effect on colonic ALP, mucins, organic acids and microbiota. Colon ALP was correlated with mucins, caecal n-butyrate and faecal Bifidobacterium spp. This study demonstrated that non-digestible and fermentable oligosaccharides commonly elevate colonic ALP activity and the expression of IAP-I, with increasing mucins and microbial fermentation, which might be important for protection of gut epithelial homoeostasis.
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Brun LR, Lombarte M, Roma S, Perez F, Millán JL, Rigalli A. Increased calcium uptake and improved trabecular bone properties in intestinal alkaline phosphatase knockout mice. J Bone Miner Metab 2018; 36:661-667. [PMID: 29234952 PMCID: PMC6338327 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-017-0887-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated a negative correlation between intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) activity and calcium (Ca) absorption in the gut, as IAP acts as a protective mechanism inhibiting high Ca entry into enterocytes, preventing Ca overload. Here we evaluated Ca absorption and bone properties in knockout mice (KO) completely devoid of duodenal IAP (Akp3 -/- mice). Female C57BL/6 control mice (WT, n = 7) and KO mice (n = 10) were used to determine Ca absorption in vivo and by in situ isolated duodenal loops followed by histomorphometric analysis of duodenal villi and crypts. Bone mineral density, morphometry, histomorphometry and trabecular connectivity and biomechanical properties were measured on bones. We observed mild atrophy of the villi with lower absorption surface and a significantly higher Ca uptake in KO mice. While no changes were seen in cortical bone, we found better trabecular connectivity and biomechanical properties in the femurs of KO mice compared to WT mice. Our data indicate that IAP KO mice display higher intestinal Ca uptake, which over time appears to correlate with a positive effect on the biomechanical properties of trabecular bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas R Brun
- Bone Biology Laboratory, Cátedra de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, School of Medicine, Rosario National University, Santa Fe 3100, 2000, Rosario, Argentina.
- National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Rosario, Argentina.
| | - M Lombarte
- Bone Biology Laboratory, Cátedra de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, School of Medicine, Rosario National University, Santa Fe 3100, 2000, Rosario, Argentina
- National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Rosario, Argentina
| | - S Roma
- Histology and Embryology Department, School of Medicine, Rosario National University, Rosario, Argentina
| | - F Perez
- Histology and Embryology Department, School of Medicine, Rosario National University, Rosario, Argentina
| | - J L Millán
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, USA
| | - A Rigalli
- Bone Biology Laboratory, Cátedra de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, School of Medicine, Rosario National University, Santa Fe 3100, 2000, Rosario, Argentina
- National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Rosario, Argentina
- Rosario National University Research Council, Rosario, Argentina
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Stefanello N, Spanevello RM, Passamonti S, Porciúncula L, Bonan CD, Olabiyi AA, Teixeira da Rocha JB, Assmann CE, Morsch VM, Schetinger MRC. Coffee, caffeine, chlorogenic acid, and the purinergic system. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 123:298-313. [PMID: 30291944 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Coffee is a drink prepared from roasted coffee beans and is lauded for its aroma and flavour. It is the third most popular beverage in the world. This beverage is known by its stimulant effect associated with the presence of methylxanthines. Caffeine, a purine-like molecule (1,3,7 trymetylxantine), is the most important bioactive compound in coffee, among others such as chlorogenic acid (CGA), diterpenes, and trigonelline. CGA is a phenolic acid with biological properties as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotector, hypolipidemic, and hypoglicemic. Purinergic system plays a key role inneuromodulation and homeostasis. Extracellular ATP, other nucleotides and adenosine are signalling molecules that act through their specific receptors, namely purinoceptors, P1 for nucleosides and P2 for nucleotides. They regulate many pathological processes, since adenosine, for instance, can limit the damage caused by ATP in the excitotoxicity from the neuronal cells. The primary purpose of this review is to discuss the effects of coffee, caffeine, and CGA on the purinergic system. This review focuses on the relationship/interplay between coffee, caffeine, CGA, and adenosine, and their effects on ectonucleotidases activities as well as on the modulation of P1 and P2 receptors from central nervous system and also in peripheral tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiara Stefanello
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, UFSM, Camobi, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Roselia Maria Spanevello
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção: Centro de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Químicas e de Alimentos, UFPel, Campus Capão do Leão 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Sabina Passamonti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Trieste, via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Lisiane Porciúncula
- Departamento de Bioquímica, UFRGS, 90040-060, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Carla Denise Bonan
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Faculdade de Biociências da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - João Batista Teixeira da Rocha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, UFSM, Camobi, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Charles Elias Assmann
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, UFSM, Camobi, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Vera Maria Morsch
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, UFSM, Camobi, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria Rosa Chitolina Schetinger
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, UFSM, Camobi, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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13
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Sasaki S, Segawa H, Hanazaki A, Kirino R, Fujii T, Ikuta K, Noguchi M, Sasaki S, Koike M, Tanifuji K, Shiozaki Y, Kaneko I, Tatsumi S, Shimohata T, Kawai Y, Narisawa S, Millán JL, Miyamoto KI. A Role of Intestinal Alkaline Phosphatase 3 (Akp3) in Inorganic Phosphate Homeostasis. Kidney Blood Press Res 2018; 43:1409-1424. [PMID: 30212831 DOI: 10.1159/000493379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Hyperphosphatemia is a serious complication of late-stage chronic kidney disease (CKD). Intestinal inorganic phosphate (Pi) handling plays an important role in Pi homeostasis in CKD. We investigated whether intestinal alkaline phosphatase 3 (Akp3), the enzyme that hydrolyzes dietary Pi compounds, is a target for the treatment of hyperphosphatemia in CKD. METHODS We investigated Pi homeostasis in Akp3 knockout mice (Akp3-/-). We also studied the progression of renal failure in an Akp3-/- mouse adenine treated renal failure model. Plasma, fecal, and urinary Pi and Ca concentration were measured with commercially available kit, and plasma fibroblast growth factor 23, parathyroid hormone, and 1,25(OH)2D3 concentration were measured with ELISA. Brush border membrane vesicles were prepared from mouse intestine using the Ca2+ precipitation method and used for Pi transport activity and alkaline phosphatase activity. In vivo intestinal Pi absorption was measured with oral 32P administration. RESULTS Akp3-/- mice exhibited reduced intestinal type II sodium-dependent Pi transporter (Npt2b) protein levels and Na-dependent Pi co-transport activity. In addition, plasma active vitamin D levels were significantly increased in Akp3-/- mice compared with wild-type animals. In the adenine-induced renal failure model, Akp3 gene deletion suppressed hyperphosphatemia. CONCLUSION The present findings indicate that intestinal Akp3 deletion affects Na+-dependent Pi transport in the small intestine. In the adenine-induced renal failure model, Akp3 is predicted to be a factor contributing to suppression of the plasma Pi concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Sasaki
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hiroko Segawa
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima,
| | - Ai Hanazaki
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Ruri Kirino
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Toru Fujii
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kayo Ikuta
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Miwa Noguchi
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Sumire Sasaki
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Megumi Koike
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kazuya Tanifuji
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yuji Shiozaki
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Ichiro Kaneko
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Sawako Tatsumi
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takaaki Shimohata
- Department of Preventive Environment and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yoshichika Kawai
- Department of Food Science, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Sonoko Narisawa
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - José Luis Millán
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ken-Ichi Miyamoto
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
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14
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Ghosh SS, He H, Wang J, Korzun W, Yannie PJ, Ghosh S. Intestine-specific expression of human chimeric intestinal alkaline phosphatase attenuates Western diet-induced barrier dysfunction and glucose intolerance. Physiol Rep 2018; 6:e13790. [PMID: 30058275 PMCID: PMC6064712 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cell derived alkaline phosphatase (IAP) dephosphorylates/detoxifies bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the gut lumen. We have earlier demonstrated that consumption of high-fat high-cholesterol containing western type-diet (WD) significantly reduces IAP activity, increases intestinal permeability leading to increased plasma levels of LPS and glucose intolerance. Furthermore, oral supplementation with curcumin that increased IAP activity improved intestinal barrier function as well as glucose tolerance. To directly test the hypothesis that targeted increase in IAP would protect against WD-induced metabolic consequences, we developed intestine-specific IAP transgenic mice where expression of human chimeric IAP is under the control of intestine-specific villin promoter. This chimeric human IAP contains domains from human IAP and human placental alkaline phosphatase, has a higher turnover number, narrower substrate specificity, and selectivity for bacterial LPS. Chimeric IAP was specifically and uniformly overexpressed in these IAP transgenic (IAPTg) mice along the entire length of the intestine. While IAP activity reduced from proximal P1 segment to distal P9 segment in wild-type (WT) mice, this activity was maintained in the IAPTg mice. Dietary challenge with WD impaired glucose tolerance in WT mice and this intolerance was attenuated in IAPTg mice. Significant decrease in fecal zonulin, a marker for intestinal barrier dysfunction, in WD fed IAPTg mice and a corresponding decrease in translocation of orally administered nonabsorbable 4 kDa FITC dextran to plasma suggests that IAP overexpression improves intestinal barrier function. Thus, targeted increase in IAP activity represents a novel strategy to improve WD-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction and glucose intolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hongliang He
- Department of Internal MedicineVCU Medical CenterRichmondVirginia
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Internal MedicineVCU Medical CenterRichmondVirginia
| | - William Korzun
- Department of Clinical and Laboratory SciencesVCU Medical CenterRichmondVirginia
| | | | - Shobha Ghosh
- Department of Internal MedicineVCU Medical CenterRichmondVirginia
- Hunter Homes McGuire VA Medical CenterRichmondVirginia
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15
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Parlato M, Charbit-Henrion F, Pan J, Romano C, Duclaux-Loras R, Le Du MH, Warner N, Francalanci P, Bruneau J, Bras M, Zarhrate M, Bègue B, Guegan N, Rakotobe S, Kapel N, De Angelis P, Griffiths AM, Fiedler K, Crowley E, Ruemmele F, Muise AM, Cerf-Bensussan N. Human ALPI deficiency causes inflammatory bowel disease and highlights a key mechanism of gut homeostasis. EMBO Mol Med 2018; 10:emmm.201708483. [PMID: 29567797 PMCID: PMC5887907 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201708483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report the first identification of biallelic-inherited mutations in ALPI as a Mendelian cause of inflammatory bowel disease in two unrelated patients. ALPI encodes for intestinal phosphatase alkaline, a brush border metalloenzyme that hydrolyses phosphate from the lipid A moiety of lipopolysaccharides and thereby drastically reduces Toll-like receptor 4 agonist activity. Prediction tools and structural modelling indicate that all mutations affect critical residues or inter-subunit interactions, and heterologous expression in HEK293T cells demonstrated that all ALPI mutations were loss of function. ALPI mutations impaired either stability or catalytic activity of ALPI and rendered it unable to detoxify lipopolysaccharide-dependent signalling. Furthermore, ALPI expression was reduced in patients' biopsies, and ALPI activity was undetectable in ALPI-deficient patient's stool. Our findings highlight the crucial role of ALPI in regulating host-microbiota interactions and restraining host inflammatory responses. These results indicate that ALPI mutations should be included in screening for monogenic causes of inflammatory bowel diseases and lay the groundwork for ALPI-based treatments in intestinal inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Parlato
- INSERM, UMR1163, Laboratory of Intestinal Immunity and Institut Imagine, Paris, France.,GENIUS group from ESPGHAN
| | - Fabienne Charbit-Henrion
- INSERM, UMR1163, Laboratory of Intestinal Immunity and Institut Imagine, Paris, France.,GENIUS group from ESPGHAN.,Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Jie Pan
- SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center and Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Claudio Romano
- GENIUS group from ESPGHAN.,Unit of Pediatrics, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood "G. Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Rémi Duclaux-Loras
- INSERM, UMR1163, Laboratory of Intestinal Immunity and Institut Imagine, Paris, France.,GENIUS group from ESPGHAN.,Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Helene Le Du
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Structural Biology, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, UMR 9198 CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Neil Warner
- SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center and Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Paola Francalanci
- Digestive Endoscopy and Surgery Unit and Pathology Unit Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Julie Bruneau
- Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Department of Pathology, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Marc Bras
- Bioinformatics Platform, Université Paris-Descartes-Paris Sorbonne Centre and Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Mohammed Zarhrate
- Genomic Platform, INSERM, UMR1163, Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cite University, Paris, France
| | - Bernadette Bègue
- INSERM, UMR1163, Laboratory of Intestinal Immunity and Institut Imagine, Paris, France.,GENIUS group from ESPGHAN
| | - Nicolas Guegan
- INSERM, UMR1163, Laboratory of Intestinal Immunity and Institut Imagine, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Sabine Rakotobe
- INSERM, UMR1163, Laboratory of Intestinal Immunity and Institut Imagine, Paris, France.,GENIUS group from ESPGHAN
| | - Nathalie Kapel
- Department of Functional Coprology, Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Paola De Angelis
- Digestive Endoscopy and Surgery Unit and Pathology Unit Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Anne M Griffiths
- SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center and Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Karoline Fiedler
- SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center and Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Eileen Crowley
- SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center and Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Frank Ruemmele
- INSERM, UMR1163, Laboratory of Intestinal Immunity and Institut Imagine, Paris, France.,GENIUS group from ESPGHAN.,Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Aleixo M Muise
- SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center and Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada .,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nadine Cerf-Bensussan
- INSERM, UMR1163, Laboratory of Intestinal Immunity and Institut Imagine, Paris, France .,GENIUS group from ESPGHAN.,Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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16
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Noda S, Yamada A, Nakaoka K, Goseki-Sone M. 1-alpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 up-regulates the expression of 2 types of human intestinal alkaline phosphatase alternative splicing variants in Caco-2 cells and may be an important regulator of their expression in gut homeostasis. Nutr Res 2017; 46:59-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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17
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Okazaki Y, Katayama T. Glucomannan consumption elevates colonic alkaline phosphatase activity by up-regulating the expression of IAP-I , which is associated with increased production of protective factors for gut epithelial homeostasis in high-fat diet–fed rats. Nutr Res 2017; 43:43-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2017.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Miyoshi H, VanDussen KL, Malvin NP, Ryu SH, Wang Y, Sonnek NM, Lai CW, Stappenbeck TS. Prostaglandin E2 promotes intestinal repair through an adaptive cellular response of the epithelium. EMBO J 2016; 36:5-24. [PMID: 27797821 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201694660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive cellular responses are often required during wound repair. Following disruption of the intestinal epithelium, wound-associated epithelial (WAE) cells form the initial barrier over the wound. Our goal was to determine the critical factor that promotes WAE cell differentiation. Using an adaptation of our in vitro primary epithelial cell culture system, we found that prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) signaling through one of its receptors, Ptger4, was sufficient to drive a differentiation state morphologically and transcriptionally similar to in vivo WAE cells. WAE cell differentiation was a permanent state and dominant over enterocyte differentiation in plasticity experiments. WAE cell differentiation was triggered by nuclear β-catenin signaling independent of canonical Wnt signaling. Creation of WAE cells via the PGE2-Ptger4 pathway was required in vivo, as mice with loss of Ptger4 in the intestinal epithelium did not produce WAE cells and exhibited impaired wound repair. Our results demonstrate a mechanism by which WAE cells are formed by PGE2 and suggest a process of adaptive cellular reprogramming of the intestinal epithelium that occurs to ensure proper repair to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Miyoshi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kelli L VanDussen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nicole P Malvin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Stacy H Ryu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Naomi M Sonnek
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Chin-Wen Lai
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Thaddeus S Stappenbeck
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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19
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Basson A, Trotter A, Rodriguez-Palacios A, Cominelli F. Mucosal Interactions between Genetics, Diet, and Microbiome in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front Immunol 2016; 7:290. [PMID: 27531998 PMCID: PMC4970383 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous reviews have discussed gut microbiota composition changes during inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), particularly Crohn’s disease (CD). However, most studies address the observed effects by focusing on studying the univariate connection between disease and dietary-induced alterations to gut microbiota composition. The possibility that these effects may reflect a number of other interconnected (i.e., pantropic) mechanisms, activated in parallel, particularly concerning various bacterial metabolites, is in the process of being elucidated. Progress seems, however, hampered by various difficult-to-study factors interacting at the mucosal level. Here, we highlight some of such factors that merit consideration, namely: (1) the contribution of host genetics and diet in altering gut microbiome, and in turn, the crosstalk among secondary metabolic pathways; (2) the interdependence between the amount of dietary fat, the fatty acid composition, the effects of timing and route of administration on gut microbiota community, and the impact of microbiota-derived fatty acids; (3) the effect of diet on bile acid composition, and the modulator role of bile acids on the gut microbiota; (4) the impact of endogenous and exogenous intestinal micronutrients and metabolites; and (5) the need to consider food associated toxins and chemicals, which can introduce confounding immune modulating elements (e.g., antioxidant and phytochemicals in oils and proteins). These concepts, which are not mutually exclusive, are herein illustrated paying special emphasis on physiologically inter-related processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Basson
- Digestive Health Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, OH , USA
| | - Ashley Trotter
- Digestive Health Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Fabio Cominelli
- Digestive Health Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
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20
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Bobeck EA, Hellestad EM, Helvig CF, Petkovich PM, Cook ME. Oral antibodies to human intestinal alkaline phosphatase reduce dietary phytate phosphate bioavailability in the presence of dietary 1α-hydroxycholecalciferol. Poult Sci 2015; 95:570-80. [PMID: 26666254 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
While it is well established that active vitamin D treatment increases dietary phytate phosphate utilization, the mechanism by which intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) participates in phytate phosphate use is less clear. The ability of human IAP (hIAP) oral antibodies to prevent dietary phytate phosphate utilization in the presence of 1α-hydroxycholecalciferol (1α-(OH) D3) in a chick model was investigated. hIAP specific chicken immunoglobulin Y (IgY) antibodies were generated by inoculating laying hens with 17 synthetic peptides derived from the human IAP amino acid sequence and harvesting egg yolk. Western blot analysis showed all antibodies recognized hIAP and 6 of the 8 antibodies selected showed modest inhibition of hIAP activity in vitro (6 to 33% inhibition). In chicks where dietary phosphate was primarily in the form of phytate, 4 selected hIAP antibodies inhibited 1α-(OH) D3-induced increases in blood phosphate, one of which, generated against selected peptide (MFPMGTPD), was as effective as sevelamer hydrochloride in preventing the 1α-(OH) D3-induced increase in blood phosphate, but ineffective in preventing an increase in body weight gain and bone ash induced by 1α-(OH) D3. These studies demonstrated that orally-delivered antibodies to IAP limit dietary phytate-phosphate utilization in chicks treated with 1α-(OH) D3, and implicate IAP as an important host enzyme in increasing phytate phosphate bioavailability in 1α-(OH) D3 fed chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Bobeck
- Animal Sciences Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Erica M Hellestad
- Animal Sciences Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - P Martin Petkovich
- Cytochroma Inc., Markham, Ontario, Canada Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences & Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark E Cook
- Animal Sciences Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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21
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Yang WH, Aziz PV, Heithoff DM, Mahan MJ, Smith JW, Marth JD. An intrinsic mechanism of secreted protein aging and turnover. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:13657-62. [PMID: 26489654 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1515464112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The composition and functions of the secreted proteome are controlled by the life spans of different proteins. However, unlike intracellular protein fate, intrinsic factors determining secreted protein aging and turnover have not been identified and characterized. Almost all secreted proteins are posttranslationally modified with the covalent attachment of N-glycans. We have discovered an intrinsic mechanism of secreted protein aging and turnover linked to the stepwise elimination of saccharides attached to the termini of N-glycans. Endogenous glycosidases, including neuraminidase 1 (Neu1), neuraminidase 3 (Neu3), beta-galactosidase 1 (Glb1), and hexosaminidase B (HexB), possess hydrolytic activities that temporally remodel N-glycan structures, progressively exposing different saccharides with increased protein age. Subsequently, endocytic lectins with distinct binding specificities, including the Ashwell-Morell receptor, integrin αM, and macrophage mannose receptor, are engaged in N-glycan ligand recognition and the turnover of secreted proteins. Glycosidase inhibition and lectin deficiencies increased protein life spans and abundance, and the basal rate of N-glycan remodeling varied among distinct proteins, accounting for differences in their life spans. This intrinsic multifactorial mechanism of secreted protein aging and turnover contributes to health and the outcomes of disease.
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22
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Kaliannan K, Wang B, Li XY, Kim KJ, Kang JX. A host-microbiome interaction mediates the opposing effects of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids on metabolic endotoxemia. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11276. [PMID: 26062993 PMCID: PMC4650612 DOI: 10.1038/srep11276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic endotoxemia, commonly derived from gut dysbiosis, is a primary cause of chronic low grade inflammation that underlies many chronic diseases. Here we show that mice fed a diet high in omega-6 fatty acids exhibit higher levels of metabolic endotoxemia and systemic low-grade inflammation, while transgenic conversion of tissue omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids dramatically reduces endotoxemic and inflammatory status. These opposing effects of tissue omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids can be eliminated by antibiotic treatment and animal co-housing, suggesting the involvement of the gut microbiota. Analysis of gut microbiota and fecal transfer revealed that elevated tissue omega-3 fatty acids enhance intestinal production and secretion of intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP), which induces changes in the gut bacteria composition resulting in decreased lipopolysaccharide production and gut permeability, and ultimately, reduced metabolic endotoxemia and inflammation. Our findings uncover an interaction between host tissue fatty acid composition and gut microbiota as a novel mechanism for the anti-inflammatory effect of omega-3 fatty acids. Given the excess of omega-6 and deficiency of omega-3 in the modern Western diet, the differential effects of tissue omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids on gut microbiota and metabolic endotoxemia provide insight into the etiology and management of today's health epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanakaraju Kaliannan
- Laboratory for Lipid Medicine and Technology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Bin Wang
- Laboratory for Lipid Medicine and Technology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Xiang-Yong Li
- Laboratory for Lipid Medicine and Technology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Kui-Jin Kim
- Laboratory for Lipid Medicine and Technology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Jing X. Kang
- Laboratory for Lipid Medicine and Technology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
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Lei W, Ni H, Herington J, Reese J, Paria BC. Alkaline phosphatase protects lipopolysaccharide-induced early pregnancy defects in mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123243. [PMID: 25910276 PMCID: PMC4409290 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive cytokine inflammatory response due to chronic or superphysiological level of microbial infection during pregnancy leads to pregnancy complications such as early pregnancy defects/loss and preterm birth. Bacterial toxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS), long recognized as a potent proinflammatory mediator, has been identified as a risk factor for pregnancy complications. Alkaline phosphatase (AP) isozymes have been shown to detoxify LPS by dephosphorylation. In this study, we examined the role of alkaline phosphatase (AP) in mitigating LPS-induced early pregnancy complications in mice. We found that 1) the uterus prior to implantation and implantation sites following embryo implantation produce LPS recognition and dephosphorylation molecules TLR4 and tissue non-specific AP (TNAP) isozyme, respectively; 2) uterine TNAP isozyme dephosphorylates LPS at its sites of production; 3) while LPS administration following embryo implantation elicits proinflammatory cytokine mRNA levels at the embryo implantation sites (EISs) and causes early pregnancy loss, dephosphorylated LPS neither triggers proinflammatory cytokine mRNA levels at the EISs nor induces pregnancy complications; 4) AP isozyme supplementation to accelerate LPS detoxification attenuates LPS-induced pregnancy complications following embryo implantation. These findings suggest that a LPS dephosphorylation strategy using AP isozyme may have a unique therapeutic potential to mitigate LPS- or Gram-negative bacteria-induced pregnancy complications in at-risk women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lei
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Hua Ni
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jennifer Herington
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jeff Reese
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Bibhash C. Paria
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Mozeš Š, Šefčíková Z, Raček Ľ. Effect of repeated fasting/refeeding on obesity development and health complications in rats arising from reduced nest. Dig Dis Sci 2015; 60:354-61. [PMID: 25150705 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-014-3340-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overnutrition during postnatal life represents a risk factor for later obesity and associated metabolic disorders. AIM We investigated the interaction between postnatal and later-life nutrition on body composition, blood pressure and the jejunal enzyme activities in male Sprague-Dawley rats. METHODS From birth, we adjusted the number of pups in the nest to 4 (small litters-SL; overfeeding) or to 10 pups (normal litters-NL; controls), and from day 50 until 70, the SL (SL-R) and NL (NL-R) rats were subjected to 1 day fasting and 1 day refeeding cycles (RFR). Their body composition was determined by magnetic resonance imaging, and enzyme activity was assayed histochemically. RESULTS At 50 and 70 days, SL rats were found to be overweight (p < 0.001), with higher adiposity (p < 0.001) and blood pressure (p < 0.01). Moreover, despite significantly decreased daily food intake during RFR (SL-R 39 %, NL-R 23 %), higher fat deposition (p < 0.001) and blood pressure (p < 0.05) was detected in SL-R rats. Activity of alkaline phosphatase (AP) functionally involved in lipid absorption was significantly higher in SL than NL rats (p < 0.001) but substantially decreased in RFR groups (SL-R p < 0.001, NL-R p < 0.01). However, despite these enzymatic adaptations to reduced food intake, the SL-R rats displayed significantly higher AP activity in comparison with NL-R rats (p < 0.01) on day 70. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that postnatal overfeeding predisposes the ontogeny of intestinal function, which may promote the probability of obesity risk. Accordingly, in these animals, efficient fat deposition and elevated blood pressure were not diminished in response to dietary restrictions in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Štefan Mozeš
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Šoltésovej 4-6, 040 01, Kosice, Slovak Republic,
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Haraikawa M, Tanabe R, Sogabe N, Yamada A, Goseki-Sone M. Effects of Vitamin K 2 (Menaquinone) on Alkaline Phosphatase Activity in Rats Fed a High-fat Diet. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4327/jsnfs.68.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mayu Haraikawa
- Division of Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Sciences and Design, Japan Women’s University
- Department of Child Studies, Faculty of Child studies, Seitoku University
| | - Rieko Tanabe
- Division of Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Sciences and Design, Japan Women’s University
| | - Natsuko Sogabe
- Department of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Human Health, Komazawa Women’s University
| | - Asako Yamada
- Division of Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Sciences and Design, Japan Women’s University
| | - Masae Goseki-Sone
- Division of Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Sciences and Design, Japan Women’s University
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Estaki M, DeCoffe D, Gibson DL. Interplay between intestinal alkaline phosphatase, diet, gut microbes and immunity. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:15650-15656. [PMID: 25400448 PMCID: PMC4229529 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i42.15650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) plays an essential role in intestinal homeostasis and health through interactions with the resident microbiota, diet and the gut. IAP’s role in the intestine is to dephosphorylate toxic microbial ligands such as lipopolysaccharides, unmethylated cytosine-guanosine dinucleotides and flagellin as well as extracellular nucleotides such as uridine diphosphate. IAP’s ability to detoxify these ligands is essential in protecting the host from sepsis during acute inflammation and chronic inflammatory conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease. Also important in these complications is IAP’s ability to regulate the microbial ecosystem by forming a complex relationship between microbiota, diet and the intestinal mucosal surface. Evidence reveals that diet alters IAP expression and activity and this in turn can influence the gut microbiota and homeostasis. IAP’s ability to maintain a healthy gastrointestinal tract has accelerated research on its potential use as a therapeutic agent against a multitude of diseases. Exogenous IAP has been shown to have beneficial effects when administered during ulcerative colitis, coronary bypass surgery and sepsis. There are currently a handful of human clinical trials underway investigating the effects of exogenous IAP during sepsis, rheumatoid arthritis and heart surgery. In light of these findings IAP has been marked as a novel agent to help treat a variety of other inflammatory and infectious diseases. The purpose of this review is to highlight the essential characteristics of IAP in protection and maintenance of intestinal homeostasis while addressing the intricate interplay between IAP, diet, microbiota and the intestinal epithelium.
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Yang Y, Millán JL, Mecsas J, Guillemin K. Intestinal alkaline phosphatase deficiency leads to lipopolysaccharide desensitization and faster weight gain. Infect Immun 2015; 83:247-58. [PMID: 25348635 DOI: 10.1128/IAI.02520-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals develop in the presence of complex microbial communities, and early host responses to these microbes can influence key aspects of development, such as maturation of the immune system, in ways that impact adult physiology. We previously showed that the zebrafish intestinal alkaline phosphatase (ALPI) gene alpi.1 was induced by Gram-negative bacterium-derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a process dependent on myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MYD88), and functioned to detoxify LPS and prevent excessive host inflammatory responses to commensal microbiota in the newly colonized intestine. In the present study, we examined whether the regulation and function of ALPI were conserved in mammals. We found that among the mouse ALPI genes, Akp3 was specifically upregulated by the microbiota, but through a mechanism independent of LPS or MYD88. We showed that disruption of Akp3 did not significantly affect intestinal inflammatory responses to commensal microbiota or animal susceptibility to Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection. However, we found that Akp3(-/-) mice acquired LPS tolerance during postweaning development, suggesting that Akp3 plays an important role in immune education. Finally, we demonstrated that inhibiting LPS sensing with a mutation in CD14 abrogated the accelerated weight gain in Akp3(-/-) mice receiving a high-fat diet, suggesting that the weight gain is caused by excessive LPS in Akp3(-/-) mice.
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Tocco A, Pinson B, Thiébaud P, Thézé N, Massé K. Comparative genomic and expression analysis of the adenosine signaling pathway members in Xenopus. Purinergic Signal 2014; 11:59-77. [PMID: 25319637 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-014-9431-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine is an endogenous molecule that regulates many physiological processes via the activation of four specific G-protein-coupled ADORA receptors. Extracellular adenosine may originate either from the hydrolysis of released ATP by the ectonucleotidases or from cellular exit via the equilibrative nucleoside transporters (SLC29A). Adenosine extracellular concentration is also regulated by its successive hydrolysis into uric acid by membrane-bound enzymes or by cell influx via the concentrative nucleoside transporters (SLC28A). All of these members constitute the adenosine signaling pathway and regulate adenosine functions. Although the roles of this pathway are quite well understood in adults, little is known regarding its functions during vertebrate embryogenesis. We have used Xenopus laevis as a model system to provide a comparative expression map of the different members of this pathway during vertebrate development. We report the characterization of the different enzymes, receptors, and nucleoside transporters in both X. laevis and X. tropicalis, and we demonstrate by phylogenetic analyses the high level of conservation of these members between amphibians and mammals. A thorough expression analysis of these members during development and in the adult frog reveals that each member displays distinct specific expression patterns. These data suggest potentially different developmental roles for these proteins and therefore for extracellular adenosine. In addition, we show that adenosine levels during amphibian embryogenesis are very low, confirming that they must be tightly controlled for normal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Tocco
- Université de Bordeaux, CIRID UMR 5164, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
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Montenegro MF, Moral-Naranjo MT, Campoy FJ, Muñoz-Delgado E, Vidal CJ. The lipid raft-bound alkaline phosphatase activity increases and the level of transcripts remains unaffected in liver of merosin-deficient LAMA2dy mouse. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 216:1-8. [PMID: 24680793 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alkaline phosphatase (AP) and other proteins add glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) before addressing to raft domains of the cell membrane. Our previous report showing an increased density of lipid rafts in muscle of dystrophic Lama2dy mice prompted us to compare livers of normal (NL) and dystrophic mice (DL) for their levels of rafts. With this aim, hepatic rafts were isolated as Triton X-100 resistant membranes, and identified by their abundance of flotillin-2, alkaline phosphatase (AP) and other raft markers. The comparable abundance of cholesterol and flotillin-2 in rafts of NL and DL contrasted with the double AP activity both in rafts of DL and whole DL. The AP mRNA level was the same in NL and DL. Sedimentation analysis profiles revealed AP activity of NL distributed between dimeric (dAP) and monomeric AP (mAP), whose proportions and lectin-binding extent changed in DL. The increased AP activity and changed AP glycosylation in DL, the prevalence of mAP in NL and the enhanced stability of dAP in DL demonstrated the critical role that glycosylation and oligomerization play for AP catalysis. The higher AP activity of DL probably arises from dystrophy-associated changes in glycosyl transferases, which alter AP glycosylation and subunit folding with profitable effects for AP stability and catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Fernanda Montenegro
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular-A, Universidad de Murcia, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Murcia, Spain
| | - María Teresa Moral-Naranjo
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular-A, Universidad de Murcia, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco J Campoy
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular-A, Universidad de Murcia, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Murcia, Spain
| | - Encarnación Muñoz-Delgado
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular-A, Universidad de Murcia, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Murcia, Spain
| | - Cecilio J Vidal
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular-A, Universidad de Murcia, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Murcia, Spain.
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Abstract
Human and mouse alkaline phosphatases (AP) are encoded by a multigene family expressed ubiquitously in multiple tissues. Gene knockout (KO) findings have helped define some of the precise exocytic functions of individual isozymes in bone, teeth, the central nervous system, and in the gut. For instance, deficiency in tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) in mice (Alpl (-/-) mice) and humans leads to hypophosphatasia (HPP), an inborn error of metabolism characterized by epileptic seizures in the most severe cases, caused by abnormal metabolism of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (the predominant form of vitamin B6) and by hypomineralization of the skeleton and teeth featuring rickets and early loss of teeth in children or osteomalacia and dental problems in adults caused by accumulation of inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi). Enzyme replacement therapy with mineral-targeting TNAP prevented all the manifestations of HPP in mice, and clinical trials with this protein therapeutic are showing promising results in rescuing life-threatening HPP in infants. Conversely, TNAP induction in the vasculature during generalized arterial calcification of infancy (GACI), type II diabetes, obesity, and aging can cause medial vascular calcification. TNAP inhibitors, discussed extensively in this book, are in development to prevent pathological arterial calcification. The brush border enzyme intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) plays an important role in fatty acid (FA) absorption, in protecting gut barrier function, and in determining the composition of the gut microbiota via its ability to dephosphorylate lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Knockout mice (Akp3 (-/-)) deficient in duodenal-specific IAP (dIAP) become obese, and develop hyperlipidemia and hepatic steatosis when fed a high-fat diet (HFD). These changes are accompanied by upregulation in the jejunal-ileal expression of the Akp6 IAP isozyme (global IAP, or gIAP) and concomitant upregulation of FAT/CD36, a phosphorylated fatty acid translocase thought to play a role in facilitating the transport of long-chain fatty acids into cells. gIAP, but not dIAP, is able to modulate the phosphorylation status of FAT/CD36. dIAP, even though it is expressed in the duodenum, is shed into the gut lumen and is active in LPS dephosphorylation throughout the gut lumen and in the feces. Akp3 (-/-) mice display gut dysbiosis and are more prone to dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis than wild-type mice. Of relevance, oral administration of recombinant calf IAP prevents the dysbiosis and protects the gut from chronic colitis. Analogous to the role of IAP in the gut, TNAP expression in the liver may have a proactive role from bacterial endotoxin insult. Finally, more recent studies suggest that neuronal death in Alzheimer's disease may also be associated with TNAP function on certain brain-specific phosphoproteins. This review recounts the established roles of TNAP and IAP and briefly discusses new areas of investigation related to multisystemic functions of these isozymes.
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31
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Kiffer-Moreira T, Sheen CR, Gasque KCDS, Bolean M, Ciancaglini P, van Elsas A, Hoylaerts MF, Millán JL. Catalytic signature of a heat-stable, chimeric human alkaline phosphatase with therapeutic potential. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89374. [PMID: 24586729 PMCID: PMC3933536 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant alkaline phosphatases are becoming promising protein therapeutics to prevent skeletal mineralization defects, inflammatory bowel diseases, and treat acute kidney injury. By substituting the flexible crown domain of human intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) with that of the human placental isozyme (PLAP) we generated a chimeric enzyme (ChimAP) that retains the structural folding of IAP, but displays greatly increased stability, active site Zn2+ binding, increased transphosphorylation, a higher turnover number and narrower substrate specificity, with comparable selectivity for bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), than the parent IAP isozyme. ChimAP shows promise as a protein therapeutic for indications such as inflammatory bowel diseases, gut dysbioses and acute kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Kiffer-Moreira
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Campbell R. Sheen
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Kellen Cristina da Silva Gasque
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Mayte Bolean
- Departamento de Química, FFCLRP-USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marc F. Hoylaerts
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - José Luis Millán
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Ardecky RJ, Bobkova EV, Kiffer-Moreira T, Brown B, Ganji S, Zou J, Pass I, Narisawa S, Iano FG, Rosenstein C, Cheltsov A, Rascon J, Hedrick M, Gasior C, Forster A, Shi S, Dahl R, Vasile S, Su Y, Sergienko E, Chung TDY, Kaunitz J, Hoylaerts MF, Pinkerton AB, Millán JL. Identification of a selective inhibitor of murine intestinal alkaline phosphatase (ML260) by concurrent ultra-high throughput screening against human and mouse isozymes. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 24:1000-1004. [PMID: 24412070 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Alkaline phosphatase (AP) isozymes are present in a wide range of species from bacteria to man and are capable of dephosphorylation and transphosphorylation of a wide spectrum of substrates in vitro. In humans, four AP isozymes have been identified-one tissue-nonspecific (TNAP) and three tissue-specific-named according to the tissue of their predominant expression: intestinal (IAP), placental (PLAP) and germ cell (GCAP) APs. Modulation of activity of the different AP isozymes may have therapeutic implications in distinct diseases and cellular processes. For instance, changes in the level of IAP activity can affect gut mucosa tolerance to microbial invasion due to the ability of IAP to detoxify bacterial endotoxins, alter the absorption of fatty acids and affect ectopurinergic regulation of duodenal bicarbonate secretion. To identify isozyme selective modulators of the human and mouse IAPs, we developed a series of murine duodenal IAP (Akp3-encoded dIAP isozyme), human IAP (hIAP), PLAP, and TNAP assays. High throughput screening and subsequent SAR efforts generated a potent inhibitor of dIAP, ML260, with specificity for the Akp3-, compared to the Akp5- and Akp6-encoded mouse isozymes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Brock Brown
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Santhi Ganji
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Jiwen Zou
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Ian Pass
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Sonoko Narisawa
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | | | | | - Anton Cheltsov
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Justin Rascon
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Michael Hedrick
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Carlton Gasior
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Anita Forster
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Shenghua Shi
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Russell Dahl
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | | | - Ying Su
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | | | | | | | - Marc F Hoylaerts
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Mozeš Š, Šefčíková Z, Raček L. Long-term effect of altered nutrition induced by litter size manipulation and cross-fostering in suckling male rats on development of obesity risk and health complications. Eur J Nutr 2014; 53:1273-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-013-0630-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Lei W, Nguyen H, Brown N, Ni H, Kiffer-Moreira T, Reese J, Millán JL, Paria BC. Alkaline phosphatases contribute to uterine receptivity, implantation, decidualization, and defense against bacterial endotoxin in hamsters. Reproduction 2013; 146:419-32. [PMID: 23929901 DOI: 10.1530/rep-13-0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity has been demonstrated in the uterus of several species, but its importance in the uterus, in general and during pregnancy, is yet to be revealed. In this study, we focused on identifying AP isozyme types and their hormonal regulation, cell type, and event-specific expression and possible functions in the hamster uterus during the cycle and early pregnancy. Our RT-PCR and in situ hybridization studies demonstrated that among the known Akp2, Akp3, Akp5, and Akp6 murine AP isozyme genes, hamster uteri express only Akp2 and Akp6; both genes are co-expressed in luminal epithelial cells. Studies in cyclic and ovariectomized hamsters established that while progesterone (P₄) is the major uterine Akp2 inducer, both P₄ and estrogen are strong Akp6 regulators. Studies in preimplantation uteri showed induction of both genes and the activity of their encoded isozymes in luminal epithelial cells during uterine receptivity. However, at the beginning of implantation, Akp2 showed reduced expression in luminal epithelial cells surrounding the implanted embryo. By contrast, expression of Akp6 and its isozyme was maintained in luminal epithelial cells adjacent to, but not away from, the implanted embryo. Following implantation, stromal transformation to decidua was associated with induced expressions of only Akp2 and its isozyme. We next demonstrated that uterine APs dephosphorylate and detoxify endotoxin lipopolysaccharide at their sites of production and activity. Taken together, our findings suggest that uterine APs contribute to uterine receptivity, implantation, and decidualization in addition to their role in protection of the uterus and pregnancy against bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lei
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1125 Light Hall, 2215 B. Garland Avenue, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0656, USA and
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Linder CH, Englund UH, Narisawa S, Millán JL, Magnusson P. Isozyme profile and tissue-origin of alkaline phosphatases in mouse serum. Bone 2013; 53:399-408. [PMID: 23313280 PMCID: PMC3593980 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2012.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Mouse serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is frequently measured and interpreted in mammalian bone research. However, little is known about the circulating ALPs in mice and their relation to human ALP isozymes and isoforms. Mouse ALP was extracted from liver, kidney, intestine, and bone from vertebra, femur and calvaria tissues. Serum from mixed strains of wild-type (WT) mice and from individual ALP knockout strains were investigated, i.e., Alpl(-/-) (a.k.a. Akp2 encoding tissue-nonspecific ALP or TNALP), Akp3(-/-) (encoding duodenum-specific intestinal ALP or dIALP), and Alpi(-/-) (a.k.a. Akp6 encoding global intestinal ALP or gIALP). The ALP isozymes and isoforms were identified by various techniques and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. Results from the WT and knockout mouse models revealed identical bone-specific ALP isoforms (B/I, B1, and B2) as found in human serum, but in addition mouse serum contains the B1x isoform only detected earlier in patients with chronic kidney disease and in human bone tissue. The two murine intestinal isozymes, dIALP and gIALP, were also identified in mouse serum. All four bone-specific ALP isoforms (B/I, B1x, B1, and B2) were identified in mouse bones, in good correspondence with those found in human bones. All mouse tissues, except liver and colon, contained significant ALP activities. This is a notable difference as human liver contains vast amounts of ALP. Histochemical staining, Northern and Western blot analyses confirmed undetectable ALP expression in liver tissue. ALP activity staining showed some positive staining in the bile canaliculi for BALB/c and FVB/N WT mice, but not in C57Bl/6 and ICR mice. Taken together, while the main source of ALP in human serum originates from bone and liver, and a small fraction from intestine (<5%), mouse serum consists mostly of bone ALP, including all four isoforms, B/I, B1x, B1, and B2, and two intestinal ALP isozymes dIALP and gIALP. We suggest that the genetic nomenclature for the Alpl gene in mice (i.e., ALP liver) should be reconsidered since murine liver has undetectable amounts of ALP activity. These findings should pave the way for the development of user-friendly assays measuring circulating bone-specific ALP in mouse models used in bone and mineral research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Halling Linder
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, SE-581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ulrika H Englund
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, SE-581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Sonoko Narisawa
- Sanford Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - José Luis Millán
- Sanford Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Per Magnusson
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, SE-581 85 Linköping, Sweden
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Moss AK, Hamarneh SR, Mohamed MMR, Ramasamy S, Yammine H, Patel P, Kaliannan K, Alam SN, Muhammad N, Moaven O, Teshager A, Malo NS, Narisawa S, Millán JL, Warren HS, Hohmann E, Malo MS, Hodin RA. Intestinal alkaline phosphatase inhibits the proinflammatory nucleotide uridine diphosphate. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2013; 304:G597-604. [PMID: 23306083 PMCID: PMC3602687 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00455.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Uridine diphosphate (UDP) is a proinflammatory nucleotide implicated in inflammatory bowel disease. Intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) is a gut mucosal defense factor capable of inhibiting intestinal inflammation. We used the malachite green assay to show that IAP dephosphorylates UDP. To study the anti-inflammatory effect of IAP, UDP or other proinflammatory ligands (LPS, flagellin, Pam3Cys, or TNF-α) in the presence or absence of IAP were applied to cell cultures, and IL-8 was measured. UDP caused dose-dependent increase in IL-8 release by immune cells and two gut epithelial cell lines, and IAP treatment abrogated IL-8 release. Costimulation with UDP and other inflammatory ligands resulted in a synergistic increase in IL-8 release, which was prevented by IAP treatment. In vivo, UDP in the presence or absence of IAP was instilled into a small intestinal loop model in wild-type and IAP-knockout mice. Luminal contents were applied to cell culture, and cytokine levels were measured in culture supernatant and intestinal tissue. UDP-treated luminal contents induced more inflammation on target cells, with a greater inflammatory response to contents from IAP-KO mice treated with UDP than from WT mice. Additionally, UDP treatment increased TNF-α levels in intestinal tissue of IAP-KO mice, and cotreatment with IAP reduced inflammation to control levels. Taken together, these studies show that IAP prevents inflammation caused by UDP alone and in combination with other ligands, and the anti-inflammatory effect of IAP against UDP persists in mouse small intestine. The benefits of IAP in intestinal disease may be partly due to inhibition of the proinflammatory activity of UDP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela K. Moss
- 1Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;
| | - Sulaiman R. Hamarneh
- 1Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;
| | - Mussa M. Rafat Mohamed
- 1Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;
| | - Sundaram Ramasamy
- 1Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;
| | - Halim Yammine
- 1Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;
| | - Palak Patel
- 1Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;
| | - Kanakaraju Kaliannan
- 1Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;
| | - Sayeda N. Alam
- 1Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;
| | - Nur Muhammad
- 1Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;
| | - Omeed Moaven
- 1Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;
| | - Abeba Teshager
- 1Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;
| | - Nondita S. Malo
- 1Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;
| | - Sonoko Narisawa
- 2Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, California; and
| | - José Luis Millán
- 2Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, California; and
| | - H. Shaw Warren
- 3Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elizabeth Hohmann
- 3Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Madhu S. Malo
- 1Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;
| | - Richard A. Hodin
- 1Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;
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Bobkova EV, Kiffer-Moreira T, Sergienko EA. Modulators of intestinal alkaline phosphatase. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1053:135-144. [PMID: 23860652 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-562-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Small molecule modulators of phosphatases can lead to clinically useful drugs and serve as invaluable tools to study functional roles of various phosphatases in vivo. Here, we describe lead discovery strategies for identification of inhibitors and activators of intestinal alkaline phosphatases. To identify isozyme-selective inhibitors and activators of the human and mouse intestinal alkaline phosphatases, ultrahigh throughput chemiluminescent assays, utilizing CDP-Star as a substrate, were developed for murine intestinal alkaline phosphatase (mIAP), human intestinal alkaline phosphatase (hIAP), human placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP), and human tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) isozymes. Using these 1,536-well assays, concurrent HTS screens of the MLSMR library of 323,000 compounds were conducted for human and mouse IAP isozymes monitoring both inhibition and activation. This parallel screening approach led to identification of a novel inhibitory scaffold selective for murine intestinal alkaline phosphatase. SAR efforts based on parallel testing of analogs against different AP isozymes generated a potent inhibitor of the murine IAP with IC50 of 540 nM, at least 65-fold selectivity against human TNAP, and >185 selectivity against human PLAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina V Bobkova
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Yang Y, Wandler AM, Postlethwait JH, Guillemin K. Dynamic Evolution of the LPS-Detoxifying Enzyme Intestinal Alkaline Phosphatase in Zebrafish and Other Vertebrates. Front Immunol 2012; 3:314. [PMID: 23091474 PMCID: PMC3469785 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alkaline phosphatases (Alps) are well-studied enzymes that remove phosphates from a variety of substrates. Alps function in diverse biological processes, including modulating host-bacterial interactions by dephosphorylating the Gram-negative bacterial cell wall component lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In animals, Alps are encoded by multiple genes characterized by either ubiquitous expression (named Alpls for their liver expression, but a key to proper bone mineralization), or their tissue-specific expression, for example in the intestine (Alpi). We previously characterized a zebrafish alpi gene (renamed here alpi.1) that is regulated by Myd88-dependent innate immune signaling and that is required to prevent a host’s excessive inflammatory reactions to its resident microbiota. Here we report the characterization of two new alp genes in zebrafish, alpi.2 and alp3. To understand their origins, we investigated the phylogenetic history of Alp genes in animals. We find that vertebrate Alp genes are organized in three clades with one of these clades missing from the mammals. We present evidence that these three clades originated during the two vertebrate genome duplications. We show that alpl is ubiquitously expressed in zebrafish, as it is in mammals, whereas the other three alps are specific to the intestine. Our phylogenetic analysis reveals that in contrast to Alpl, which has been stably maintained as a single gene throughout the vertebrates, the Alpis have been lost and duplicated multiple times independently in vertebrate lineages, likely reflecting the rapid and dynamic evolution of vertebrate gut morphologies, driven by changes in bacterial associations and diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Yang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon Eugene, OR, USA
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Abstract
Ecto-nucleotidases play a pivotal role in purinergic signal transmission. They hydrolyze extracellular nucleotides and thus can control their availability at purinergic P2 receptors. They generate extracellular nucleosides for cellular reuptake and salvage via nucleoside transporters of the plasma membrane. The extracellular adenosine formed acts as an agonist of purinergic P1 receptors. They also can produce and hydrolyze extracellular inorganic pyrophosphate that is of major relevance in the control of bone mineralization. This review discusses and compares four major groups of ecto-nucleotidases: the ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases, ecto-5'-nucleotidase, ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterases, and alkaline phosphatases. Only recently and based on crystal structures, detailed information regarding the spatial structures and catalytic mechanisms has become available for members of these four ecto-nucleotidase families. This permits detailed predictions of their catalytic mechanisms and a comparison between the individual enzyme groups. The review focuses on the principal biochemical, cell biological, catalytic, and structural properties of the enzymes and provides brief reference to tissue distribution, and physiological and pathophysiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Zimmermann
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Biologicum, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Chen C, Sibley E. Expression profiling identifies novel gene targets and functions for Pdx1 in the duodenum of mature mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 302:G407-19. [PMID: 22135308 PMCID: PMC3287393 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00314.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factor pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (Pdx1) plays an essential role in the pancreas to regulate its development and maintain proper islet function. However, the functions of Pdx1 in mature small intestine are less known. We aimed to investigate the intestinal role of Pdx1 by profiling the expression of genes differentially regulated in response to inactivation of Pdx1 specifically in the intestinal epithelium. Pdx1 was conditionally inactivated in the intestinal epithelium of Pdx1(flox/flox);VilCre mice. Total RNA was isolated from the first 5 cm of the small intestine from mature Pdx1(flox/flox);VilCre and littermate control mice. Microarray analysis identified 86 probe sets representing 68 genes significantly upregulated or downregulated 1.5-fold or greater in Pdx(flox/flox);VilCre mice maintained under standard conditions. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis revealed that functions of the differentially expressed genes are significantly associated with metabolism of nutrients including lipids and iron. Network analysis examining the interactions among the differentially expressed genes further supports the notion that Pdx1 may modulate metabolism of lipids and iron from mature intestinal epithelium. Following forced oil feeding, Pdx1(flox/flox);VilCre mice showed diminished lipid staining in the duodenal epithelium and decreased serum triglyceride levels, indicating reduced lipid absorption compared with control duodenal epithelium. Blood samples from Pdx1(flox/flox);VilCre mice have significantly lower mean values for mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular hemoglobin, consistent with iron deficiency. The absence of nonheme iron in the villous epithelium and lamina propria of Pdx1(flox/flox);VilCre duodenum indicates that the duodenal epithelium lacking Pdx1 may have defects in importing iron through enterocytes, resulting in iron deficiency in Pdx1(flox/flox);VilCre mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin Chen
- Dept. of Pediatrics, Stanford Univ. School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5208, USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The intestinal mucosal barrier protects the body from the large numbers of microbes that inhabit the intestines and the molecules they release. Intestinal barrier function is impaired in humans with cystic fibrosis (CF), including reduced activity of the lipopolysaccharide-detoxifying enzyme intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) and increased permeability. The objective of this study was to determine the suitability of using the CF mouse to investigate intestinal barrier function, and whether interventions that are beneficial for the CF mouse intestinal phenotype (antibiotics or laxative), would improve barrier function. Also tested were the effects of exogenous IAP administration. MATERIALS AND METHODS The Cftr(tm1UNC) mouse was used. IAP expression (encoded by the murine Akp3 gene) was measured by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and enzyme activity. Intestinal permeability was assessed by measuring rhodamine-dextran plasma levels following gavage. RESULTS CF mice had 40% Akp3 mRNA expression and 30% IAP enzyme activity, as compared with wild-type mice. Oral antibiotics and laxative treatments normalized Akp3 expression and IAP enzyme activity in the CF intestine. CF mice had a 5-fold greater transfer of rhodamine-dextran from gut lumen to blood. Antibiotic and laxative treatments reduced intestinal permeability in CF mice. Administration of exogenous purified IAP to CF mice reduced intestinal permeability to wild-type levels and reduced small intestinal bacterial overgrowth by >80%. CONCLUSIONS The CF mouse intestine has impaired mucosal barrier function, similar to human CF. Interventions that improve other aspects of the CF intestinal phenotype (antibiotics and laxative) also increase IAP activity and decrease intestinal permeability in CF mice. Exogenous IAP improve permeability and strongly reduce bacterial overgrowth in CF mice, suggesting this may be a useful therapy for CF.
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Lynes M, Narisawa S, Millán JL, Widmaier EP. Interactions between CD36 and global intestinal alkaline phosphatase in mouse small intestine and effects of high-fat diet. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2011; 301:R1738-47. [PMID: 21900644 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00235.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms of the saturable component of long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) transport across the small intestinal epithelium and its regulation by a high-fat diet (HFD) are uncertain. It is hypothesized here that the putative fatty acid translocase/CD36 and intestinal alkaline phosphatases (IAPs) function together to optimize LCFA transport. Phosphorylated CD36 (pCD36) was expressed in mouse enterocytes and dephosphorylated by calf IAP (CIAP). Uptake of fluorescently tagged LCFA into isolated enteroctyes was increased when cells were treated with CIAP; this was blocked with a specific CD36 inhibitor. pCD36 colocalized in enterocytes with the global IAP (gIAP) isozyme and, specifically, coimmunoprecipitated with gIAP, but not the duodenal-specific isozyme (dIAP). Purified recombinant gIAP dephosphorylated immunoprecipitated pCD36, and antiserum to gIAP decreased initial LCFA uptake in enterocytes. Body weight, adiposity, and plasma leptin and triglycerides were significantly increased in HFD mice compared with controls fed a normal-fat diet. HFD significantly increased immunoreactive CD36 and gIAP, but not dIAP, in jejunum, but not duodenum. Uptake of LCFA was increased in a CD36-dependent manner in enterocytes from HFD mice. It is concluded that CD36 exists in its phosphorylated and dephosphorylated states in mouse enterocytes, that pCD36 is a substrate of gIAP, and that dephosphorylation by IAPs results in increased LCFA transport capability. HFD upregulates CD36 and gIAP in parallel and enhances CD36-dependent fatty acid uptake. The interactions between these proteins may be important for efficient fat transport in mouse intestine, but whether the changes in gIAP and CD36 in enterocytes contribute to HFD-induced obesity remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Lynes
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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Lynes MD, Widmaier EP. Involvement of CD36 and intestinal alkaline phosphatases in fatty acid transport in enterocytes, and the response to a high-fat diet. Life Sci 2011; 88:384-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2010.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Revised: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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HARAIKAWA M, SOGABE N, TANABE R, HOSOI T, GOSEKI-SONE M. Vitamin K1 (Phylloquinone) or Vitamin K2 (Menaquinone-4) Induces Intestinal Alkaline Phosphatase Gene Expression. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2011; 57:274-9. [DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.57.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Kermer V, Ritter M, Albuquerque B, Leib C, Stanke M, Zimmermann H. Knockdown of tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase impairs neural stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Neurosci Lett 2010; 485:208-11. [PMID: 20849921 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Revised: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In the adult mammalian brain the subependymal layer of the lateral ventricles houses neural stem cells giving rise to young neurons migrating towards the olfactory bulb. The molecular cues controlling essential functions within the neurogenesis pathway such as proliferation, short and long distance migration, differentiation and functional integration are poorly understood. Neural progenitors in situ express the tissue nonspecific form of alkaline phosphatase (TNAP), a cell surface-located nonspecific phosphomonoesterase capable of hydrolyzing extracellular nucleotides. To gain insight into the functional role of TNAP in cultured multipotent neural stem cells we applied a knockdown protocol using RNA interference with shRNA and retroviral infection. We show that TNAP knockdown reduces cell proliferation and differentiation into neurons or oligodendrocytes. This effect is abrogated by addition of alkaline phosphatase to the culture medium. Our results suggest that TNAP is essential for NSC proliferation and differentiation in vitro and possibly also in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Kermer
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Biocenter, J.W. Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
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Abstract
The diverse nature of intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) functions has remained elusive, and it is only recently that four additional major functions of IAP have been revealed. The present review analyzes the earlier literature on the dietary factors modulating IAP activity in light of these new findings. IAP regulates lipid absorption across the apical membrane of enterocytes, participates in the regulation of bicarbonate secretion and of duodenal surface pH, limits bacterial transepithelial passage, and finally controls bacterial endotoxin-induced inflammation by dephosphorylation, thus detoxifying intestinal lipopolysaccharide. Many dietary components, including fat, protein, and carbohydrate, modulate IAP expression or activity and may be combined to sustain a high level of IAP activity. In conclusion, IAP has a pivotal role in intestinal homeostasis and its activity could be increased through the diet. This is especially true in pathological situations (e.g., inflammatory bowel diseases) in which the involvement of commensal bacteria is suspected and when intestinal AP is too low to detoxify a sufficient amount of bacterial lipopolysaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Lallès
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1079 at Systèmes d'Elevage, Nutrition Animale et Humaine in Saint-Gilles, France.
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Chen KT, Malo MS, Moss AK, Zeller S, Johnson P, Ebrahimi F, Mostafa G, Alam SN, Ramasamy S, Warren HS, Hohmann EL, Hodin RA. Identification of specific targets for the gut mucosal defense factor intestinal alkaline phosphatase. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2010; 299:G467-75. [PMID: 20489044 PMCID: PMC2928538 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00364.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) is a small intestinal brush border enzyme that has been shown to function as a gut mucosal defense factor, but its precise mechanism of action remains unclear. We investigated the effects of IAP on specific bacteria and bacterial components to determine its molecular targets. Purulent fluid from a cecal ligation and puncture model, specific live and heat-killed bacteria (Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes), and a variety of proinflammatory ligands (LPS, CpG DNA, Pam-3-Cys, flagellin, and TNF) were incubated with or without calf IAP (cIAP). Phosphate release was determined by using a malachite green assay. The various fluids were applied to target cells (THP-1, parent HT-29, and IAP-expressing HT-29 cells) and IL-8 secretion measured by ELISA. cIAP inhibited IL-8 induction by purulent fluid in THP-1 cells by >35% (P < 0.005). HT29-IAP cells had a reduced IL-8 response specifically to gram-negative bacteria; >90% reduction compared with parent cells (P < 0.005). cIAP had no effect on live bacteria but attenuated IL-8 induction by heat-killed bacteria by >40% (P < 0.005). cIAP exposure to LPS and CpG DNA caused phosphate release and reduced IL-8 in cell culture by >50% (P < 0.005). Flagellin exposure to cIAP also resulted in reduced IL-8 secretion by >40% (P < 0.005). In contrast, cIAP had no effect on TNF or Pam-3-Cys. The mechanism of IAP action appears to be through dephosphorylation of specific bacterial components, including LPS, CpG DNA, and flagellin, and not on live bacteria themselves. IAP likely targets these bacterially derived molecules in its role as a gut mucosal defense factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn T. Chen
- 1Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; ,2Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and
| | - Madhu S. Malo
- 1Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston;
| | - Angela K. Moss
- 1Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston;
| | - Skye Zeller
- 3Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Paul Johnson
- 3Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Farzad Ebrahimi
- 1Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston;
| | - Golam Mostafa
- 1Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston;
| | - Sayeda N. Alam
- 1Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston;
| | - Sundaram Ramasamy
- 1Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston;
| | - H. Shaw Warren
- 3Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elizabeth L. Hohmann
- 3Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Richard A. Hodin
- 1Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston;
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Chung TD, Sergienko E, Millán JL. Assay format as a critical success factor for identification of novel inhibitor chemotypes of tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase from high-throughput screening. Molecules 2010; 15:3010-37. [PMID: 20657462 PMCID: PMC3392958 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15053010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Revised: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) isozyme is centrally involved in the control of normal skeletal mineralization and pathophysiological abnormalities that lead to disease states such as hypophosphatasia, osteoarthritis, ankylosis and vascular calcification. TNAP acts in concert with the nucleoside triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase-1 (NPP1) and the Ankylosis protein to regulate the extracellular concentrations of inorganic pyrophosphate (PP(i)), a potent inhibitor of mineralization. In this review we describe the serial development of two miniaturized high-throughput screens (HTS) for TNAP inhibitors that differ in both signal generation and detection formats, but more critically in the concentrations of a terminal alcohol acceptor used. These assay improvements allowed the rescue of the initially unsuccessful screening campaign against a large small molecule chemical library, but moreover enabled the discovery of several unique classes of molecules with distinct mechanisms of action and selectivity against the related placental (PLAP) and intestinal (IAP) alkaline phosphatase isozymes. This illustrates the underappreciated impact of the underlying fundamental assay configuration on screening success, beyond mere signal generation and detection formats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D.Y. Chung
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; E-Mails: (T.D.Y.C.); (E.S.)
| | - Eduard Sergienko
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; E-Mails: (T.D.Y.C.); (E.S.)
| | - José Luis Millán
- Sanford Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Lanier M, Sergienko E, Simão AM, Su Y, Chung T, Millán JL, Cashman JR. Design and synthesis of selective inhibitors of placental alkaline phosphatase. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:573-9. [PMID: 20031422 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2009] [Revised: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 12/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Placental Alkaline Phosphatase (PLAP) is a tissue-restricted isozyme of the Alkaline Phosphatase (AP) superfamily. PLAP is an oncodevelopmental enzyme expressed during pregnancy and in a variety of human cancers, but its biological function remains unknown. We report here a series of catechol compounds with great affinity for the PLAP isozyme and significant selectivity over other members of the AP superfamily. These selective PLAP inhibitors will provide small molecule probes for the study of the pathophysiological role of PLAP.
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Chen C, Fang R, Davis C, Maravelias C, Sibley E. Pdx1 inactivation restricted to the intestinal epithelium in mice alters duodenal gene expression in enterocytes and enteroendocrine cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2009; 297:G1126-37. [PMID: 19808654 PMCID: PMC2850094 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.90586.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Null mutant mice lacking the transcription factor pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (Pdx1) are apancreatic and survive only a few days after birth. The role of Pdx1 in regulating intestinal gene expression has therefore yet to be determined in viable mice with normal pancreatic development. We hypothesized that conditional inactivation of Pdx1 restricted to the intestinal epithelium would alter intestinal gene expression and cell differentiation. Pdx1(flox/flox);VilCre mice with intestine-specific Pdx1 inactivation were generated by crossing a transgenic mouse strain expressing Cre recombinase, driven by a mouse villin 1 gene promoter fragment, with a mutant mouse strain homozygous for loxP site-flanked Pdx1. Pdx1 protein is undetectable in all epithelial cells in the intestinal epithelium of Pdx1(flox/flox);VilCre mice. Goblet cell number and mRNA abundance for mucin 3 and mucin 13 genes in the proximal small intestine are comparable between Pdx1(flox/flox);VilCre and control mice. Similarly, Paneth cell number and expression of Paneth cell-related genes Defa1, Defcr-rs1, and Mmp7 in the proximal small intestine remain statistically unchanged by Pdx1 inactivation. Although the number of enteroendocrine cells expressing chromogranin A/B, gastric inhibitory polypeptide (Gip), or somatostatin (Sst) is unaffected in the Pdx1(flox/flox);VilCre mice, mRNA abundance for Gip and Sst is significantly reduced in the proximal small intestine. Conditional Pdx1 inactivation attenuates intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) activity in the duodenal epithelium, consistent with an average 91% decrease in expression of the mouse enterocyte IAP gene, alkaline phosphatase 3 (a novel Pdx1 target candidate), in the proximal small intestine following Pdx1 inactivation. We conclude that Pdx1 is necessary for patterning appropriate gene expression in enterocytes and enteroendocrine cells of the proximal small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin Chen
- Stanford Univ. School of Medicine, CA 94305-5208, USA.
| | - Rixun Fang
- 1Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and
| | - Corrine Davis
- 2Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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