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Salybekov AA, Kobayashi S, Asahara T. Characterization of Endothelial Progenitor Cell: Past, Present, and Future. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:7697. [PMID: 35887039 PMCID: PMC9318195 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are currently being studied as candidate cell sources for revascularization strategies. Despite these promising results, widespread clinical acceptance of EPCs for clinical therapies remains hampered by several challenges. The challenges and issues surrounding the use of EPCs and the current paradigm being developed to improve the harvest efficiency and functionality of EPCs for application in regenerative medicine are discussed. It has been observed that controversies have emerged regarding the isolation techniques and classification and origin of EPCs. This manuscript attempts to highlight the concept of EPCs in a sequential manner, from the initial discovery to the present (origin, sources of EPCs, isolation, and identification techniques). Human and murine EPC marker diversity is also discussed. Additionally, this manuscript is aimed at summarizing our current and future prospects regarding the crosstalk of EPCs with the biology of hematopoietic cells and culture techniques in the context of regeneration-associated cells (RACs).
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Francelin C, Godoy J, Qi X, Silva JAF, Grant MB, Boulton ME. Characterizing temporal and spatial recruitment of systemically administered RPE65-programmed bone marrow-derived cells to the retina in a mouse model of age-related macular degeneration. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2021; 259:2987-2994. [PMID: 34357416 PMCID: PMC8478769 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-021-05358-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Previously, we reported that the intravenous injection of bone marrow-derived cells (BMDC) infected with lentivirus expressing the human RPE65 gene resulted in the programming of BMDC to promote visual recovery in a mouse model of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The aim of this study was to characterize the spatial and temporal recruitment of these programmed BMDC to the retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) layer. METHODS C57BL/6J female mice received a subretinal injection of AAV1-SOD2 ribozyme to knock down (KD) superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) and induce AMD-like pathology. BMDC were isolated from GFP+ mice and infected with a lentivirus expressing RPE65. One month after SOD2 KD, fifty thousand GFP+ RPE65-BMDC were injected in the mouse tail vein. Animals were terminated at different time points up to 60 min following cell administration, and localization of GFP+ cells was determined by fluorescence microscopy of neural retina and RPE flat mounts and tissue sections. RESULTS GFP+ RPE65- BMDC were observed in SOD2 KD neural retina and RPE as early as 1 min following administration. With increasing time, the number of cells in the neural retina decreased, while those in the RPE increased. While the number of cells in peripheral and central retina remained similar at each time point, the number of BMDC recruited to the central RPE increased in a time-dependent manner up to a maximum by 60 min post administration. Immunohistochemistry of cross-sections of the RPE layer confirmed the incorporation of donor GFP+ BMDC into the RPE layer and that these GFP+ human RPE65 expressing cells co-localized with murine RPE65. No GFP+ cells were observed in the neural retina or RPE layer of normal uninjured control eyes. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that systemically administered GFP+ RPE65-BMDC can reach the retina within minutes and that the majority of these BMDC are recruited to the injured RPE layer by 60 min post injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Francelin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama At Birmingham, 1670 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA.
| | - Juliana Godoy
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama At Birmingham, 1670 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
- Department of Hemotherapy and Cellular Therapy, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Xiaoping Qi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama At Birmingham, 1670 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Juliete A F Silva
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama At Birmingham, 1670 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Maria B Grant
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama At Birmingham, 1670 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Michael E Boulton
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama At Birmingham, 1670 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA.
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Fang J, Guo Y, Tan S, Li Z, Xie H, Chen P, Wang K, He Z, He P, Ke Y, Jiang X, Chen Z. Autologous Endothelial Progenitor Cells Transplantation for Acute Ischemic Stroke: A 4-Year Follow-Up Study. Stem Cells Transl Med 2018; 8:14-21. [PMID: 30156755 PMCID: PMC6312444 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.18-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) is a proven safe and effective method for treatment of cerebral ischemia in animal experiments. However, safety and efficacy need to be determined in clinical trials. We performed a two‐center, randomized, placebo‐controlled phase I/IIa trial with blinded outcome assessment on 18 patients with acute cerebral infarct within the middle cerebral artery territory, and followed for up to 4 years. Autologous ex vivo expanded EPCs were injected intravenously in the EPC group, and patients who received saline or autologous bone marrow stromal cells served as control groups. Mortality of any cause, adverse events, and new‐onset comorbidities were monitored. Changes in neurological deficits were assessed at different time points. We found no toxicity events or infusional or allergic reactions in any treated group. Three patients in the placebo group died during the 4‐year follow‐up. We found that the EPC group had fewer serious adverse events compared with the placebo‐controlled group, although there were no statistical differences in mortality among the three groups. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in neurological or functional improvement observed among the three groups, except for the Scandinavia Stroke Scale score at 3 months between the EPC group and placebo‐controlled group. Autologous transplantation of EPCs appears to improve long‐term safety in acute cerebral infarct patients, supporting the feasibility of this novel method for treatment of ischemic stroke (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01468064). Stem Cells Translational Medicine2019;8:14–21
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, The National Key Clinical Specialty, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Guo
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Tan
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhanhui Li
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital's Nanhai Hospital, The Second People's Hospital of Nanhai District, Foshan City, Foshan, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Huifang Xie
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Pingyan Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhicong He
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital's Nanhai Hospital, The Second People's Hospital of Nanhai District, Foshan City, Foshan, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng He
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital's Nanhai Hospital, The Second People's Hospital of Nanhai District, Foshan City, Foshan, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiquan Ke
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, The National Key Clinical Specialty, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodan Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, The National Key Clinical Specialty, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenzhou Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, The National Key Clinical Specialty, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Romariz SA, Garcia KDO, Paiva DDS, Bittencourt S, Covolan L, Mello LE, Longo BM. Participation of bone marrow-derived cells in hippocampal vascularization after status epilepticus. Seizure 2014; 23:386-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2014.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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Hazlerigg DG, Wyse CA, Dardente H, Hanon EA, Lincoln GA. Photoperiodic Variation in CD45-Positive Cells and Cell Proliferation in the Mediobasal Hypothalamus of the Soay Sheep. Chronobiol Int 2013; 30:548-58. [DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2012.754450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Siqueira RC, Messias A, Voltarelli JC, Scott IU, Jorge R. Intravitreal injection of autologous bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells for hereditary retinal dystrophy: a phase I trial. Retina 2011; 31:1207-14. [PMID: 21293313 DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e3181f9c242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the short-term (10 months) safety of a single intravitreal injection of autologous bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells in patients with retinitis pigmentosa or cone-rod dystrophy. METHODS A prospective, Phase I, nonrandomized, open-label study including 3 patients with retinitis pigmentosa and 2 patients with cone-rod dystrophy and an Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study best-corrected visual acuity of 20/200 or worse. Evaluations including best-corrected visual acuity, full-field electroretinography, kinetic visual field (Goldman), fluorescein and indocyanine green angiography, and optical coherence tomography were performed at baseline and 1, 7, 13, 18, 22, and 40 weeks after intravitreal injection of 10 × 10(6) autologous bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells (0.1 mL) into 1 study eye of each patient. RESULTS No adverse event associated with the injection was observed. A 1-line improvement in best-corrected visual acuity was measured in 4 patients 1 week after injection and was maintained throughout follow-up. Three patients showed undetectable electroretinography responses at all study visits, while 1 patient demonstrated residual responses for dark-adapted standard flash stimulus (a wave amplitude approximately 35 μV), which remained recordable throughout follow-up, and 1 patient showed a small response (a wave amplitude approximately 20 μV) recordable only at Weeks 7, 13, 22, and 40. Visual fields showed no reduction (with a Goldman Standard V5e stimulus) for any patient at any visit. No other changes were observed on optical coherence tomography or fluorescein and indocyanine green angiograms. CONCLUSION Intravitreal injection of autologous bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells in eyes with advanced retinitis pigmentosa or cone-rod dystrophy was associated with no detectable structural or functional toxicity over a period of 10 months. Further studies are required to investigate the role, if any, of autologous bone marrow-derived mononuclear cell therapy in the management of retinal dystrophies.
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Ohta Y, Nagai M, Miyazaki K, Tanaka N, Kawai H, Mimoto T, Morimoto N, Kurata T, Ikeda Y, Matsuura T, Abe K. Neuroprotective and Angiogenic Effects of Bone Marrow Transplantation Combined With Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor in a Mouse Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Cell Med 2011; 2:69-83. [PMID: 26998403 DOI: 10.3727/215517910x582779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow (BM) cells from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients show significantly reduced expression of several neurotrophic factors. Monotherapy with either wild-type (WT) BM transplantation (BMT) or granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF) has only a small clinical therapeutic effect in an ALS mouse model, due to the phenomenon of neuroprotection. In this study, we investigated the clinical benefits of combination therapy using BMT with WT BM cells, plus GCSF after disease onset in ALS mice [transgenic mice expressing human Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) bearing a G93A mutation]. Combined treatment with BMT and GCSF delayed disease progression and prolonged the survival of G93A mice, whereas BMT or GCSF treatment alone did not. Histological study of the ventral horns of lumbar cords from G93A mice treated with BMT and GCSF showed a reduction in motor neuron loss coupled with induced neuronal precursor cell proliferation, increased expression of neurotrophic factors (glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, vascular endothelial growth factor and angiogenin), and neovascularization compared with controls (vehicle only). Compared with G93A microglial cells, most BM-derived WT cells differentiated into microglial cells and strongly expressed neurotrophic factors, combined BMT and GCSF treatment led to the replacement of G93A microglial cells with BM-derived WT cells. These results indicate combined treatment with BMT and GCSF has potential neuroprotective and angiogenic effects in ALS mice, induced by the replacement of G93A microglial cells with BM-derived WT cells. Furthermore, this is the first report showing the effects of combined BMT and GCSF treatment on blood vessels in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Ohta
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University , Okayama , Japan
| | - Makiko Nagai
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University , Okayama , Japan
| | - Kazunori Miyazaki
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University , Okayama , Japan
| | - Nobuhito Tanaka
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University , Okayama , Japan
| | - Hiromi Kawai
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University , Okayama , Japan
| | - Takafumi Mimoto
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University , Okayama , Japan
| | - Nobutoshi Morimoto
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University , Okayama , Japan
| | - Tomoko Kurata
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University , Okayama , Japan
| | - Yoshio Ikeda
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University , Okayama , Japan
| | - Tohru Matsuura
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University , Okayama , Japan
| | - Koji Abe
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University , Okayama , Japan
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Maurya DK, Doi C, Pyle M, Rachakatla RS, Davis D, Tamura M, Troyer D. Non-random tissue distribution of human naïve umbilical cord matrix stem cells. World J Stem Cells 2011; 3:34-42. [PMID: 21607135 PMCID: PMC3097938 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v3.i4.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine the tissue and temporal distribution of human umbilical cord matrix stem (hUCMS) cells in severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice. METHODS For studying the localization of hUCMS cells, tritiated thymidine-labeled hUCMS cells were injected in SCID mice and tissue distribution was quantitatively determined using a liquid scintillation counter at days 1, 3, 7 and 14. Furthermore, an immunofluorescence detection technique was employed in which anti-human mitochondrial antibody was used to identify hUCMS cells in mouse tissues. In order to visualize the distribution of transplanted hUCMS cells in H&E stained tissue sections, India Black ink 4415 was used to label the hUCMS cells. RESULTS When tritiated thymidine-labeled hUCMS cells were injected systemically (iv) in female SCID mice, the lung was the major site of accumulation at 24 h after transplantation. With time, the cells migrated to other tissues, and on day three, the spleen, stomach, and small and large intestines were the major accumulation sites. On day seven, a relatively large amount of radioactivity was detected in the adrenal gland, uterus, spleen, lung, and digestive tract. In addition, labeled cells had crossed the blood brain barrier by day 1. CONCLUSION These results indicate that peripherally injected hUCMS cells distribute quantitatively in a tissue-specific manner throughout the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharmendra Kumar Maurya
- Dharmendra Kumar Maurya, Chiyo Doi, Marla Pyle, Raja Shekar Rachakatla, Masaaki Tamura, Deryl Troyer, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States
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Shi X. Resident macrophages in the cochlear blood-labyrinth barrier and their renewal via migration of bone-marrow-derived cells. Cell Tissue Res 2010; 342:21-30. [PMID: 20838812 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-010-1040-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A large population of perivascular cells was found to be present in the area of the blood-labyrinth barrier in the stria vascularis of normal adult cochlea. The cells were identified as perivascular resident macrophages (PVMs), as they were positive for several macrophage surface molecules including F4/80, CD68, and CD11b. The macrophages, which were closely associated with microvessels and structurally intertwined with endothelial cells and pericytes, constitutively expressed scavenger receptor classes A(1) and B(1) and accumulated blood-borne proteins such as horseradish peroxidase and acetylated low-density lipoprotein. The PVMs were demonstrated to proliferate slowly, as evidenced by the absence of 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU)-positive PVMs at 3-14 days in normal mice injected with BrdU. However, in irradiated mice, the majority of the PVMs turned over via bone-marrow-cell migration within a 10-month time-frame. The existence of PVMs in the vascular wall of the blood-labyrinth barrier might therefore serve as a source for progenitor cells for postnatal vasculogenesis and might contribute to the repair of damaged vessels in the context of a local inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorui Shi
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, NRC04, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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Abstract
Dramatic advances in the field of stem cell research have raised the possibility of using these cells to treat a variety of diseases. The eye is an excellent target organ for such cell-based therapeutics due to its ready accessibility, the prevalence of vasculo- and neurodegenerative diseases affecting vision, and the availability of animal models to demonstrate proof of concept. In fact, stem cell therapies have already been applied to the treatment of disease affecting the ocular surface, leading to preservation of vision. Diseases in the back of the eye, such as macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and inherited retinal degenerations, present greater challenges, but rapidly emerging stem cell technologies hold the promise of autologous grafts to stabilize vision loss through cellular replacement or paracrine rescue effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Marchetti
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
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Wang G, Guo Q, Hossain M, Fazio V, Zeynalov E, Janigro D, Mayberg MR, Namura S. Bone marrow-derived cells are the major source of MMP-9 contributing to blood-brain barrier dysfunction and infarct formation after ischemic stroke in mice. Brain Res 2009; 1294:183-92. [PMID: 19646426 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.07.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Accepted: 07/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 has been shown to contribute to blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, infarct formation, and hemorrhagic transformation after ischemic stroke. The cellular source of MMP-9 detectable in the ischemic brain remains controversial since extracellular molecules in the brain may be derived from blood. We here demonstrate that bone marrow-derived cells are the major source of MMP-9 in the ischemic brain. We made bone marrow chimeric mice with MMP-9 null and wild-type as donor and recipient. After 90 min of transient focal cerebral ischemia, MMP-9 null mice receiving wild-type bone marrow showed comparable outcomes to wild-type in brain MMP-9 levels and BBB disruption (endogenous albumin extravasation) at 1 h post-reperfusion and infarct size at 24 h post-reperfusion. In contrast, wild-type animals replaced with MMP-9 null bone marrow showed barely detectable levels of MMP-9 in the ischemic brain, with attenuations in BBB disruption and infarct size. MMP-9 null mice receiving wild-type bone marrow showed enhanced Evans blue extravasation as early as 1 h post-reperfusion compared to wild-type mice replaced with MMP-9 null bone marrow. These findings suggest that MMP-9 released from bone marrow-derived cells influences the progression of BBB disruption in the ischemic brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangming Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Dr. SW, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
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Abstract
No effective therapy is currently available to promote recovery following ischemic stroke. Stem cells have been proposed as a potential source of new cells to replace those lost due to central nervous system injury, as well as a source of trophic molecules to minimize damage and promote recovery. We undertook a detailed review of data from recent basic science and preclinical studies to investigate the potential application of endogenous and exogenous stem cell therapies for treatment of cerebral ischemia. To date, spontaneous endogenous neurogenesis has been observed in response to ischemic injury, and can be enhanced via infusion of appropriate cytokines. Exogenous stem cells from multiple sources can generate neural cells that survive and form synaptic connections after transplantation in the stroke-injured brain. Stem cells from multiple sources cells also exhibit neuroprotective properties that may ameliorate stroke deficits. In many cases, functional benefits observed are likely independent of neural differentiation, although the exact mechanisms remain poorly understood. Future studies of neuroregeneration will require the demonstration of function in endogenously born neurons following focal ischemia. Further, methods are currently lacking to demonstrate definitively the therapeutic effect of newly introduced neural cells. Increased plasticity following stroke may facilitate the functional integration of new neurons, but the loss of appropriate guidance cues and supporting architecture in the infarct cavity will likely impede the restoration of lost circuitry. Thus careful investigation of the mechanisms underlying trophic benefits will be essential. Evidence to date suggests that continued development of stem cell therapies may ultimately lead to viable treatment options for ischemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry C Burns
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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Abstract
In the past decade, researchers have gained important insights on the role of bone marrow (BM)-derived cells in adult neovascularization. A subset of BM-derived cells, called endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), has been of particular interest, as these cells were suggested to home to sites of neovascularization and neoendothelialization and differentiate into endothelial cells (ECs) in situ, a process referred to as postnatal vasculogenesis. Therefore, EPCs were proposed as a potential regenerative tool for treating human vascular disease and a possible target to restrict vessel growth in tumour pathology. However, conflicting results have been reported in the field, and the identification, characterization, and exact role of EPCs in vascular biology is still a subject of much discussion. The focus of this review is on the controversial issues in the field of EPCs which are related to the lack of a unique EPC marker, identification challenges related to the paucity of EPCs in the circulation, and the important phenotypical and functional overlap between EPCs, haematopoietic cells and mature ECs. We also discuss our recent findings on the origin of endothelial outgrowth cells (EOCs), showing that this in vitro defined EC population does not originate from circulating CD133+ cells or CD45+ haematopoietic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Timmermans
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ghent, University Hospital Ghent, De Pintelaan, Ghent, Belgium
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Thon N, Damianoff K, Hegermann J, Grau S, Krebs B, Schnell O, Tonn JC, Goldbrunner R. Presence of pluripotent CD133+ cells correlates with malignancy of gliomas. Mol Cell Neurosci 2010; 43:51-9. [PMID: 18761091 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2008.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2008] [Revised: 07/09/2008] [Accepted: 07/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Presence of CD133(+) cancer stem cells has been demonstrated within glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most malignant phenotype of gliomas (WHO grade IV). Since GBM frequently develops from low grade gliomas (WHO grade II) we assessed a possible qualitative or quantitative correlation of CD133(+) cells and glioma grade to get new insights in gliomagenesis. RESULTS The amount of CD133(+) cells within the bulk tumor mass, analyzed by immunostaining and Western blotting, showed a clear quantitative correlation with glioma grade (WHO degrees II, III and IV). Most of CD133(+) cells were arranged in clusters frequently associated to tumor vessels. Protein analysis revealed high cellular coexpression of CD133 with Musashi-I but not CD34 indicating a neural, i.e. local origin of these cells. In vitro, no differences in stem cell properties concerning self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation have been found for CD133(+) cells isolated from gliomas of different grades. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate a solely quantitative correlation of glioma grade with the presence of neural CD133(+) cells within tumors supporting the concept of a CD133(+) stem cell dependent gliomagenesis.
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Rouhl RPW, van Oostenbrugge RJ, Damoiseaux J, Tervaert JWC, Lodder J. Endothelial progenitor cell research in stroke: a potential shift in pathophysiological and therapeutical concepts. Stroke 2008; 39:2158-65. [PMID: 18451350 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.107.507251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Stroke is the leading cause of disability in the Western world; however, few therapies are at hand to decrease this burden. SUMMARY OF REVIEW Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) have been introduced in cardiovascular medicine as factotums. EPCs can repair damaged endothelium and attenuate the development and progression of atherosclerosis. Also, EPCs can form new vessels in ischemic areas and thus promote recovery after ischemic events. In stroke, however, EPC research is limited. In our overview, we provide background information on EPC use as a risk marker and as a potential therapeutic agent. CONCLUSIONS In our opinion, the lack of EPC studies in stroke should instigate vascular neurologists to participate in EPC research, as EPCs could also change pathophysiological concepts and improve clinical treatments in vascular neurology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob P W Rouhl
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Maastricht, PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
The retina contains two distinct populations of monocyte-derived cells: perivascular cells (macrophages) and parenchymal cells (microglia), important in homeostasis, neuroinflammation, degeneration, and injury. The turnover of these cells in the retina and their repopulation in normal physiological conditions have not been clarified. Bone marrow (BM) cells from EGFP-transgenic mice were adoptively transferred into lethally irradiated normal adult C57BL/6 mice. Eight, 14, and 26 weeks later mice were sacrificed and retinal flatmounts were prepared. Retinal microglia were identified by F4/80, CD45, and Iba-1 immunostaining. BrdU was injected into normal mice for 3-14 days and cell proliferation was examined by confocal microscopy of retinal flatmounts. Few (6.15 +/- 2.02 cells/retina) BrdU(+) cells were detected and of these some coexpressed CD11b (1.67 +/- 0.62 cells/retina) or F4/80 (0.57 +/- 0.30 cells/retina). BM-derived EGFP(+) cells were detected by 8-weeks post-transplantation. By 6 months, all retinal myeloid cells were EGFP(+). Consecutively, donor BM-EGFP(+) cells were demonstrated within the: (1) peripheral and juxtapapillary retina, (2) ganglion cell layer, (3) inner and outer plexiform layers, and (4) photoreceptor layer. EGFP(+) cells within the ganglion layer were amoeboid in shape and F4/80(high)CD45(high)Iba-1(high), whereas cells in the inner and outer plexiform layers were ramified and F4/80(low) CD45(low)Iba-1(low). Perivascular macrophages expressed less F4/80, CD45, and Iba-1 compared with parenchymal microglia. Our results suggest that BM-derived monocyte precursor cells are able to migrate across the BRB and replace retinal microglia/macrophages. The complete replacement of retinal microglia/macrophages takes about 6 months. In situ proliferation was predominantly of nonhemopoetic retinal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heping Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
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17
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Gertz K, Priller J, Kronenberg G, Fink KB, Winter B, Schröck H, Ji S, Milosevic M, Harms C, Böhm M, Dirnagl U, Laufs U, Endres M. Physical Activity Improves Long-Term Stroke Outcome via Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase–Dependent Augmentation of Neovascularization and Cerebral Blood Flow. Circ Res 2006; 99:1132-40. [PMID: 17038638 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000250175.14861.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Physical activity upregulates endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), improves endothelium function, and protects from vascular disease. Here, we tested whether voluntary running would enhance neovascularization and long-term recovery following mild brain ischemia. Wild-type mice were exposed to 30 minutes of middle-cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) and reperfusion. Continuous voluntary running on wheels conferred long-term upregulation of eNOS in the vasculature and of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in the spleen and bone marrow (BM). This was associated with higher numbers of circulating EPCs in the blood and enhanced neovascularization. Moreover, engraftment of TIE2/LacZ-positive BM-derived cells was increased in the ischemic brain. Four weeks after the insult, trained animals showed higher numbers of newly generated cells in vascular sites, increased density of perfused microvessels and sustained augmentation of cerebral blood flow within the ischemic striatum. Moreover, running conferred tissue sparing and improved functional outcome at 4 weeks. The protective effects of running on angiogenesis and outcome were completely abolished when animals were treated with a NOS inhibitor or the antiangiogenic compound endostatin after brain ischemia, and in animals lacking eNOS expression. Voluntary physical activity improves long-term stroke outcome by eNOS-dependent mechanisms related to improved angiogenesis and cerebral blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Gertz
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie, Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
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18
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Abstract
The retina has long been regarded as 'an approachable part of the brain' for investigating neurosensory processes. Cell biologists are now capitalizing on the accessibility of the retina to investigate important aspects of developmental angiogenesis, including how it relates to neuronal and glial development, morphogenesis, oxygen sensing and progenitor cells. Pathological angiogenesis also occurs in the retina and is a major feature of leading blinding diseases, particularly diabetic retinopathy. The retina and its clinical disorders have a pivotal role in angiogenesis research and provide model systems in which to investigate neurovascular relationships and angiogenic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray F Gariano
- Department of Ophthalmology, A-157, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94305, USA.
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19
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Abstract
PURPOSE Bone-marrow (BM)-derived hematopoietic precursor cells are thought to participate in the growth of blood vessels during postnatal vasculogenesis. In this investigation, multichannel laser scanning confocal microscopy and quantitative image analysis were used to study the fate of BM-derived hematopoietic precursor cells in corneal neovascularization. METHODS A BM-reconstituted mouse model was used in which the BM from enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP)-positive mice was transplanted into C57BL/6 mice. Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) was used to induce corneal neovascularization in mice. The vasculogenic potential of adult BM-derived cells and their progeny were tested in this in vivo model. Seventy-two histologic sections selected by systematic random sampling from four mice were immunostained and imaged with a confocal microscope and analyzed with image-analysis software. RESULTS BM-derived endothelial cells did not contribute to bFGF-induced neovascularization in the cornea. BM-derived periendothelial vascular mural cells (pericytes) were detected at sites of neovascularization, whereas endothelial cells of blood vessels originated from preexisting blood vessels in limbal capillaries. Fifty three percent of all neovascular pericytes originated from BM, and 47% of them originated from preexisting corneoscleral limbus capillaries. Ninety-six percent and 92% of BM-derived pericytes also expressed CD45 and CD11b, respectively, suggesting their hematopoietic origin from the BM. CONCLUSIONS Pericytes of new corneal vessels have a dual source: BM and preexisting limbal capillaries. These findings establish BM as a significant effector organ in corneal disorders associated with neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugur Ozerdem
- La Jolla Institute for Molecular Medicine, CA 92121, USA.
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Kim WK, Avarez X, Williams K. The role of monocytes and perivascular macrophages in HIV and SIV neuropathogenesis: information from non-human primate models. Neurotox Res 2005; 8:107-15. [PMID: 16260389 DOI: 10.1007/bf03033823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Perivascular macrophages are located in the perivascular space of cerebral microvessels and thus uniquely situated at the intersection between the brain parenchyma and blood. Connections between the nervous and immune systems are mediated in part through these cells that are ideally located to sense perturbations in the periphery and turnover by cells entering the central nervous system (CNS) from the circulation. It has become clear that unique subsets of brain macrophages exist in normal and SIV- or HIV-infected brains, and perivascular macrophages and similar cells in the meninges and choroid plexus play a central role in lentiviral neuropathogenesis. Common to all these cell populations is their likely replacement within the CNS by monocytes. Studies of SIV-infected non-human primates and HIV-infected humans underscore the importance of virus-infected and activated monocytes, which traffic to the CNS from blood to become perivascular macrophages, potentially drive the blood-brain barrier damage and cause neuronal injury. This review summarizes what we know about SIV- and HIV-induced neuropathogenesis focusing on brain perivascular macrophages and their precursors in blood that may mediate HIV CNS infection and injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- W-K Kim
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Tan XW, Liao H, Sun L, Okabe M, Xiao ZC, Dawe GS. Fetal microchimerism in the maternal mouse brain: a novel population of fetal progenitor or stem cells able to cross the blood-brain barrier? Stem Cells 2005; 23:1443-52. [PMID: 16091558 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2004-0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We investigated whether fetal cells can enter the maternal brain during pregnancy. Female wild-type C57BL/6 mice were crossed with transgenic Green Mice ubiquitously expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). Green Mouse fetal cells were found in the maternal brain. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of genomic DNA for the EGFP gene showed that more fetal cells were present in the maternal brain 4 weeks postpartum than on the day of parturition. After an excitotoxic lesion to the brain, more fetal cells were detected in the injured region. The presence of fetal cells in the maternal brain was also confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR for the sex-determining region of the Y chromosome. Four weeks postpartum, EGFP-positive Green Mouse fetal cells in the maternal brain were found to adopt locations, morphologies, and expression of immunocytochemical markers indicative of perivascular macrophage-, neuron-, astrocyte-, and oligodendrocyte-like cell types. Expression of morphological and immunocytochemical characteristics of neuron- and astrocyte-like cell types was confirmed on identification of fetal cells in maternal brain by Y chromosome fluorescence in situ hybridization. Although further studies are required to determine whether such engraftment of the maternal brain has any physiological or pathophysiological functional significance, fetomaternal microchimerism provides a novel model for the experimental investigation of the properties of fetal progenitor or stem cells in the brain without prior in vitro manipulation. Characterization of the properties of these cells that allow them to cross both the placental and blood-brain barriers and to target injured brain may improve selection procedures for isolation of progenitor or stem cells for brain repair by intravenous infusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Wei Tan
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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