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Bakhurji E. PARENTAL EDUCATION, CARIES EXPERIENCE, PLAQUE ACCUMULATION, AND Mutans Streptococci COUNT MAY PREDICT THE INCREMENT OF EARLY CHILDHOOD CARIES IN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN OVER 24 MONTHS. J Evid Based Dent Pract 2024; 24:101961. [PMID: 38448123 DOI: 10.1016/j.jebdp.2023.101961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
ARTICLE TITLE AND BIBLIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION RISK PREDICTORS OF EARLY CHILDHOOD CARIES INCREMENT-A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS. Lam PPY, Chua H, Ekambaram M, Lo ECM, Yiu CKY. J Evid Based Dent Pract. 2022 Sep;22(3):101732. SOURCE OF FUNDING Government TYPE OF STUDY/DESIGN: Systematic review with meta-analysis of data.
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Spatafora G, Li Y, He X, Cowan A, Tanner ACR. The Evolving Microbiome of Dental Caries. Microorganisms 2024; 12:121. [PMID: 38257948 PMCID: PMC10819217 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Dental caries is a significant oral and public health problem worldwide, especially in low-income populations. The risk of dental caries increases with frequent intake of dietary carbohydrates, including sugars, leading to increased acidity and disruption of the symbiotic diverse and complex microbial community of health. Excess acid production leads to a dysbiotic shift in the bacterial biofilm composition, demineralization of tooth structure, and cavities. Highly acidic and acid-tolerant species associated with caries include Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus, Actinomyces, Bifidobacterium, and Scardovia species. The differences in microbiotas depend on tooth site, extent of carious lesions, and rate of disease progression. Metagenomics and metatranscriptomics not only reveal the structure and genetic potential of the caries-associated microbiome, but, more importantly, capture the genetic makeup of the metabolically active microbiome in lesion sites. Due to its multifactorial nature, caries has been difficult to prevent. The use of topical fluoride has had a significant impact on reducing caries in clinical settings, but the approach is costly; the results are less sustainable for high-caries-risk individuals, especially children. Developing treatment regimens that specifically target S. mutans and other acidogenic bacteria, such as using nanoparticles, show promise in altering the cariogenic microbiome, thereby combatting the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Spatafora
- Biology and Program in Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT 05753, USA
| | - Yihong Li
- Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;
| | - Xuesong He
- ADA-Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA;
| | - Annie Cowan
- The Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Mathew MG, Jeevanandan G, Maganur PC, Tamah AA, Ayyashi YA, Tawhari AI, Vishwanathaiah S. Evaluation of Risk Factors associated with Caries Development after Full-mouth Rehabilitation for Early Childhood Caries Under General Anesthesia. J Contemp Dent Pract 2024; 25:85-91. [PMID: 38514437 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-3600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the risk factors associated with caries development after full-mouth rehabilitation for early childhood caries (ECC) under general anesthesia. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 100 children diagnosed with ECC requiring full-mouth rehabilitation under general anesthesia were recruited for the study. At baseline, caries status, plaque index, Streptococcus mutans count, and Lactobacillus count were evaluated. The risk assessment for caries was evaluated using a cariogram. Children were recalled after 12 months for evaluation. All children returned for the recall and data was recorded at the recall visit. Children were grouped into caries-free or caries recurrent based on the absence or presence of caries. Chi-square tests and student's t-test were used for statistical analysis using the statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS), version 23. RESULTS All 100 children returned for follow-up. 76% of the children developed new carious lesions in a period of 1 year. A statistically significant association between caries recurrence and S. mutans count and caries risk assessment (CRA) score was found (p < 0.001). No significant associations were seen between parental education levels and the oral health practices of the child. CONCLUSION Children treated under full-mouth rehabilitation for ECC under general anesthesia are at risk for developing new carious lesions after treatment. New carious lesions are strongly correlated with the presence of S. mutans, and high cariographic risk scores serve as an indication of future caries. Early childhood caries may be avoided if children are more diligent in practicing good dental hygiene. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Relapse of caries after full-mouth rehabilitation under general anesthesia can affect the quality of life of children. Preventive measures should be initiated and reinforced to prevent the occurrence of new carious lesions after full-mouth rehabilitation. How to cite this article: Mathew MG, Jeevanandan G, Maganur PC, et al. Evaluation of Risk Factors associated with Caries Development after Full-mouth Rehabilitation for Early Childhood Caries Under General Anesthesia. J Contemp Dent Pract 2024;25(1):85-91.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mebin George Mathew
- Department of Pediatrics and Preventive Dentistry, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ganesh Jeevanandan
- Department of Pediatrics and Preventive Dentistry, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, Phone: +91 9884293869, e-mail:
| | - Prabhadevi C Maganur
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, Division of Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Ali Tamah
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry College of Denistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yaqoub Ahmed Ayyashi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry College of Denistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Satish Vishwanathaiah
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, Division of Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
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Zhou S, He TC, Zhang Y, Zhang H. Comparison of the main pathogenic microorganisms of various common oral diseases in children and adults. Pediatr Discov 2023; 1:e35. [PMID: 38371743 PMCID: PMC10874635 DOI: 10.1002/pdi3.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
The microorganisms in the human body gradually change and maintain a dynamic balance with the development of physiology and pathology. Oral microbiota is one of the most important microbiota in human body. It is not only closely related to the occurrence and development of oral diseases, but also plays an important role in the overall health. In childhood, the population of oral microorganisms is relatively small, but with the growth of age and tooth development, the species and quantity of oral microorganisms are gradually increasing. Different oral diseases also have their corresponding main microorganisms, and these dominant microorganisms change at different stages of the disease. In this review, we summarized and compared the main pathogenic microorganisms of several common oral diseases in children and adults. In addition, the possible association and difference between adults and children of the main pathogenic microorganisms in different stages of the same or different diseases are also discussed in order to provide research data for the development and diagnosis of common oral diseases in children and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Zhou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tong-Chuan He
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Manchanda S, Sardana D, Peng S, Lo ECM, Yiu CKY. Effect of fluoride varnishes on oral bacteria of preschool children with cavitated and non-cavitated carious lesions: randomized clinical trial. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18543. [PMID: 37899469 PMCID: PMC10613626 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45636-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We compare the effect of calcium and phosphate-containing sodium fluoride (NaF) varnishes to conventional NaF varnish on S. mutans and L. fermentum counts. 3-4 years old children were grouped according to their caries status (n = 45 each): caries-free, with non-cavitated and with cavitated lesions. Each group was randomly subdivided (n = 15 each) into: Group 1- 5% NaF, Group 2- 5% NaF with tricalcium phosphate, Group 3- 5% NaF with casein phosphopeptide- amorphous calcium phosphate. Biofilm and saliva were collected to quantify microorganisms at baseline (T1) and 24-months (T2). Differences between groups were compared using Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by Dunn-Bonferroni post-test, at 0.0167 α-level. Significant difference was found for percentage of children with detectable biofilm L. fermentum (p = 0.013) at T1 and salivary S. mutans (p = 0.011) at T2. Percentage of children increased from T1 to T2 in Group 2 with salivary S. mutans (p = 0.007), salivary L. fermentum (p = 0.035), and biofilm L. fermentum (p = 0.019) and in Group 3 with salivary L. fermentum (p = 0.035). Bacterial change was not significant in both samples of intervention groups, except increase in salivary S. mutans (p = 0.038) in Group 3. Both calcium- and phosphate-containing NaF varnishes demonstrated similar antibacterial effect on S. mutans and L. fermentum compared to conventional NaF varnish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheetal Manchanda
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, S.A.R, People's Republic of China
| | - Divesh Sardana
- University of Oklahoma College of Dentistry, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Simin Peng
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R, People's Republic of China
| | - Edward C M Lo
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R, People's Republic of China
| | - Cynthia K Y Yiu
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, S.A.R, People's Republic of China.
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Shi W, Tian J, Xu H, Qin M. Microbial Relationship of Carious Deciduous Molars and Adjacent First Permanent Molars. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2461. [PMID: 37894119 PMCID: PMC10609437 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Epidemiological studies have shown that deciduous molar caries are related to and more severe than permanent molar caries. This study aimed to investigate whether caries subtypes in deciduous molars were associated with caries in first permanent molars and to explore taxonomic and functional profiles of the microbiota involved in different subtypes. (2) 42 mixed-dentition children were recruited and were divided into DMC (carious deciduous molars but caries-free first permanent molars; n = 14), C (carious deciduous and first permanent molars; n = 13), and control (n = 15) groups. Metagenomic sequencing was performed for supragingival plaque samples obtained separately from deciduous and first permanent molars. (3) The microbiota of deciduous molars in the DMC and C groups differed not only in species-based beta diversity but also in compositional and functional profiles. In the C group-like subtype, 14 caries-related species and potential pathways were identified that could be responsible for the caries relationship between the deciduous and permanent molars. In the DMC group-like subtype, the overall functional structure, the levels of Leptotrichia wadei, Streptococcus anginosus, and Stomatobaculum longum and KOs in sugar transporters and fermentation, quorum sensing, and TCA cycle in their first permanent molars surprisingly resembled those of the C group rather than the control group. This suggested that these clinically sound first permanent molars were at a greater risk for caries. (4) Classification of deciduous molar caries according to the microbiota could serve as a caries risk predictor for adjacent first permanent molars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Shi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing 100081, China; (W.S.); (J.T.); (H.X.)
- Department of Stomatology, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Jing Tian
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing 100081, China; (W.S.); (J.T.); (H.X.)
| | - He Xu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing 100081, China; (W.S.); (J.T.); (H.X.)
| | - Man Qin
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing 100081, China; (W.S.); (J.T.); (H.X.)
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Cui X, Xu L, Qi K, Lan H. Effects of Tea Polyphenols and Theaflavins on Three Oral Cariogenic Bacteria. Molecules 2023; 28:6034. [PMID: 37630286 PMCID: PMC10458778 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28166034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to investigate the antibacterial mechanism of tea polyphenols and theaflavins against oral cariogenic bacteria, the pH value of the culture medium, the number of bacteria adhering to the smooth glass tube wall, and the electrical conductivity value within 10 h were measured, respectively. The effects of four concentrations of tea polyphenols and theaflavins below the MIC value were studied on acid production, adhesion, and electrical conductivity of oral cariogenic bacteria. The live/dead staining method was used to observe the effects of four concentrations of tea polyphenols and theaflavins below the MIC value on the biofilm formation of oral cariogenic bacteria under a laser scanning confocal microscope. With the increase in concentrations of tea polyphenols and theaflavins, the acid production and adhesion of the cariogenic bacteria gradually decreased, and the conductivity gradually increased. However, the conductivity increase was not significant (p < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the 1/2MIC and 1/4MIC tea polyphenols and theaflavins treatments significantly reduced the biomass of the cariogenic biofilm (p < 0.05). The confocal laser scanning microscope showed that the integrated optical density of green fluorescence of the cariogenic biofilm gradually decreased with the increase in agent concentration after the action of tea polyphenols and theaflavins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Cui
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali 671000, China
- College of Fundamentals and Pharmacy, Yunnan Medical Health College, Anning 650300, China
| | - Lei Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali 671000, China
| | - Kezhen Qi
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali 671000, China
| | - Hai Lan
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali 671000, China
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Slavkin HC, Dubois PA, Kleinman DV, Fuccillo R. Science-Informed Health Policies for Oral and Systemic Health. J Healthc Leadersh 2023; 15:43-57. [PMID: 36960302 PMCID: PMC10028303 DOI: 10.2147/jhl.s363657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral, dental and craniofacial (ODC) health has a profound impact on general health and welfare throughout life, yet US dentists and physicians operate across misaligned silos. This protracted division limits access to optimal health, supports fee for services, and exacerbates health disparities. Early in the 20th century, the most frequent dental therapy was tooth extraction: removed infected teeth were substituted by prosthetic appliances - commonly, dentures or nothing. Most adults assumed becoming edentulous was a normal corollary of aging. With the discovery of penicillin and other antibiotics, healthcare professionals and policy makers predicted infectious diseases would become irrelevant. However, given numerous health threats, including SARS-CoV-2, HIV, multidrug-resistant bacteria, Zika virus, Ebola virus, and now monkeypox, public and professional awareness of transmissible infectious diseases has never been more evident. Ironically, little attention has been paid to unmet transmissible, infectious, common oral diseases - dental caries and periodontal diseases. Therefore, these persist within "the silent and invisible epidemic". The preventable death of a young boy in 2007 from an infected untreated tooth that produced bacterial meningitis is a profound reminder that our nation has vast inequities in education, health, and welfare. The impact of oral infections on hospital-acquired pneumonia, post-operative infection in cardiac valve surgery, and even academic performances of disadvantaged children displayed through sociodemographic characteristics and access to care determinants also are profound! This paper asserts that current and emerging ODC health knowledge and science will inform health policies and advance equity in access to care, affordable costs, and optimal healthcare outcomes. We recommend that legal and regulatory systems and public health programs be required to ensure health equity. A fair healthcare system that addresses holistic healthcare must be transparent, accessible, integrated and provide a standard of oral healthcare based upon scientific evidence for all people across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold C Slavkin
- Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Peter A Dubois
- California Dental Association, California Dental Association Holding Company, Inc., Sacramento, California, USA
| | | | - Ralph Fuccillo
- Cambridge Concord Associates, Stoneham, Massachusetts, USA
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Villhauer A, Zhu M, Shi W, Xie XJ, Hughes P, Lesch A, Weber-Gasparoni K, Kolker J, Drake D, Banas JA. Role of mutans streptococci, acid tolerant bacteria and oral Candida species in predicting the onset of early childhood caries. Front Dent Med 2023; 4:991746. [PMID: 38188893 PMCID: PMC10768932 DOI: 10.3389/fdmed.2023.991746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim Early childhood caries is the most common chronic infectious disease in children in the United States. This study, which is part of a larger, longitudinal study exploring oral microbiological components of caries development in children, reports on the impact of total mutans streptococci (MS), total acid tolerant bacteria and Candida species on the development of dental caries in a subset of these children. Of particular interest was the relationship between caries development and co-colonization of mutans streptococci and Candida species. Methods Children between the ages of 12 and 47 months displaying no evidence of dental caries were recruited for a longitudinal study (n = 130). Twelve age- and gender-matched pairs were selected. In each pair, one child developed caries during the study, and one did not. Whole mouth plaque samples were collected by swab at baseline and every 6 months thereafter for a duration of 18 months and spiral plated for microbial counts (CFU/ml). Cut-offs based on percent of total cultivable flora were designated for all microbial measures. A scoring system designated the Plaque Microbial Index (PMI) was developed for use in statistical analyses to assess potential predictive factors for caries risk assessment. Results Children who developed caries were significantly more likely to harbor higher percentages of acid tolerant bacteria (p = 0.003), MS (p < 0.001) and have Candida species present (p < 0.001) at ≥1 visit leading up to caries onset. Mean PMI scores derived from the aforementioned microbial measures, were higher for caries active children than caries free children (p = 0.000147). Co-colonization of MS and Candida species was significantly associated with caries development (p < 0.001) and detection of both at the same visit had a 100% positive predictive value and 60% negative predictive value for caries development. Conclusion In children who developed caries, there was a statistically significant association with the percent of total flora that was acid tolerant, the percent of MS, the presence of Candida and co-colonization of MS and Candida species. Combining these microbial measures into PMI scores further delineated children who developed caries from those who remained caries-free. These microbiological measures show potential as predictive factors and risk assessment tools for caries development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alissa Villhauer
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, University of Iowa College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Min Zhu
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, University of Iowa College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Wei Shi
- Division of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Iowa College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Xian Jin Xie
- Division of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Iowa College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Pamella Hughes
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, University of Iowa College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Amy Lesch
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Iowa College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Karin Weber-Gasparoni
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Iowa College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Justine Kolker
- Department of Operative Dentistry, University of Iowa College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - David Drake
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, University of Iowa College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Jeffrey A. Banas
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, University of Iowa College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, Iowa City, IA, United States
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Cavazana TP, Hosida TY, Sampaio C, de Morais LA, Monteiro DR, Pessan JP, Delbem ACB. The Activity of Calcium Glycerophosphate and Fluoride against Cariogenic Biofilms of Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans Formed In Vitro. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12. [PMID: 36830332 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of calcium glycerophosphate (CaGP), with or without fluoride (F), on dual-species biofilms of Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans. The biofilms were treated three times with 0.125, 0.25, and 0.5% CaGP solutions, with or without 500 ppm F (NaF). Additionally, 500 and 1100 ppm F-solutions and artificial saliva served as controls. After the final treatment, the microbial viability and biofilm structure, metabolic activity, total biomass production, and the composition of the extracellular matrix composition were analyzed. Regardless of the presence of F, 0.25 and 0.5% CaGP promoted a higher biomass production and metabolic activity increase than the controls (p < 0.05). F-free CaGP solutions reduced bacterial cell population significantly more than the 500 ppm F group or the negative control (p < 0.05). All the groups reduced the proteins, and 0.5% CaGP combined with F led to the highest reduction in the carbohydrate and nucleic acids content of the extracellular matrix (p < 0.05). It can be concluded that CaGP alone affected the number of bacterial cells and, when combined with F, reduced its production of biomass, metabolic activity, and the expression of the extracellular matrix components.
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Wu L, Ma B, Yu F, Ma Z, Meng Q, Li Z, Zhou H. Salivary microbiome diversity in Chinese children with various caries states. Clin Oral Investig 2023; 27:773-85. [PMID: 36538092 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-022-04825-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore oral microbiome diversity among children with various caries status based on dmft scores. METHODS A total of 320 children aged 3-5 years were recruited, with 66 healthy children and 254 children affected by dental caries. According to dmft scores, these children with dental caries were classified as "mild group" (dmft score 1-3), "moderate group" (dmft score 4-6), and "severe group" (dmft score 7-14). Healthy children with dmft score of 0 served as control group. Illumina MiSeq sequencing was employed to analyze all salivary samples collected from these children. RESULTS The salivary microbial diversity among four groups was similar (p > 0.05). A total of five bacterial genera were highly abundant in the control group including Bergeyella, Acidimicrobiales, Acidimicrobiia, Halomonas, and Blautia (p < 0.05). For mild group, there were nine bacterial genera identified to be predominant: Porphyromonadaceae, Porphyromonas, Enterobacteriales, Enterobacteriaceae, Weissella, Leuconostocaceae, Alphaproteobacteria, Stenotrophomonas, and Rhizobiales (p < 0.05). Only one genus, Aggregatibacter was predominant in moderate group (p < 0.05). There were six bacterial genera (Alistipes, Lachnoclostridium, Escherichia-Shigella, Romboutsia, Sphingomonadales, and Denitratisoma) enriched in severe group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Oral microbial profile was different in children with various caries status based on dmft scores. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The results might be beneficial to deeply understand microbiological diversity of early childhood caries (ECC) at various stages and inform effective strategies for ECC prevention.
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Kim CH, Bae K, Lee TY, Song JS, Kim SO, Kang CM. Assessment of dental caries lesion activity status using quantitative parameters obtained from the quantitative light-induced fluorescence method and difference of microbial distribution in primary molars. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 39:102942. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.102942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Alkhars N, Zeng Y, Alomeir N, Al Jallad N, Wu T, Aboelmagd S, Youssef M, Jang H, Fogarty C, Xiao J. Oral Candida Predicts Streptococcus mutans Emergence in Underserved US Infants. J Dent Res 2022; 101:54-62. [PMID: 34018817 PMCID: PMC8721728 DOI: 10.1177/00220345211012385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the cariogenic role of Candida suggested from recent studies, oral Candida acquisition in children at high risk for early childhood caries (ECC) and its association with cariogenic bacteria Streptococcus mutans remain unclear. Although ECC disproportionately afflicts socioeconomically disadvantaged and racial-minority children, microbiological studies focusing on the underserved group are scarce. Our prospective cohort study examined the oral colonization of Candida and S. mutans among 101 infants exclusively from a low-income and racial-minority background in the first year of life. The Cox hazard proportional model was fitted to assess factors associated with the time to event of the emergence of oral Candida and S. mutans. Oral Candida colonization started as early as 1 wk among 13% of infants, increased to 40% by 2 mo, escalated to 48% by 6 mo, and remained the same level until 12 mo. S. mutans in saliva was detected among 20% infants by 12 mo. The emergence of S. mutans by year 1 was 3.5 times higher (hazard ratio [HR], 3.5; confidence interval [CI], 1.1-11.3) in infants who had early colonization of oral Candida compared to those who were free of oral Candida (P = 0.04) and 3 times higher (HR, 3.0; CI, 1.3-6.9) among infants whose mother had more than 3 decayed teeth (P = 0.01), even after adjusting demographics, feeding, mother's education, and employment status. Infants' salivary S. mutans abundance was positively correlated with infants' Candida albicans (P < 0.01) and Candida krusei levels (P < 0.05). Infants' oral colonization of C. albicans was positively associated with mother's oral C. albicans carriage and education (P < 0.01) but negatively associated with mother's employment status (P = 0.01). Future studies are warranted to examine whether oral Candida modulates the oral bacterial community as a whole to become cariogenic during the onset and progression of ECC, which could lead to developing novel ECC predictive and preventive strategies from a fungal perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Alkhars
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Y. Zeng
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA,Department of Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - N. Alomeir
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - N. Al Jallad
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - T.T. Wu
- Department of Biostatistics and computational biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - S. Aboelmagd
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - M. Youssef
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - H. Jang
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - C. Fogarty
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - J. Xiao
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA,J. Xiao, Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester, 625 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY 14620, USA.
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14
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Brown MC, Hastie E, Shumake C, Waters B, Sidonio RF. Dental habits and oral health in children and adolescents with bleeding disorders: A single-institution cross-sectional study. Haemophilia 2021; 28:73-79. [PMID: 34800346 DOI: 10.1111/hae.14457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oral health is an important component of care at haemophilia treatment centres (HTCs). Correlations between oral health and inflammation suggest that proper oral health may improve joint health. AIM To evaluate the dental habits, needs, and oral health status of paediatric patients with bleeding disorders, and identify predicters of poor oral health. METHODS From May 2016 to October 2017, consecutive paediatric HTC patients completed a 14-question survey and were examined by dental professionals. Descriptive analyses, chi-square tests and logistic regression models identified characteristics associated with four main dental outcomes. RESULTS Evaluations from 226 consecutive patients (age 1-20 years) were included. Diagnoses included haemophilia A and B (64%), von Willebrand disease (25%) and other bleeding disorders (13%). Nearly half of patients reported not brushing their teeth twice a day (44%). One-quarter of patients did not currently have a dentist (27%), and 15% reported specific challenges with access to dental care. Oral screening demonstrated significant pathology: 89% of patients had plaque accumulation, 37% had gingivitis and 8% had lesions suggestive of dental caries. Multivariate analysis revealed that having a primary caregiver with active decay was associated with significantly higher rates of suspicious lesions (OR 4.34, CI 1.41-13.35) and gingival erythema (OR 3.44, CI 1.63-7.25) and lower rates of twice daily teeth brushing (OR .17, CI .08-.37). CONCLUSION Children with bleeding disorders commonly have significant dental pathology and report obstacles to dental care, posing the potential risk for morbidity. Primary caregiver dental health is strongly associated with dental pathology in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan C Brown
- Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Carol Shumake
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA.,West Georgia Family Dentistry, Douglasville, GA, USA
| | | | - Robert F Sidonio
- Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
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15
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Liu Y, Meng Y, Wu M, Zhang Q. A Two-Year Longitudinal Study of the Effectiveness of the CRT ® Bacteria Test in Evaluating Caries Risk in Three-Year-Old Children. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2021; 2021:7488855. [PMID: 34659437 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7488855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective To study the correlation between the level of infection with Streptococcus mutans (SM) and lactobacilli (LB) in saliva with existing status and the development of primary dental caries in 3-year-old children and to evaluate the results of CRT® bacteria as a Caries Risk Test. Methods A total of 140 3-year-old children were selected for the study. Oral examination was conducted and the levels of infection with SM and LB in saliva were measured using a CRT® bacteria test. Oral reexamination was conducted after two years. The prevalence rate of caries, the decayed-missing-filled tooth (dmft) and decayed-missing-filled surface (dmfs) indices, and Caries Severity Index (CSI) were calculated at the start and end of the two years. The indices were statistically analyzed. Results The caries prevalence rate, dmft, dmfs, and CSI increased with increasing levels of CRT-SM and CRT-LB at the start and end of the two years; the increases in dmft, dmfs, and CSI over the period were consistent with the increases in CRT-SM and CRT-LB levels, with all differences being highly statistically significant. The increase in caries prevalence rate over the two years was not statistically different for different CRT-SM and CRT-LB levels. CRT-SM and CRT-LB levels were highly positively correlated with dmft, dmfs, CSI and their increases over the two years. Levels of infection with oral SM and LB were found to be independent risk factors for primary dental caries, respectively. For an SM concentration in saliva of ≥104 CFU/mL and an LB concentration of <104 CFU/mL, the risk of caries increased by approximately 2.8-fold. When the concentration of LB in saliva was ≥104 CFU/mL and that of SM <104 CFU/mL, the risk of caries increased by approximately 3.9-fold. When the concentration of both SM and LB was ≥104 CFU/mL, the risk increased by approximately 10.9-fold. Conclusions Significant positive correlations were found between the level of infection with oral SM and LB and existing oral decay status and the trend in the development of primary dental caries. Infection with SM and LB significantly increased the risk of caries in primary teeth. The CRT® bacteria is a simple, convenient, reliable, and effective Caries Risk Test.
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16
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Cavazana TP, Hosida TY, Sampaio C, de Morais LA, Monteiro DR, Pessan JP, Delbem ACB. Calcium glycerophosphate and fluoride affect the pH and inorganic composition of dual-species biofilms of Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans. J Dent 2021; 115:103844. [PMID: 34637893 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2021.103844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study evaluated the influence of calcium glycerophosphate (CaGP), combined with or without fluoride (F), on the pH and concentrations of F, Ca, and P of dual-species biofilms of Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans, with or without exposure to sucrose. METHODS The biofilms (n = 9) received three treatments (72, 78, and 96 h after the start of their formation) at three CaGP concentrations (0.125, 0.25, or 0.5%), with or without F at 500 ppm (as NaF). Solutions containing 500 and 1100 ppm F and artificial saliva were also tested as controls. Biofilm pH was measured, and the concentrations of F, Ca, P, and CaGP were determined (solid and fluid phases). In a parallel experiment, after the third treatment, the treated biofilms were exposed to a sucrose solution, and the pH of the medium, F, Ca, P, and CaGP was determined. Data were subjected to two-way ANOVA, followed by Fisher's LSD test (p < 0.05). RESULTS Treatment with CaGP and 500 ppm F led to the highest pH values and F and Ca concentrations in the biofilm biomass, both with and without sucrose exposure. CaGP without F led to higher Ca and P concentrations in the biofilm fluid. CONCLUSIONS CaGP increased F, Ca, and P concentrations in the biofilm, and its presence promoted an increase in the pH of the medium, even after exposure to sucrose. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The present results elucidate the mechanism by which CaGP and F act on biofilms, further interfering with dental caries dynamics.
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17
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Wu TT, Xiao J, Sohn MB, Fiscella KA, Gilbert C, Grier A, Gill AL, Gill SR. Machine Learning Approach Identified Multi-Platform Factors for Caries Prediction in Child-Mother Dyads. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:727630. [PMID: 34490147 PMCID: PMC8417465 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.727630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Untreated tooth decays affect nearly one third of the world and is the most prevalent disease burden among children. The disease progression of tooth decay is multifactorial and involves a prolonged decrease in pH, resulting in the demineralization of tooth surfaces. Bacterial species that are capable of fermenting carbohydrates contribute to the demineralization process by the production of organic acids. The combined use of machine learning and 16s rRNA sequencing offers the potential to predict tooth decay by identifying the bacterial community that is present in an individual’s oral cavity. A few recent studies have demonstrated machine learning predictive modeling using 16s rRNA sequencing of oral samples, but they lack consideration of the multifactorial nature of tooth decay, as well as the role of fungal species within their models. Here, the oral microbiome of mother–child dyads (both healthy and caries-active) was used in combination with demographic–environmental factors and relevant fungal information to create a multifactorial machine learning model based on the LASSO-penalized logistic regression. For the children, not only were several bacterial species found to be caries-associated (Prevotella histicola, Streptococcus mutans, and Rothia muciloginosa) but also Candida detection and lower toothbrushing frequency were also caries-associated. Mothers enrolled in this study had a higher detection of S. mutans and Candida and a higher plaque index. This proof-of-concept study demonstrates the significant impact machine learning could have in prevention and diagnostic advancements for tooth decay, as well as the importance of considering fungal and demographic–environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Tong Wu
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Jin Xiao
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Michael B Sohn
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Kevin A Fiscella
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Christie Gilbert
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Alex Grier
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Ann L Gill
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Steve R Gill
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
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18
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Abstract
Dental diseases are among the common health issues experienced around the world. Dental caries is one of the most predominant oral diseases worldwide. Major factors associated with caries development include poor oral hygiene, the content of specific carbohydrates in the diet, dental biofilm formation, the cariogenic microbial load, reduction in salivary flow, insufficient fluoride exposure, gingival recession, genetic factors, and lack of personal attention to one's dental health. Several preventive measures have been implemented to reduce the risk of the development of caries. Probiotics are live microbes that when administered in suitable amounts confer health benefits on the host; they are recognized as potential adjunct therapeutic agents for several diseases. The present manuscript summarizes recent findings on the role of probiotics in dental caries prevention and the possible mechanisms of probiotic effects. Review of the literature indicates the regular consumption of probiotic products significantly reduced the risk of caries by inhibiting cariogenic bacteria and enriching commensal microbes in the oral cavity. Buffering the salivary pH, production of bacteriocin and enzymes (dextranase, mutanase, and urease), the capacity of competing for the adhesion and colonization on tooth surfaces are the possible mechanisms behind the beneficial effect of probiotics. Further studies are necessary to address the efficacy of long-term probiotic supplementation on the control of dental diseases and the influence of childhood probiotic supplementation on the risk of caries development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhagavathi Sundaram Sivamaruthi
- Innovation Center for Holistic Health, Nutraceuticals, and Cosmeceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Periyanaina Kesika
- Innovation Center for Holistic Health, Nutraceuticals, and Cosmeceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Chaiyavat Chaiyasut
- Innovation Center for Holistic Health, Nutraceuticals, and Cosmeceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
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19
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Abstract
Streptococcus sobrinus is an etiologic cause of dental caries (tooth decay) in humans. Our knowledge of S. sobrinus is scant despite the organism's important role in oral health. It is widely believed that S. sobrinus lacks the natural competence pathways that are used by other streptococci to regulate growth, virulence, and quorum sensing. The lack of natural competence has also prevented genetic manipulation of S. sobrinus, limiting our knowledge of its pathogenicity. We discovered that most strains of S. sobrinus contain a new class of the ComRS competence system. Although S. sobrinus is typically placed among the mutans group streptococci, the S. sobrinus ComRS system is most similar to the competence pathways in the salivarius group. Unlike all other ComRS systems, the S. sobrinus pathway contains 2 copies of the transcriptional regulator ComR and has a peptide pheromone (XIP) that lacks any aromatic amino acids. Synthetic XIP enables transformation of S. sobrinus with plasmid or linear DNA, and we leverage this newfound genetic tractability to confirm that only 1 of the ComR homologs is required for induced competence while the other appears to suppress competence. Exogenous XIP increases the expression of bacteriocin gene clusters and produces an antimicrobial response that inhibits growth of S. mutans. We also identified 2 strains of S. sobrinus that appear to be "cheaters" by either not responding to or not producing XIP. We show how a recombination event in the nonresponsive strain could restore function of the ComRS pathway but delete the gene encoding XIP. Thus, the S. sobrinus ComRS pathway provides new tools for studying this pathogen and offers a lens into the evolution of ecological cheaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - R M Wyllie
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - P A Jensen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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20
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Jamal Abbas M, Khairi Al-Hadithi H, Abdul-Kareem Mahmood M, Mueen Hussein H. Comparison of Some Salivary Characteristics in Iraqi Children with Early Childhood Caries (ECC) and Children without Early Childhood Caries. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent 2020; 12:541-550. [PMID: 33235513 PMCID: PMC7680122 DOI: 10.2147/ccide.s275963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Early Childhood Caries (ECC) is a unique form of caries that develops in temporary dentition. It has a multifactorial infectious disease. Saliva is one of the most important factors, which has an important protective effect against tooth decay when its multiple characteristics and functions are normal. The study aimed to compare some salivary characteristics in children with ECC and children without ECC. Materials and Methods Case-control, cross-sectional observational study. The 77 pre-schoolers aged 37 to 72 months (12 with ECC, 26 with ECC-S, and 39 without ECC) examined and we collected the stimulated saliva. The pH microelectrode was used to determine pH and buffer capacity; a formula that involves volume, collection time, and specific saliva weight was used to test the salivary flow rate. The potentiometric and phosphate methods were used to determine fluoride through spectrophotometric, colorimetric absorption techniques. Results The results got to show that there are no statistically significant differences in pH, buffer capacity, salivary flow rate, and levels of fluoride and phosphate, in children with ECC, ECC-S, and without ECC. The risk factors, such as mother's education, bottle use, brushing frequency, and previous dental care of the child are more important at the time of developing ECC than some salivary variables. Conclusion The risk factors, such as mother's education, bottle use, brushing frequency, and previous dental care of the child are more important at the time of developing ECC than some salivary variables such as pH, buffer capacity, salivary flow rate, and levels of fluoride and phosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Jamal Abbas
- Department of Orthodontics, Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Haraa Khairi Al-Hadithi
- Department of Orthodontics, Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Maha Abdul-Kareem Mahmood
- Department of Orthodontics, Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
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21
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Abstract
Polymicrobial interactions in dental plaque play a significant role in dysbiosis and homeostasis in the oral cavity. In early childhood caries, Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans are often co-isolated from carious lesions and associated with increased disease severity. Studies have demonstrated that metabolic and glucan-dependent synergism between C. albicans and S. mutans contribute to enhanced pathogenesis. However, it is unclear how oral commensals influence pathogen synergy. Streptococcus parasanguinis, a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) producing oral commensal, has antimicrobial activity against S. mutans. In this study, we utilized a three species biofilm model to understand the impact of S. parasanguinis on S. mutans and C. albicans synergy. We report that S. parasanguinis disrupts S. mutans and C. albicans biofilm synergy in a contact and H2O2-independent manner. Further, metabolomics analysis revealed a S. parasanguinis-driven alteration in sugar metabolism that restricts biofilm development by S. mutans. Moreover, S. parasanguinis inhibits S. mutans glucosyltransferase (GtfB) activity, which is important for glucan matrix development and GtfB-mediated binding to C. albicans mannan. Taken together, our study describes a new antimicrobial role for S. parasanguinis and highlights how this abundant oral commensal may be utilized to attenuate pathogen synergism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T Huffines
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama At Birmingham, 845 19th St. South, Room 744A, Birmingham, AL, 35205, USA
| | - Jessica A Scoffield
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama At Birmingham, 845 19th St. South, Room 744A, Birmingham, AL, 35205, USA.
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22
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de Farias JO, de Freitas Lima SM, Rezende TMB. Physiopathology of nitric oxide in the oral environment and its biotechnological potential for new oral treatments: a literature review. Clin Oral Investig 2020; 24:4197-4212. [PMID: 33057827 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03629-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A narrative review on the NO properties and their relationship with the oral environment describing NO's molecular origin, role, and perspectives regarding oral pathological, physiological, and regenerative processes for future applications and possible use as prevention or treatment in dentistry. MATERIALS AND METHODS Pubmed was searched using the word "nitric oxide." Reviews, clinical studies, and experimental studies were eligible for the screening process. Similar search procedures were then performed with the additional search words "conservative dentistry," "orthodontics," "endodontics," "implants," "periodontics," "oral cancer," "pulp revascularization," and "oral surgery." Furthermore, references of included articles were examined to identify further relevant articles. RESULTS There is a relationship between NO production and oral diseases such as caries, periodontal diseases, pulp inflammation, apical periodontitis, oral cancer, with implants, and orthodontics. Studies on this relationship and uses of NO, in diagnosis, prevention, and treatment, are being developed. Also, some NO and oral cavity patents have already registered. CONCLUSIONS The understanding of how NO can interfere in oral health maintenance or disease processes can contribute to elucidate the disease development and optimize treatment approaches. CLINICAL RELEVANCE NO has considerable biotechnological potential and can contribute to improving diagnostics and treating the oral environment. As a biomarker, NO has an important role in the early diagnosis of diseases. Regarding treatments, NO can possibly be used as a regulator of inflammation, anti-biofilm action, replacing antibiotics, inducing apoptosis of cancerous cells, and contributing to the angiogenesis. All these studies are initial considerations regarding the relationship between NO and dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade Ormondes de Farias
- Curso de Odontologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, QS 07 Lote 01, Brasília, DF, Brazil.,Pós-graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, SGAN 916N - Módulo B Avenida W5-Campus II -Modulo C, room C-221, Asa Norte, Brasília, DF, 70.790-160, Brazil.,Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências de Saúde, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Darcy Ribeiro s/n-Asa Norte, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Stella Maris de Freitas Lima
- Curso de Odontologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, QS 07 Lote 01, Brasília, DF, Brazil.,Pós-graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, SGAN 916N - Módulo B Avenida W5-Campus II -Modulo C, room C-221, Asa Norte, Brasília, DF, 70.790-160, Brazil
| | - Taia Maria Berto Rezende
- Curso de Odontologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, QS 07 Lote 01, Brasília, DF, Brazil. .,Pós-graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, SGAN 916N - Módulo B Avenida W5-Campus II -Modulo C, room C-221, Asa Norte, Brasília, DF, 70.790-160, Brazil. .,Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências de Saúde, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Darcy Ribeiro s/n-Asa Norte, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
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23
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Erkmen Almaz M, Akbay Oba A. Antibacterial activity of fluoride varnishes containing different agents in children with severe early childhood caries: a randomised controlled trial. Clin Oral Investig 2020; 24:2129-2136. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03300-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Xiao J, Fiscella KA, Gill SR. Oral microbiome: possible harbinger for children's health. Int J Oral Sci 2020; 12:12. [PMID: 32350240 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-020-0082-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human microbiome functions as an intricate and coordinated microbial network, residing throughout the mucosal surfaces of the skin, oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, and reproductive system. The oral microbiome encompasses a highly diverse microbiota, consisting of over 700 microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. As our understanding of the relationship between the oral microbiome and human health has evolved, we have identified a diverse array of oral and systemic diseases associated with this microbial community, including but not limited to caries, periodontal diseases, oral cancer, colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, and inflammatory bowel syndrome. The potential predictive relationship between the oral microbiota and these human diseases suggests that the oral cavity is an ideal site for disease diagnosis and development of rapid point-of-care tests. The oral cavity is easily accessible with a non-invasive collection of biological samples. We can envision a future where early life salivary diagnostic tools will be used to predict and prevent future disease via analyzing and shaping the infant’s oral microbiome. In this review, we present evidence for the establishment of the oral microbiome during early childhood, the capability of using childhood oral microbiome to predict future oral and systemic diseases, and the limitations of the current evidence.
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25
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Zeng Y, Youssef M, Wang L, Alkhars N, Thomas M, Cacciato R, Qing S, Ly-Mapes O, Xiao J. Identification of Non- Streptococcus mutans Bacteria from Predente Infant Saliva Grown on Mitis-Salivarius-Bacitracin Agar. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020; 44:28-34. [PMID: 31995418 DOI: 10.17796/1053-4625-44.1.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Although mitis-salivarius-bacitracin (MSB) agar is a commonly used selective medium for detecting Streptococcus mutans in clinical studies, non-S. mutans microorganisms are cultivatable on MSB agar. Since few studies have identified non-S. mutans bacteria grown on MSB, this study aimed to identify and differentiate MSB-grown non-S. mutans bacteria from predente infants' oral cavity. Study design: The saliva from 51 predente infants were plated on MSB agars. Bacteria colonies were characterized based on their morphology under direct visualization and light microscopic observation. Colony PCR targeting S. mutans htrA locus and 16S rRNA DNA sequencing were used for further bacteria identification. Results: Overall, 80% of the predente infants had oral bacteria grown on the MSB agar. Nine bacteria were identified, including S. mutans, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Klebsiella quasi-pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter kobei, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus hominis, Streptococcus anginosus and Phytobacter. The most frequently detected bacteria were S. epidermidis (41.5%), followed by E. kobei (24.4%), K. pneumoniae (17.1%) and S. mutans (9.8%.) Conclusions: Multiple non-S. mutans bacteria from infants' oral cavity could grow on MSB agar. Caution should be exercised in counting the colony forming units of S. mutans from oral samples on MSB agar to avoid overestimation by assuming that all colonies on the MSB agar are S. mutans. Using the colony morphological guide we summarized, these non-S. mutans bacteria could be distinguished from S. mutans. Our study provides a key reference to pediatric cariology clinical-epidemiological studies that commonly use MSB to identify/quantify S. mutans in infants and young children.
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Liu S, Chen M, Wang Y, Zhou X, Peng X, Ren B, Li M, Cheng L. Effect of Veillonella parvula on the physiological activity of Streptococcus mutans. Arch Oral Biol 2020; 109:104578. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.104578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Xiao J, Fogarty C, Wu TT, Alkhers N, Zeng Y, Thomas M, Youssef M, Wang L, Cowen L, Abdelsalam H, Nikitkova A. Oral health and Candida carriage in socioeconomically disadvantaged US pregnant women. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2019; 19:480. [PMID: 31805881 PMCID: PMC6896277 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-019-2618-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the well-documented associations between poor maternal oral health and increased risk for adverse birth outcomes and dental caries in children after birth, prenatal oral health care is under-utilized, especially among the underserved population. In addition, oral Candida has recently been suggested as a potential culprit for children’s dental caries, with evident maternal contributions. Therefore, this study aimed to obtain epidemiological data on the oral health and oral Candida carriage in a cohort of underserved US pregnant women, and reveal factors associated with their oral Candida carriage. Methods Demographic-medical-oral hygiene practice data were collected. Comprehensive oral examination was conducted. Caries status and plaque index were recorded. Oral samples (saliva, plaque and swab) were processed to identify Candida species and Streptococcus mutans by culturing-dependent and -independent methods. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to identify factors associated with oral Candida carriage and caries severity. Results Eighty-two socioeconomically disadvantaged women (48 pregnant and 34 non-pregnant) were enrolled. More pregnant women (79.1%) had > = 1 untreated decayed tooth when compared to their non-pregnant counterparts (47.1%) (p = 0.01). The average number of decayed teeth in pregnant and non-pregnant women was 3.9 and 3.1 (p > 0.05). Caries severity was positively associated with race (African American vs. white), plaque index and salivary Candida albicans level. C. albicans was the most predominant/abundant Candida strain, with cheek and tonsil as the most common colonized sites. The detection of C. albicans was 56%/56% in saliva and 40%/47% in plaque of the pregnant and non-pregnant groups, respectively. Study women’s oral Candida carriage is positively associated with hypertension [p = 0.03, odds ratio = 14.47(1.28, 163.51)], decayed teeth number [p = 0.04, odds ratio = 1.31 (1.01,1.69)] and salivary S. mutans level [p = 0.03, odds ratio = 4.80 (1.18–19.43)]. Conclusions Socioeconomically disadvantaged US women are in need of improved prenatal oral health, a large proportion of them have untreated decayed teeth and high carriage of oral Candida. Due to the observed significant association between the decayed teeth number and oral Candida carriage, providing oral health care during pregnancy (including limiting decayed teeth) will not only improve women’s oral health, but also present as a promising approach to reduce oral Candida carriage in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xiao
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, 625 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, USA.
| | - Colleen Fogarty
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, USA
| | - Tong Tong Wu
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, USA
| | - Naemah Alkhers
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, 625 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, USA
| | - Yan Zeng
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, 625 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, USA.,Department of Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Marie Thomas
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, USA
| | - Moustafa Youssef
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, 625 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, USA
| | - Lin Wang
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, 625 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, USA.,College of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lauren Cowen
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, USA
| | - Hossam Abdelsalam
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, 625 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, USA
| | - Anna Nikitkova
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, 625 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, USA
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Inquimbert C, Bourgeois D, Bravo M, Viennot S, Tramini P, Llodra JC, Molinari N, Dussart C, Giraudeau N, Carrouel F. The Oral Bacterial Microbiome of Interdental Surfaces in Adolescents According to Carious Risk. Microorganisms 2019; 7:E319. [PMID: 31491909 PMCID: PMC6780098 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7090319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is closely associated with a high risk of caries. The identification of specific bacteria in an oral microniche, the interdental space of the molars, according to carious risk can facilitate the prediction of future caries and the anticipation of the progression or stabilization of caries in adolescents. A cross-sectional clinical study according to the bacteriological criteria of interdental healthy adolescents and carious risk factors-low and high-using a real-time polymerase chain reaction technique was conducted. The presence of 26 oral pathogens from the interdental microbiota of 50 adolescents aged 15 to 17 years were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed. Bacteria known to be cariogenic (Bifidobacterium dentium, Lactobacillus spp., Rothia dentocariosa, Streptococcus cristatus, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus sobrinus, and Streptococcus wiggsiae) did not present differences in abundance according to carious risk. Periodontal bacteria from the red complex are positively correlated with carious risk. However, only 3 bacteria-S. sobrinus, E corrodens and T. forsythia-presented a significant increase in the highest group. Estimating the risk of caries associated with bacterial factors in interdental sites of molars in adolescents contributes to the better definition of carious risk status, periodicity and intensity of diagnostic, prevention and restorative services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Inquimbert
- Laboratory "Systemic Health Care", EA4129, University Lyon 1, University of Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France.
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France.
| | - Denis Bourgeois
- Laboratory "Systemic Health Care", EA4129, University Lyon 1, University of Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France.
| | - Manuel Bravo
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, Faculty of Odontology, University of Granada, 18010 Granada, Spain.
| | - Stéphane Viennot
- Laboratory "Systemic Health Care", EA4129, University Lyon 1, University of Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France.
| | - Paul Tramini
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France.
| | - Juan Carlos Llodra
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, Faculty of Odontology, University of Granada, 18010 Granada, Spain.
| | - Nicolas Molinari
- Service DIM, CHU de Montpellier, UMR 5149 IMAG, University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France.
| | - Claude Dussart
- Laboratory "Systemic Health Care", EA4129, University Lyon 1, University of Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France.
| | - Nicolas Giraudeau
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France.
| | - Florence Carrouel
- Laboratory "Systemic Health Care", EA4129, University Lyon 1, University of Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France.
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29
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Meng Y, Wu T, Billings R, Kopycka-Kedzierawski DT, Xiao J. Human genes influence the interaction between Streptococcus mutans and host caries susceptibility: a genome-wide association study in children with primary dentition. Int J Oral Sci 2019; 11:19. [PMID: 31148553 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-019-0051-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans is a well-known cause of dental caries, due to its acidogenicity, aciduricity, and ability to synthesize exopolysaccharides in dental plaques. Intriguingly, not all children who carry S. mutans manifest caries, even with similar characteristics in oral hygiene, diet, and other environmental factors. This phenomenon suggests that host susceptibility potentially plays a role in the development of dental caries; however, the association between host genetics, S. mutans, and dental caries remains unclear. Therefore, this study examined the influence of host gene-by-S. mutans interaction on dental caries. Genome-wide association analyses were conducted in 709 US children (<13 years old), using the dbGap database acquired from the center for oral health research in appalachia (COHRA) and the Iowa Head Start programmes (GEIRS). A generalized estimating equation was used to examine the gene-by-S. mutans interaction effects on the outcomes (decayed and missing/filled primary teeth due to caries). Sequentially, the COHRA and GEIRS data were used to identify potential interactions and replicate the findings. Three loci at the genes interleukin 32 (IL32), galactokinase 2 (GALK2), and CUGBP, Elav-like family member 4 (CELF4) were linked to S. mutans carriage, and there was a severity of caries at a suggestive significance level among COHRA children (P < 9 × 10-5), and at a nominal significance level among GEIRS children (P = 0.047-0.001). The genetic risk score that combined the three loci also significantly interacted with S. mutans (P < 0.000 1). Functional analyses indicated that the identified genes are involved in the host immune response, galactose carbohydrate metabolism, and food-rewarding system, which could potentially be used to identify children at high risk for caries and to develop personalized caries prevention strategies.
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30
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Xiao J, Alkhers N, Kopycka-Kedzierawski DT, Billings RJ, Wu TT, Castillo DA, Rasubala L, Malmstrom H, Ren Y, Eliav E. Prenatal Oral Health Care and Early Childhood Caries Prevention: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Caries Res 2019; 53:411-421. [PMID: 30630167 PMCID: PMC6554051 DOI: 10.1159/000495187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the advancement of early childhood caries (ECC) prediction and treatment, ECC remains a significant public health burden in need of more effective preventive strategies. Pregnancy is an ideal period to promote ECC prevention given the profound influence of maternal oral health and behaviors on children's oral health. However, studies have shown debatable results with respect to the effectiveness of ECC prevention by means of prenatal intervention. Therefore, this study systematically reviewed the scientific evidence relating to the association between prenatal oral health care, ECC incidence, and Streptococcus mutans carriage in children. Five studies (3 randomized control trials, 1 prospective cohort study, and 1 nested case-control study) were included for qualitative assessment. Tested prenatal oral health care included providing fluoride supplements, oral examinations/cleanings, oral health education, dental treatment referrals, and xylitol gum chewing. Four studies that assessed ECC incidence reduction were included in meta-analysis using an unconditional generalized linear mixed effects model with random study effects and age as a covariate. The estimated odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals suggested a protective effect of prenatal oral health care against ECC onset before 4 years of age: 0.12 (0.02, 0.77) at 1 year of age, 0.18 (0.05, 0.63) at 2 years of age, 0.25 (0.09, 0.64) at 3 years of age, and 0.35 (0.12, 1.00) at 4 years of age. Children's S. mutans carriage was also significantly reduced in the intervention group. Future studies should consider testing strategies that restore an expectant mother's oral health to a disease-free state during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xiao
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA,
| | - Naemah Alkhers
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | | | - Ronald J Billings
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Tong Tong Wu
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Daniel A Castillo
- Miner Library, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Linda Rasubala
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Hans Malmstrom
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Yanfang Ren
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Eli Eliav
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
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31
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Cherkasov SV, Popova LY, Vivtanenko TV, Demina RR, Khlopko YA, Balkin AS, Plotnikov AO. Oral microbiomes in children with asthma and dental caries. Oral Dis 2019; 25:898-910. [PMID: 30561093 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recently, a significant association between dental caries and the severity of bronchial asthma in children has been revealed. This finding indicates a possible relationship between the oral microbiome and the pathogenesis of asthma. The purpose of our study was to estimate differences in the dental plaque microbiota of asthmatic children with and without dental caries by 16S rDNA sequencing. MATERIAL AND METHODS Dental plaque samples were obtained with a spoon excavator from the occlusal surface of one deciduous tooth (the second mandibular left molar in caries-free children and the most affected tooth in caries-affected children). Total DNA was extracted from dental plaque. DNA libraries were analysed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing on the MiSeq (Illumina) platform. RESULTS There were no significant differences in the composition of bacterial communities from both caries-affected and caries-free children with asthma. The "caries-enriched" genus was Veillonella (Veillonellaceae, Selenomonadales, Negativicutes). Relative abundance of Neisseria was significantly higher in caries-free children with asthma (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The most significant difference in compared bacterial communities was a higher relative abundance of Veillonella in caries-affected plaques that suggests its involvement in pathogenesis of caries. Potential respiratory pathogens are present in oral cavity of both caries-affected and caries-free asthmatic children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V Cherkasov
- Laboratory for the Research of the Mechanisms of Human Microbiocenoses Formation, Institute for Cellular and Intracellular Symbiosis, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Orenburg, Russia
| | - Larisa Yu Popova
- Department of Childhood Diseases, Orenburg State Medical University, Orenburg, Russia
| | - Tatyana V Vivtanenko
- Department of Childhood Diseases, Orenburg State Medical University, Orenburg, Russia
| | - Rimma R Demina
- Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, Orenburg State Medical University, Orenburg, Russia
| | - Yuri A Khlopko
- Center of Shared Scientific Equipment, Institute for Cellular and Intracellular Symbiosis, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Orenburg, Russia
| | - Alexander S Balkin
- Center of Shared Scientific Equipment, Institute for Cellular and Intracellular Symbiosis, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Orenburg, Russia
| | - Andrey O Plotnikov
- Center of Shared Scientific Equipment, Institute for Cellular and Intracellular Symbiosis, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Orenburg, Russia.,Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Orenburg State Medical University, Orenburg, Russia
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32
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Al-Hebshi NN, Baraniya D, Chen T, Hill J, Puri S, Tellez M, Hasan NA, Colwell RR, Ismail A. Metagenome sequencing-based strain-level and functional characterization of supragingival microbiome associated with dental caries in children. J Oral Microbiol 2018; 11:1557986. [PMID: 30671194 PMCID: PMC6327923 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2018.1557986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of the microbiome associated with dental caries have largely relied on 16S rRNA sequence analysis, which is associated with PCR biases, low taxonomic resolution, and inability to accurately study functions. Here, we employed whole metagenome shotgun sequencing, coupled with high-resolution analysis algorithm, to analyze supragingival microbiomes from 30 children with or without dental caries. A total of 726 bacterial strains belonging to 406 species, in addition to 34 bacteriophages were identified. A core bacteriome was identified at the species and strain levels. Species of Prevotella, Veillonella, as yet unnamed Actinomyces, and Atopobium showed strongest association with caries; Streptococcus sp. AS14 and Leptotrichia sp. Oral taxon 225, among others, were overabundant in caries-free. For several species, the association was strain-specific. Furthermore, for some species, e.g. Streptococcus mitis and Streptococcus sanguinis, sister strains showed differential associations. Noteworthy, associations were also identified for phages: Streptococcus phage M102 with caries and Haemophilus phage HP1 with caries-free. Functionally, potentially relevant features were identified including urate, vitamin K2, and polyamine biosynthesis in association with caries; and three deiminases and lactate dehydrogenase with health. The results demonstrate new associations between the microbiome and dental caries at the strain and functional levels that need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nezar Noor Al-Hebshi
- Oral Microbiome Research Laboratory, Maurice H. Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Divyashri Baraniya
- Oral Microbiome Research Laboratory, Maurice H. Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tsute Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer Hill
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Community Oral Health Sciences, Maurice H. Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sumant Puri
- Oral Microbiome Research Laboratory, Maurice H. Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marisol Tellez
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Community Oral Health Sciences, Maurice H. Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nur A Hasan
- CosmosID Inc., Rockville, MD, USA.,University of Maryland Institute for Advanced Computer Studies, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Rita R Colwell
- CosmosID Inc., Rockville, MD, USA.,University of Maryland Institute for Advanced Computer Studies, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.,Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Amid Ismail
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Community Oral Health Sciences, Maurice H. Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Abstract
The oral microbiome plays a critical role in maintaining oral health. Frequent dietary carbohydrate intake can lead to dysbiosis of the microbial community from overproduction of acid with selection for increases in acidogenic, acid-tolerant bacteria. Knowledge of the caries-associated microbiome is key in planning approaches to reverse the dysbiosis to achieve health. For risk assessment and treatment studies, it would be valuable to establish whether microbial monitoring requires assay of multiple species or whether selected key species would suffice. Early investigations of the oral microbiota relied on culture-based methods to determine the major bacteria in health and disease. Microbial monitoring using gene probes facilitated study of larger populations. DNA probe methods confirmed and expanded the importance of transmission of bacteria from mother to infant and association of preselected species, including mutans streptococci and lactobacilli with caries in larger populations. 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) probes confirmed the wide diversity of species in oral and caries microbiomes. Open-ended techniques provide tools for discovery of new species, particularly when strain/clone identification includes gene sequence data. Anaerobic culture highlighted the caries association of Actinomyces and related species. Scardovia wiggsiae, in the Actinomyces/Bifidobacterium family, and several Actinomyces species have the cariogenic traits of acid production and acid tolerance. Next-generation sequencing combined with polymerase chain reaction methods revealed a strong association with mutans streptococci in a high caries population with poor oral hygiene and limited access to care. A population with a lower caries experience generally had lower or no Streptococcus mutans detection but harbored other acidogenic taxa in the microbiome. Study of the microbiome suggests a role for the assay of selected putative cariogenic species in more aggressive diseases. For many populations with caries progression, however, assay of multiple species will likely be warranted to determine the caries profile of the population and/or individuals under study.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C R Tanner
- 1 The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.,2 Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C A Kressirer
- 1 The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.,2 Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S Rothmiller
- 3 Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Munich, Germany
| | - I Johansson
- 4 Department of Odontology/section of Cariology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Alamoudi NM, Almabadi ES, El Ashiry EA, El Derwi DA. Effect of Probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri on Salivary Cariogenic Bacterial Counts among Groups of Preschool Children in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: A Randomized Clinical Trial. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2018; 42:331-8. [PMID: 29763353 DOI: 10.17796/1053-4625-42.5.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effect of probiotic Lactobacilli reuteri lozenges on caries-associated salivary bacterial counts (Mutans streptococci and Lactobacillus), dental plaque accumulation, and salivary buffer capacity in a group of preschool children. STUDY DESIGN The study group consisted of 178 healthy children (aged 3-6 years). Children were randomly grouped: the experimental group (n = 90) received L. reuteri probiotic lozenges and the control group (n = 88) received placebo lozenges, twice daily, for 28 days. Salivary Mutans streptococci and Lactobacillus counts, and buffer capacity were assessed using chair-side caries-risk test (CRT®) kits. The Simplified Oral Hygiene index (OHI-S) was used to assess dental plaque accumulation at baseline and after 28 days. RESULTS After 28 days, the experimental group had a statistically significant reduction in Mutans streptococci and lactobacilli (p = 0.000 and p = 0.020, respectively) and both groups had less plaque accumulation than at baseline. While the buffer capacity in the experimental group increased more than in the control group, it was not statistically significant (p = 0.577). Compliance was 90%, with no adverse events. CONCLUSIONS Consumption of probiotic lozenges containing L. reuteri reduces caries-associated bacterial counts significantly. Probiotics consumption may have a beneficial caries-preventive effect.
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Zeng Y, Nikitkova A, Abdelsalam H, Li J, Xiao J. Activity of quercetin and kaemferol against Streptococcus mutans biofilm. Arch Oral Biol 2018; 98:9-16. [PMID: 30419487 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nidus Vespae (NV) is the honeycomb of Polistes Olivaceous, P. Japonicus Saussure, and Parapolybiavaria Fabricius. Previously, we have shown the extract and chemical fractions from NV demonstrated remarkable capacities of inhibiting the acid production of oral bacteria at sub-minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) concentrations. In searching the most potent anti-caries compounds in NV, we further separated the NV Chl/MeOH fraction and obtained two purified compounds: quercetin and kaemferol. The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of quercetin and kaemferol against S. mutans biofilm formation. METHODS The MIC, minimum biofilm inhibition concentration (MBIC50) and minimum biofilm reduction concentration (MBRC50) against Streptococcus mutans were examined for NV-derived of quercetin and kaemferol. The effectiveness of inhibiting S. mutans biofilm formation was further examined using in vitro biofilm model. RESULTS Both quercetin and kaemferol compounds demonstrated anti-biofilm activities when compared to the negative control. They are capable of reducing biofilm dry-weight, total protein, viable cells measured by colony forming unit (CFU), insoluble and soluble glucans formation. The in situ culture pH was less acidic when the biofilms were treated by quercetin and kaemferol. The quercetin and kaemferol demonstrated comparable capability of S. mutans killing in biofilms, compared to chlorhexidine. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study showed inhibitory activity of quercetin and kaemferol against S. mutans biofilms, suggesting that quercetin and kaemferol might be considered as alternative anti-caries agents in searching novel anti-caries therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zeng
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14618, USA; Department of Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, China
| | - Anna Nikitkova
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14618, USA
| | - Hossam Abdelsalam
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14618, USA
| | - Jiyao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Jin Xiao
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14618, USA.
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Abstract
Background: The aim of this study was to analyze the synergistic relationship between
Candida albicans and
Streptococcus mutans in children with early childhood caries (ECC) experience. Methods: Dental plaque and unstimulated saliva samples were taken from 30 subjects aged 3-5 years old, half with (n=15, dmft > 4) and half without (n=15) ECC. The abundance of
C. albicans and
S. mutans and relative to total bacteria load were quantify by real-time PCR (qPCR). This method was also employed to investigate the mRNA expression of glycosyltransferase (
gtfB) gene in dental plaque. Student’s t-test and Pearson’s correlation were used to perform statistical analysis. Results: Within the ECC group, the quantity of both microorganisms were higher in the saliva than in dental plaque. The ratio of
C. albicans to total bacteria was higher in saliva than in plaque samples (p < 0.05). We observed the opposite for
S. mutans (p < 0.05). The different value of
C. albicans and
S. mutans in saliva was positively correlated, and negatively correlated in dental plaque. Transcription level of
S. mutans gtfB showed a positive correlation with
C. albicans concentration in dental plaque. Conclusion:C. albicans has a positive correlation with cariogenic traits of
S. mutans in ECC-related biofilm of young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endang W Bachtiar
- Oral Biology and Oral Science Research Center Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Boy M Bachtiar
- Oral Biology and Oral Science Research Center Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
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37
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Fakhruddin KS, Ngo HC, Samaranayake LP. Cariogenic microbiome and microbiota of the early primary dentition: A contemporary overview. Oral Dis 2018; 25:982-995. [PMID: 29969843 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in the field of molecular microbiology provide an unprecedented opportunity to decipher the vast diversity of the oral microbiome in health and disease. Here, we provide a contemporary overview of the oral microbiome and the microbiota of early childhood caries (ECC) with particular reference to newer analytical techniques. A MEDLINE search revealed a total of 20 metagenomic studies describing cariogenic microbiomes of ECC, 10 of which also detailed the healthy microbiomes. In addition, seven studies on site-specific microbiomes, focusing on acidogenic and aciduric microbiota of deep-dentinal lesions, were also reviewed. These studies evaluated plaque and saliva of children aged 1.5-11 years, in cohorts of 12-485 individuals. These studies reveal a very rich and diverse microbial communities, with hundreds of different phylotypes and microbial species, including novel species and phyla such as Scardovia wiggsiae, Slackia exigua, Granulicatella elegans, Firmicutes in the plaque biofilms of children with ECC. On the contrary, bacteria such as Streptococcus cristatus, S. gordonii, S. sanguinis, Corynebacterium matruchotii, and Neisseria flavescens were common in plaque biofilm of noncarious, healthy, tooth surfaces in subjects with caries. The review illustrates the immense complexity and the diversity of the human oral microbiota of the cariogenic plaque microbiome in ECC, and the daunting prospect of its demystification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hien Chi Ngo
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Lakshman Perera Samaranayake
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE.,The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China
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38
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Neves BG, Stipp RN, Bezerra DDS, Guedes SFDF, Rodrigues LKA. Quantitative analysis of biofilm bacteria according to different stages of early childhood caries. Arch Oral Biol 2018; 96:155-161. [PMID: 30261443 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Monitoring selected key species related to health or disease may facilitate caries risk assessment and discovery of novel ecological preventive and therapeutic approaches. This study aimed at quantifying Actinomyces naeslundii, Bifidobacterium spp., Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei group, Streptococcus gordonii, Mitis group and Streptococcus mutans by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in dental biofilm from Brazilian children with different stages of early childhood caries (ECC). DESIGN Seventy-five preschool children were clinically evaluated by ICDAS criteria and divided into groups: caries-free (CF; n = 20), enamel caries lesions (ECL; n = 17) and dentine caries lesions (DCL; n = 38). Plaque samples from all children were collected for detection and quantification of the selected bacteria. RESULTS L. acidophilus and L. casei group were absent in almost all plaque samples. No differences in relative proportions of A. naeslundii, Mitis group and S. gordonii were observed in any stage of caries. However, S. mutans and Bifidobacterium spp. were present at higher concentrations in the biofilm of children with DCL (p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that S. mutans and Bifidobacterium spp. were strongly associated with biofilm in children with DCL. CONCLUSION Differences were observed in the proportion of acidogenic and aciduric bacteria with dental caries progression. The data indicate that S. mutans and Bifidobacterium spp. in dental biofilm may be involved in some progression processes for ECC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafael Nóbrega Stipp
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela da Silva Bezerra
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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39
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Kressirer CA, Chen T, Lake Harriman K, Frias-Lopez J, Dewhirst FE, Tavares MA, Tanner AC. Functional profiles of coronal and dentin caries in children. J Oral Microbiol 2018; 10:1495976. [PMID: 30034639 PMCID: PMC6052428 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2018.1495976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Dental caries results from a dysbiosis of tooth-associated biofilms and frequently extends through enamel into dentin which has a different structure and composition. Objective: To evaluate the metatranscriptome of caries to determine the metabolic potential of caries communities compared with health. Design: Samples from children, caries-free (CF: n = 4) or with coronal (CC: n = 5) or dentin (DC: n = 5) caries were examined for gene expression potential. Functional profiling was performed using HUMAnN2 (HMP Unified Metabolic Analysis Network). Results: There was increased gene expression diversity in DC compared with CC and CF. Genes in CF included alcohol dehydrogenase from Neisseria sicca, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase from Streptococcus sanguinis and choline kinase from streptococci. Genes in CC mapped mainly to Streptococcus mutans. Arginine deiminase in DC mapped to S. sanguinis and Actinomyces naeslundii. Glycerol kinase genes mapped to S. sanguinis in all groups whereas glycerol kinase in DC were from Rothia, Prevotella and streptococci. Uracil-DNA glycosylase in DC mapped to Prevotella denticola and Actinomyces. Repressor LexA in DC mapped to Scardovia wiggsiae, Dialister invisus and Veillonella parvula. Conclusions: Functional profiling revealed enzyme activities in both caries and caries-free communities and clarified marked differences between coronal and dentin caries in bacterial composition and potential gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Kressirer
- The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, USA.,School of Dental Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, USA
| | - Tsute Chen
- The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, USA.,School of Dental Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, USA
| | | | | | - Floyd E Dewhirst
- The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, USA.,School of Dental Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, USA
| | - Mary A Tavares
- The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, USA.,School of Dental Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, USA
| | - Anne Cr Tanner
- The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, USA.,School of Dental Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, USA
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40
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Dzidic M, Collado MC, Abrahamsson T, Artacho A, Stensson M, Jenmalm MC, Mira A. Oral microbiome development during childhood: an ecological succession influenced by postnatal factors and associated with tooth decay. ISME J 2018; 12:2292-2306. [PMID: 29899505 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-018-0204-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Information on how the oral microbiome develops during early childhood and how external factors influence this ecological process is scarce. We used high-throughput sequencing to characterize bacterial composition in saliva samples collected at 3, 6, 12, 24 months and 7 years of age in 90 longitudinally followed children, for whom clinical, dietary and health data were collected. Bacterial composition patterns changed through time, starting with "early colonizers", including Streptococcus and Veillonella; other bacterial genera such as Neisseria settled after 1 or 2 years of age. Dental caries development was associated with diverging microbial composition through time. Streptococcus cristatus appeared to be associated with increased risk of developing tooth decay and its role as potential biomarker of the disease should be studied with species-specific probes. Infants born by C-section had initially skewed bacterial content compared with vaginally delivered infants, but this was recovered with age. Shorter breastfeeding habits and antibiotic treatment during the first 2 years of age were associated with a distinct bacterial composition at later age. The findings presented describe oral microbiota development as an ecological succession where altered colonization pattern during the first year of life may have long-term consequences for child´s oral and systemic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majda Dzidic
- Department of Health and Genomics, Center for Advanced Research in Public Health, CSISP-FISABIO, Valencia, Spain.,Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA-CSIC), Department of Biotechnology, Unit of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Probiotics, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Autoimmunity and Immune Regulation, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Maria C Collado
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA-CSIC), Department of Biotechnology, Unit of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Probiotics, Valencia, Spain
| | - Thomas Abrahamsson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Pediatrics, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Alejandro Artacho
- Department of Health and Genomics, Center for Advanced Research in Public Health, CSISP-FISABIO, Valencia, Spain
| | - Malin Stensson
- Centre for Oral Health, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Maria C Jenmalm
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Autoimmunity and Immune Regulation, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Alex Mira
- Department of Health and Genomics, Center for Advanced Research in Public Health, CSISP-FISABIO, Valencia, Spain.
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41
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Yang C, Scoffield J, Wu R, Deivanayagam C, Zou J, Wu H. Antigen I/II mediates interactions between Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans. Mol Oral Microbiol 2018; 33:283-291. [PMID: 29570954 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans are frequently co-isolated from dental plaque of children with early childhood caries (ECC) and are only rarely found in children without ECC, suggesting that these species interact in a manner that contributes to the pathogenesis of ECC. Previous studies have demonstrated that glucans produced by S. mutans are crucial for promoting the formation of biofilm and cariogenicity with C. albicans; however, it is unclear how non-glucan S. mutans biofilm factors contribute to increased biofilm formation in the presence of C. albicans. In this study we examined the role of S. mutans antigen I/II in two-species biofilms with C. albicans, and determined that antigen I/II is important for the incorporation of C. albicans into the two-species biofilm and is also required for increased acid production. The interaction is independent of the proteins Als1 and Als3, which are known streptococcal receptors of C. albicans. Moreover, antigen I/II is required for the colonization of both S. mutans and C. albicans during co-infection of Drosophila melanogaster in vivo. Taken together, these results demonstrate that antigen I/II mediates the increase of C. albicans numbers and acid production in the two-species biofilm, representing new activities associated with this known S. mutans adhesin.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Yang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - J Scoffield
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - R Wu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - C Deivanayagam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - J Zou
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - H Wu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Kokoceva-Ivanovska OR, Sarakinova O, Zabokova-Bilbilova E, Mijoska AN, Stavreva N. Oral Hygiene Index in Early Childhood Caries, Before and After Topical Fluoride Treatment. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2018; 6:378-383. [PMID: 29531609 PMCID: PMC5839453 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2018.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circular caries occurs in the earliest age of the children (1 - 1.5 year), immediately after the eruption of the deciduous teeth. During this period, children are too young to be able to properly implement oral hygiene. Consequently, it is at a negligible level, with plenty of soft plaque on the deciduous tooth surfaces. OBJECTIVE The main objective of this clinical trial was to determine the correlation between oral hygiene shown with Oral Hygiene index, and the initial stages of circular caries (initial lesion and superficial form), before and after topical fluoride treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS For determination of the OHI - index we used the method of Green - Vermillion. It was determined two times in 117 patients, during the first visit and immediately before physiological replacement of deciduous teeth. Patients were two to three years old and diagnosed with initial stages of circular caries. Amino fluoride solution was applied once a week, during six months. RESULTS We obtained statistically significant improvement of OHI - index at the end of the test, among treated subjects from both major groups. CONCLUSION It can be concluded that the level of oral hygiene is correlated with the progression of changes in enamel. Topical fluoride treatment has a positive impact on reducing ECC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Ratko Kokoceva-Ivanovska
- Department for Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Stomatology, Ss Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Olivera Sarakinova
- Department for Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Stomatology, Ss Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Efka Zabokova-Bilbilova
- Department for Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Stomatology, Ss Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Aneta Nikola Mijoska
- Department for Prosthodontics, Faculty of Stomatology, Ss Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Natasha Stavreva
- Department for Prosthodontics, Faculty of Stomatology, Ss Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
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Abstract
Dental caries is the single most common chronic disease of childhood in the United States. Access to dental care is one of the barriers to improved oral health for children. Primary care providers who routinely treat children have an established role in prevention and early identification of health problems; thus, they are ideal front-line providers who can detect oral health discrepancies and begin the process of care and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona M Sedrak
- Seton Hall University, School of Health and Medical Sciences, 400 South Orange Avenue, South Orange, NJ, 07079 USA.
| | - Laura M Doss
- Elizabeth Mueller and Associates, The Pediatric Dental Center, 6396 Thornberry Ct, Mason, OH 45040, USA
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44
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Hemadi AS, Huang R, Zhou Y, Zou J. Salivary proteins and microbiota as biomarkers for early childhood caries risk assessment. Int J Oral Sci 2017; 9:e1. [PMID: 29125139 PMCID: PMC5775330 DOI: 10.1038/ijos.2017.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Early childhood caries (ECC) is a term used to describe dental caries in children aged 6 years or younger. Oral streptococci, such as Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sorbrinus, are considered to be the main etiological agents of tooth decay in children. Other bacteria, such as Prevotella spp. and Lactobacillus spp., and fungus, that is, Candida albicans, are related to the development and progression of ECC. Biomolecules in saliva, mainly proteins, affect the survival of oral microorganisms by multiple innate defensive mechanisms, thus modulating the oral microflora. Therefore, the protein composition of saliva can be a sensitive indicator for dental health. Resistance or susceptibility to caries may be significantly correlated with alterations in salivary protein components. Some oral microorganisms and saliva proteins may serve as useful biomarkers in predicting the risk and prognosis of caries. Current research has generated abundant information that contributes to a better understanding of the roles of microorganisms and salivary proteins in ECC occurrence and prevention. This review summarizes the microorganisms that cause caries and tooth-protective salivary proteins with their potential as functional biomarkers for ECC risk assessment. The identification of biomarkers for children at high risk of ECC is not only critical for early diagnosis but also important for preventing and treating the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah S Hemadi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruijie Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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45
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Streptococcus mutans has been strongly associated with dental caries but caries also occurs in its absence. Association of a new species, Scardovia wiggsiae with childhood caries suggests this could be a new caries pathogen. HIGHLIGHT S. mutans is considered a caries pathogen based on its association with caries, and on its ability to produce acid, to survive low pH environments, and to induce caries in experimental animals. S. wiggsiae was significantly associated with severe-early childhood caries in the presence and absence of S. mutans. Further S. wiggsiae was elevated in initial carious lesions in adolescents with fixed orthodontic appliances. S. wiggsiae detection was enriched on a low pH agar suggesting acid-tolerance. S. wiggsiae isolates were acid tolerant and produced acid from several sugars at low initial pH values, and were not arginine deiminase positive, characteristics consistent with potential cariogenicity. Cariogenicity of S. wiggsiae was tested in a rat animal model in parallel with S. mutans. While S. wiggsiae by itself showed minimal caries induction, when co-inoculated with S. mutans, there was significant cavity production. CONCLUSION S. wiggsiae was associated with advanced and initial caries, is acid tolerant and produces acid to low pH at initial neutral and low pH conditions. In combination with S. mutans, S. wiggsiae was detected in caries in an animal model. Together, these data suggest that S. wiggsiae has many of the characteristics consistent with its being a caries-associated species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A. Kressirer
- The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Daniel J. Smith
- The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | | | | | - Jacqueline R. Starr
- The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Anne C. R. Tanner
- The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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46
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Yang F, Ning K, Zeng X, Zhou Q, Su X, Yuan X. Characterization of saliva microbiota's functional feature based on metagenomic sequencing. Springerplus 2016; 5:2098. [PMID: 28053828 PMCID: PMC5174016 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-3728-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Objective
Saliva, a mixture of exocrinally secretive fluids, amounts to ~1.5 L daily and harbors numerous microbial inhabitants. However, except the organismal structure of saliva microbiota, the functional profile of saliva microbiota remain elusive. Methods Here we used metagenomic sequencing to experimentally reconstruct the global genomic profile of saliva by sequencing total saliva DNA from two healthy and two caries-active (DMFT ≧ 6) adults. Results We found that saliva microbiota, representing 30–60% of total saliva DNA in our samples, might carry functional signatures that were site-specific and caries-state-specific. Among microbiota from different hosts, a prominent functional core, but not an organismal core, was identified. Each microbiota exhibited functional redundancy where dominant genomes tend to encode more functional diversity yet without necessarily contributing to dominant functions. Furthermore, genetic polymorphisms of hosts were also unraveled from salivary DNA without apparent physical or sequence bias in human chromosomes. Conclusions The microbial functional sensitivity to disease, links to specific functions, and permission of simultaneous genotyping of hosts and microbiota suggested sequencing salivary DNA might be an advantageous venue in uncovering both human and microbial basis of oral infections. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40064-016-3728-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yang
- Department of Stomatology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, 266011 Shandong China
| | - Kang Ning
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and BioEnergy Genome Center, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101 Shandong China
| | - Xiaowei Zeng
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and BioEnergy Genome Center, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101 Shandong China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and BioEnergy Genome Center, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101 Shandong China
| | - Xiaoquan Su
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and BioEnergy Genome Center, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101 Shandong China
| | - Xiao Yuan
- Department of Stomatology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, 266011 Shandong China
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47
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Xiao J, Moon Y, Li L, Rustchenko E, Wakabayashi H, Zhao X, Feng C, Gill SR, McLaren S, Malmstrom H, Ren Y, Quivey R, Koo H, Kopycka-Kedzierawski DT. Candida albicans Carriage in Children with Severe Early Childhood Caries (S-ECC) and Maternal Relatedness. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164242. [PMID: 27741258 PMCID: PMC5065202 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Candida albicans has been detected together with Streptococcus mutans in high numbers in plaque-biofilm from children with early childhood caries (ECC). The goal of this study was to examine the C. albicans carriage in children with severe early childhood caries (S-ECC) and the maternal relatedness. Methods Subjects in this pilot cross-sectional study were recruited based on a convenient sample. DMFT(S)/dmft(s) caries and plaque scores were assessed during a comprehensive oral exam. Social-demographic and related background information was collected through a questionnaire. Saliva and plaque sample from all children and mother subjects were collected. C. albicans were isolated by BBL™ CHROMagar™ and also identified using germ tube test. S. mutans was isolated using Mitis Salivarius with Bacitracin selective medium and identified by colony morphology. Genetic relatedness was examined using restriction endonuclease analysis of the C. albicans genome using BssHII (REAG-B). Multilocus sequence typing was used to examine the clustering information of isolated C. albicans. Spot assay was performed to examine the C. albicans Caspofungin susceptibility between S-ECC children and their mothers. All statistical analyses (power analysis for sample size, Spearman’s correlation coefficient and multiple regression analyses) were implemented with SAS 9.4 Results A total of 18 S-ECC child-mother pairs and 17 caries free child-mother pairs were enrolled in the study. Results indicated high C. albicans carriage rate in the oral cavity (saliva and plaque) of both S-ECC children and their mothers (>80%). Spearman’s correlation coefficient also indicated a significant correlation between salivary and plaque C. albicans and S. mutans carriage (p<0.01) and caries severity (p<0.05). The levels of C. albicans in the prepared saliva and plaque sample (1ml resuspension) of S-ECC children were 1.3 ± 4.5 x104 cfu/ml and 1.2 ± 3.5 x104 cfu/ml (~3-log higher vs. caries-free children). Among 18 child-mother pairs, >60% of them demonstrated identical C. albicans REAG-B pattern. C. albicans isolated from >65% of child-mother pairs demonstrated similar susceptibility to caspofungin in spot assay, while no caspofungin resistant strains were seen when compared with C. albicans wild-type strain SC5314. Interestingly, the regression analysis showed that factors such as antibiotic usage, birth weight, inhaler use, brushing frequency, and daycare attendance had no significant effect on the oral carriage of C. albicans in the S-ECC children. Conclusions Our results reveal that both the child with S-ECC and the mother were highly infected with C. albicans, while most of the strains were genetically related, suggesting that the mother might be a source for C. albicans acquisition in the oral cavity of children affected by the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xiao
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Yonghwi Moon
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Lihua Li
- Department of Dentistry, North Sichuan Medical University, Sichuan, China
| | - Elena Rustchenko
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Hironao Wakabayashi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Xiaoyi Zhao
- School of Dentistry, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Changyong Feng
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Steven R. Gill
- Genomics Research Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Sean McLaren
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Hans Malmstrom
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Yanfang Ren
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Robert Quivey
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Hyun Koo
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry & Community Oral Health Divisions, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
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Hao W, Xu H, Chen X, Zhou Q, Zhang P, Chen F, Qin M. Changes in dental plaque microbial richness and oral behavioral habits during caries development in young Chinese children. Caries Res 2016; 49:116-23. [PMID: 25591545 DOI: 10.1159/000366505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To detect changes in the microbial richness of dental plaque and oral behaviors during caries development in young Chinese children. METHODS Supragingival plaque samples and a survey of oral behaviors of 130 children aged 3 at baseline were analyzed at 6 months and 12 months. Total DNA was isolated from all samples and PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis was conducted. RESULTS In the follow-up, 44 children had caries or cavity fillings at 6 months, a further 28 children had caries or cavity fillings at 12 months. The other 58 children remained caries-free at 12 months. According to the changes in caries status at the 12-month follow-up, all participants were divided into three groups: caries-free, caries at 6 months and caries at 12 months. The changes in oral behaviors during the 12-month follow-up were not significantly different in the three groups. The frequency of eating sweets and eating sweets before sleeping was significantly different among the three groups at baseline. At baseline, the average detectable bands of caries in the 12-month caries group were similar to those of the caries-free group; both of them were higher than that of the 6-month caries group. At 6 months, the average detectable bands of the 12-month caries group were significantly lower than that of the caries-free group although the children of the 12-month caries group were caries-free at that time. CONCLUSIONS For young Chinese children, the high frequency of eating sweets and eating sweets before sleeping are risk factors of caries onset, and the decrease in microbial richness could occur 6 months before the onset of caries.
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Goldberg BE, Mongodin EF, Jones CE, Chung M, Fraser CM, Tate A, Zeichner SL. The Oral Bacterial Communities of Children with Well-Controlled HIV Infection and without HIV Infection. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131615. [PMID: 26146997 PMCID: PMC4492946 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral microbial community (microbiota) plays a critical role in human health and disease. Alterations in the oral microbiota may be associated with disorders such as gingivitis, periodontitis, childhood caries, alveolar osteitis, oral candidiasis and endodontic infections. In the immunosuppressed population, the spectrum of potential oral disease is even broader, encompassing candidiasis, necrotizing gingivitis, parotid gland enlargement, Kaposi’s sarcoma, oral warts and other diseases. Here, we used 454 pyrosequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA genes to examine the oral microbiome of saliva, mucosal and tooth samples from HIV-positive and negative children. Patient demographics and clinical characteristics were collected from a cross-section of patients undergoing routine dental care. Multiple specimens from different sampling sites in the mouth were collected for each patient. The goal of the study was to observe the potential diversity of the oral microbiota among individual patients, sample locations, HIV status and various dental characteristics. We found that there were significant differences in the microbiome among the enrolled patients, and between sampling locations. The analysis was complicated by uneven enrollment in the patient cohorts, with only five HIV-negative patients enrolled in the study and by the rapid improvement in the health of HIV-infected children between the time the study was conceived and completed. The generally good oral health of the HIV-negative patients limited the number of dental plaque samples that could be collected. We did not identify significant differences between well-controlled HIV-positive patients and HIV-negative controls, suggesting that well-controlled HIV-positive patients essentially harbor similar oral flora compared to patients without HIV. Nor were significant differences in the oral microbiota identified between different teeth or with different dental characteristics. Additional studies are needed to better characterize the oral microbiome in children and those with poorly-controlled HIV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany E. Goldberg
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Emmanuel F. Mongodin
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Cheron E. Jones
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michelle Chung
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Claire M. Fraser
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Anupama Tate
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Steven L. Zeichner
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children’s Research Institute, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Romani Vestman N, Chen T, Lif Holgerson P, Öhman C, Johansson I. Oral Microbiota Shift after 12-Week Supplementation with Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 and PTA 5289; A Randomized Control Trial. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125812. [PMID: 25946126 PMCID: PMC4422650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lactobacillus spp. potentially contribute to health by modulating bacterial biofilm formation, but their effects on the overall oral microbiota remain unclear. Methods and Findings Oral microbiota was characterized via 454-pyrosequencing of the 16S rDNA hypervariable region V3-V4 after 12 weeks of daily Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 and PTA 5289 consumption. Forty-four adults were assigned to a test group (n = 22) that received lactobacilli lozenges (108 CFU of each strain/lozenge) or a control group that received placebo (n = 22). Presence of L. reuteri was confirmed by cultivation and species specific PCR. Tooth biofilm samples from 16 adults before, during, and after exposure were analyzed by pyrosequencing. A total of 1,310,292 sequences were quality filtered. After removing single reads, 257 species or phylotypes were identified at 98.5% identity in the Human Oral Microbiome Database. Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Fusobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria were the most abundant phyla. Streptococcus was the most common genus and the S. oralis/S. mitis/S. mitis bv2/S. infantis group comprised the dominant species. The number of observed species was unaffected by L. reuteri exposure. However, subjects who had consumed L. reuteri were clustered in a principal coordinates analysis relative to scattering at baseline, and multivariate modeling of pyrosequencing microbiota, and culture and PCR detected L. reuteri separated baseline from 12-week samples in test subjects. L. reuteri intake correlated with increased S. oralis/S. mitis/S. mitis bv2/S. infantis group and Campylobacter concisus, Granulicatella adiacens, Bergeyella sp. HOT322, Neisseria subflava, and SR1 [G-1] sp. HOT874 detection and reduced S. mutans, S. anginosus, N. mucosa, Fusobacterium periodicum, F. nucleatum ss vincentii, and Prevotella maculosa detection. This effect had disappeared 1 month after exposure was terminated. Conclusions L. reuteri consumption did not affect species richness but induced a shift in the oral microbiota composition. The biological relevance of this remains to be elucidated. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02311218
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tsute Chen
- Department of Microbiology, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, United States of America
| | | | - Carina Öhman
- Department of Odontology/section of Cariology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ingegerd Johansson
- Department of Odontology/section of Cariology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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