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Bauer JA, Punshon T, Barr MN, Jackson BP, Weisskopf MG, Bidlack FB, Coker MO, Peacock JL, Karagas MR. Deciduous teeth from the New Hampshire birth cohort study: Early life environmental and dietary predictors of dentin elements. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 256:119170. [PMID: 38768888 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sparse research exists on predictors of element concentrations measured in deciduous teeth. OBJECTIVE To estimate associations between maternal/child characteristics, elements measured in home tap water during pregnancy and element concentrations in the dentin of shed deciduous teeth. METHODS Our analysis included 152 pregnant person-infant dyads followed from the second trimester through the end of the first postnatal year from the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study. During pregnancy and early infancy, we collected dietary and sociodemographic information via surveys, measured elements in home tap water, and later collected naturally exfoliated teeth from child participants. We measured longitudinal deposition of elements in dentin using LA-ICP-MS. Multivariable linear mixed models were used to estimate associations between predictors and dentin element concentrations. RESULTS We measured 12 elements in dentin including those previously reported (Ba, Mn, Pb, Sr, Zn) and less frequently reported (Al, As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Li, and W). A doubling of Pb or Sr concentrations in water was associated with higher dentin Pb or Sr respectively in prenatally formed [9% (95%CI: 3%, 15%); 3% (1%, 6%)] and postnatally formed [10% (2%, 19%); 6% (2%, 10%)] dentin. Formula feeding from birth to 6 weeks or 6 weeks to 4 months was associated with higher element concentrations in postnatal dentin within the given time period as compared to exclusive human milk feeding: Sr: 6 weeks: 61% (36%, 90%) and 4 months: 85% (54%, 121%); Ba: 6 weeks: 35% (3.3%, 77%) and 4 months: 42% (10%, 83%); and Li: 6 weeks: 61% (33%, 95%) and 4 months: 58% (31%, 90%). SIGNIFICANCE These findings offer insights into predictors of dentin elements and potential confounders in exposure-health outcome relationships during critical developmental periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A Bauer
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA; Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Tracy Punshon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Matthew N Barr
- Department of Earth Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Brian P Jackson
- Department of Earth Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Marc G Weisskopf
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Modupe O Coker
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA; Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Janet L Peacock
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Margaret R Karagas
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
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Bzikowska-Jura A, Wesołowska A, Sobieraj P, Nawrocka A, Filipek A, Durkalec M, Katryńska D, Jedziniak P. Essential and non-essential element concentrations in human milk samples and the assessment of infants' exposure. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8140. [PMID: 38584184 PMCID: PMC10999444 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58683-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
As the data concerning element concentrations in human milk (HM) samples and their intake by infants are lacking in Poland, the present study aimed to explore this issue. The material consisted of HM samples obtained from 30 exclusively breastfeeding mothers during 4-6 weeks postpartum. Additionally, to identify the factors that may potentially affect HM composition, information regarding maternal data (anthropometry, body composition, and diet) was also collected. Maternal diet was assessed with two methods-a food frequency questionnaire and 3-day dietary records. In total, 18 essential and non-essential elements were determined. For the elements analysis, we used inductively coupled plasma quadrupole mass spectrometry. Most of the elements (n = 11, 61%) were detected in all HM samples. In all HM samples tin concentration was higher (5.67 ± 2.39 μg/L) than the usual range reported by the World Health Organization (~ 1.0 μg/L). HM cadmium content was positively associated with maternal salty snacks intake (r = 0.502, p = 0.005), arsenic with whole-grain products intake (r = 0.37, p = 0.043), and mercury concentration with fruits and seeds/nuts consumption (r = 0.424, p = 0.042 and r = 0.378, p = 0.039, respectively). Higher HM lead concentration was predicted by maternal age (95% CI [0.94-0.97]), intake of fish (95% CI [1.01-1.03]), and vegetables (95% CI [1.02-1.06]). The highest infants' intake was observed for copper (35.24 ± 12.48) and the lowest for arsenic (0.076 ± 0.102). Infants' exposure to lead was associated with maternal frequency consumption of canned fish (p = 0.0045). There is a need to perform further research on this topic to maximize the benefits of breastfeeding by minimizing maternal and infant exposure to potentially toxic elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Bzikowska-Jura
- Laboratory of Human Milk and Lactation Research at Regional Human Milk Bank in Holy Family Hospital, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Wesołowska
- Laboratory of Human Milk and Lactation Research at Regional Human Milk Bank in Holy Family Hospital, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Sobieraj
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hypertension and Vascular Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Nawrocka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Filipek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Maciej Durkalec
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Danuta Katryńska
- The Institute of Biology and Earth Sciences, University of the National Education Commission, Cracow, Poland
| | - Piotr Jedziniak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
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Liao KW, Lee WJ, Lin SC, Tsao YN, Lin HY, Liu C, Chin WS. Probabilistic risk assessment for determining nonessential metals in commercial infant formula products in Taiwan. J Food Sci 2024; 89:1804-1813. [PMID: 38258895 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
During the early months of life, infant formula plays a crucial role as a primary source of both food and essential nutrients for infants, serving as a replacement for or supplement to breast milk. However, nonessential metals in infant formulas are a concern because infants are highly vulnerable to chemical exposure. The aim of this study was to investigate infant exposure to nonessential metals in infant formula products in Taiwan and assess the associated health risks. In this study, concentrations of arsenic (As), barium (Ba), cadmium (Cd), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), and vanadium (V) in 45 formula products for 0-1-year-old infants were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The mean As, Ba, Cd, Mn, Pb, and V concentrations were 6.42, 280, 3.72, 1425, 20.4, and 21.9 µg/kg, respectively. According to our probabilistic simulation of the estimated daily intake of metals, the proportion of hazard quotients exceeding one was 7.69% for As and 3.29% for Mn, and that of hazard index (HI) values exceeding 1 was >17% for metals. Arsenic had the largest HI contribution (46.9%), followed by Mn (22.3%) and Pb (12.7%). The nonessential metals content in infant formula raises potential noncarcinogenic health concerns for infants in Taiwan. Therefore, regulations for nonessential metals must be imposed on related food products in Taiwan, with a particular focus on As and Mn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Wei Liao
- School of Food Safety, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ju Lee
- School of Food Safety, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Chi Lin
- School of Food Safety, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ning Tsao
- School of Food Safety, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ying Lin
- School of Food Safety, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen Liu
- Master Program in Food Safety, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Shan Chin
- School of Nursing, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Punshon T, Bauer JA, Karagas MR, Coker MO, Weisskopf MG, Mangano JJ, Bidlack FB, Barr MN, Jackson BP. Quantified retrospective biomonitoring of fetal and infant elemental exposure using LA-ICP-MS analysis of deciduous dentin in three contrasting human cohorts. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2024:10.1038/s41370-024-00652-3. [PMID: 38347123 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-024-00652-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spatial elemental analysis of deciduous tooth dentin combined with odontochronological estimates can provide an early life (in utero to ~2 years of age) history of inorganic element exposure and status. OBJECTIVE To demonstrate the importance of data normalization to a certified reference material to enable between-study comparisons, using populations with assumed contrasting elemental exposures. METHODS We used laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) of dentin to derive a history of elemental composition from three distinct cohort studies: a present day rural cohort, (the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study (NHBCS; N = 154)), an historical cohort from an urban area (1958-1970), (the St. Louis Baby Tooth Study (SLBT; N = 78)), and a present-day Nigerian cohort established to study maternal HIV transmission (Dental caries and its association with Oral Microbiomes and HIV in young children-Nigeria (DOMHaIN; N = 31)). RESULTS We report Li, Al, Mn, Cu, Zn, Sr, Ba and Pb concentrations (µg/g) and qualitatively examine As, Cd and Hg across all three cohorts. Rates of detection were highest, both overall and for each cohort individually, for Zn, Sr, Ba and Li. Zinc was detected in 100% of samples and was stably present in teeth at a concentration range of 64 - 86 µg/g. Mercury, As and Cd detection rates were the lowest, and had high variability within individual ablated spots. We found the highest concentrations of Pb in the pre- and postnatal dentin of the SLBT cohort, consistent with the prevalent use of Pb as an additive to gasoline prior to 1975. The characteristic decline in Mn after the second trimester was observed in all cohorts. IMPACT Spatially resolved elemental analysis of deciduous teeth combined with methods for estimating crown formation times can be used to reconstruct an early-life history of elemental exposure inaccessible via other biomarkers. Quantification of data into absolute values using an external standard reference material has not been conducted since 2012, preventing comparison between studies, a common and highly informative component of epidemiology. We demonstrate, with three contrasting populations, that absolute quantification produces data with the lowest variability, compares well with available data and recommends that future tooth biomarker studies report data in this way.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Punshon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.
| | - Julia A Bauer
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Margaret R Karagas
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Modupe O Coker
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
- Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Rutgers University, 110 Bergen Street, Room C-845, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Marc G Weisskopf
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 021156, USA
| | | | | | - Matthew N Barr
- Department of Earth Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Brian P Jackson
- Department of Earth Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
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Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L, Chipman JK, del Mazo J, Grasl‐Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom L(R, Leblanc J, Nebbia CS, Nielsen E, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Vleminckx C, Wallace H, Barregård L, Benford D, Broberg K, Dogliotti E, Fletcher T, Rylander L, Abrahantes JC, Gómez Ruiz JÁ, Steinkellner H, Tauriainen T, Schwerdtle T. Update of the risk assessment of inorganic arsenic in food. EFSA J 2024; 22:e8488. [PMID: 38239496 PMCID: PMC10794945 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA to update its 2009 risk assessment on arsenic in food carrying out a hazard assessment of inorganic arsenic (iAs) and using the revised exposure assessment issued by EFSA in 2021. Epidemiological studies show that the chronic intake of iAs via diet and/or drinking water is associated with increased risk of several adverse outcomes including cancers of the skin, bladder and lung. The CONTAM Panel used the benchmark dose lower confidence limit based on a benchmark response (BMR) of 5% (relative increase of the background incidence after adjustment for confounders, BMDL05) of 0.06 μg iAs/kg bw per day obtained from a study on skin cancer as a Reference Point (RP). Inorganic As is a genotoxic carcinogen with additional epigenetic effects and the CONTAM Panel applied a margin of exposure (MOE) approach for the risk characterisation. In adults, the MOEs are low (range between 2 and 0.4 for mean consumers and between 0.9 and 0.2 at the 95th percentile exposure, respectively) and as such raise a health concern despite the uncertainties.
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Demir T, Ağaoğlu S. Estimated daily intake and health risk assessment of toxic elements in infant formulas. Br J Nutr 2023; 130:1732-1742. [PMID: 37066728 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114523000971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the heavy metal (Al, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Cd, Sn, Pb and Hg) concentrations were determined in a total of seventy-two infant formula samples manufactured by sixteen different brands in Türkiye. During the analyses, inductively coupled plasma MS was used in evaluating the nutritional profile and the toxicological risk associated with the consumption of these products. Given the analysis results, the highest Pb content was found in milk-based 'beginner' formulas (0-6 months, three samples) packed in metal containers. The highest concentration of Mn was found in powdered infant formula (Brand 3) that is suitable for 9-12-month-olds. Mn level was found to be above the limit values in nine samples (12·5 %). Cd level exceeded the limit values in two infant formula samples of Brand 3 (0·038 µg/g) and Brand 15 (0·023 µg/g). Therefore, the mean Cd concentration found here reaches the maximum limit set by the European Union commission legislation. Cu was detected in all infant formulas. The highest concentration was determined in Brand 1 (9-12 months, seven samples) and found to be 2·637 (sd 1·928) µg/g. This value is much higher than the reference values set in the national and international standards. Based on the results achieved here, the estimated daily intake (EDI) and target hazard quotient values for all the metals in infant formulas were found lower than < 1. These findings suggest that the baby foods examined would not pose any health risk. The daily intakes exceeding the baby nutrition values recommended by the WHO would pose health risk since they would exceed the EDI levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuğba Demir
- Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Veterinary, Food Hygiene and Technology, Sivas, Türkiye
| | - Sema Ağaoğlu
- Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Veterinary, Food Hygiene and Technology, Sivas, Türkiye
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7
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Isci G, Orucoglu B, Ekici M. Assessing heavy metal levels in pediatric enteral nutrition formulas available in the Turkish market: Implications for consumer health. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 180:114037. [PMID: 37714447 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we assessed the levels of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and inorganic arsenic (iAs) in 27 pediatric enteral nutrition (EN) formulas from five international brands available in the Turkish market. Analysis was conducted using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk assessment was performed using hazard quotient (HQ), hazard index (HI), carcinogenic risk (CR), Toxicological contribution % of Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI) models. Our objective was to evaluate heavy metal exposure in EN formulas, specifically focusing on Cd, Pb, iAs, and Hg levels according to recommended amounts for different age groups based on their energy requirements. Average concentrations of iAs in polymeric (PC), oligomeric (OC), and monomeric (MC) EN formulas were as follows: PC: 2.13 ± 0.16 (
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Affiliation(s)
- Gursel Isci
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Agri Ibrahim Cecen University, 04100, Agri, Turkey.
| | - Betul Orucoglu
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, 03100, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey.
| | - Merve Ekici
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Agri Ibrahim Cecen University, 04100, Agri, Turkey; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Institute of Health Sciences, Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University, 34758, Istanbul, Turkey.
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8
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Gupta A, Tiwari RK, Agnihotri R, Padalia K, Mishra S, Dwivedi S. A critical analysis of various post-harvest arsenic removal treatments of rice and their impact on public health due to nutrient loss. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1073. [PMID: 37615784 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11669-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is particularly susceptible to arsenic (As) accumulation. Currently, to decrease the level of As accumulated in rice, various post-harvest methods, i.e., polishing, parboiling, pH-dependent soaking, washing, and cooking at different rice-to-water ratios (r/w), are being focused, because it removes significant amount of As from rice grain. Depending upon the rice variety and type, i.e., rough (with husk), husked (without husk/brown), or polished rice, these methods can remove 39-54% As by parboiling, 38-55% by polishing, 37-63% by soaking, and 6-80% by washing and cooking. Infants are highly vulnerable to As exposure; thus, these methods can be helpful for the production of rice-based infant foods. Although concern arises during the use of these methods that apart from decreasing the level of As in rice grain, they also lead to a significant loss of nutrients, such as macro- and micro-elements present in rice. Among these discussed methods, parboiling curtails 5-59%, polishing curtails 6-96%, soaking curtails 33-83%, and washing and cooking in different r/w reduce 8-81% of essential nutrients resulting in 2-90% reduction in contribution to the RDI of these nutrients through rice-based diet. Thus, these post-harvest arsenic removal methods, although reduce arsenic induced health hazard, but may also lead to malnutrition and compromised health in the population based on rice diet. There is a need to explore another way to reduce As from rice without compromising the nutrient availability or to supplement these nutrients through grain enrichment or by introducing additional dietary sources by changing eating habits; however, this may impose an extra economic burden on people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apoorv Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, 226007, India
| | - Ravi Kumar Tiwari
- Plant Ecology and Climate Change Science Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India
| | - Ruchi Agnihotri
- Plant Ecology and Climate Change Science Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India
| | - Kalpana Padalia
- Analytical Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, 226001, India
| | - Seema Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, 226007, India.
| | - Sanjay Dwivedi
- Plant Ecology and Climate Change Science Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India.
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Laue HE, Moroishi Y, Jackson BP, Palys TJ, Baker ER, Korrick SA, Madan JC, Karagas MR. Bacterial Modification of the Association Between Arsenic and Autism-Related Social Behavior Scores. EXPOSURE AND HEALTH 2023; 15:347-354. [PMID: 37840773 PMCID: PMC10569445 DOI: 10.1007/s12403-022-00494-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic is related to neurodevelopmental outcomes and is associated with the composition of the gut microbiome. Data on the modifying role of the microbiome are limited. We probed suggestive relationships between arsenic and social behaviors to quantify the modifying role of the infant gut microbiome. We followed children for whom arsenic concentrations were quantified in 6-week-old toenail clippings. Scores on the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS-2), which measures autism-related social behaviors, were provided by caregivers when the child was approximately 3 years of age. Metagenomic sequencing was performed on infant stools collected at 6 weeks and 1 year of age. To evaluate modification by the top ten most abundant species and functional pathways, we modeled SRS-2 total T-scores as a function of arsenic concentrations, microbiome features dichotomized at their median, and an interaction between exposure and the microbiome, adjusting for other trace elements and sociodemographic characteristics. As compared to the standardized population (SRS-2 T-scores = 50), participants in our study had lower SRS-2 scores (n = 78, mean = 44, SD = 5).The relative abundances of several functional pathways identified in 6-week stool samples modified the arsenic-SRS-2 association, including the pathways of valine and isoleucine biosynthesis; we observed no association among those with high relative abundance of each pathway [β = - 0.67 (95% CI - 1.46, 0.12)], and an adverse association [β = 1.67 (95% CI 0.3, 3.04), pinteraction= 0.05] among infants with low relative abundance. Our findings indicate the infant gut microbiome may alter neurodevelopmental susceptibility to environmental exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E. Laue
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
- One Medical Center Dr, WTRB 700, Lebanon, NH 03766, USA
| | - Yuka Moroishi
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Brian P. Jackson
- Department of Earth Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Thomas J. Palys
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Emily R. Baker
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Susan A. Korrick
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Juliette C. Madan
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Margaret R. Karagas
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
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10
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Martín-Carrasco I, Carbonero-Aguilar P, Dahiri B, Moreno IM, Hinojosa M. Comparison between pollutants found in breast milk and infant formula in the last decade: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 875:162461. [PMID: 36868281 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Since ancient times, breastfeeding has been the fundamental way of nurturing the newborn. The benefits of breast milk are widely known, as it is a source of essential nutrients and provides immunological protection, as well as developmental benefits, among others. However, when breastfeeding is not possible, infant formula is the most appropriate alternative. Its composition meets the nutritional requirements of the infant, and its quality is subject to strict control by the authorities. Nonetheless, the presence of different pollutants has been detected in both matrices. Thus, the aim of the present review is to make a comparison between the findings in both breast milk and infant formula in terms of contaminants in the last decade, in order to choose the most convenient option depending on the environmental conditions. For that, the emerging pollutants including metals, chemical compounds derived from heat treatment, pharmaceutical drugs, mycotoxins, pesticides, packaging materials, and other contaminants were described. While in breast milk the most concerning contaminants found were metals and pesticides, in infant formula pollutants such as metals, mycotoxins, and packaging materials were the most outstanding. In conclusion, the convenience of using a feeding diet based on breast milk or either infant formula depends on the maternal environmental circumstances. However, it is important to take into account the immunological benefits of the breast milk compared to the infant formula, and the possibility of using breast milk in combination with infant formula when the nutritional requirements are not fulfilled only with the intake of breast milk. Therefore, more attention should be paid in terms of analyzing these conditions in each case to be able to make a proper decision, as it will vary depending on the maternal and newborn environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Martín-Carrasco
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C/ Profesor García González 2, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - P Carbonero-Aguilar
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C/ Profesor García González 2, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - B Dahiri
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C/ Profesor García González 2, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - I M Moreno
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C/ Profesor García González 2, 41012 Seville, Spain.
| | - M Hinojosa
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C/ Profesor García González 2, 41012 Seville, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Institutionen för biokemi och biofysik, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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11
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Wang Z, Ma Z, Cheng X, Li X, Wang N, Zhang F, Wei B, Li Q, An Z, Wu W, Liu S. Effects of silver nanoparticles on maternal mammary glands and offspring development under lactation exposure. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 256:114869. [PMID: 37037110 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The widespread applications of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) throughout our daily lives have raised concerns regarding their environmental health and safety (EHS). Despite an increasing number of studies focused on the EHS impacts of AgNPs, there remain significant knowledge gaps with respect to their potential health impacts on susceptible populations, such as lactating mothers and infants. Herein, we aimed to investigate the deleterious effects of AgNPs with different sizes (20 and 40 nm) and surface coatings (PVP and BPEI) on maternal mice and their offspring following lactation exposure at doses of 20, 100 and 400 μg/kg body weight. We discovered that AgNPs could accumulate in the maternal mammary glands and disrupt the epithelial barrier in a dose-dependent manner. Notably, BPEI-coated AgNPs caused more damage to the mammary glands than PVP-coated particles. Importantly, we observed that, while AgNPs were distributed throughout the blood and main tissues, they were particularly enriched in the brains of breastfed offspring after maternal exposure during lactation, exhibiting exposure dosage- and particle coating-dependent patterns. Compared to PVP-coated nanoparticles, BPEI-coated AgNPs were more readily transferred to the offspring, possibly due to their enhanced deposition in maternal mammary glands. Moreover, we observed reduced body weight, blood cell toxicity, and tissue injuries in breastfed offspring whose dams received AgNPs. As a whole, these results reveal that maternal exposure to AgNPs results in the translocation of AgNPs into offspring via breastfeeding, inducing developmental impairments in these breastfed offspring. This study provides important new insights into the EHS impacts of AgNP consumption during lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China.
| | - Zhenzhu Ma
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Xiaodie Cheng
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Xiaoya Li
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Ning Wang
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Fengquan Zhang
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Bing Wei
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Qingqing Li
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Zhen An
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Weidong Wu
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Sijin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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12
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Sharafi K, Nakhaee S, Azadi NA, Mansouri B, Miri Kermanshahi S, Paknahad M, Habibi Y. Human health risk assessment of potentially toxic elements in the breast milk consumed by infants in Western Iran. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6656. [PMID: 37095309 PMCID: PMC10126154 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33919-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the human health risk of some toxic metals/metalloids [lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), and arsenic (As)] on infants via consumption of the breast milk of women living in urban areas of Kermanshah city, west of Iran. After collecting milk samples, the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk assessment as well as uncertainty analysis of toxic metal levels were carried out. The order of concentration of heavy metals/metalloids in the breast milk samples was Cr (41.07 ± 23.19) > Ni (19.25 ± 11.81) > Pb (11.5 ± 4.48) > As (1.96 ± 2.04) > Cd (.72 ± 0.42) > Hg (0.31 ± 0.26). The results revealed that the levels of Cr and Pb in the breast milk samples were exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) tolerable daily intake. In the breast milk samples a high levels of one of the trace elements As, Cd, Cr, Pb, and Ni were observed (over 73%) and in 40% of them the levels of Cr, Pb, Cd, As, and Ni were all above WHO tolerable daily intake. Moreover, the As-related point assessment of target risk factor (THQ) was higher than the allowable limit only for 1-month-old male neonates and 2-month-old female neonates (THQ > 1). In addition, Cr-related THQ scores were higher at all age and gender groups (THQ > 1). In conclusion, our findings suggest a potential risk of some metals for infants via the consumption of mothers' breast milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiomars Sharafi
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Research Institute for Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Samaneh Nakhaee
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Nammam Ali Azadi
- Biostatistics Department, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Borhan Mansouri
- Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Research Institute for Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Saba Miri Kermanshahi
- Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Maedeh Paknahad
- Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Research Institute for Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Yazdan Habibi
- Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Research Institute for Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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García Salcedo JJ, Roh T, Nava Rivera LE, Betancourt Martínez ND, Carranza Rosales P, San Miguel Salazar MF, Rivera Guillén MA, Serrano Gallardo LB, Niño Castañeda MS, Guzmán Delgado NE, Millán Orozco J, Ortega Morales N, Morán Martínez J. Comparative Biomonitoring of Arsenic Exposure in Mothers and Their Neonates in Comarca Lagunera, Mexico. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16232. [PMID: 36498305 PMCID: PMC9739351 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192316232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Multiple comorbidities related to arsenic exposure through drinking water continue to be public problems worldwide, principally in chronically exposed populations, such as those in the Comarca Lagunera (CL), Mexico. In addition, this relationship could be exacerbated by an early life exposure through the placenta and later through breast milk. This study conducted a comparative analysis of arsenic levels in multiple biological samples from pregnant women and their neonates in the CL and the comparison region, Saltillo. Total arsenic levels in placenta, breast milk, blood, and urine were measured in pregnant women and their neonates from rural areas of seven municipalities of the CL using atomic absorption spectrophotometry with hydride generation methodology. The average concentrations of tAs in drinking water were 47.7 µg/L and 0.05 µg/L in the exposed and non-exposed areas, respectively. Mean levels of tAs were 7.80 µg/kg, 77.04 µg/g-Cr, and 4.30 µg/L in placenta, blood, urine, and breast milk, respectively, in mothers, and 107.92 µg/g-Cr in neonates in the exposed group, which were significantly higher than those in the non-exposed area. High levels of urinary arsenic in neonates were maintained 4 days after birth, demonstrating an early arsenic exposure route through the placenta and breast milk. In addition, our study suggested that breastfeeding may reduce arsenic exposure in infants in arsenic-contaminated areas. Further studies are necessary to follow up on comorbidities later in life in neonates and to provide interventions in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Javier García Salcedo
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Farmacología, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila Torreón, Torreón 27000, Mexico
| | - Taehyun Roh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Lydia Enith Nava Rivera
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Ultraestructura, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila Torreón, Torreón 27000, Mexico
| | - Nadia Denys Betancourt Martínez
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Ultraestructura, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila Torreón, Torreón 27000, Mexico
| | - Pilar Carranza Rosales
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas del Noreste, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Monterrey 64000, Mexico
| | - María Francisco San Miguel Salazar
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Farmacología, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila Torreón, Torreón 27000, Mexico
| | - Mario Alberto Rivera Guillén
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Farmacología, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila Torreón, Torreón 27000, Mexico
| | - Luis Benjamín Serrano Gallardo
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Farmacología, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila Torreón, Torreón 27000, Mexico
| | - María Soñadora Niño Castañeda
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Ultraestructura, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila Torreón, Torreón 27000, Mexico
| | - Nacny Elena Guzmán Delgado
- División de Investigaciones en Salud, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad, Hospital de Cardiología #34, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Monterrey 64000, Mexico
| | - Jair Millán Orozco
- Unidad Laguna, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Raúl López Sánchez, Torreon 27000, Mexico
| | - Natalia Ortega Morales
- División de Investigaciones en Salud, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad, Hospital de Cardiología #34, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Monterrey 64000, Mexico
| | - Javier Morán Martínez
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Ultraestructura, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila Torreón, Torreón 27000, Mexico
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14
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Laue HE, Moroishi Y, Palys TJ, Jackson BP, Madan JC, Karagas MR. Contribution of gut bacteria to arsenic metabolism in the first year of life in a prospective birth cohort. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:114099. [PMID: 35998698 PMCID: PMC10319341 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Gut bacteria are at the interface of environmental exposures and their impact on human systems, and may alter host absorption, metabolism, and excretion of toxic chemicals. We investigated whether arsenic-metabolizing bacterial gene pathways related to urinary arsenic concentrations. In the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study, urine and stool samples were obtained at six weeks (n = 186) and one year (n = 190) of age. Inorganic arsenic (iAs), monomethylarsonic acid (MMA), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), and arsenobetaine (AsB) were quantified in infant urine samples using high-performance liquid chromatography with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Total arsenic exposure (tAs) was summarized as Σ(iAs, MMA, DMA) and log2-transformed. Fecal microbial DNA underwent metagenomic sequencing and the relative abundance of bacterial gene pathways were grouped as KEGG Orthologies (KOs) using BioBakery algorithms. Arsenic metabolism KOs with >80% prevalence were log2-transformed and modeled continuously using linear regression, those with <10% were not evaluated and those with 10-80% prevalence were analyzed dichotomously (detect/non-detect) using logistic regression. In the first set of models, tAs was regressed against KO relative abundance or detection adjusting for age at sample collection and child's sex. Effect modification by delivery mode was assessed in stratified models. In the second set of models, the association between the relative abundance/detection of the KOs and arsenic speciation (%iAs, %MMA, %DMA) was quantified with linear regression. Urinary tAs was associated with the increased relative abundance/detection odds of several arsenic-related KOs, including K16509, an arsenate reductase transcriptional regulator, with stronger associations among six-week-olds than one-year-olds. K16509 was also associated with decreased %MMA and increased %DMA at six weeks and one year. Notably, many associations were stronger among operatively-delivered than vaginally-delivered infants. Our findings suggest associations between arsenic-metabolizing bacteria in the infant gut microbiome and urinary arsenic excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E Laue
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA.
| | - Yuka Moroishi
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA.
| | - Thomas J Palys
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA.
| | - Brian P Jackson
- Department of Earth Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
| | - Juliette C Madan
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA; Department of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, Children's Hospital at Dartmouth,Lebanon, NH, United States.
| | - Margaret R Karagas
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA.
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15
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Signes-Pastor AJ, Sayarath V, Jackson B, Cottingham KL, Punshon T, Karagas MR. Dietary Exposure to Essential and Non-essential Elements During Infants' First Year of Life in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study. EXPOSURE AND HEALTH 2022; 15:269-279. [PMID: 36873246 PMCID: PMC9971144 DOI: 10.1007/s12403-022-00489-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Even the low levels of non-essential elements exposure common in the US may have health consequences especially early in life. However, little is known about the infant's dynamic exposure to essential and non-essential elements. This study aims to evaluate exposure to essential and non-essential elements during infants' first year of life and to explore the association between the exposure and rice consumption. Paired urine samples from infants enrolled in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study (NHBCS) were collected at approximately 6 weeks (exclusively breastfed) and at 1 year of age after weaning (n = 187). A further independent subgroup of NHBCS infants with details about rice consumption at 1 year of age also was included (n = 147). Urinary concentrations of 8 essential (Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, and Se) and 9 non-essential (Al, As, Cd, Hg, Pb, Sb, Sn, V, and U) elements were determined as a measure of exposure. Several essential (Co, Fe, Mo, Ni, and Se) and non-essential (Al, As, Cd, Hg, Pb, Sb, Sn, and V) elements had higher concentrations at 1 year than at 6 weeks of age. The highest increases were for urinary As and Mo with median concentrations of 0.20 and 1.02 µg/L at 6 weeks and 2.31 and 45.36 µg/L at 1 year of age, respectively. At 1 year of age, As and Mo urine concentrations were related to rice consumption. Further efforts are necessary to minimize exposure to non-essential elements while retaining essential elements to protect and promote children's health. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12403-022-00489-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J. Signes-Pastor
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel Medical School at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH USA
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández (ISABIAL-UMH), Alicante, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicki Sayarath
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel Medical School at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH USA
| | - Brian Jackson
- Department of Earth Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH USA
| | | | - Tracy Punshon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH USA
| | - Margaret R. Karagas
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel Medical School at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH USA
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16
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Moroishi Y, Signes-Pastor AJ, Li Z, Cottingham KL, Jackson BP, Punshon T, Madan J, Nadeau K, Gui J, Karagas MR. Infant infections, respiratory symptoms, and allergy in relation to timing of rice cereal introduction in a United States cohort. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4450. [PMID: 35292690 PMCID: PMC8924265 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08354-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice products marketed in the USA, including baby rice cereal, contain inorganic arsenic, a putative immunotoxin. We sought to determine whether the timing of introduction of rice cereal in the first year of life influences occurrence of infections, respiratory symptoms, and allergy. Among 572 infants from the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study, we used generalized estimating equation, adjusted for maternal smoking during pregnancy, marital status, education attainment, pre-pregnancy body mass index, maternal age at enrollment, infant birth weight, and breastfeeding history. Among 572 infants, each month earlier of introduction to rice cereal was associated with increased risks of subsequent upper respiratory tract infections (relative risk, RR = 1.04; 95% CI: 1.00-1.09); lower respiratory tract infections (RR = 1.19; 95% CI: 1.02-1.39); acute respiratory symptoms including wheeze, difficulty breathing, and cough (RR = 1.10; 95% CI: 1.00-1.22); fever requiring a prescription medicine (RR = 1.22; 95% CI: 1.02-1.45) and allergy diagnosed by a physician (RR = 1.20; 95% CI: 1.06-1.36). No clear associations were observed with gastrointestinal symptoms. Our findings suggest that introduction of rice cereal earlier may influence infants' susceptibility to respiratory infections and allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Moroishi
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | | | - Zhigang Li
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kathryn L Cottingham
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
- Children's Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Research Center at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Brian P Jackson
- Department of Earth Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Tracy Punshon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
- Children's Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Research Center at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Juliette Madan
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
- Children's Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Research Center at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Kari Nadeau
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jiang Gui
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Margaret R Karagas
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA.
- Children's Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Research Center at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA.
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Schmidt S. Navigating a Two-Way Street: Metal Toxicity and the Human Gut Microbiome. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2022; 130:32001. [PMID: 35302387 PMCID: PMC8932408 DOI: 10.1289/ehp9731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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Nazlıcan E, Arıca E, Gören İE, Kılınçlı B, Mete B, Daglioglu N. The risk estimation and assessment of heavy metal exposure by biomonitoring in the breast milk of mothers in the Cukurova Region, Turkey. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:13963-13970. [PMID: 34599714 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16602-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Toxic heavy metals released into the environment through various industrial processes have potential adverse effects on the environment and human health. In order to reveal these adverse health effects, it is vital to carry out toxicological studies by performing biomonitoring. This study aimed to assess the level of Cr, As, Cd, Hg, and Pb in the breast milk samples of mothers in the Cukurova region, Turkey, and its association with health risk to infants. Ten-milliliter postpartum milk samples were collected from 34 breast-feeding mothers in the first 2 months of their postpartum period and living in the Cukurova region, Adana. The measurement of target heavy metals levels was performed by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS). The average breast milk levels of Cr, As, Cd, Hg, and Pb were 8.25, 1.64, 0.37, 2.60, and 12.12 μg/L, respectively. Evaluation of breast milk samples for these toxic heavy metals revealed the high exposure level for Cr and As. However, the mothers who participated in the study were not occupationally exposed to these metals. This study showed that Cr, As, Cd, Hg, and Pb cross the placenta and blood-brain barrier prenatally and accumulate in breast milk postnatally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ersin Nazlıcan
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Enes Arıca
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - İsmail Ethem Gören
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine, Cukurova University, 01330, Adana, Turkey
| | - Betül Kılınçlı
- Department of Food Chemistry, Adana Alparslan Turkes Science and Technology University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Burak Mete
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Nebile Daglioglu
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine, Cukurova University, 01330, Adana, Turkey.
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Concentrations and determinants of lead, mercury, cadmium, and arsenic in pooled donor breast milk in Spain. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2021; 240:113914. [PMID: 34974272 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2021.113914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
AIM To measure concentrations of lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), and arsenic (As) in longitudinally collected donor breast milk samples and to determine associated factors. METHODS Pb, Hg, Cd, and As concentrations were measured in 242 pooled breast milk samples from 83 donors to a Human Milk Bank in Spain, in 2015-2018, determining their association with the donors' sociodemographic profile, dietary and lifestyle habits, and post-partum time, among other factors, and with the nutritional characteristics of samples. Mixed-effect linear regression was used to identify predictors of Hg and As concentrations in breast milk and mixed-effect logistic regression to identify predictors of the presence of Pb and Cd. RESULTS As was the element most frequently detected in milk samples (97.1%), followed by Hg (81.2%), Pb (50.6%), and Cd (38.0%). Their median breast milk concentrations were 1.49 μg/L, 0.26 μg/L, 0.14 μg/L, and <0.04 μg/L, respectively. Concentrations of As were higher in breast milk from primiparous donors, while Hg was higher in donors with a greater intake of fatty fish and meat and lower in samples collected after a longer post-partum time and with higher lactose content. Detection of Pb was higher among multiparous donors, those gaining weight since before pregnancy, and ex-smokers and was lower in samples collected more recently and from donors with greater intake of red meat and eggs. Cd detection was higher for donors with university education and those with greater intake of fried and canned food and more frequent use of hand cream and was lower for donors with greater bread intake. CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal relatively high As concentrations, moderate Hg concentrations, and low Pb and Cd concentrations in pooled donor breast milk. Several factors including post-partum time, parity, smoking habit, and the intake of certain food items were associated with the metal content of milk samples.
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Olowoyo JO, Macheka LR, Mametja PM. Health Risk Assessments of Selected Trace Elements and Factors Associated with Their Levels in Human Breast Milk from Pretoria, South Africa. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:9754. [PMID: 34574682 PMCID: PMC8464967 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
While breast milk is the recommended food for infants up to at least six months, exogenously derived compounds such as trace elements have been widely reported in human milk which may make it become toxic or a source of pollutants to the infants. Numerous short- and long-term health effects have been associated with high body-burdens of trace elements, which are amplified in infants. The current study determined the levels and possible contributing factors of six trace elements in breast milk of nursing mothers from a local hospital in Pretoria. Extraction of trace elements employed a digestion technique using perchloric and nitric acid in a ratio of 1:3, while Inductively Coupled Plasma-Membrane Spectrophotometry was used to identify and quantify their levels in breast milk. Concentrations of Cr and Mn were the highest in breast milk, with values ranging from 0.30 to 5.72 µg/L and 0.23 to 5.13 µg/L, respectively. Levels of Co, As, Pb and Cd ranged from
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua O. Olowoyo
- Department of Biology, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, P.O Box 139, Pretoria 0204, South Africa; (L.R.M.); (P.M.M.)
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21
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Farmus L, Till C, Green R, Hornung R, Martinez Mier EA, Ayotte P, Muckle G, Lanphear BP, Flora DB. Critical windows of fluoride neurotoxicity in Canadian children. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 200:111315. [PMID: 34051202 PMCID: PMC9884092 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fluoride has been associated with IQ deficits during early brain development, but the period in which children are most sensitive is unknown. OBJECTIVE We assessed effects of fluoride on IQ scores across prenatal and postnatal exposure windows. METHODS We used repeated exposures from 596 mother-child pairs in the Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals pregnancy and birth cohort. Fluoride was measured in urine (mg/L) collected from women during pregnancy and in their children between 1.9 and 4.4 years; urinary fluoride was adjusted for specific gravity. We estimated infant fluoride exposure (mg/day) using water fluoride concentration and duration of formula-feeding over the first year of life. Intelligence was assessed at 3-4 years using the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-III. We used generalized estimating equations to examine the associations between fluoride exposures and IQ, adjusting for covariates. We report results based on standardized exposures given their varying units of measurement. RESULTS The association between fluoride and performance IQ (PIQ) significantly differed across prenatal, infancy, and childhood exposure windows collapsing across child sex (p = .001). The strongest association between fluoride and PIQ was during the prenatal window, B = -2.36, 95% CI: -3.63, -1.08; the association was also significant during infancy, B = -2.11, 95% CI: -3.45, -0.76, but weaker in childhood, B = -1.51, 95% CI: -2.90, -0.12. Within sex, the association between fluoride and PIQ significantly differed across the three exposure windows (boys: p = .01; girls: p = .01); among boys, the strongest association was during the prenatal window, B = -3.01, 95% CI: -4.60, -1.42, whereas among girls, the strongest association was during infancy, B = -2.71, 95% CI: -4.59, -0.83. Full-scale IQ estimates were weaker than PIQ estimates for every window. Fluoride was not significantly associated with Verbal IQ across any exposure window. CONCLUSION Associations between fluoride exposure and PIQ differed based on timing of exposure. The prenatal window may be critical for boys, whereas infancy may be a critical window for girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Farmus
- Faculty of Health, York University, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Rivka Green
- Faculty of Health, York University, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard Hornung
- Pediatrics and Environmental Health, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - E Angeles Martinez Mier
- Department of Cardiology, Operative Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indiana, USA
| | - Pierre Ayotte
- Centre de Recherche Du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gina Muckle
- Centre de Recherche Du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; School of Psychology, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bruce P Lanphear
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, British Columbia, Canada; Child & Family Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada
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Early Low-Level Arsenic Exposure Impacts Post-Synaptic Hippocampal Function in Juvenile Mice. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9090206. [PMID: 34564357 PMCID: PMC8470588 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9090206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic is a well-established carcinogen known to increase mortality, but its effects on the central nervous system are less well understood. Epidemiological studies suggest that early life exposure is associated with learning deficits and behavioral changes. Studies in arsenic-exposed rodents have begun to shed light on potential mechanistic underpinnings, including changes in synaptic transmission and plasticity. However, previous studies relied on extended exposure into adulthood, and little is known about the effect of arsenic exposure in early development. Here, we studied the effects of early developmental arsenic exposure in juvenile mice on synaptic transmission and plasticity in the hippocampus. C57BL/6J females were exposed to arsenic (0, 50 ppb, 36 ppm) via drinking water two weeks prior to mating, with continued exposure throughout gestation and parturition. Electrophysiological recordings were then performed on juvenile offspring prior to weaning. In this paradigm, the offspring are exposed to arsenic indirectly, via the mother. We found that high (36 ppm) and relatively low (50 ppb) arsenic exposure both decreased basal synaptic transmission. A compensatory increase in pre-synaptic vesicular release was only observed in the high-exposure group. These results suggest that indirect, ecologically relevant arsenic exposure in early development impacts hippocampal synaptic transmission and plasticity that could underlie learning deficits reported in epidemiological studies.
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Bertmann F, Dunn CG, Racine EF, Fleischhacker S. The Risk of Homemade Infant Formulas: Historical and Contemporary Considerations. J Acad Nutr Diet 2021; 122:697-708. [PMID: 34016563 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Tsai TL, Lei WT, Kuo CC, Sun HL, Su PH, Wang SL. Maternal and childhood exposure to inorganic arsenic and airway allergy - A 15-Year birth cohort follow-up study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 146:106243. [PMID: 33161204 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of allergic diseases in children has increased globally. Early-life exposure to inorganic arsenic has been found to be associated with impaired immune function and decreased lung function in children; however, the results are inconsistent. We aimed to evaluate the effect of prenatal and childhood exposure to inorganic arsenic on allergic diseases in children, through a 15-year follow-up birth cohort study, conducted in central Taiwan. METHODS Children born to women enrolled in the Taiwan Maternal and Infant Cohort Study (TMICS-pilot) from December 2000 to November 2001 were recruited and followed every 2-3 years until the age of 14 years. Urinary specimens were collected in the pregnant women during the 3rd trimester and the followed children. Diagnoses of allergic diseases were based on physician diagnoses using the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood questionnaire. Urinary arsenic speciation was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography and inductively coupled plasma dynamic reaction cell mass spectrophotometry. RESULTS Of the 261 children from 358 mother-infant pairs for this study, those with asthma and allergic rhinitis reported a higher prevalence of maternal allergy (49.47%) than did non-allergic children (29.81%). In the fully adjusted model, levels of maternal urine (iAs + MMA + DMA) greater than the median were found to be significantly associated with an increased risk of asthma (OR = 4.28; 95% CI 1.32, 13.85). Levels of urinary (iAs + MMA + DMA) in children higher than the median were associated with an increased risk of allergic rhinitis (OR = 2.26; 95% CI 1.20, 4.26). CONCLUSION Prenatal and childhood exposure to inorganic arsenic were found to be significantly associated with the occurrence of asthma and allergic rhinitis in children, respectively. Further large cohort follow-up studies are important to validate the association between inorganic arsenic exposure and allergic diseases in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Lin Tsai
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Healthcare Administration, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Te Lei
- Section of Immunology, Rheumatology, and Allergy Department of Pediatrics, Hsinchu Mackay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu City, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chi Kuo
- Big Data Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital and China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hai-Lun Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pen-Hua Su
- Department of Pediatrics, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Li Wang
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan; Department of Safety, Health, and Environmental Engineering, National United University, Miaoli, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Abstract
Following an official request to EFSA from the European Commission, EFSA assessed the chronic dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic (iAs) in the European population. A total of 13,608 analytical results on iAs were considered in the current assessment (7,623 corresponding to drinking water and 5,985 to different types of food). Samples were collected across Europe between 2013 and 2018. The highest mean dietary exposure estimates at the lower bound (LB) were in toddlers (0.30 μg/kg body weight (bw) per day), and in both infants and toddlers (0.61 μg/kg bw per day) at the upper bound (UB). At the 95th percentile, the highest exposure estimates (LB-UB) were 0.58 and 1.20 μg/kg bw per day in toddlers and infants, respectively. In general, UB estimates were two to three times higher than LB estimates. The mean dietary exposure estimates (LB) were overall below the range of benchmark dose lower confidence limit (BMDL 01) values of 0.3-8 μg/kg bw per day established by the EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain in 2009. However, for the 95th percentile dietary exposure (LB), the maximum estimates for infants, toddlers and other children were within this range of BMDL 01 values. Across the different age classes, the main contributors to the dietary exposure to iAs (LB) were 'Rice', 'Rice-based products', 'Grains and grain-based products (no rice)' and 'Drinking water'. Different ad hoc exposure scenarios (e.g. consumption of rice-based formulae) showed dietary exposure estimates in average and for high consumers close to or within the range of BMDL 01 values. The main uncertainties associated with the dietary exposure estimations refer to the impact of using the substitution method to treat the left-censored data (LB-UB differences), to the lack of information (consumption and occurrence) on some iAs-containing ingredients in specific food groups, and to the effect of food preparation on the iAs levels. Recommendations were addressed to improve future dietary exposure assessments to iAs.
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Chen D, Liu Z, Barrett H, Han J, Lv B, Li Y, Li J, Zhao Y, Wu Y. Nationwide Biomonitoring of Neonicotinoid Insecticides in Breast Milk and Health Risk Assessment to Nursing Infants in the Chinese Population. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:13906-13915. [PMID: 33146527 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Presently, the potential health risks of neonicotinoid insecticides (neonics) are now receiving much attention, but no data regarding the exposure of infants to neonics via human breast milk intake have been reported. In this study, a nationwide survey was conducted during the period of 2017-2019, wherein 97 pooled breast milk samples were collected from 3570 lactating women of 23 provinces in China. Nationally, acetamiprid-N-desmethyl was the most predominant compound, accounting for 61.2% of the total amount of neonics, followed by imidacloprid (15.6%). The concentration of the sum of acetamiprid and its metabolite acetamiprid-N-desmethyl in breast milk was positively correlated with corresponding dietary exposure, while no statistically significant association between the other neonic levels in breast milk and dietary exposure was found. The cumulative daily intakes of neonics (9.40-249 ng kg-1 of body weight day-1) were estimated for breastfed infants, indicating a minuscule risk to Chinese infants from neonic exposure via breastfeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhibin Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, People's Republic of China
- Nanchang Key Laboratory of Detection and Control of Food Safety, Nanchang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330096, People's Republic of China
| | - Holly Barrett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Jiajun Han
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Bing Lv
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingguang Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfeng Zhao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongning Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, People's Republic of China
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Wu J, Lai X, Cui G, Chen Q, Liu J, Kang Y, Zhang Y, Feng X, Hu C, Shao L. Dual effects of JNK activation in blood-milk barrier damage induced by zinc oxide nanoparticles. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 399:122809. [PMID: 32937690 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) have been extensively applied in our daily life. Humans are at high risk of being exposed to ZnO-NPs, which induce potentially adverse health effects. Although a growing number of studies have investigated the toxic effects of ZnO-NPs, the available data concerning ZnO-NP interactions with the blood-milk barrier (BMB) remain highly limited. Herein, we systematically investigated the damage to BMB integrity induced by ZnO-NPs and the mechanisms involved. ZnO-NPs that were intravenously injected into lactating dams accumulated in the mammary gland and entered into the breast milk, inducing disruption to BMB integrity and changes in the tight junction (TJ) and adherens junction (AJ) components. Furthermore, using an in vitro BMB model composed of EpH4-Ev cells, we verified that ZnO-NP-triggered ROS generation and the activation of MKK4 and JNK are the main mechanism of cell-cell junction damage. More interestingly, JNK activation played different roles in inducing changes in the TJ and AJ complex, and these effects did not need to activate the downstream c-Jun. These data provide more information for understanding ZnO-NP interactions with the BMB and raise concern for the daily use and the intravenous use of ZnO-NPs by lactating mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junrong Wu
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xuan Lai
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Guangman Cui
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Qiyue Chen
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yiyuan Kang
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yanli Zhang
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xiaoli Feng
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Chen Hu
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Longquan Shao
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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Bantol KEA, Brumberg HL, Shah SI, Javier JR. Perspectives from the Society for Pediatric Research: contaminants of water and children's health: Can we do better? Pediatr Res 2020; 88:535-543. [PMID: 32470969 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-020-0985-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Children are uniquely susceptible to the health consequences of water contamination. In this review, we summarize the existing, robust literature supporting the importance of examining specific water contaminants (i.e., lead, pesticides, nitrates, arsenic, perchlorate) and the routes of contamination in the United States and globally. We also discuss the health effects of exposure to contaminated water and significant disparities related to access to clean water. Lastly, we offer strategies for prevention and intervention-including those focused on the individual patient level-and review the current US policy framework pertaining to regulation of these toxicants. IMPACT: A key message in this article is that exposure to water contaminants have serious and long-lasting consequences on children's health. This review summarizes current existing literature and adds policy recommendations supporting clean water for children. Information from this review has two potential impacts: Guide health professionals in screening and/or treating children's health problems resulting from water contaminant exposure. Guide policy makers in using evidence-based approaches to improve water quality and clean water access.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Evy A Bantol
- Division of General Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Heather L Brumberg
- New York Medical College, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shetal I Shah
- New York Medical College, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joyce R Javier
- Division of General Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Oliveira MM, Trevilato TMB, Segura-Muñoz SI, Aragon DC, Alves LG, Nadal M, Marquès M, Domingo JL, Sierra J, Camelo JS. Essential and toxic elements in human milk concentrate with human milk lyophilizate: A preclinical study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 188:109733. [PMID: 32574850 PMCID: PMC7479503 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Concentrated human milk (HM-concentrate) can be obtained from the simple and inexpensive method of donated breast milk direct lyophilization. A previous study reported that HM-concentrate contains the adequate amount of main macro- and micronutrients for use as a nutritional resource for preterm infants with very low birth weight admitted to neonatal intensive care units. However, further details need to be elucidated about HM-concentrate composition, particularly its content of essential and potentially toxic trace elements. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the concentration of essential and toxic elements in human milk considered baseline (HM-baseline) and HM-concentrate, as well as to quantify changes in concentration of these elements after the HM concentration process. The concentration of Aluminum, Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Iron, Mercury, Manganese, Nickel, Lead, Selenium, Tin, and Thallium was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Moreover, Bayesian linear mixed effect models were applied to estimate the mean difference between HM-baseline and HM-concentrate samples. After comparison (HM-concentrate versus HM-baseline), a significant increase in concentration was observed only for Manganese (0.80 μg/L; 95% CrI [0.16; 1.43]) and Selenium (6.74 μg/L; 95% CrI [4.66; 8.86]), while Lead concentration (-6.13 μg/L; 95% CrI [-8.63; -3.61]) decreased. This study provides latest and reliable information about HM composition. After milk concentration by lyophilization, there was a significant increase only in the essential elements Manganese and Selenium. The essential micronutrient content in HM-concentrate was similar or higher than that in preterm mothers' milk, which suggests it is viable for nutritional support of preterm infants. In addition, the low concentrations of potentially toxic elements in HM-concentrate indicates that it is safe for consumption by premature newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana M Oliveira
- Department of Pediatrics, Childreńs Hospital, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tânia M B Trevilato
- Section of Metals and Rare Diseases, Laboratory of Pediatrics, Clinics Hospital of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Susana I Segura-Muñoz
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology and Environmental Parasitology, Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Davi C Aragon
- Department of Pediatrics, Childreńs Hospital, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Larissa G Alves
- Human Milk Bank, Clinics Hospital of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Martí Nadal
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Montse Marquès
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - José L Domingo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jordi Sierra
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Reus, Catalonia, Spain; Laboratory of Soil Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - José Simon Camelo
- Department of Pediatrics, Childreńs Hospital, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Xiong C, Stiboller M, Glabonjat RA, Rieger J, Paton L, Francesconi KA. Transport of arsenolipids to the milk of a nursing mother after consuming salmon fish. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2020; 61:126502. [PMID: 32344278 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2020.126502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We address two questions relevant to infants' exposure to potentially toxic arsenolipids, namely, are the arsenolipids naturally present in fish transported intact to a mother's milk, and what is the efficiency of this transport. METHODS We investigated the transport of arsenolipids and other arsenic species present in fish to mother's milk by analyzing the milk of a single nursing mother at 15 sampling times over a 3-day period after she had consumed a meal of salmon. Total arsenic values were obtained by elemental mass spectrometry, and arsenic species were measured by HPLC coupled to both elemental and molecular mass spectrometry. RESULTS Total arsenic increased from background levels (0.1 μg As kg-1) to a peak value of 1.72 μg As kg-1 eight hours after the fish meal. The pattern for arsenolipids was similar to that of total arsenic, increasing from undetectable background levels (< 0.01 μg As kg-1) to a peak after eight hours of 0.45 μg As kg-1. Most of the remaining total arsenic in the milk was accounted for by arsenobetaine. The major arsenolipids in the salmon were arsenic hydrocarbons (AsHCs; 55 % of total arsenolipids), and these compounds were also the dominant arsenolipids in the milk where they contributed over 90 % of the total arsenolipids. CONCLUSIONS Our study has shown that ca 2-3 % of arsenic hydrocarbons, natural constituents of fish, can be directly transferred unchanged to the milk of a nursing mother. In view of the potential neurotoxicity of AsHCs, the effects of these compounds on the brain developmental stage of infants need to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Xiong
- Institute of Chemistry, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Michael Stiboller
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Food Chemistry, University of Potsdam, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Ronald A Glabonjat
- Institute of Chemistry, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Jaqueline Rieger
- Institute of Chemistry, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Lhiam Paton
- TESLA (Trace Element Speciation Laboratory), Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, Scotland, UK
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Igweze ZN, Ekhator OC, Nwaogazie I, Orisakwe OE. Public Health and Paediatric Risk Assessment of Aluminium, Arsenic and Mercury in Infant Formulas Marketed in Nigeria. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 2020; 20:e63-e70. [PMID: 32190371 PMCID: PMC7065688 DOI: 10.18295/squmj.2020.20.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Infant formulas are useful alternatives to breast milk in many circumstances but may pose health risks to infants and children due to contamination by potentially toxic metals. This study aimed to determine the aluminium, arsenic and mercury concentrations and carry out an exposure health risk assessment in commonly consumed infant formulas in Nigeria. METHODS Different brands of both locally manufactured and imported infant formulas were purchased in March 2017 from stores in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Analysis of metals in the samples was performed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The health risk was assessed by comparing estimated daily intake of aluminium, arsenic and mercury with the provisional tolerable daily intake acceptable by the Joint Food and Agricultural Organization/World Health Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). RESULTS A total of 26 infant formulas were analysed. The levels of arsenic were higher in cereal-based formulas compared to milk-based formulas, but the difference was not significant (P >0.05). The intake levels of aluminium, arsenic and mercury in infant formulas were found to be 8.02-14.2%, 437.1-771% and 23.7-41.8% of the provisional tolerable daily intake JECFA threshold values, respectively. CONCLUSION Commonly consumed infant formulas in Nigeria may add to the body burden of arsenic in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelinjo N. Igweze
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Madonna University, Nigeria
| | | | - Ify Nwaogazie
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - Orish E. Orisakwe
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
- African Centre of Excellence for Public Health and Toxicological Research, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
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Mitra A, Chatterjee S, Gupta DK. Environmental Arsenic Exposure and Human Health Risk. ADVANCES IN WATER SECURITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-21258-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Schuster RC, Butler MS, Wutich A, Miller JD, Young SL. "If there is no water, we cannot feed our children": The far-reaching consequences of water insecurity on infant feeding practices and infant health across 16 low- and middle-income countries. Am J Hum Biol 2020; 32:e23357. [PMID: 31868269 PMCID: PMC7537364 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Infant feeding plays a critical role in child health and development. Few studies to date have examined the link between household water insecurity and infant feeding, and none in a cross-cultural context. Therefore, we examined the perceived impact of household water insecurity in four domains: breastfeeding, non-breastmilk feeding, caregiver capabilities, and infant health. Our research was conducted as part of the Household Water Insecurity Experiences (HWISE) study. METHODS We interviewed respondents from 19 sites in 16 low- and middle-income countries (N = 3303) about the link between water insecurity and infant feeding. We then thematically analyzed their open-ended textual responses. In each of the four domains (breastfeeding, non-breastmilk feeding, caregiver capabilities, infant health), we inductively identified cross-cultural metathemes. We analyzed the distribution of themes across sites quantitatively and qualitatively. RESULTS Water was perceived to directly affect breastfeeding and non-breastmilk feeding via numerous pathways, including timing and frequency of feeding, unclean foods, and reduced dietary diversity. Water was perceived to indirectly affect infant feeding through caregiver capabilities by increasing time demands, exacerbating disease, undernutrition, and mortality, and requiring greater efficacy of caregivers. Respondents made connections between water challenges and infant health, for example, increased risk of infectious diseases, undernutrition, and mortality. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that water presents many, and sometimes unexpected, challenges to infant feeding. By systematically investigating biocultural pathways by which water impacts infant and young child feeding, it will be possible to understand if, and how, water security can be leveraged to improve child nutrition and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roseanne C Schuster
- Center for Global Health, School for Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Margaret S Butler
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Amber Wutich
- Center for Global Health, School for Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Joshua D Miller
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Sera L Young
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
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Muse ME, Li Z, Baker ER, Cottingham KL, Korrick SA, Karagas MR, Gilbert-Diamond D. Relation between in utero arsenic exposure and growth during the first year of life in a New Hampshire pregnancy cohort. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 180:108604. [PMID: 31710845 PMCID: PMC7333643 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously reported that in utero arsenic exposure is associated with increased length and other anthropometric outcomes at birth in a U.S. cohort. However, it is unknown whether these anthropometric differences persist through early life. OBJECTIVES We assessed in utero arsenic exposure in relation to attained anthropometry and growth trajectories through the first year of life. METHODS Among 760 mother-infant pairs from the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study, we assessed in utero arsenic exposure using maternal second trimester urinary arsenic and assessed infant growth from medical records. RESULTS Median maternal second trimester total urinary arsenic (tAs; inorganic arsenic + monomethylarsonic acid + dimethylarsinic acid) was 3.96 μg/L (IQR: 2.02, 6.72). In adjusted linear mixed effects models, each doubling of maternal urinary tAs was associated with a 0.05 increase in length WHO Z score (95% CI: 0, 0.09) over the first year of life which corresponds to an approximately 0.12 cm increase in males and 0.13 cm increase in females at 12 months. No associations were observed between urinary tAs and attained weight, weight-for-length, or head circumference. In adjusted piecewise linear mixed effects models, each doubling of urinary tAs was associated with a 0.07 (95% CI: 0.02, 0.12) cm per month decreased length growth rate through 3.5 months with no evidence of an association thereafter. No associations were observed between urinary tAs and infant weight gain or change in weight-for-length and head circumference through one year. CONCLUSIONS On average, infants exposed to higher in utero arsenic attained modestly longer length during the first year, despite having slower linear growth in the first 3.5 months of life. This suggests that the previously demonstrated arsenic-associated longer length among study infants at birth persists through the first year of life. No other anthropometric associations with in utero arsenic exposure were observed across the full study population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan E Muse
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA.
| | - Zhigang Li
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Emily R Baker
- Children's Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Center at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Kathryn L Cottingham
- Children's Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Center at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Susan A Korrick
- Children's Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Center at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Margaret R Karagas
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA; Children's Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Center at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Diane Gilbert-Diamond
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA; Children's Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Center at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
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Till C, Green R, Flora D, Hornung R, Martinez-Mier EA, Blazer M, Farmus L, Ayotte P, Muckle G, Lanphear B. Fluoride exposure from infant formula and child IQ in a Canadian birth cohort. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 134:105315. [PMID: 31743803 PMCID: PMC6913880 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infant consumption of formula reconstituted with fluoridated water can lead to excessive fluoride intake. We examined the association between fluoride exposure in infancy and intellectual ability in children who lived in fluoridated or non-fluoridated cities in Canada. METHODS We examined 398 mother-child dyads in the Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals cohort who reported drinking tap water. We estimated water fluoride concentration using municipal water reports. We used linear regression to analyze the association between fluoride exposure and IQ scores, measured by the Wechsler Primary and Preschool Scale of Intelligence-III at 3-4 years. We examined whether feeding status (breast-fed versus formula-fed) modified the impact of water fluoride and if fluoride exposure during fetal development attenuated this effect. A second model estimated the association between fluoride intake from formula and child IQ. RESULTS Thirty-eight percent of mother-child dyads lived in fluoridated communities. An increase of 0.5 mg/L in water fluoride concentration (approximately equaling the difference between fluoridated and non-fluoridated regions) corresponded to a 9.3- and 6.2-point decrement in Performance IQ among formula-fed (95% CI: -13.77, -4.76) and breast-fed children (95% CI: -10.45, -1.94). The association between water fluoride concentration and Performance IQ remained significant after controlling for fetal fluoride exposure among formula-fed (B = -7.93, 95% CI: -12.84, -3.01) and breastfed children (B = -6.30, 95% CI: -10.92, -1.68). A 0.5 mg increase in fluoride intake from infant formula corresponded to an 8.8-point decrement in Performance IQ (95% CI: -14.18, -3.34) and this association remained significant after controlling for fetal fluoride exposure (B = -7.62, 95% CI: -13.64, -1.60). CONCLUSIONS Exposure to increasing levels of fluoride in tap water was associated with diminished non-verbal intellectual abilities; the effect was more pronounced among formula-fed children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rivka Green
- Faculty of Health, York University, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Flora
- Faculty of Health, York University, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard Hornung
- Pediatrics and Environmental Health, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH, USA
| | | | - Maddy Blazer
- Faculty of Health, York University, Ontario, Canada
| | - Linda Farmus
- Faculty of Health, York University, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pierre Ayotte
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gina Muckle
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; School of Psychology, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bruce Lanphear
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, British Columbia, Canada; Child & Family Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Canada
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Kambunga SN, Candeias C, Hasheela I, Mouri H. Review of the nature of some geophagic materials and their potential health effects on pregnant women: some examples from Africa. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2019; 41:2949-2975. [PMID: 30977022 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-019-00288-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The voluntary human consumption of soil known as geophagy is a global practice and deep-rooted in many African cultures. The nature of geophagic material varies widely from the types to the composition. Generally, clay and termite mound soils are the main materials consumed by geophagists. Several studies revealed that gestating women across the world consume more soil than other groups for numerous motives. These motivations are related to medicinal, cultural and nutrients supplementation. Although geophagy in pregnancy (GiP) is a universal dynamic habit, the highest prevalence has been reported in African countries such as Kenya, Ghana, Rwanda, Nigeria, Tanzania, and South Africa. Geophagy can be both beneficial and detrimental. Its health effects depend on the amount and composition of the ingested soils, which is subjective to the geology and soil formation processes. In most cases, the negative health effects concomitant with the practice of geophagy eclipse the positive effects. Therefore, knowledge about the nature of geophagic material and the health effects that might arise from their consumption is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma N Kambunga
- Department of Geology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Carla Candeias
- GeoBioTec, Geosciences Department, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- EpiUnit, Public Health Institute, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Israel Hasheela
- Environmental and Engineering Geology Division, Geological Survey of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Hassina Mouri
- Department of Geology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Samiee F, Leili M, Faradmal J, Torkshavand Z, Asadi G. Exposure to arsenic through breast milk from mothers exposed to high levels of arsenic in drinking water: Infant risk assessment. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Arellano FE, Braeuer S, Fernández Cirelli A, Goessler W, Pérez Carrera AL. Occurrence of major and trace elements in powdered milk from Argentina. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Flavia E Arellano
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Estudios Transdisciplinarios del Agua (CETA) Av. Chorroarín N° 280 Buenos AiresC1427CWOArgentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Animal (INPA) Av. Chorroarín 280 Buenos AiresC1427CWOArgentina
| | - Simone Braeuer
- Institute of Chemistry University of Graz Universitätsplatz 38010Graz Austria
| | - Alicia Fernández Cirelli
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Estudios Transdisciplinarios del Agua (CETA) Av. Chorroarín N° 280 Buenos AiresC1427CWOArgentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Animal (INPA) Av. Chorroarín 280 Buenos AiresC1427CWOArgentina
| | - Walter Goessler
- Institute of Chemistry University of Graz Universitätsplatz 38010Graz Austria
| | - Alejo L Pérez Carrera
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Estudios Transdisciplinarios del Agua (CETA) Av. Chorroarín N° 280 Buenos AiresC1427CWOArgentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Animal (INPA) Av. Chorroarín 280 Buenos AiresC1427CWOArgentina
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Ma J, Zhu H, Kannan K. Organophosphorus Flame Retardants and Plasticizers in Breast Milk from the United States. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2019; 6:525-531. [PMID: 31534982 PMCID: PMC6740186 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.9b00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are used in consumer products as flame retardants and plasticizers. Little is known, however, about the occurrence and profiles of OPEs in human milk. In this study, 14 OPEs were measured in 100 breast milk samples collected from the United States during the period of 2009-2012, using high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. The sum concentrations of 14 OPEs in human milk ranged from 0.670 to 7.83 ng/mL, with a mean value of 3.61 ng/mL. The highest mean concentration was found for tris-2-butoxyethyl phosphate (TBOEP, 1.44 ± 0.789 ng/mL), followed by tri-iso-butyl phosphate (TIBP, 0.569 ± 0.272 ng/mL) and tri-n-butyl phosphate (TNBP, 0.539 ± 0.265 ng/mL), which were the dominant OPEs found in breast milk at detection frequencies of >80%. No significant differences were observed between various maternal/infant characteristics and OPE concentrations (p > 0.05), except for TBOEP, for which the median concentrations in Hispanic mothers (0.765 ng/mL) were 2 times lower than those in non-Hispanic mothers (1.48 ng/mL) (p < 0.05). On the basis of the recommended daily milk ingestion rate, the average and the highest daily intakes of total OPEs were calculated to be in the range of 300-542 and 504-911 ng (kg of body weight)-1 day-1, respectively. The estimated daily intakes of OPEs did not exceed the current reference doses. Our study establishes baseline data for OPE exposure in breast-fed American children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ma
- Wadsworth
Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York 12201, United States
- School
of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Hongkai Zhu
- Wadsworth
Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York 12201, United States
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth
Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York 12201, United States
- Department
of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York 12201, United States
- Telephone: 518-474-0015. Fax: 518-473-2895. E-mail:
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41
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Padberg S, Bührer C, Menzel J, Weikert C, Schaefer C, Abraham K. [Xenobiotics and pathogens in breast milk : A risk for the child?]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2019; 61:960-970. [PMID: 29934679 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-018-2764-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Although breast milk is the best diet in the first few months of life, risks can arise for the breast-fed infant. The article gives a comprehensive overview of possible risks regarding xenobiotics and pathogens in mother's milk, including medications, smoking, alcohol consumption, coffee consumption, persistent environmental contaminants and residues as well as infections.Where drug therapy is indicated, suitable medications are available for most conditions nowadays, so that prolonged nursing breaks or even weaning is not required. Long-term treatment, especially under combination therapy, needs to be examined on a case-by-case basis, however. Smoking and alcohol consumption should be avoided during the breastfeeding period, while moderate coffee consumption (up to 2 cups daily) is not of concern. The current levels of environmental contaminants and residues in breast milk are considered to be harmless to health; indeed, the body burden of dioxins considered to be critically high more than 20 years ago has been reduced by a factor of 10 to date. Among maternal infections, an human deficiency virus (HIV) infection is one of the few medical indications for weaning in countries with adequate hygiene standards.All in all, the risks of xenobiotics and pathogens in mother's milk are generally low in exclusively breastfed infants, so that there is usually no need for prolonged nursing breaks or even weaning. In only a small number of maternal conditions (certain medications, HIV infection), the infant should not be breastfed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Padberg
- Pharmakovigilanzzentrum Embryonaltoxikologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Christoph Bührer
- Klinik für Neonatologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
| | | | | | - Christof Schaefer
- Pharmakovigilanzzentrum Embryonaltoxikologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Klaus Abraham
- Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung, Berlin, Deutschland.
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Jallad KN. The Hazards of a Ubiquitary Metalloid, Arsenic, Hiding in Infant Diets: Detection, Speciation, Exposure, and Risk Assessment. Biol Trace Elem Res 2019; 190:11-23. [PMID: 30203222 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1510-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Different types of infant foods categorized as formulas, cereals, and purees imported from seven different countries and available on the Kuwaiti retail market were collected for arsenic analysis. The samples were analyzed both for total arsenic concentration using ICP-MS and for arsenic speciation using HPLC-ICP-MS. Speciation is essential for food analysis because of the toxicity and carcinogenicity of inorganic arsenic species. There was a strong positive linear correlation between the total and inorganic arsenic levels in the tested infant foods at the 95% confidence level. Arsenic concentrations detected in this study were implemented to calculate the total daily intake of arsenic, where the calculated daily intake values were utilized to assess the potential health risks to infants incurred by consuming different infant foods by calculating three different assessment indices namely, hazard quotient (HQ), cancer risk (CR), and margin of exposure (MOE). Both the total arsenic content and the safety of the investigated infant foods were compared to the ones associated with 406 different infant food types from seven different countries reported in the literature. This study confirms that infants are exposed to arsenic via diet since rice-based infant food products contained elevated levels of arsenic; consequently, warranting careful attention to diet choices both to limit this exposure and to avert potentially hazardous adverse health effects to the infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim N Jallad
- College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Kuwait, P.O. Box 3323, 13034, Safat, Kuwait.
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Medina-Pizzali M, Damián-Bastidas N, Vargas-Reyes M. Arsenic in baby foods: health effects and dietary exposure. QUALITY ASSURANCE AND SAFETY OF CROPS & FOODS 2019. [DOI: 10.3920/qas2018.1477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Medina-Pizzali
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Av. Alameda San Marcos, Cuadra 2, Chorrillos, Lima, Perú
| | - N. Damián-Bastidas
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Av. Alameda San Marcos, Cuadra 2, Chorrillos, Lima, Perú
| | - M. Vargas-Reyes
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Av. Alameda San Marcos, Cuadra 2, Chorrillos, Lima, Perú
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Duncan DR, Larson K, Rosen RL. Clinical Aspects of Thickeners for Pediatric Gastroesophageal Reflux and Oropharyngeal Dysphagia. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2019; 21:30. [PMID: 31098722 PMCID: PMC9733977 DOI: 10.1007/s11894-019-0697-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to discuss current knowledge and recent findings regarding clinical aspects of thickeners for pediatric gastroesophageal reflux and oropharyngeal dysphagia. We review evidence for thickener efficacy, discuss types of thickeners, practical considerations when using various thickeners, and risks and benefits of thickener use in pediatrics. RECENT FINDINGS Thickeners are effective in decreasing regurgitation and improving swallowing mechanics and can often be used empirically for the treatment of infants and young children. Adverse effects have been reported, but with careful consideration of appropriate thickener types, desired thickening consistency, and follow-up in collaboration with feeding specialists, most patients have symptomatic improvements. Thickeners are typically well tolerated and with few side effects, but close follow-up is needed to make sure patients tolerate thickeners and have adequate symptom improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R. Duncan
- Aerodigestive Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kara Larson
- Aerodigestive Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rachel L. Rosen
- Aerodigestive Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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Pajewska-Szmyt M, Sinkiewicz-Darol E, Gadzała-Kopciuch R. The impact of environmental pollution on the quality of mother's milk. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:7405-7427. [PMID: 30687894 PMCID: PMC6447517 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04141-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Breastfeeding is a gold standard of neonate nutrition because human milk contains a lot of essential compounds crucial for proper development of a child. However, milk is also a biofluid which can contain environmental pollution, which can have effects on immune system and consequently on the various body organs. Polychlorinated biphenyls are organic pollutants which have been detected in human milk. They have lipophilic properties, so they can penetrate to fatty milk and ultimately to neonate digestive track. Another problem of interest is the presence in milk of heavy metals-arsenic, lead, cadmium, and mercury-as these compounds can lead to disorders in production of cytokines, which are important immunomodulators. The toxicants cause stimulation or suppression of this compounds. This can lead to health problems in children as allergy, disorders in the endocrine system, end even neurodevelopment delay and disorder. Consequently, correlations between pollutants and bioactive components in milk should be investigated. This article provides an overview of environmental pollutants found in human milk as well as of the consequences of cytokine disorder correlated with presence of heavy metals. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Pajewska-Szmyt
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 7 Gagarin St, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 4 Wileńska St, PL-87100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Elena Sinkiewicz-Darol
- Ludwik Rydygier Provincial Polyclinic Hospital in Toruń, Human Milk Bank, Św. Józefa 53-59, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
- Human Milk Bank Foundation, 128J Podkowy St, 04-937, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Renata Gadzała-Kopciuch
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 7 Gagarin St, 87-100, Toruń, Poland.
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 4 Wileńska St, PL-87100, Toruń, Poland.
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Samiee F, Vahidinia A, Taravati Javad M, Leili M. Exposure to heavy metals released to the environment through breastfeeding: A probabilistic risk estimation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 650:3075-3083. [PMID: 30373084 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Toxic heavy metals released into the environment through various anthropogenic activities, raising concerns over their potential adverse effects on human health and the environment. Biological monitoring studies are of great value in toxicological research for estimation of such health effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the concentrations of lead (Pb), arsenic (As), and chromium (Cr) in the breast milk of urban mothers in Hamadan city, Iran and the accompanying health risk to infants. A total of 100 lactating mothers were recruited from public health care centers in Hamadan city and breast milk samples were collected at 2, 6, 8, and 12 months postpartum. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) has been used to measure target heavy metal concentrations. The median breast milk concentrations of Pb, As, and Cr were 41.90, 0.50, and 3.95 μg/L, respectively. The highest levels of Pb were observed after two months of delivery (with the mean of 96.69 μg/L and median of 45.70 μg/L). Up to 94% of the breast milk samples exceeded the WHO limit suggested for lead contamination of breast milk (<5 μg/L). The breast milk As and Cr contents were above the limit of detection (LOD) in 19% and 76% of samples, respectively. Unacceptable non-cancer health risk levels or hazard quotient (HQ) were found for Pb and As in 61% and 10% of the samples, respectively. Nevertheless, HQ from Cr was <1.0 for 100% of breastfeeding infants. Finally, our results indicated that there may be a potential risk of toxic metals, especially lead, for infants in Hamadan via the consumption of mothers' breast milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fateme Samiee
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Research Center for Health Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Aliasghar Vahidinia
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, Nutrition Health Research Center, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| | | | - Mostafa Leili
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Research Center for Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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Saritha S, Davuljigari CB, Kumar KP, Reddy GR. Effects of combined arsenic and lead exposure on the brain monoaminergic system and behavioral functions in rats: Reversal effect of MiADMSA. Toxicol Ind Health 2018; 35:89-108. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233718814990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of monoisoamyldimercaptosuccinic acid (MiADMSA) against individual and combined effects of arsenic (As) and lead (Pb) on the monoaminergic system and behavioral functions in rats. Pregnant rats were exposed to sodium metaarsenite (50 ppm) and lead acetate (0.2%) individually and in combination (As = 25 ppm + Pb = 0.1%) via drinking water from gestation day (GD) 6 to postnatal day (PND) 21. MiADMSA (50 mg/kg body weight) was given orally through gavage for 3 consecutive days to pups from PND 18 to PND 20. The results showed increases in synaptosomal epinephrine, dopamine, and norepinephrine levels with individual metal exposures and decreases with combined exposure to As and Pb in the cortex, cerebellum, and hippocampus in PND 21, PND 28, and 3 months age-group rats. We found decreased activity of mitochondrial monoamine oxidase in the selected brain regions following individual and combined exposures to Pb and As. In addition, rats treated with Pb and As alone or in combination showed significant deficits in open-field behavior, grip strength, locomotor activity, and exploratory behavior at PND 28 and 3 months of age. However, MiADMSA administration showed reversal effects against the As- and/or Pb-induced impairments in the monoaminergic system as well as in behavioral functions of rats. Our data demonstrated that the mixture of Pb and As induced synergistic toxicity to developing brain leading to impairments in neurobehavioral functions and also suggest therapeutic efficacy of MiADMSA against Pb- and/or As-induced developmental neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Saritha
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | | | - K Praveen Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - G Rajrami Reddy
- Department of Zoology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
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He X, Karagas MR, Murray C. Impact of receipt of private well arsenic test results on maternal use of contaminated drinking water in a U.S. population. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 643:1005-1012. [PMID: 30189517 PMCID: PMC8601766 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to inorganic arsenic in drinking water has known cancer and non-cancer health effects. However, no prior studies have addressed response to well water testing for arsenic during pregnancy, a time of known heightened risk perception. Using a US pregnancy cohort, we assessed the impact of receiving well water arsenic test results on subsequent use of arsenic-contaminated tap water. Study participants were 24-28 weeks' gestation at study entry and reported living in a residence served by a private, unregulated well. Upon enrollment participants provided a tap water sample which was tested for arsenic using ICP-MS. During pregnancy and every four months after, participants were asked their extent of tap water use for drinking, cooking and mixing infant formula. Logistic regression was used to estimate the odds of tap water use at one year post-partum in relation to baseline tap water use and arsenic concentration. Compared to those who used tap water <50% of the time, mothers who reported using tap water for drinking and cooking >50% of time in their prenatal questionnaire had 8.54 times the odds of using their tap water at 1-year postpartum (95% CI: 5.37, 13.60). After adjusting for frequency of prenatal tap water use, mothers were less likely to use tap water for drinking and cooking (OR = 0.34, 95% CI: 0.19, 0.60) and for mixing formula (OR = 0.45, 95% CI: 0.24, 0.86) if the high arsenic concentration (>10 μg/L) was known to them. Our findings suggest that providing well water test results during pregnancy may reduce subsequent maternal use of iAs contaminated tap water for drinking, cooking, and mixing infant formula. Public health implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei He
- The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 1 Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
| | - Margaret R Karagas
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine and Children's Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Research Center at Dartmouth, 1 Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
| | - Carolyn Murray
- The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Departments of Medicine and Community and Family Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine and Children's Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Research Center at Dartmouth, 1 Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
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Lehmann GM, LaKind JS, Davis MH, Hines EP, Marchitti SA, Alcala C, Lorber M. Environmental Chemicals in Breast Milk and Formula: Exposure and Risk Assessment Implications. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2018; 126:96001. [PMID: 30187772 PMCID: PMC6375394 DOI: 10.1289/ehp1953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human health risk assessment methods have advanced in recent years to more accurately estimate risks associated with exposure during childhood. However, predicting risks related to infant exposures to environmental chemicals in breast milk and formula remains challenging. OBJECTIVES Our goal was to compile available information on infant exposures to environmental chemicals in breast milk and formula, describe methods to characterize infant exposure and potential for health risk in the context of a risk assessment, and identify research needed to improve risk analyses based on this type of exposure and health risk information. METHODS We reviewed recent literature on levels of environmental chemicals in breast milk and formula, with a focus on data from the United States. We then selected three example publications that quantified infant exposure using breast milk or formula chemical concentrations and estimated breast milk or formula intake. The potential for health risk from these dietary exposures was then characterized by comparison with available health risk benchmarks. We identified areas of this approach in need of improvement to better characterize the potential for infant health risk from this critical exposure pathway. DISCUSSION Measurements of chemicals in breast milk and formula are integral to the evaluation of risk from early life dietary exposures to environmental chemicals. Risk assessments may also be informed by research investigating the impact of chemical exposure on developmental processes known to be active, and subject to disruption, during infancy, and by analysis of exposure-response data specific to the infant life stage. Critical data gaps exist in all of these areas. CONCLUSIONS Better-designed studies are needed to characterize infant exposures to environmental chemicals in breast milk and infant formula as well as to improve risk assessments of chemicals found in both foods. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP1953.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geniece M Lehmann
- Office of Research and Development (ORD), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Judy S LaKind
- LaKind Associates, LLC, Catonsville, Maryland, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Matthew H Davis
- Office of Children's Health Protection, U.S. EPA, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Erin P Hines
- Office of Research and Development (ORD), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Satori A Marchitti
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), ORD, U.S. EPA, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Cecilia Alcala
- Association of Schools and Programs of Public Health (ASPPH), ORD, U.S. EPA, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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50
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Hoen AG, Madan JC, Li Z, Coker M, Lundgren SN, Morrison HG, Palys T, Jackson BP, Sogin ML, Cottingham KL, Karagas MR. Sex-specific associations of infants' gut microbiome with arsenic exposure in a US population. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12627. [PMID: 30135504 PMCID: PMC6105615 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30581-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Arsenic is a ubiquitous environmental toxicant with antimicrobial properties that can be found in food and drinking water. The influence of arsenic exposure on the composition of the human microbiome in US populations remains unknown, particularly during the vulnerable infant period. We investigated the relationship between arsenic exposure and gut microbiome composition in 204 infants prospectively followed as part of the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study. Infant urine was analyzed for total arsenic concentration using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Stool microbiome composition was determined using sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. Infant urinary arsenic related to gut microbiome composition at 6 weeks of life (p = 0.05, adjusted for infant feeding type and urine specific gravity). Eight genera, six within the phylum Firmicutes, were enriched with higher arsenic exposure. Fifteen genera were negatively associated with urinary arsenic concentration, including Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium. Upon stratification by both sex and feeding method, we found detectable associations among formula-fed males (p = 0.008), but not other groups (p > 0.05 for formula-fed females and for breastfed males and females). Our findings from a US population indicate that even moderate arsenic exposure may have meaningful, sex-specific effects on the gut microbiome during a critical window of infant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne G Hoen
- Department of Epidemiology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA.
- Children's Environmental Health & Disease Prevention Research Center at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA.
| | - Juliette C Madan
- Department of Epidemiology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
- Children's Environmental Health & Disease Prevention Research Center at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Zhigang Li
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Modupe Coker
- Department of Epidemiology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Sara N Lundgren
- Department of Epidemiology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Hilary G Morrison
- Josephine Bay Paul Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas Palys
- Children's Environmental Health & Disease Prevention Research Center at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Brian P Jackson
- Department of Earth Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Mitchell L Sogin
- Josephine Bay Paul Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kathryn L Cottingham
- Children's Environmental Health & Disease Prevention Research Center at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Margaret R Karagas
- Department of Epidemiology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
- Children's Environmental Health & Disease Prevention Research Center at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
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