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Liu A, Garrett S, Hong W, Zhang J. Staphylococcus aureus Infections and Human Intestinal Microbiota. Pathogens 2024; 13:276. [PMID: 38668232 PMCID: PMC11053856 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13040276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a common pathogen that can cause many human diseases, such as skin infection, food poisoning, endocarditis, and sepsis. These diseases can be minor infections or life-threatening, requiring complex medical management resulting in substantial healthcare costs. Meanwhile, as the critically ignored "organ," the intestinal microbiome greatly impacts physiological health, not only in gastrointestinal diseases but also in disorders beyond the gut. However, the correlation between S. aureus infection and intestinal microbial homeostasis is largely unknown. Here, we summarized the recent progress in understanding S. aureus infections and their interactions with the microbiome in the intestine. These summarizations will help us understand the mechanisms behind these infections and crosstalk and the challenges we are facing now, which could contribute to preventing S. aureus infections, effective treatment investigation, and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aotong Liu
- Department of Pharmacology & Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
| | - Shari Garrett
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Wanqing Hong
- Faculty of Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada;
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering and Materials Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Jilei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology & Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
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Lin X, Wang Y, He Y. Mucosal-associated invariant T cells in infectious diseases of respiratory system: recent advancements and applications. J Inflamm (Lond) 2024; 21:6. [PMID: 38419084 PMCID: PMC10902946 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-024-00376-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are an atypical subset of T lymphocytes, which have a highly conserved semi-constant αβ chain of T-cell receptor (TCR) and recognize microbe-derived vitamin B metabolites via major histocompatibility complex class I related-1 molecule (MR1). MAIT cells get activated mainly through unique TCR-dependent and TCR-independent pathways, and express multiple functional and phenotypic traits, including innate-like functionality, T helper (Th) 1 cell immunity, Th 17 cell immunity, and tissue homing. Given the functions, MAIT cells are extensively reported to play a key role in mucosal homeostasis and infectious diseases. In the current work, we review the basic characteristics of MAIT cells and their roles in mucosal homeostasis and development of respiratory infectious diseases as well as their potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Lin
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ye Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanqi He
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Tuffs SW, Dufresne K, Rishi A, Walton NR, McCormick JK. Novel insights into the immune response to bacterial T cell superantigens. Nat Rev Immunol 2024:10.1038/s41577-023-00979-2. [PMID: 38225276 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-023-00979-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial T cell superantigens (SAgs) are a family of microbial exotoxins that function to activate large numbers of T cells simultaneously. SAgs activate T cells by direct binding and crosslinking of the lateral regions of MHC class II molecules on antigen-presenting cells with T cell receptors (TCRs) on T cells; these interactions alter the normal TCR-peptide-MHC class II architecture to activate T cells in a manner that is independent of the antigen specificity of the TCR. SAgs have well-recognized, central roles in human diseases such as toxic shock syndrome and scarlet fever through their quantitative effects on the T cell response; in addition, numerous other consequences of SAg-driven T cell activation are now being recognized, including direct roles in the pathogenesis of endocarditis, bloodstream infections, skin disease and pharyngitis. In this Review, we summarize the expanding family of bacterial SAgs and how these toxins can engage highly diverse adaptive immune receptors. We highlight recent findings regarding how SAg-driven manipulation of the adaptive immune response may operate in multiple human diseases, as well as contributing to the biology and life cycle of SAg-producing bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen W Tuffs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Karine Dufresne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aanchal Rishi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicholas R Walton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - John K McCormick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
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Bao X, Liang Y, Chang H, Cai T, Feng B, Gordon K, Zhu Y, Shi H, He Y, Xie L. Targeting proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9): from bench to bedside. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:13. [PMID: 38185721 PMCID: PMC10772138 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01690-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) has evolved as a pivotal enzyme in lipid metabolism and a revolutionary therapeutic target for hypercholesterolemia and its related cardiovascular diseases (CVD). This comprehensive review delineates the intricate roles and wide-ranging implications of PCSK9, extending beyond CVD to emphasize its significance in diverse physiological and pathological states, including liver diseases, infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders, and notably, cancer. Our exploration offers insights into the interaction between PCSK9 and low-density lipoprotein receptors (LDLRs), elucidating its substantial impact on cholesterol homeostasis and cardiovascular health. It also details the evolution of PCSK9-targeted therapies, translating foundational bench discoveries into bedside applications for optimized patient care. The advent and clinical approval of innovative PCSK9 inhibitory therapies (PCSK9-iTs), including three monoclonal antibodies (Evolocumab, Alirocumab, and Tafolecimab) and one small interfering RNA (siRNA, Inclisiran), have marked a significant breakthrough in cardiovascular medicine. These therapies have demonstrated unparalleled efficacy in mitigating hypercholesterolemia, reducing cardiovascular risks, and have showcased profound value in clinical applications, offering novel therapeutic avenues and a promising future in personalized medicine for cardiovascular disorders. Furthermore, emerging research, inclusive of our findings, unveils PCSK9's potential role as a pivotal indicator for cancer prognosis and its prospective application as a transformative target for cancer treatment. This review also highlights PCSK9's aberrant expression in various cancer forms, its association with cancer prognosis, and its crucial roles in carcinogenesis and cancer immunity. In conclusion, this synthesized review integrates existing knowledge and novel insights on PCSK9, providing a holistic perspective on its transformative impact in reshaping therapeutic paradigms across various disorders. It emphasizes the clinical value and effect of PCSK9-iT, underscoring its potential in advancing the landscape of biomedical research and its capabilities in heralding new eras in personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhui Bao
- Institute of Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Oncology, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, China.
- Center for Clinical Research, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, China.
- Clinical Research Center for Cell-based Immunotherapy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Yongjun Liang
- Center for Medical Research and Innovation, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanman Chang
- Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Tianji Cai
- Department of Sociology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Baijie Feng
- Department of Oncology, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Konstantin Gordon
- Medical Institute, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia
- A. Tsyb Medical Radiological Research Center, Obninsk, Russia
| | - Yuekun Zhu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hailian Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhangjiang Hi-tech Park, Shanghai, China
| | - Yundong He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Liyi Xie
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Wu S, Yang X, Lou Y, Xiao X. MAIT cells in bacterial infectious diseases: heroes, villains, or both? Clin Exp Immunol 2023; 214:144-153. [PMID: 37624404 PMCID: PMC10714195 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxad102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the aggravation of bacterial drug resistance and the lag in the development of new antibiotics, it is crucial to develop novel therapeutic regimens for bacterial infectious diseases. Currently, immunotherapy is a promising regimen for the treatment of infectious diseases. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, a subpopulation of innate-like T cells, are abundant in humans and can mount a rapid immune response to pathogens, thus becoming a potential target of immunotherapy for infectious diseases. At the site of infection, activated MAIT cells perform complex biological functions by secreting a variety of cytokines and cytotoxic substances. Many studies have shown that MAIT cells have immunoprotective effects because they can bridge innate and adaptive immune responses, leading to bacterial clearance, tissue repair, and homeostasis maintenance. MAIT cells also participate in cytokine storm generation, tissue fibrosis, and cancer progression, indicating that they play a role in immunopathology. In this article, we review recent studies of MAIT cells, discuss their dual roles in bacterial infectious diseases and provide some promising MAIT cell-targeting strategies for the treatment of bacterial infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihong Wu
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xi Yang
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yongliang Lou
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xingxing Xiao
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Chengalroyen MD. Current Perspectives and Challenges of MAIT Cell-Directed Therapy for Tuberculosis Infection. Pathogens 2023; 12:1343. [PMID: 38003807 PMCID: PMC10675005 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12111343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a distinct population of non-conventional T cells that have been preserved through evolution and possess properties of both innate and adaptive immune cells. They are activated through the recognition of antigens presented by non-polymorphic MR1 proteins or, alternately, can be stimulated by specific cytokines. These cells are multifaceted and exert robust antimicrobial activity against bacterial and viral infections, direct the immune response through the modulation of other immune cells, and exhibit a specialized tissue homeostasis and repair function. These distinct characteristics have instigated interest in MAIT cell biology for immunotherapy and vaccine development. This review describes the current understanding of MAIT cell activation, their role in infections and diseases with an emphasis on tuberculosis (TB) infection, and perspectives on the future use of MAIT cells in immune-mediated therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa D Chengalroyen
- Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
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Ye X, Li Y, Fang B, Yuan Y, Feng D, Chen H, Li J, Meng Q, Xiong S, Ye D, Jiao L, Chen D, Chen R, Lei W, Gao Y, Li C. Type 17 mucosal-associated invariant T cells contribute to neutrophilic inflammation in patients with nasal polyps. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 152:1153-1166.e12. [PMID: 37437744 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune regulation in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) with a neutrophilic endotype remains unclear. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are tissue-resident innate T lymphocytes that respond quickly to pathogens and promote chronic mucosal inflammation. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the roles of MAIT cells in neutrophilic CRSwNP. METHODS Nasal tissues were obtained from 113 patients with CRSwNP and 29 control subjects. Peripheral and tissue MAIT cells and their subsets were analyzed by flow cytometry. Polyp-derived MAIT cells were analyzed by RNA sequencing to study their effects on neutrophils. RESULTS Endotypes of CRSwNP were classified as paucigranulocytic (n = 21), eosinophilic (n = 29), neutrophilic (n = 39), and mixed granulocytic (n = 24). Frequencies of MAIT cells were significantly higher in neutrophilic (3.62%) and mixed granulocytic (3.60%) polyps than in control mucosa (1.78%). MAIT cell percentages positively correlated with local neutrophil counts. MAIT cells were more enriched in tissues than in matched PBMCs. The frequencies of MAIT1 subset or IFN-γ+ MAIT cells were comparable among control tissues and CRSwNP subtypes. The proportions of MAIT17 subset or IL-17A+ MAIT cells were significantly increased in neutrophilic or mixed granulocytic polyps compared with controls. RNA sequencing revealed type 17 and pro-neutrophil profiles in neutrophilic polyp-derived MAIT cells. In patients with neutrophilic CRSwNP, the proportions of MAIT and MAIT17 cells were positively correlated with local proinflammatory cytokines and symptom severity. In vitro experiments demonstrated that neutrophilic polyp-derived MAIT cells promoted neutrophil migration, survival, and activation. CONCLUSIONS MAIT cells from neutrophilic CRSwNP demonstrate type 17 functional properties and promote neutrophil infiltration in nasal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Ye
- Department of Otolaryngology, Department of Allergy, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangxi Hospital Division of The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Nanning, China
| | - Yachun Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, Department of Allergy, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bixing Fang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Department of Allergy, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yizhang Yuan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Department of Allergy, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Danni Feng
- Department of Otolaryngology, Department of Allergy, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hexin Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Department of Allergy, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, Department of Allergy, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangxi Hospital Division of The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Nanning, China
| | - Qingxiang Meng
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaobing Xiong
- Department of Otolaryngology, Department of Allergy, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongmei Ye
- Organ Transplantation Centre, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linyi Jiao
- Department of Otolaryngology, Department of Allergy, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dehua Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Department of Allergy, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruchong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenbin Lei
- Department of Otolaryngology, Department of Allergy, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yifang Gao
- Organ Transplantation Centre, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Chunwei Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, Department of Allergy, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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Nelson AG, Wang H, Dewar PM, Eddy EM, Li S, Lim XY, Patton T, Zhou Y, Pediongco TJ, Meehan LJ, Meehan BS, Mak JYW, Fairlie DP, Stent AW, Kjer-Nielsen L, McCluskey J, Eckle SBG, Corbett AJ, Souter MNT, Chen Z. Synthetic 5-amino-6-D-ribitylaminouracil paired with inflammatory stimuli facilitates MAIT cell expansion in vivo. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1109759. [PMID: 37720229 PMCID: PMC10500299 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1109759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a population of innate-like T cells, which mediate host immunity to microbial infection by recognizing metabolite antigens derived from microbial riboflavin synthesis presented by the MHC-I-related protein 1 (MR1). Namely, the potent MAIT cell antigens, 5-(2-oxopropylideneamino)-6-D-ribitylaminouracil (5-OP-RU) and 5-(2-oxoethylideneamino)-6-D-ribitylaminouracil (5-OE-RU), form via the condensation of the riboflavin precursor 5-amino-6-D-ribitylaminouracil (5-A-RU) with the reactive carbonyl species (RCS) methylglyoxal (MG) and glyoxal (G), respectively. Although MAIT cells are abundant in humans, they are rare in mice, and increasing their abundance using expansion protocols with antigen and adjuvant has been shown to facilitate their study in mouse models of infection and disease. Methods Here, we outline three methods to increase the abundance of MAIT cells in C57BL/6 mice using a combination of inflammatory stimuli, 5-A-RU and MG. Results Our data demonstrate that the administration of synthetic 5-A-RU in combination with one of three different inflammatory stimuli is sufficient to increase the frequency and absolute numbers of MAIT cells in C57BL/6 mice. The resultant boosted MAIT cells are functional and can provide protection against a lethal infection of Legionella longbeachae. Conclusion These results provide alternative methods for expanding MAIT cells with high doses of commercially available 5-A-RU (± MG) in the presence of various danger signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam G. Nelson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Huimeng Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Phoebe M. Dewar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Eleanor M. Eddy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Songyi Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Xin Yi Lim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Timothy Patton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Yuchen Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Troi J. Pediongco
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lucy J. Meehan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Bronwyn S. Meehan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Y. W. Mak
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - David P. Fairlie
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Lars Kjer-Nielsen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sidonia B. G. Eckle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alexandra J. Corbett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael N. T. Souter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Zhenjun Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Qureshi A, Connolly JB. Bioinformatic and literature assessment of toxicity and allergenicity of a CRISPR-Cas9 engineered gene drive to control Anopheles gambiae the mosquito vector of human malaria. Malar J 2023; 22:234. [PMID: 37580703 PMCID: PMC10426224 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04665-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Population suppression gene drive is currently being evaluated, including via environmental risk assessment (ERA), for malaria vector control. One such gene drive involves the dsxFCRISPRh transgene encoding (i) hCas9 endonuclease, (ii) T1 guide RNA (gRNA) targeting the doublesex locus, and (iii) DsRed fluorescent marker protein, in genetically-modified mosquitoes (GMMs). Problem formulation, the first stage of ERA, for environmental releases of dsxFCRISPRh previously identified nine potential harms to the environment or health that could occur, should expressed products of the transgene cause allergenicity or toxicity. METHODS Amino acid sequences of hCas9 and DsRed were interrogated against those of toxins or allergens from NCBI, UniProt, COMPARE and AllergenOnline bioinformatic databases and the gRNA was compared with microRNAs from the miRBase database for potential impacts on gene expression associated with toxicity or allergenicity. PubMed was also searched for any evidence of toxicity or allergenicity of Cas9 or DsRed, or of the donor organisms from which these products were originally derived. RESULTS While Cas9 nuclease activity can be toxic to some cell types in vitro and hCas9 was found to share homology with the prokaryotic toxin VapC, there was no evidence from previous studies of a risk of toxicity to humans and other animals from hCas9. Although hCas9 did contain an 8-mer epitope found in the latex allergen Hev b 9, the full amino acid sequence of hCas9 was not homologous to any known allergens. Combined with a lack of evidence in the literature of Cas9 allergenicity, this indicated negligible risk to humans of allergenicity from hCas9. No matches were found between the gRNA and microRNAs from either Anopheles or humans. Moreover, potential exposure to dsxFCRISPRh transgenic proteins from environmental releases was assessed as negligible. CONCLUSIONS Bioinformatic and literature assessments found no convincing evidence to suggest that transgenic products expressed from dsxFCRISPRh were allergens or toxins, indicating that environmental releases of this population suppression gene drive for malaria vector control should not result in any increased allergenicity or toxicity in humans or animals. These results should also inform evaluations of other GMMs being developed for vector control and in vivo clinical applications of CRISPR-Cas9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alima Qureshi
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park, Sunninghill, Ascot, UK
| | - John B Connolly
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park, Sunninghill, Ascot, UK.
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10
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Wang NI, Ninkov M, Haeryfar SMM. Classic costimulatory interactions in MAIT cell responses: from gene expression to immune regulation. Clin Exp Immunol 2023; 213:50-66. [PMID: 37279566 PMCID: PMC10324557 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxad061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are evolutionarily conserved, innate-like T lymphocytes with enormous immunomodulatory potentials. Due to their strategic localization, their invariant T cell receptor (iTCR) specificity for major histocompatibility complex-related protein 1 (MR1) ligands of commensal and pathogenic bacterial origin, and their sensitivity to infection-elicited cytokines, MAIT cells are best known for their antimicrobial characteristics. However, they are thought to also play important parts in the contexts of cancer, autoimmunity, vaccine-induced immunity, and tissue repair. While cognate MR1 ligands and cytokine cues govern MAIT cell maturation, polarization, and peripheral activation, other signal transduction pathways, including those mediated by costimulatory interactions, regulate MAIT cell responses. Activated MAIT cells exhibit cytolytic activities and secrete potent inflammatory cytokines of their own, thus transregulating the biological behaviors of several other cell types, including dendritic cells, macrophages, natural killer cells, conventional T cells, and B cells, with significant implications in health and disease. Therefore, an in-depth understanding of how costimulatory pathways control MAIT cell responses may introduce new targets for optimized MR1/MAIT cell-based interventions. Herein, we compare and contrast MAIT cells and mainstream T cells for their expression of classic costimulatory molecules belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily and the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)/TNF receptor superfamily, based not only on the available literature but also on our transcriptomic analyses. We discuss how these molecules participate in MAIT cells' development and activities. Finally, we introduce several pressing questions vis-à-vis MAIT cell costimulation and offer new directions for future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole I Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marina Ninkov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - S M Mansour Haeryfar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
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11
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Brouwer S, Rivera-Hernandez T, Curren BF, Harbison-Price N, De Oliveira DMP, Jespersen MG, Davies MR, Walker MJ. Pathogenesis, epidemiology and control of Group A Streptococcus infection. Nat Rev Microbiol 2023; 21:431-447. [PMID: 36894668 PMCID: PMC9998027 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-023-00865-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus; GAS) is exquisitely adapted to the human host, resulting in asymptomatic infection, pharyngitis, pyoderma, scarlet fever or invasive diseases, with potential for triggering post-infection immune sequelae. GAS deploys a range of virulence determinants to allow colonization, dissemination within the host and transmission, disrupting both innate and adaptive immune responses to infection. Fluctuating global GAS epidemiology is characterized by the emergence of new GAS clones, often associated with the acquisition of new virulence or antimicrobial determinants that are better adapted to the infection niche or averting host immunity. The recent identification of clinical GAS isolates with reduced penicillin sensitivity and increasing macrolide resistance threatens both frontline and penicillin-adjunctive antibiotic treatment. The World Health Organization (WHO) has developed a GAS research and technology road map and has outlined preferred vaccine characteristics, stimulating renewed interest in the development of safe and effective GAS vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Brouwer
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Bodie F Curren
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nichaela Harbison-Price
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David M P De Oliveira
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Magnus G Jespersen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark R Davies
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark J Walker
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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12
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Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) has long been considered a benign, chronic inflammatory, and hyperplastic disease. Recent studies have shown that autoimmune-related mechanisms are involved in the pathology of nasal polyps. Activated plasma cells, eosinophils, basophils, innate type 2 lymphocytes, mast cells, and proinflammatory cytokine in polyp tissue indicate the mobilization of innate and adaptive immune pathways during polyp formation. The discovery of a series of autoantibodies further supports the autoimmune nature of nasal polyps. Local homeostasis dysregulation, infection, and chronic inflammation may trigger autoimmunity through several mechanisms, including autoantigens overproduction, microbial translocation, molecular mimicry, superantigens, activation or inhibition of receptors, bystander activation, dysregulation of Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs), epitope spreading, autoantigens complementarity. In this paper, we elaborated on the microbiome-mediated mechanism, abnormal host immunity, and genetic changes to update the role of autoimmunity in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Yu Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
- Research Institute of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
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13
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Joyce S, Okoye GD, Driver JP. Die Kämpfe únd schláchten-the struggles and battles of innate-like effector T lymphocytes with microbes. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1117825. [PMID: 37168859 PMCID: PMC10165076 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1117825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The large majority of lymphocytes belong to the adaptive immune system, which are made up of B2 B cells and the αβ T cells; these are the effectors in an adaptive immune response. A multitudinous group of lymphoid lineage cells does not fit the conventional lymphocyte paradigm; it is the unconventional lymphocytes. Unconventional lymphocytes-here called innate/innate-like lymphocytes, include those that express rearranged antigen receptor genes and those that do not. Even though the innate/innate-like lymphocytes express rearranged, adaptive antigen-specific receptors, they behave like innate immune cells, which allows them to integrate sensory signals from the innate immune system and relay that umwelt to downstream innate and adaptive effector responses. Here, we review natural killer T cells and mucosal-associated invariant T cells-two prototypic innate-like T lymphocytes, which sense their local environment and relay that umwelt to downstream innate and adaptive effector cells to actuate an appropriate host response that confers immunity to infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Joyce
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare Service, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, The Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation and Vanderbilt Center for Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Gosife Donald Okoye
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, The Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation and Vanderbilt Center for Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - John P. Driver
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
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14
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Johnson AF, Sands JS, Trivedi KM, Russell R, LaRock DL, LaRock CN. Constitutive secretion of pro-IL-18 allows keratinocytes to initiate inflammation during bacterial infection. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011321. [PMID: 37068092 PMCID: PMC10138833 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Group A Streptococcus (GAS, Streptococcus pyogenes) is a professional human pathogen that commonly infects the skin. Keratinocytes are one of the first cells to contact GAS, and by inducing inflammation, they can initiate the earliest immune responses to pathogen invasion. Here, we characterized the proinflammatory cytokine repertoire produced by primary human keratinocytes and surrogate cell lines commonly used in vitro. Infection induces several cytokines and chemokines, but keratinocytes constitutively secrete IL-18 in a form that is inert (pro-IL-18) and lacks proinflammatory activity. Canonically, IL-18 activation and secretion are coupled through a single proteolytic event that is regulated intracellularly by the inflammasome protease caspase-1 in myeloid cells. The pool of extracellular pro-IL-18 generated by keratinocytes is poised to sense extracellular proteases. It is directly processed into a mature active form by SpeB, a secreted GAS protease that is a critical virulent factor during skin infection. This mechanism contributes to the proinflammatory response against GAS, resulting in T cell activation and the secretion of IFN-γ. Under these conditions, isolates of several other major bacterial pathogens and microbiota of the skin were found to not have significant IL-18-maturing ability. These results suggest keratinocyte-secreted IL-18 is a sentinel that sounds an early alarm that is highly sensitive to GAS, yet tolerant to non-invasive members of the microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders F Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Medicine, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jenna S Sands
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Medicine, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Keya M Trivedi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Medicine, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Raedeen Russell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Medicine, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Doris L LaRock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Medicine, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Christopher N LaRock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Medicine, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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15
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Fan Q, Nan H, Li Z, Li B, Zhang F, Bi L. New insights into MAIT cells in autoimmune diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 159:114250. [PMID: 36652733 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are resident T cells that express semi-invariant TCR chains and are restricted by monomorphic major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-related molecules (MR1). MAIT cells can be activated by microbial-specific metabolites (MR1-dependent mode) or cytokines (MR1-independent mode). Activated MAIT cells produce chemokines, cytotoxic molecules (granzyme B and perforin), and proinflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-17), to clear pathogens and target infected cells involved in the pro-inflammatory, migratory, and cytolytic properties of MAIT cells. MAIT cells produce pro-inflammatory cytokines in the target organs of autoimmune diseases and contribute to the development and progression of autoimmune diseases. This article reviews the biological characteristics, activation mechanism, dynamic migration, and dual functions of MAIT cells, and focuses on the mechanism and potential application of MAIT cells in the early diagnosis, disease activity monitoring, and therapeutic targets of autoimmune diseases, to lay a foundation for future research.
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16
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Choi J, Schmerk CL, Mele TS, Rudak PT, Wardell CM, Deng G, Pavri FR, Kim K, Cepinskas G, He W, Haeryfar SM. Longitudinal analysis of mucosa-associated invariant T cells in sepsis reveals their early numerical decline with prognostic implications and a progressive loss of antimicrobial functions. Immunol Cell Biol 2023; 101:249-261. [PMID: 36604951 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis-elicited immunosuppression elevates the risk of secondary infections. We used a clinically relevant mouse model and serial peripheral blood samples from patients to assess the antimicrobial activities of mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells in sepsis. Hepatic and splenic MAIT cells from B6-MAITCAST mice displayed increased CD69 expression and a robust interferon-γ (IFNγ) production capacity shortly after sublethal cecal ligation and puncture, but not at a late timepoint. Peripheral blood MAIT cell frequencies were reduced in septic patients at the time of intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and more dramatically so among nonsurvivors, suggesting the predictive usefulness of early MAIT cell enumeration. In addition, at ICU admission, MAIT cells from sepsis survivors launched stronger IFNγ responses to several bacterial species compared with those from patients who subsequently died of sepsis. Of note, while low human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR+ monocyte frequencies, widely regarded as a surrogate indicator of sepsis-induced immunosuppression, were gradually corrected, the numerical insufficiency of MAIT cells was not resolved over time, and their CD69 expression continued to decline. MAIT cell responses to bacterial pathogens, a major histocompatibility complex-related protein 1 (MR1) ligand, and interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-18 were also progressively lost during sepsis and did not recover by the time of ICU/hospital discharge. We propose that MAIT cell dysfunctions contribute to post-sepsis immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Choi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Crystal L Schmerk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tina S Mele
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patrick T Rudak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christine M Wardell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gansen Deng
- Department of Statistical and Actuarial Sciences, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Farzan R Pavri
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kyoungok Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gediminas Cepinskas
- Centre for Critical Illness Research, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wenqing He
- Department of Statistical and Actuarial Sciences, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sm Mansour Haeryfar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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17
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Huang XZ, Pang MJ, Li JY, Chen HY, Sun JX, Song YX, Ni HJ, Ye SY, Bai S, Li TH, Wang XY, Lu JY, Yang JJ, Sun X, Mills JC, Miao ZF, Wang ZN. Single-cell sequencing of ascites fluid illustrates heterogeneity and therapy-induced evolution during gastric cancer peritoneal metastasis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:822. [PMID: 36788228 PMCID: PMC9929081 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36310-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Peritoneal metastasis is the leading cause of death for gastrointestinal cancers. The native and therapy-induced ascites ecosystems are not fully understood. Here, we characterize single-cell transcriptomes of 191,987 ascites cancer/immune cells from 35 patients with/without gastric cancer peritoneal metastasis (GCPM). During GCPM progression, an increase is seen of monocyte-like dendritic cells (DCs) that are pro-angiogenic with reduced antigen-presenting capacity and correlate with poor gastric cancer (GC) prognosis. We also describe the evolution of monocyte-like DCs and regulatory and proliferative T cells following therapy. Moreover, we track GC evolution, identifying high-plasticity GC clusters that exhibit a propensity to shift to a high-proliferative phenotype. Transitions occur via the recently described, autophagy-dependent plasticity program, paligenosis. Two autophagy-related genes (MARCKS and TXNIP) mark high-plasticity GC with poorer prognosis, and autophagy inhibitors induce apoptosis in patient-derived organoids. Our findings provide insights into the developmental trajectories of cancer/immune cells underlying GCPM progression and therapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan-Zhang Huang
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 N, Nanjing Street, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Min-Jiao Pang
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 N, Nanjing Street, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jia-Yi Li
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 N, Nanjing Street, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Han-Yu Chen
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 N, Nanjing Street, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jing-Xu Sun
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 N, Nanjing Street, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yong-Xi Song
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 N, Nanjing Street, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Hong-Jie Ni
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 N, Nanjing Street, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Shi-Yu Ye
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 N, Nanjing Street, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Shi Bai
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 N, Nanjing Street, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Teng-Hui Li
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 N, Nanjing Street, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xin-Yu Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 N, Nanjing Street, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jing-Yuan Lu
- Eight-year system, Institute of innovation, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning province, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jin-Jia Yang
- Eight-year system, Institute of innovation, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning province, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xun Sun
- Department of Immunology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jason C Mills
- Section of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, 535E Anderson-Jones Building, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, USA. .,Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, 535E Anderson-Jones Building, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, USA. .,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, 535E Anderson-Jones Building, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Zhi-Feng Miao
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 N, Nanjing Street, Shenyang, Liaoning, China. .,Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China. .,Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
| | - Zhen-Ning Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 N, Nanjing Street, Shenyang, Liaoning, China. .,Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China. .,Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
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18
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Shepherd FR, Davies K, Miners KL, Llewellyn-Lacey S, Kollnberger S, Redman JE, Grant MM, Ladell K, Price DA, McLaren JE. The superantigens SpeC and TSST-1 specifically activate TRBV12-3/12-4 + memory T cells. Commun Biol 2023; 6:78. [PMID: 36670205 PMCID: PMC9854414 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04420-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe bacterial or viral infections can induce a state of immune hyperactivation that can culminate in a potentially lethal cytokine storm. The classic example is toxic shock syndrome, a life-threatening complication of Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes infection, which is driven by potent toxins known as superantigens (SAgs). SAgs are thought to promote immune evasion via the promiscuous activation of T cells, which subsequently become hyporesponsive, and act by cross-linking major histocompatibility complex class II molecules on antigen-presenting cells to particular β-chain variable (TRBV) regions of αβ T cell receptors (TCRs). Although some of these interactions have been defined previously, our knowledge of SAg-responsive TRBV regions is incomplete. In this study, we found that CD4+ and CD8+ T cells expressing TRBV12-3/12-4+ TCRs were highly responsive to streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin C (SpeC) and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1). In particular, SpeC and TSST-1 specifically induced effector cytokine production and the upregulation of multiple coinhibitory receptors among TRBV12-3/12-4+ CD4+ and CD8+ memory T cells, and importantly, these biological responses were dependent on human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR. Collectively, these data provided evidence of functionally determinative and therapeutically relevant interactions between SpeC and TSST-1 and CD4+ and CD8+ memory T cells expressing TRBV12-3/12-4+ TCRs, mediated via HLA-DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freya R. Shepherd
- grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Kate Davies
- grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Kelly L. Miners
- grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Sian Llewellyn-Lacey
- grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Simon Kollnberger
- grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - James E. Redman
- grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Melissa M. Grant
- grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486School of Dentistry, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Kristin Ladell
- grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - David A. Price
- grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK ,grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - James E. McLaren
- grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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19
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Huang C, Xiong H, Li W, Peng L, Zheng Y, Liao W, Zhou M, Xu Y. T cell activation profiles can distinguish gram negative/positive bacterial sepsis and are associated with ICU discharge. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1058606. [PMID: 36703970 PMCID: PMC9871918 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1058606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Sepsis is a life-threatening complication resulting from a dysregulated host response to a serious infection, of which bacteria are the most common cause. A rapid differentiation of the gram negative (G-)/gram positive (G+) pathogens facilitates antibiotic treatment, which in turn improves patients' survival. Methods We performed a prospective, observational study of adult patients in intensive care unit (ICU) unit and underwent the analysis of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets, cytokines and other clinical indexes. The enrolled 94 patients were divided into no infection group (n=28) and bacterial sepsis group (n=66), and the latter group was subdivided into G- (n=46) and G+ (n=20) sepsis subgroups. Results The best immune biomarker which differentiated the diagnosis of G- sepsis from G+ sepsis, included activation markers of CD69, human leukocyte antigen DR (HLA-DR) on CD3+CD8+T subset. The ratio of CD3+CD4+CD69+T/CD3+CD8+CD69+T (odds ratio (OR): 0.078(0.012,0.506), P = 0.008), PCT>0.53 ng/ml (OR: 9.31(1.36,63.58), P = 0.023), and CO2CP<26.5 mmol/l (OR: 10.99(1.29, 93.36), P = 0.028) were predictive of G- sepsis (versus G+ sepsis), and the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.947. Additionally, the ratio of CD3+CD4+CD69+T/CD3+CD8+CD69+T ≤ 0.2697 was an independent risk factor for poor ICU discharge in G- sepsis patients (HR: 0.34 (0.13, 0.88), P=0.026). Conclusion We conclude that enhanced activation of T cells may regulate the excessive inflammatory response of G- bacterial sepsis, and that T cell activation profiles can rapidly distinguish G- sepsis from G+ sepsis and are associated with ICU discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canxia Huang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Xiong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weichao Li
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu Peng
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yukai Zheng
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenhua Liao
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minggen Zhou
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Ying Xu, ; Minggen Zhou,
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Ying Xu, ; Minggen Zhou,
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20
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Labuz D, Cacioppo J, Li K, Aubé J, Leung DT. Enhancing Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cell Function and Expansion with Human Selective Serum. Immunohorizons 2023; 7:116-124. [PMID: 36651819 PMCID: PMC10026854 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2200082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are promising innate-like lymphocytes with potential for use in anti-tumor immunotherapy. Existing MAIT cell expansion protocols are associated with potentially decremental phenotypic changes, including increased frequency of CD4+ MAIT cells and higher inhibitory receptor expression. In this study, we compared the effect on expansion of human MAIT cells of a serum replacement, Physiologix XF SR (Phx), with traditional serum FBS for supplementing RPMI 1640 media. Using flow cytometry, we found that Phx supported a significantly higher proliferative capacity for MAIT cells and resulted in a lower frequency of CD4+ MAIT cells, which have been associated with reduced Th1 effector and cytolytic functions. We saw that culturing MAIT cells in Phx led to better survival of MAIT cells and lower frequency of PD-1+ MAIT cells than FBS-supplemented media. Functionally, we saw that Phx supplementation was associated with a higher frequency of IFN-γ+ MAIT cells after stimulation with Escherichia coli than FBS-supplemented RPMI. In conclusion, we show that MAIT cells cultured in Phx have higher proliferative capacity, lower expression of inhibitory receptors, and higher capacity to produce IFN-γ after E. coli stimulation than FBS-supplemented RPMI. This work shows that expanding MAIT cells with Phx compared with FBS-supplemented RPMI results in a more functionally desirable MAIT cell for future anti-tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Labuz
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Jackson Cacioppo
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Kelin Li
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Jeffrey Aubé
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Daniel T. Leung
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
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21
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Jakob J, Kröger A, Klawonn F, Bruder D, Jänsch L. Translatome analyses by bio-orthogonal non-canonical amino acid labeling reveal that MR1-activated MAIT cells induce an M1 phenotype and antiviral programming in antigen-presenting monocytes. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1091837. [PMID: 36875139 PMCID: PMC9977998 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1091837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
MAIT cells are multifunctional innate-like effector cells recognizing bacterial-derived vitamin B metabolites presented by the non-polymorphic MHC class I related protein 1 (MR1). However, our understanding of MR1-mediated responses of MAIT cells upon their interaction with other immune cells is still incomplete. Here, we performed the first translatome study of primary human MAIT cells interacting with THP-1 monocytes in a bicellular system. We analyzed the interaction between MAIT and THP-1 cells in the presence of the activating 5-OP-RU or the inhibitory Ac-6-FP MR1-ligand. Using bio-orthogonal non-canonical amino acid tagging (BONCAT) we were able to enrich selectively those proteins that were newly translated during MR1-dependent cellular interaction. Subsequently, newly translated proteins were measured cell-type-specifically by ultrasensitive proteomics to decipher the coinciding immune responses in both cell types. This strategy identified over 2,000 MAIT and 3,000 THP-1 active protein translations following MR1 ligand stimulations. Translation in both cell types was found to be increased by 5-OP-RU, which correlated with their conjugation frequency and CD3 polarization at MAIT cell immunological synapses in the presence of 5-OP-RU. In contrast, Ac-6-FP only regulated a few protein translations, including GSK3B, indicating an anergic phenotype. In addition to known effector responses, 5-OP-RU-induced protein translations uncovered type I and type II Interferon-driven protein expression profiles in both MAIT and THP-1 cells. Interestingly, the translatome of THP-1 cells suggested that activated MAIT cells can impact M1/M2 polarization in these cells. Indeed, gene and surface expression of CXCL10, IL-1β, CD80, and CD206 confirmed an M1-like phenotype of macrophages being induced in the presence of 5-OP-RU-activated MAIT cells. Furthermore, we validated that the Interferon-driven translatome was accompanied by the induction of an antiviral phenotype in THP-1 cells, which were found able to suppress viral replication following conjugation with MR1-activated MAIT cells. In conclusion, BONCAT translatomics extended our knowledge of MAIT cell immune responses at the protein level and discovered that MR1-activated MAIT cells are sufficient to induce M1 polarization and an anti-viral program of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefine Jakob
- Cellular Proteomics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Infection Immunology, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Andrea Kröger
- Innate Immunity and Infection, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Frank Klawonn
- Cellular Proteomics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dunja Bruder
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Infection Immunology, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Lothar Jänsch
- Cellular Proteomics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
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22
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Haeryfar SMM. Finding a Mentor While "Storm" Chasing with Howard Young. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2022; 42:658-661. [PMID: 36070592 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2022.0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S M Mansour Haeryfar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Canada.,Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Canada.,Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Western University, London, Canada.,Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Canada
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23
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Ninkov M, Schmerk CL, Moradizadeh M, Parvathy SN, Figueredo R, Burton JP, Silverman MS, Fernandes R, Maleki Vareki S, Haeryfar SMM. Improved MAIT cell functions following fecal microbiota transplantation for metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2022. [PMID: 36396738 PMCID: PMC9672546 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-022-03329-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Strategies to modify the gut microbiome in cancer patients using fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) have gained momentum as a therapeutic intervention. However, how FMT impacts innate-like, antimicrobial T lymphocytes is unclear. In this study, we assessed peripheral blood (PB) mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cell frequencies and functions in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) before and seven days after they received FMT as part of a clinical trial. We found comparable MAIT cell frequencies in healthy controls and mRCC patients. In contrast, γδ T cells exhibited a numerical decline in mRCC, which was partially reversed by FMT. We also found a significant increase in the PB CD4+ MAIT cell compartment of mRCC patients with or without FMT. Paired sample analyses revealed CD69 upregulation on MAIT cells accompanied by decreased PD-1 levels post-FMT. These changes were unique to MAIT cells as non-MAIT T lymphocytes showed either no trend or a trend in the opposite direction. Importantly, FMT did not render MAIT cells exhausted as also judged by their stable expression of TIM-3, LAG-3, BTLA, CTLA-4, TIGIT and VISTA. These findings were corroborated in functional assays in which MAIT cells were stimulated with MR1 ligands or with a combination of IL-12 and IL-18 to produce inflammatory cytokines and granzyme B. Indeed, when stimulated ex vivo with IL-12 and IL-18, MAIT cells mounted a more rigorous TNF-α response post-FMT. In conclusion, FMT improves MAIT cell functions, which should serve patients well in subsequent microbial challenges in the face of cancer-elicited immunosuppression. Trial Registration: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ Identifier: NCT04163289 (registration date: November 14, 2019).
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24
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Noli Truant S, Redolfi DM, Sarratea MB, Malchiodi EL, Fernández MM. Superantigens, a Paradox of the Immune Response. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14110800. [PMID: 36422975 PMCID: PMC9692936 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxins are a wide family of bacterial exotoxins with the capacity to activate as much as 20% of the host T cells, which is why they were called superantigens. Superantigens (SAgs) can cause multiple diseases in humans and cattle, ranging from mild to life-threatening infections. Almost all S. aureus isolates encode at least one of these toxins, though there is no complete knowledge about how their production is triggered. One of the main problems with the available evidence for these toxins is that most studies have been conducted with a few superantigens; however, the resulting characteristics are attributed to the whole group. Although these toxins share homology and a two-domain structure organization, the similarity ratio varies from 20 to 89% among different SAgs, implying wide heterogeneity. Furthermore, every attempt to structurally classify these proteins has failed to answer differential biological functionalities. Taking these concerns into account, it might not be appropriate to extrapolate all the information that is currently available to every staphylococcal SAg. Here, we aimed to gather the available information about all staphylococcal SAgs, considering their functions and pathogenicity, their ability to interact with the immune system as well as their capacity to be used as immunotherapeutic agents, resembling the two faces of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde.
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25
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Abstract
Mucosal Associated Invariant T cells (MAIT) exert potent antimicrobial activity through direct recognition of metabolite-MR1 complexes and indirect activation by inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, via licensing of antigen presenting cells, MAIT cells orchestrate humoral and cellular adaptive immunity. Our recent understanding of molecular mechanisms of MAIT cell activation, and of the signals required to differentiate them in polarised subsets, pave the way for harnessing their functionality through small molecules or adoptive cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariolina Salio
- Immunocore LTD, 92 Park Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RY, United Kingdom.
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26
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Shao L, Zhao H, Guo R, Cheng J, Lu X, Fan X. Biopsy-based single-cell transcriptomics reveals MAIT cells as potential targets for controlling fibrosis-related liver inflammation due to chronic hepatitis-B infection. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e1073. [PMID: 36263680 PMCID: PMC9582669 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Li Shao
- School of Clinical MedicineHangzhou Normal University, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Hong Zhao
- The First Affiliated HospitalSchool of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Rongfang Guo
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Jinlin Cheng
- The First Affiliated HospitalSchool of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Xiaoyan Lu
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Xiaohui Fan
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina,Innovation Center in Zhejiang University, State Key Laboratory of Component‐Based Chinese MedicineHangzhouChina,Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and BiomedicineHangzhouChina
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27
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Liu C, Chen J, Chen H, Zhang T, He D, Luo Q, Chi J, Hong Z, Liao Y, Zhang S, Wu Q, Cen H, Chen G, Li J, Wang L. PCSK9 Inhibition: From Current Advances to Evolving Future. Cells 2022; 11:cells11192972. [PMID: 36230934 PMCID: PMC9562883 DOI: 10.3390/cells11192972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a secretory serine protease synthesized primarily by the liver. It mainly promotes the degradation of low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) by binding LDL-R, reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) clearance. In addition to regulating LDL-R, PCSK9 inhibitors can also bind Toll-like receptors (TLRs), scavenger receptor B (SR-B/CD36), low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1), apolipoprotein E receptor-2 (ApoER2) and very-low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDL-R) reducing the lipoprotein concentration and slowing thrombosis. In addition to cardiovascular diseases, PCSK9 is also used in pancreatic cancer, sepsis, and Parkinson’s disease. Currently marketed PCSK9 inhibitors include alirocumab, evolocumab, and inclisiran, as well as small molecules, nucleic acid drugs, and vaccines under development. This review systematically summarized the application, preclinical studies, safety, mechanism of action, and latest research progress of PCSK9 inhibitors, aiming to provide ideas for the drug research and development and the clinical application of PCSK9 in cardiovascular diseases and expand its application in other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Guangzhou 510080, China
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
- Correspondence: (C.L.); (L.W.)
| | - Jing Chen
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Huiqi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Dongyue He
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Qiyuan Luo
- Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jiaxin Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zebin Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yizhong Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Shihui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Qizhe Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neuroscience, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Huan Cen
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Guangzhong Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neuroscience, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jinxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Correspondence: (C.L.); (L.W.)
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28
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Meermeier EW, Zheng CL, Tran JG, Soma S, Worley AH, Weiss DI, Modlin RL, Swarbrick G, Karamooz E, Khuzwayo S, Wong EB, Gold MC, Lewinsohn DM. Human lung-resident mucosal-associated invariant T cells are abundant, express antimicrobial proteins, and are cytokine responsive. Commun Biol 2022; 5:942. [PMID: 36085311 PMCID: PMC9463188 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03823-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated Invariant T (MAIT) cells are an innate-like T cell subset that recognize a broad array of microbial pathogens, including respiratory pathogens. Here we investigate the transcriptional profile of MAIT cells localized to the human lung, and postulate that MAIT cells may play a role in maintaining homeostasis at this mucosal barrier. Using the MR1/5-OP-RU tetramer, we identified MAIT cells and non-MAIT CD8+ T cells in lung tissue not suitable for transplant from human donors. We used RNA-sequencing of MAIT cells compared to non-MAIT CD8+ T cells to define the transcriptome of MAIT cells in the human lung. We show that, as a population, lung MAIT cells are polycytotoxic, secrete the directly antimicrobial molecule IL-26, express genes associated with persistence, and selectively express cytokine and chemokine- related molecules distinct from other lung-resident CD8+ T cells, such as interferon-γ- and IL-12- receptors. These data highlight MAIT cells' predisposition to rapid pro-inflammatory cytokine responsiveness and antimicrobial mechanisms in human lung tissue, concordant with findings of blood-derived counterparts, and support a function for MAIT cells as early sensors in the defense of respiratory barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin W Meermeier
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259, USA
| | - Christina L Zheng
- Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Jessica G Tran
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Shogo Soma
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Aneta H Worley
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - David I Weiss
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Robert L Modlin
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Gwendolyn Swarbrick
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Elham Karamooz
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Sharon Khuzwayo
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Emily B Wong
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Marielle C Gold
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - David M Lewinsohn
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
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29
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Roetzer A, Model N, Laube J, Unterhumer Y, Haller G, Eibl MM. Functional and Immunological Studies Revealed a Second Superantigen Toxin in Staphylococcal Enterotoxin C Producing Staphylococcus aureus Strains. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:595. [PMID: 36136533 PMCID: PMC9504012 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14090595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a human and animal pathogen as well as a commensal bacterium. It can be a causative agent of severe, life-threatening infections with high mortality, e.g., toxic shock syndrome, septic shock, and multi-organ failure. S. aureus strains secrete a number of toxins. Exotoxins/enterotoxins are considered important in the pathogenesis of the above-mentioned conditions. Exotoxins, e.g., superantigen toxins, cause uncontrolled and polyclonal T cell activation and unregulated activation of inflammatory cytokines. Here we show the importance of genomic analysis of infectious strains in order to identify disease-causing exotoxins. Further, we show through functional analysis of superantigenic properties of staphylococcal exotoxins that even very small amounts of a putative superantigenic contaminant can have a significant mitogenic effect. The results show expression and production of two distinct staphylococcal exotoxins, SEC and SEL, in several strains from clinical isolates. Antibodies against both toxins are required to neutralise the superantigenic activity of staphylococcal supernatants and purified staphylococcal toxins.
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30
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Wang H, Nelson AG, Wang B, Zhao Z, Lim XY, Shi M, Meehan LJ, Jia X, Kedzierska K, Meehan BS, Eckle SBG, Souter MNT, Pediongco TJ, Mak JYW, Fairlie DP, McCluskey J, Wang Z, Corbett AJ, Chen Z. The balance of interleukin‐12 and interleukin‐23 determines the bias of MAIT1
versus
MAIT17 responses during bacterial infection. Immunol Cell Biol 2022; 100:547-561. [PMID: 35514192 PMCID: PMC9539875 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal‐associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a major subset of innate‐like T cells mediating protection against bacterial infection through recognition of microbial metabolites derived from riboflavin biosynthesis. Mouse MAIT cells egress from the thymus as two main subpopulations with distinct functions, namely, T‐bet‐expressing MAIT1 and RORγt‐expressing MAIT17 cells. Previously, we reported that inducible T‐cell costimulator and interleukin (IL)‐23 provide essential signals for optimal MHC‐related protein 1 (MR1)‐dependent activation and expansion of MAIT17 cells in vivo. Here, in a model of tularemia, in which MAIT1 responses predominate, we demonstrate that IL‐12 and IL‐23 promote MAIT1 cell expansion during acute infection and that IL‐12 is indispensable for MAIT1 phenotype and function. Furthermore, we showed that the bias toward MAIT1 or MAIT17 responses we observed during different bacterial infections was determined and modulated by the balance between IL‐12 and IL‐23 and that these responses could be recapitulated by cytokine coadministration with antigen. Our results indicate a potential for tailored immunotherapeutic interventions via MAIT cell manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity The University of Melbourne Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Adam G Nelson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity The University of Melbourne Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Bingjie Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity The University of Melbourne Melbourne VIC Australia
- School of Medicine Tsinghua University Beijing China
| | - Zhe Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity The University of Melbourne Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Xin Yi Lim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity The University of Melbourne Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Mai Shi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity The University of Melbourne Melbourne VIC Australia
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine Tsinghua University Beijing China
| | - Lucy J Meehan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity The University of Melbourne Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Xiaoxiao Jia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity The University of Melbourne Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity The University of Melbourne Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Bronwyn S Meehan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity The University of Melbourne Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Sidonia BG Eckle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity The University of Melbourne Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Michael NT Souter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity The University of Melbourne Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Troi J Pediongco
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity The University of Melbourne Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Jeffrey YW Mak
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience The University of Queensland Brisbane QLDAustralia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging The University of Queensland Brisbane QLDAustralia
| | - David P Fairlie
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience The University of Queensland Brisbane QLDAustralia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging The University of Queensland Brisbane QLDAustralia
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity The University of Melbourne Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Zhongfang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou China
| | - Alexandra J Corbett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity The University of Melbourne Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Zhenjun Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity The University of Melbourne Melbourne VIC Australia
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Hernandez-Jaimes OA, Cazares-Olvera DV, Line J, Moreno-Eutimio MA, Gómez-Castro CZ, Naisbitt DJ, Castrejón-Flores JL. Advances in Our Understanding of the Interaction of Drugs with T-cells: Implications for the Discovery of Biomarkers in Severe Cutaneous Drug Reactions. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:1162-1183. [PMID: 35704769 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Drugs can activate different cells of the immune system and initiate an immune response that can lead to life-threatening diseases collectively known as severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs). Antibiotics, anticonvulsants, and antiretrovirals are involved in the development of SCARs by the activation of αβ naïve T-cells. However, other subsets of lymphocytes known as nonconventional T-cells with a limited T-cell receptor repertoire and innate and adaptative functions also recognize drugs and drug-like molecules, but their role in the pathogenesis of SCARs has only just begun to be explored. Despite 30 years of advances in our understanding of the mechanisms in which drugs interact with T-cells and the pathways for tissue injury seen during T-cell activation, at present, the development of useful clinical biomarkers for SCARs or predictive preclinical in vitro assays that could identify immunogenic moieties during drug discovery is an unmet goal. Therefore, the present review focuses on (i) advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis of SCARs reactions, (ii) a description of the interaction of drugs with conventional and nonconventional T-cells, and (iii) the current state of soluble blood circulating biomarker candidates for SCARs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diana Valeria Cazares-Olvera
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología, México City 07340, México
| | - James Line
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Dean J Naisbitt
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom
| | - José Luis Castrejón-Flores
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología, México City 07340, México
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Pincikova T, Parrot T, Hjelte L, Högman M, Lisspers K, Ställberg B, Janson C, Malinovschi A, Sandberg JK. MAIT cell counts are associated with the risk of hospitalization in COPD. Respir Res 2022; 23:127. [PMID: 35585629 PMCID: PMC9114286 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-022-02045-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by persistent airflow limitation associated with chronic inflammation in the airways. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are unconventional, innate-like T cells highly abundant in mucosal tissues including the lung. We hypothesized that the characteristics of MAIT cells in circulation may be prospectively associated with COPD morbidity. METHODS COPD subjects (n = 61) from the Tools for Identifying Exacerbations (TIE) study were recruited when in stable condition. At study entry, forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) was measured and peripheral blood mononuclear cells were cryopreserved for later analysis by flow cytometry. Patients were followed for 3 years to record clinically meaningful outcomes. RESULTS Patients who required hospitalization at one or more occasions during the 3-year follow-up (n = 21) had lower MAIT cell counts in peripheral blood at study inclusion, compared with patients who did not get hospitalized (p = 0.036). In contrast, hospitalized and never hospitalized patients did not differ in CD8 or CD4 T cell counts (p = 0.482 and p = 0.221, respectively). Moreover, MAIT cells in hospitalized subjects showed a more activated phenotype with higher CD38 expression (p = 0.014), and there was a trend towards higher LAG-3 expression (p = 0.052). Conventional CD4 and CD8 T cells were similar between the groups. Next we performed multi-variable logistic regression analysis with hospitalizations as dependent variable, and FEV1, GOLD 2017 group, and quantity or activation of MAIT and conventional T cells as independent variables. MAIT cell count, CD38 expression on MAIT cells, and LAG-3 expression on both MAIT and CD8 T cells were all independently associated with the risk of hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that MAIT cells might reflect a novel, FEV1-independent immunological dimension in the complexity of COPD. The potential implication of MAIT cells in COPD pathogenesis and MAIT cells' prognostic potential deserve further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terezia Pincikova
- Department of Medical Sciences, Respiratory, Allergy and Sleep Research, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. .,Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, K85, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Tiphaine Parrot
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lena Hjelte
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Stockholm CF Center, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marieann Högman
- Department of Medical Sciences, Respiratory, Allergy and Sleep Research, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Lisspers
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Family Medicine and Preventive Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Björn Ställberg
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Family Medicine and Preventive Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christer Janson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Respiratory, Allergy and Sleep Research, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Andrei Malinovschi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Physiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan K Sandberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Abstract
This article reviews the discovery of PCSK9, its structure-function characteristics, and its presently known and proposed novel biological functions. The major critical function of PCSK9 deduced from human and mouse studies, as well as cellular and structural analyses, is its role in increasing the levels of circulating low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol (LDLc), via its ability to enhance the sorting and escort of the cell surface LDL receptor (LDLR) to lysosomes. This implicates the binding of the catalytic domain of PCSK9 to the EGF-A domain of the LDLR. This also requires the presence of the C-terminal Cys/His-rich domain, its binding to the secreted cytosolic cyclase associated protein 1, and possibly another membrane-bound "protein X". Curiously, in PCSK9-deficient mice, an alternative to the downregulation of the surface levels of the LDLR by PCSK9 is taking place in the liver of female mice in a 17β-estradiol-dependent manner by still an unknown mechanism. Recent studies have extended our understanding of the biological functions of PCSK9, namely its implication in septic shock, vascular inflammation, viral infections (Dengue; SARS-CoV-2) or immune checkpoint modulation in cancer via the regulation of the cell surface levels of the T-cell receptor and MHC-I, which govern the antitumoral activity of CD8+ T cells. Because PCSK9 inhibition may be advantageous in these processes, the availability of injectable safe PCSK9 inhibitors that reduces by 50% to 60% LDLc above the effect of statins is highly valuable. Indeed, injectable PCSK9 monoclonal antibody or small interfering RNA could be added to current immunotherapies in cancer/metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil G Seidah
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM, affiliated to the University of Montreal), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Annik Prat
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM, affiliated to the University of Montreal), Montreal, QC, Canada
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Boulouis C, Leeansyah E, Mairpady Shambat S, Norrby-Teglund A, Sandberg JK. Mucosa-Associated Invariant T Cell Hypersensitivity to Staphylococcus aureus Leukocidin ED and Its Modulation by Activation. J Immunol 2022; 208:1170-1179. [PMID: 35140134 PMCID: PMC9012079 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells recognize bacterial riboflavin metabolite Ags presented by MHC class Ib-related protein (MR1) and play important roles in immune control of microbes that synthesize riboflavin. This includes the pathobiont Staphylococcus aureus, which can also express a range of virulence factors, including the secreted toxin leukocidin ED (LukED). In this study, we found that human MAIT cells are hypersensitive to LukED-mediated lysis and lost on exposure to the toxin, leaving a T cell population devoid of MAIT cells. The cytolytic effect of LukED on MAIT cells was rapid and occurred at toxin concentrations lower than those required for toxicity against conventional T cells. Furthermore, this coincided with high MAIT cell expression of CCR5, and loss of these cells was efficiently inhibited by the CCR5 inhibitor maraviroc. Interestingly, exposure and preactivation of MAIT cells with IL-12 and IL-18, or activation via TCR triggering, partially protected from LukED toxicity. Furthermore, analysis of NK cells indicated that LukED targeted the mature cytotoxic CD57+ NK cell subset in a CCR5-independent manner. Overall, these results indicate that LukED efficiently eliminates immune cells that can respond rapidly to S. aureus in an innate fashion without the need for clonal expansion, and that MAIT cells are exceptionally vulnerable to this toxin. Thus, the findings support a model where LukED secretion may allow S. aureus to avoid recognition by the rapid cell-mediated responses mediated by MAIT cells and NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Boulouis
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Edwin Leeansyah
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China; and
- Precision Medicine and Healthcare Research Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Anna Norrby-Teglund
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan K Sandberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden;
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Vorkas CK, Krishna C, Li K, Aubé J, Fitzgerald DW, Mazutis L, Leslie CS, Glickman MS. Single-Cell Transcriptional Profiling Reveals Signatures of Helper, Effector, and Regulatory MAIT Cells during Homeostasis and Activation. J Immunol 2022; 208:1042-1056. [PMID: 35149530 PMCID: PMC9012082 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate-like lymphocytes that recognize microbial vitamin B metabolites and have emerging roles in infectious disease, autoimmunity, and cancer. Although MAIT cells are identified by a semi-invariant TCR, their phenotypic and functional heterogeneity is not well understood. Here we present an integrated single cell transcriptomic analysis of over 76,000 human MAIT cells during early and prolonged Ag-specific activation with the MR1 ligand 5-OP-RU and nonspecific TCR stimulation. We show that MAIT cells span a broad range of homeostatic, effector, helper, tissue-infiltrating, regulatory, and exhausted phenotypes, with distinct gene expression programs associated with CD4+ or CD8+ coexpression. During early activation, MAIT cells rapidly adopt a cytotoxic phenotype characterized by high expression of GZMB, IFNG and TNF In contrast, prolonged stimulation induces heterogeneous states defined by proliferation, cytotoxicity, immune modulation, and exhaustion. We further demonstrate a FOXP3 expressing MAIT cell subset that phenotypically resembles conventional regulatory T cells. Moreover, scRNAseq-defined MAIT cell subpopulations were also detected in individuals recently exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, confirming their presence during human infection. To our knowledge, our study provides the first comprehensive atlas of human MAIT cells in activation conditions and defines substantial functional heterogeneity, suggesting complex roles in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Kyriakos Vorkas
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY;,Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Chirag Krishna
- Computational and Systems Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Kelin Li
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Jeffrey Aubé
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Daniel W. Fitzgerald
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY;,Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY
| | - Linas Mazutis
- Single Cell Research Initiative, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; and
| | - Christina S. Leslie
- Computational and Systems Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Michael S. Glickman
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY;,Division of Infectious Diseases, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
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Cooper AJR, Clegg J, Cassidy FC, Hogan AE, McLoughlin RM. Human MAIT Cells Respond to Staphylococcus aureus with Enhanced Anti-Bacterial Activity. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10010148. [PMID: 35056597 PMCID: PMC8778732 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10010148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-Associated Invariant T (MAIT) cells have been shown to play protective roles during infection with diverse pathogens through their propensity for rapid innate-like cytokine production and cytotoxicity. Among the potential applications for MAIT cells is to defend against Staphylococcus aureus, a pathogen of serious clinical significance. However, it is unknown how MAIT cell responses to S. aureus are elicited, nor has it been investigated whether MAIT cell cytotoxicity is mobilized against intracellular S. aureus. In this study, we investigate the capacity of human MAIT cells to respond directly to S. aureus. MAIT cells co-cultured with dendritic cells (DCs) infected with S. aureus rapidly upregulate CD69, express IFNγ and Granzyme B and degranulate. DC secretion of IL-12, but not IL-18, was implicated in this immune response, while TCR binding of MR1 is required to commence cytokine production. MAIT cell cytotoxicity resulted in apoptosis of S. aureus-infected cells, and reduced intracellular persistence of S. aureus. These findings implicate these unconventional T cells in important, rapid anti-S. aureus responses that may be of great relevance to the ongoing development of novel anti-S. aureus treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. R. Cooper
- Host Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland; (A.J.R.C.); (J.C.)
| | - Jonah Clegg
- Host Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland; (A.J.R.C.); (J.C.)
| | - Féaron C. Cassidy
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, W23 F2K8 Maynooth, Ireland; (F.C.C.); (A.E.H.)
| | - Andrew E. Hogan
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, W23 F2K8 Maynooth, Ireland; (F.C.C.); (A.E.H.)
| | - Rachel M. McLoughlin
- Host Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland; (A.J.R.C.); (J.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +353-1-896-2526
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Marquardt I, Jakob J, Scheibel J, Hofmann JD, Klawonn F, Neumann-Schaal M, Gerhard R, Bruder D, Jänsch L. Clostridioides difficile Toxin CDT Induces Cytotoxic Responses in Human Mucosal-Associated Invariant T (MAIT) Cells. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:752549. [PMID: 34992584 PMCID: PMC8727052 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.752549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile is the major cause of antibiotic-associated colitis (CDAC) with increasing prevalence in morbidity and mortality. Severity of CDAC has been attributed to hypervirulent C. difficile strains, which in addition to toxin A and B (TcdA, TcdB) produce the binary toxin C. difficile transferase (CDT). However, the link between these toxins and host immune responses as potential drivers of immunopathology are still incompletely understood. Here, we provide first experimental evidence that C. difficile toxins efficiently activate human mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. Among the tested toxins, CDT and more specifically, the substrate binding and pore-forming subunit CDTb provoked significant MAIT cell activation resulting in selective MAIT cell degranulation of the lytic granule components perforin and granzyme B. CDT-induced MAIT cell responses required accessory immune cells, and we suggest monocytes as a potential CDT target cell population. Within the peripheral blood mononuclear cell fraction, we found increased IL-18 levels following CDT stimulation and MAIT cell response was indeed partly dependent on this cytokine. Surprisingly, CDT-induced MAIT cell activation was found to be partially MR1-dependent, although bacterial-derived metabolite antigens were absent. However, the role of antigen presentation in this process was not analyzed here and needs to be validated in future studies. Thus, MR1-dependent induction of MAIT cell cytotoxicity might be instrumental for hypervirulent C. difficile to overcome cellular barriers and may contribute to pathophysiology of CDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Marquardt
- Cellular Proteomics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Infection Immunology, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Josefine Jakob
- Cellular Proteomics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Infection Immunology, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jessica Scheibel
- Cellular Proteomics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Julia Danielle Hofmann
- Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Department of Bioinformatics and Biochemistry, Technical University Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Frank Klawonn
- Cellular Proteomics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Meina Neumann-Schaal
- Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Department of Bioinformatics and Biochemistry, Technical University Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Metabolomics, Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ralf Gerhard
- Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dunja Bruder
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Infection Immunology, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Lothar Jänsch
- Cellular Proteomics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
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38
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Wong Fok Lung T, Chan LC, Prince A, Yeaman MR, Archer NK, Aman MJ, Proctor RA. Staphylococcus aureus adaptive evolution: Recent insights on how immune evasion, immunometabolic subversion and host genetics impact vaccine development. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1060810. [PMID: 36636720 PMCID: PMC9831658 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1060810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite meritorious attempts, a S. aureus vaccine that prevents infection or mitigates severity has not yet achieved efficacy endpoints in prospective, randomized clinical trials. This experience underscores the complexity of host-S. aureus interactions, which appear to be greater than many other bacterial pathogens against which successful vaccines have been developed. It is increasingly evident that S. aureus employs strategic countermeasures to evade or exploit human immune responses. From entering host cells to persist in stealthy intracellular reservoirs, to sensing the environmental milieu and leveraging bacterial or host metabolic products to reprogram host immune responses, S. aureus poses considerable challenges for the development of effective vaccines. The fact that this pathogen causes distinct types of infections and can undergo transient genetic, transcriptional or metabolic adaptations in vivo that do not occur in vitro compounds challenges in vaccine development. Notably, the metabolic versatility of both bacterial and host immune cells as they compete for available substrates within specific tissues inevitably impacts the variable repertoire of gene products that may or may not be vaccine antigens. In this respect, S. aureus has chameleon phenotypes that have alluded vaccine strategies thus far. Nonetheless, a number of recent studies have also revealed important new insights into pathogenesis vulnerabilities of S. aureus. A more detailed understanding of host protective immune defenses versus S. aureus adaptive immune evasion mechanisms may offer breakthroughs in the development of effective vaccines, but at present this goal remains a very high bar. Coupled with the recent advances in human genetics and epigenetics, newer vaccine technologies may enable such a goal. If so, future vaccines that protect against or mitigate the severity of S. aureus infections are likely to emerge at the intersection of precision and personalized medicine. For now, the development of S. aureus vaccines or alternative therapies that reduce mortality and morbidity must continue to be pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liana C Chan
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Loss Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Divisions of Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Harbor-University of California Loss Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States.,Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-University of California Loss Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
| | - Alice Prince
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Michael R Yeaman
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Loss Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Divisions of Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Harbor-University of California Loss Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States.,Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-University of California Loss Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
| | - Nathan K Archer
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - M Javad Aman
- Integrated BioTherapeutics, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Richard A Proctor
- Department of Medicine and Medical Microbiology/Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
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Burnell SEA, Capitani L, MacLachlan BJ, Mason GH, Gallimore AM, Godkin A. Seven mysteries of LAG-3: a multi-faceted immune receptor of increasing complexity. Immunother Adv 2021; 2:ltab025. [PMID: 35265944 PMCID: PMC8895726 DOI: 10.1093/immadv/ltab025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite three decades of research to its name and increasing interest in immunotherapies that target it, LAG-3 remains an elusive co-inhibitory receptor in comparison to the well-established PD-1 and CTLA-4. As such, LAG-3 targeting therapies have yet to achieve the clinical success of therapies targeting other checkpoints. This could, in part, be attributed to the many unanswered questions that remain regarding LAG-3 biology. Of these, we address: (i) the function of the many LAG-3-ligand interactions, (ii) the hurdles that remain to acquire a high-resolution structure of LAG-3, (iii) the under-studied LAG-3 signal transduction mechanism, (iv) the elusive soluble form of LAG-3, (v) the implications of the lack of (significant) phenotype of LAG-3 knockout mice, (vi) the reports of LAG-3 expression on the epithelium, and (vii) the conflicting reports of LAG-3 expression (and potential contributions to pathology) in the brain. These mysteries which surround LAG-3 highlight how the ever-evolving study of its biology continues to reveal ever-increasing complexity in its role as an immune receptor. Importantly, answering the questions which shroud LAG-3 in mystery will allow the maximum therapeutic benefit of LAG-3 targeting immunotherapies in cancer, autoimmunity and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie E A Burnell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Lorenzo Capitani
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Bruce J MacLachlan
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Georgina H Mason
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Awen M Gallimore
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Andrew Godkin
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
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Yao T, Rudak PT, Laumont CM, Michaud AR, Rashu R, Knier NN, Foster PJ, McWilliam HEG, Villadangos JA, Nelson BH, DiMattia GE, Shepherd TG, Haeryfar SMM. MAIT cells accumulate in ovarian cancer-elicited ascites where they retain their capacity to respond to MR1 ligands and cytokine cues. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 71:1259-1273. [PMID: 34854949 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-021-03118-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The low mutational burden of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is an impediment to immunotherapies that rely on conventional MHC-restricted, neoantigen-reactive T lymphocytes. Mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are MR1-restricted T cells with remarkable immunomodulatory properties. We sought to characterize intratumoral and ascitic MAIT cells in EOC. Single-cell RNA sequencing of six primary human tumor specimens demonstrated that MAIT cells were present at low frequencies within several tumors. When detectable, these cells highly expressed CD69 and VSIR, but otherwise exhibited a transcriptomic signature inconsistent with overt cellular activation and/or exhaustion. Unlike mainstream CD8+ T cells, CD8+ MAIT cells harbored high transcript levels of TNF, PRF1, GZMM and GNLY, suggesting their arming and cytotoxic potentials. In a congenic, MAIT cell-sufficient mouse model of EOC, MAIT and invariant natural killer T cells amassed in the peritoneal cavity where they showed robust IL-17A and IFN-γ production capacities, respectively. However, they gradually lost these functions with tumor progression. In a cohort of 23 EOC patients, MAIT cells were readily detectable in all ascitic fluids examined. In a sub-cohort in which we interrogated ascitic MAIT cells for functional impairments, several exhaustion markers, most notably VISTA, were present on the surface. However, ascitic MAIT cells were capable of producing IFN-γ, TNF-α and granzyme B, but neither IL-17A nor IL-10, in response to an MR1 ligand, bacterial lysates containing MR1 ligands, or a combination of IL-12 and IL-18. In conclusion, ascitic MAIT cells in EOC possess inducible effector functions that may be modified in future immunotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Yao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON, Canada
| | - Patrick T Rudak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON, Canada
| | - Céline M Laumont
- Deeley Research Centre, BC Cancer, Victoria, BC, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Alex R Michaud
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON, Canada
| | - Rasheduzzaman Rashu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON, Canada
| | - Natasha N Knier
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Paula J Foster
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Hamish E G McWilliam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jose A Villadangos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Brad H Nelson
- Deeley Research Centre, BC Cancer, Victoria, BC, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Gabriel E DiMattia
- Department of Biochemistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,The Mary & John Knight Translational Ovarian Cancer Research Unit, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Oncology, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,London Regional Cancer Program, London, ON, Canada.,Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
| | - Trevor G Shepherd
- The Mary & John Knight Translational Ovarian Cancer Research Unit, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Oncology, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,London Regional Cancer Program, London, ON, Canada.,Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - S M Mansour Haeryfar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON, Canada. .,Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada. .,Centre for Human Immunology, Western University, London, ON, Canada. .,Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, Western University, London, ON, Canada. .,Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
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41
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Naidoo K, Woods K, Pellefigues C, Cait A, O'Sullivan D, Gell K, Marshall AJ, Anderson RJ, Li Y, Schmidt A, Prasit K, Mayer JU, Gestin A, Hermans IF, Painter G, Jacobsen EA, Gasser O. MR1-dependent immune surveillance of the skin contributes to pathogenesis and is a photobiological target of UV light therapy in a mouse model of atopic dermatitis. Allergy 2021; 76:3155-3170. [PMID: 34185885 DOI: 10.1111/all.14994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are unconventional T cells which recognize microbial metabolites presented by the major histocompatibility complex class I-related molecule MR1. Although MAIT cells have been shown to reside in human and murine skin, their contribution to atopic dermatitis (AD), an inflammatory skin disease associated with barrier dysfunction and microbial translocation, has not yet been determined. METHODS Genetic deletion of MR1 and topical treatment with inhibitory MR1 ligands, which result in the absence and functional inhibition of MAIT cells, respectively, were used to investigate the role of MR1-dependent immune surveillance in a MC903-driven murine model of AD. RESULTS The absence or inhibition of MR1 arrested AD disease progression through the blockade of both eosinophil activation and recruitment of IL-4- and IL-13-producing cells. In addition, the therapeutic efficacy of phototherapy against MC903-driven AD could be increased with prior application of folate, which photodegrades into the inhibitory MR1 ligand 6-formylpterin. CONCLUSION We identified MAIT cells as sentinels and mediators of cutaneous type 2 immunity. Their pathogenic activity can be inhibited by topical application or endogenous generation, via phototherapy, of inhibitory MR1 ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karmella Naidoo
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research Wellington New Zealand
| | - Katherine Woods
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research Wellington New Zealand
| | | | - Alissa Cait
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research Wellington New Zealand
| | - David O'Sullivan
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research Wellington New Zealand
- High‐Value Nutrition National Science Challenge Auckland New Zealand
| | - Katie Gell
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research Wellington New Zealand
| | - Andrew J. Marshall
- Ferrier Research Institute Victoria University of Wellington Lower Hutt New Zealand
| | - Regan J. Anderson
- Ferrier Research Institute Victoria University of Wellington Lower Hutt New Zealand
| | - Yanyan Li
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research Wellington New Zealand
- High‐Value Nutrition National Science Challenge Auckland New Zealand
| | - Alfonso Schmidt
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research Wellington New Zealand
| | - Kef Prasit
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research Wellington New Zealand
| | | | - Aurelie Gestin
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research Wellington New Zealand
| | - Ian F. Hermans
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research Wellington New Zealand
| | - Gavin Painter
- Ferrier Research Institute Victoria University of Wellington Lower Hutt New Zealand
| | - Elizabeth A. Jacobsen
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology Mayo Clinic Arizona Scottsdale AZ USA
| | - Olivier Gasser
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research Wellington New Zealand
- High‐Value Nutrition National Science Challenge Auckland New Zealand
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42
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Salerno-Gonçalves R, Rezwan T, Luo D, Tettelin H, Sztein MB. B Cells Control Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cell Responses to Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi Infection Through the CD85j HLA-G Receptor. Front Immunol 2021; 12:728685. [PMID: 34659215 PMCID: PMC8517411 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.728685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are an innate-like population of T cells that display a TCR Vα7.2+ CD161+ phenotype and are restricted by the nonclassical MHC-related molecule 1 (MR1). Although B cells control MAIT cell development and function, little is known about the mechanisms underlying their interaction(s). Here, we report, for the first time, that during Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) infection, HLA-G expression on B cells downregulates IFN-γ production by MAIT cells. In contrast, blocking HLA-G expression on S. Typhi-infected B cells increases IFN-γ production by MAIT cells. After interacting with MAIT cells, kinetic studies show that B cells upregulate HLA-G expression and downregulate the inhibitory HLA-G receptor CD85j on MAIT cells resulting in their loss. These results provide a new role for HLA-G as a negative feedback loop by which B cells control MAIT cell responses to antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosângela Salerno-Gonçalves
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health (CVD), Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Tasmia Rezwan
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health (CVD), Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - David Luo
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health (CVD), Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Hervé Tettelin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Institute for Genome Sciences (IGS), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Marcelo B. Sztein
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health (CVD), Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Program in Oncology, University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Catafal-Tardos E, Baglioni MV, Bekiaris V. Inhibiting the Unconventionals: Importance of Immune Checkpoint Receptors in γδ T, MAIT, and NKT Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13184647. [PMID: 34572874 PMCID: PMC8467786 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary All conventional major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted T cells transiently express immune checkpoint/inhibitory receptors (ICRs) following activation as a means to counter-regulate overactivation. However, tumors promote chronic ICR expression rendering T cells chronically unresponsive or “exhausted”. Checkpoint inhibitor (CPI) therapy targets and blocks ICRs, restoring T cell activation and anti-tumor immunity. However, CPI therapy often fails, partly because of the tumor’s many abilities to inhibit MHC-driven T cell responses. In this regard, our immune system contains an arsenal of unconventional non-MHC-restricted T cells, whose importance in anti-tumor immunity is rapidly gaining momentum. There is currently little knowledge as to whether unconventional T cells can get exhausted and how CPI therapy affects them. In this article we review the current understanding of the role of ICRs in unconventional T cell biology and discuss the importance of targeting these unique immune cell populations for CPI therapy. Abstract In recent years, checkpoint inhibitor (CPI) therapy has shown promising clinical responses across a broad range of cancers. However, many patients remain unresponsive and there is need for improvement. CPI therapy relies on antibody-mediated neutralization of immune inhibitory or checkpoint receptors (ICRs) that constitutively suppress leukocytes. In this regard, the clinical outcome of CPI therapy has primarily been attributed to modulating classical MHC-restricted αβ T cell responses, yet, it will inevitably target most lymphoid (and many myeloid) populations. As such, unconventional non-MHC-restricted gamma delta (γδ) T, mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) and natural killer T (NKT) cells express ICRs at steady-state and after activation and may thus be affected by CPI therapies. To which extent, however, remains unclear. These unconventional T cells are polyfunctional innate-like lymphocytes that play a key role in tumor immune surveillance and have a plethora of protective and pathogenic immune responses. The robust anti-tumor potential of γδ T, MAIT, and NKT cells has been established in a variety of preclinical cancer models and in clinical reports. In contrast, recent studies have documented a pro-tumor effect of innate-like T cell subsets that secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines. Consequently, understanding the mechanisms that regulate such T cells and their response to CPI is critical in designing effective cancer immunotherapies that favor anti-tumor immunity. In this Review, we will discuss the current understanding regarding the role of immune checkpoint regulation in γδ T, MAIT, and NKT cells and its importance in anti-cancer immunity.
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Rha MS, Yoon YH, Koh JY, Jung JH, Lee HS, Park SK, Park SH, Kim YM, Rha KS, Shin EC. IL-17A-producing sinonasal MAIT cells in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 149:599-609.e7. [PMID: 34403659 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diverse immune cells contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), an inflammatory disease of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. However, whether mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are present in human sinonasal tissues remains unclear. Furthermore, the characteristics of sinonasal MAIT cells have not been studied in patients with CRS. OBJECTIVE We investigated the phenotype, function, and clinical implications of MAIT cells in patients with CRS. METHODS Peripheral blood and sinonasal tissue were obtained from patients with CRS with (CRSwNP) or without nasal polyps (CRSsNP) and healthy controls. MAIT cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS We found that MAIT cells are present in human sinonasal tissues from healthy controls and patients with CRS. The sinonasal MAIT cell population, but not peripheral blood MAIT cells, from patients with CRSsNP, noneosinophilic CRSwNP (NE-NP), or eosinophilic CRSwNP (E-NP) had a significantly higher frequency of activated cells marked by CD38 expression. In functional analysis, the sinonasal MAIT cell population from NE-NP and E-NP had a significantly higher frequency of IL-17A+ cells but lower frequency of IFN-γ+ or TNF+ cells than control sinonasal tissues. Furthermore, CD38 expression and IL-17A production by sinonasal MAIT cells significantly correlated with disease extent evaluated by the Lund-Mackay computed tomography score in patients with E-NP. CONCLUSIONS Sinonasal MAIT cells exhibit an activated phenotype and produce higher levels of IL-17A in patients with CRSwNP. These alterations are associated with the extent of disease in patients with E-NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Seok Rha
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Hoon Yoon
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Research Institute for Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - June-Young Koh
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jae Hyung Jung
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Ha Seok Lee
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Soo Kyoung Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Research Institute for Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Su-Hyung Park
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Yong Min Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Research Institute for Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea; Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.
| | - Ki-Sang Rha
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Research Institute for Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.
| | - Eui-Cheol Shin
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea.
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Czaja AJ. Incorporating mucosal-associated invariant T cells into the pathogenesis of chronic liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:3705-3733. [PMID: 34321839 PMCID: PMC8291028 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i25.3705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells have been described in liver and non-liver diseases, and they have been ascribed antimicrobial, immune regulatory, protective, and pathogenic roles. The goals of this review are to describe their biological properties, indicate their involvement in chronic liver disease, and encourage investigations that clarify their actions and therapeutic implications. English abstracts were identified in PubMed by multiple search terms, and bibliographies were developed. MAIT cells are activated by restricted non-peptides of limited diversity and by multiple inflammatory cytokines. Diverse pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory, and immune regulatory cytokines are released; infected cells are eliminated; and memory cells emerge. Circulating MAIT cells are hyper-activated, immune exhausted, dysfunctional, and depleted in chronic liver disease. This phenotype lacks disease-specificity, and it does not predict the biological effects. MAIT cells have presumed protective actions in chronic viral hepatitis, alcoholic hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and decompensated cirrhosis. They have pathogenic and pro-fibrotic actions in autoimmune hepatitis and mixed actions in primary biliary cholangitis. Local factors in the hepatic microenvironment (cytokines, bile acids, gut-derived bacterial antigens, and metabolic by-products) may modulate their response in individual diseases. Investigational manipulations of function are warranted to establish an association with disease severity and outcome. In conclusion, MAIT cells constitute a disease-nonspecific, immune response to chronic liver inflammation and infection. Their pathological role has been deduced from their deficiencies during active liver disease, and future investigations must clarify this role, link it to outcome, and explore therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert J Czaja
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
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Wilde S, Johnson AF, LaRock CN. Playing With Fire: Proinflammatory Virulence Mechanisms of Group A Streptococcus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:704099. [PMID: 34295841 PMCID: PMC8290871 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.704099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Group A Streptococcus is an obligate human pathogen that is a major cause of infectious morbidity and mortality. It has a natural tropism for the oropharynx and skin, where it causes infections with excessive inflammation due to its expression of proinflammatory toxins and other virulence factors. Inflammation directly contributes to the severity of invasive infections, toxic shock syndrome, and the induction of severe post-infection autoimmune disease caused by autoreactive antibodies. This review discusses what is known about how the virulence factors of Group A Streptococcus induce inflammation and how this inflammation can promote disease. Understanding of streptococcal pathogenesis and the role of hyper-immune activation during infection may provide new therapeutic targets to treat the often-fatal outcome of severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyra Wilde
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Anders F Johnson
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Christopher N LaRock
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, and Antibiotic Resistance Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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47
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Mata Forsberg M, Arasa C, van Zwol W, Uzunçayir S, Schönbichler A, Regenthal P, Schelin J, Lindkvist-Petersson K, Björkander S, Sverremark-Ekström E. Activation of human γδ T cells and NK cells by Staphylococcal enterotoxins requires both monocytes and conventional T cells. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 111:597-609. [PMID: 34114693 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3a1020-630rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE) pose a great threat to human health due to their ability to bypass antigen presentation and activate large amounts of conventional T cells resulting in a cytokine storm potentially leading to toxic shock syndrome. Unconventional T- and NK cells are also activated by SE but the mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this study, the authors aimed to explore the underlying mechanism behind SE-mediated activation of MAIT-, γδ T-, and NK cells in vitro. CBMC or PBMC were stimulated with the toxins SEA, SEH, and TSST-1, and cytokine and cytotoxic responses were analyzed with ELISA and flow cytometry. All toxins induced a broad range of cytokines, perforin and granzyme B, although SEH was not as potent as SEA and TSST-1. SE-induced IFN-γ expression in MAIT-, γδ T-, and NK cells was clearly reduced by neutralization of IL-12, while cytotoxic compounds were not affected at all. Kinetic assays showed that unconventional T cell and NK cell-responses are secondary to the response in conventional T cells. Furthermore, co-cultures of isolated cell populations revealed that the ability of SEA to activate γδ T- and NK cells was fully dependent on the presence of both monocytes and αβ T cells. Lastly, it was found that SE provoked a reduced and delayed cytokine response in infants, particularly within the unconventional T and NK cell populations. This study provides novel insights regarding the activation of unconventional T- and NK cells by SE, which contribute to understanding the vulnerability of young children towards Staphylococcus aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Mata Forsberg
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Claudia Arasa
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Willemien van Zwol
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sibel Uzunçayir
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anna Schönbichler
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paulina Regenthal
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jenny Schelin
- Division of Applied Microbiology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Sophia Björkander
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Sverremark-Ekström
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Rodin W, Sundström P, Ahlmanner F, Szeponik L, Zajt KK, Wettergren Y, Bexe Lindskog E, Quiding Järbrink M. Exhaustion in tumor-infiltrating Mucosal-Associated Invariant T (MAIT) cells from colon cancer patients. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021. [PMID: 33885944 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-021-02939-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are unconventional T cells recognizing microbial metabolites, presented by the invariant MR1 protein. Upon activation, MAIT cells rapidly secrete cytokines and exert cytotoxic functions, and may thus be highly relevant also in tumor immunity. MAIT cells accumulate in colon tumors, but in contrast to other cytotoxic T cell subsets, their presence in tumors has been associated with worse patient outcome. Here we investigated if exhaustion may contribute to reduced anti-tumor immunity by MAIT cells. Freshly isolated lymphocytes from colon tumors, unaffected tissue and blood from the same patients were analyzed by flow cytometry to detect MAIT cells with effector functions that are relevant for tumor immunity, and their expression of inhibitory receptors and other exhaustion markers. Our studies show that MAIT cells with a PD-1highTim-3+CD39+ terminally exhausted phenotype and an increased proliferation accumulate in colon tumors. The exhausted MAIT cells have reduced polyfunctionality with regard to production of important anti-tumor effector molecules, and blocking antibodies to PD-1 partly improved activation of tumor-infiltrating MAIT cells in vitro. We conclude that the tumor microenvironment leads to exhaustion not only of conventional T cells, but also MAIT cells, and that checkpoint blockade therapy may be useful also to reinvigorate tumor-infiltrating MAIT cells.
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Edmans MD, Connelley TK, Jayaraman S, Vrettou C, Vordermeier M, Mak JYW, Liu L, Fairlie DP, Maze EA, Chrun T, Klenerman P, Eckle SBG, Tchilian E, Benedictus L. Identification and Phenotype of MAIT Cells in Cattle and Their Response to Bacterial Infections. Front Immunol 2021; 12:627173. [PMID: 33777010 PMCID: PMC7991102 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.627173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a population of innate-like T cells that utilize a semi-invariant T cell receptor (TCR) α chain and are restricted by the highly conserved antigen presenting molecule MR1. MR1 presents microbial riboflavin biosynthesis derived metabolites produced by bacteria and fungi. Consistent with their ability to sense ligands derived from bacterial sources, MAIT cells have been associated with the immune response to a variety of bacterial infections, such as Mycobacterium spp., Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli. To date, MAIT cells have been studied in humans, non-human primates and mice. However, they have only been putatively identified in cattle by PCR based methods; no phenotypic or functional analyses have been performed. Here, we identified a MAIT cell population in cattle utilizing MR1 tetramers and high-throughput TCR sequencing. Phenotypic analysis of cattle MAIT cells revealed features highly analogous to those of MAIT cells in humans and mice, including expression of an orthologous TRAV1-TRAJ33 TCR α chain, an effector memory phenotype irrespective of tissue localization, and expression of the transcription factors PLZF and EOMES. We determined the frequency of MAIT cells in peripheral blood and multiple tissues, finding that cattle MAIT cells are enriched in mucosal tissues as well as in the mesenteric lymph node. Cattle MAIT cells were responsive to stimulation by 5-OP-RU and riboflavin biosynthesis competent bacteria in vitro. Furthermore, MAIT cells in milk increased in frequency in cows with mastitis. Following challenge with virulent Mycobacterium bovis, a causative agent of bovine tuberculosis and a zoonosis, peripheral blood MAIT cells expressed higher levels of perforin. Thus, MAIT cells are implicated in the immune response to two major bacterial infections in cattle. These data suggest that MAIT cells are functionally highly conserved and that cattle are an excellent large animal model to study the role of MAIT cells in important zoonotic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Edmans
- Department of Enhanced Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy K. Connelley
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, United Kingdom
| | - Siddharth Jayaraman
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, United Kingdom
| | - Christina Vrettou
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Vordermeier
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom
- Centre for Bovine Tuberculosis, Institute for Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, University of Aberystwyth, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey Y. W. Mak
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ligong Liu
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Centre of Inflammation and Disease Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - David P. Fairlie
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Centre of Inflammation and Disease Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Emmanuel Atangana Maze
- Department of Enhanced Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Tiphany Chrun
- Department of Enhanced Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sidonia B. G. Eckle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Elma Tchilian
- Department of Enhanced Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Lindert Benedictus
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, United Kingdom
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Abstract
(1) Background. Repetitive animal studies that have disappointed upon translation into clinical therapies have led to an increased appreciation of humanized mice as a remedy to the shortcomings of rodent-based models. However, their limitations have to be understood in depth. (2) Methods. This is a narrative, comprehensive review of humanized mice and sepsis literature to understand the model's benefits and shortcomings. (3) Results: Studies involving humanized models of sepsis include bacterial, viral, and protozoan etiology. Humanized mice provided several unique insights into the etiology and natural history of sepsis and are particularly useful in studying Ebola, and certain viral and protozoan infections. However, studies are relatively sparse and based on several different models of sepsis and humanized animals. (4) Conclusions. The utilization of humanized mice as a model for sepsis presents complex limitations that, once surpassed, hold some potential for the advancement of sepsis etiology and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Laudanski
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Department of Neurology, Leonard Davis Institute of Healthcare Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19194, USA
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