1
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Huang L, Zhang J, Songyang Z, Xiong Y. Identification and Validation of eRNA as a Prognostic Indicator for Cervical Cancer. Biology (Basel) 2024; 13:227. [PMID: 38666838 PMCID: PMC11048606 DOI: 10.3390/biology13040227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The survival of CESC patients is closely related to the expression of enhancer RNA (eRNA). In this work, we downloaded eRNA expression, clinical, and gene expression data from the TCeA and TCGA portals. A total of 7936 differentially expressed eRNAs were discovered by limma analysis, and the relationship between these eRNAs and survival was analyzed by univariate Cox hazard analysis, LASSO regression, and multivariate Cox hazard analysis to obtain an 8-eRNA model. Risk score heat maps, KM curves, ROC analysis, robustness analysis, and nomograms further indicate that this 8-eRNA model is a novel indicator with high prognostic performance independent of clinicopathological classification. The model divided patients into high-risk and low-risk groups, compared pathway diversity between the two groups through GSEA analysis, and provided potential therapeutic agents for high-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijing Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (L.H.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jingkai Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (L.H.); (J.Z.)
| | - Zhou Songyang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (L.H.); (J.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yuanyan Xiong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (L.H.); (J.Z.)
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2
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James A, Akash K, Sharma A, Bhattacharyya S, Sriamornsak P, Nagraik R, Kumar D. Himalayan flora: targeting various molecular pathways in lung cancer. Med Oncol 2023; 40:314. [PMID: 37787816 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-02171-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
The fatal amplification of lung cancer across the globe and the limitations of current treatment strategies emphasize the necessity for substitute therapeutics. The incorporation of phyto-derived components in chemo treatment holds promise in addressing those challenges. Despite the significant progressions in lung cancer therapeutics, the complexities of molecular mechanism and pathways underlying this disease remain inadequately understood, necessitating novel biomarker targeting. The Himalayas, abundant in diverse plant varieties with established chemotherapeutic potential, presents a promising avenue for investigating potential cures for lung carcinoma. The vast diversity of phytocompounds herein can be explored for targeting the disease. This review delves into the multifaceted targets of lung cancer and explores the established phytochemicals with their specific molecular targets. It emphasizes comprehending the intricate pathways that govern effective therapeutic interventions for lung cancer. Through this exploration of Himalayan flora, this review seeks to illuminate potential breakthroughs in lung cancer management using natural compounds. The amalgamation of Himalayan plant-derived compounds with cautiously designed combined therapeutic approaches such as nanocarrier-mediated drug delivery and synergistic therapy offers an opportunity to redefine the boundaries of lung cancer treatment by reducing the drug resistance and side effects and enabling an effective targeted delivery of drugs. Furthermore, additional studies are obligatory to understand the possible derivation of natural compounds used in current lung cancer treatment from plant species within the Himalayan region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abija James
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India
| | - K Akash
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India
| | - Avinash Sharma
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India
| | - Sanjib Bhattacharyya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Traditional Medicine, Southwest University, Beibei, 400715, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Department of Sciences, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382481, India
| | | | - Rupak Nagraik
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India.
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India.
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3
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Punessen NC, Pena C, Sandberg A, Koza LA, Linseman DA. A novel anti-apoptotic role for Cdc42/ACK-1 signaling in neurons. Mol Cell Neurosci 2023; 126:103865. [PMID: 37263460 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2023.103865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease are caused by a progressive and aberrant destruction of neurons in the brain and spinal cord. These disorders lack effective long-term treatments that impact the underlying mechanisms of pathogenesis and as a result, existing options focus primarily on alleviating symptomology. Dysregulated programmed cell death (i.e., apoptosis) is a significant contributor to neurodegeneration, and is controlled by a number of different factors. Rho family GTPases are molecular switches with recognized importance in proper neuronal development and migration that have more recently emerged as central regulators of apoptosis and neuronal survival. Here, we investigated a role for the Rho GTPase family member, Cdc42, and its downstream effectors, in neuronal survival and apoptosis. We initially induced apoptosis in primary cultures of rat cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) by removing both growth factor-containing serum and depolarizing potassium from the cell medium. We then utilized both chemical inhibitors and adenoviral shRNA targeted to Cdc42 to block the function of Cdc42 or its downstream effectors under either control or apoptotic conditions. Our in vitro studies demonstrate that functional inhibition of Cdc42 or its downstream effector, activated Cdc42-associated tyrosine kinase-1 (ACK-1), had no adverse effects on CGN survival under control conditions, but significantly sensitized neurons to cell death under apoptotic conditions. In conclusion, our results suggest a key pro-survival role for Cdc42/ACK-1 signaling in neurons, particularly in regulating neuronal susceptibility to pro-apoptotic stress such as that observed in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelle C Punessen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Claudia Pena
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Alexandra Sandberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Lilia A Koza
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Daniel A Linseman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA; Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA.
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4
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Glaviano A, Foo ASC, Lam HY, Yap KCH, Jacot W, Jones RH, Eng H, Nair MG, Makvandi P, Geoerger B, Kulke MH, Baird RD, Prabhu JS, Carbone D, Pecoraro C, Teh DBL, Sethi G, Cavalieri V, Lin KH, Javidi-Sharifi NR, Toska E, Davids MS, Brown JR, Diana P, Stebbing J, Fruman DA, Kumar AP. PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling transduction pathway and targeted therapies in cancer. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:138. [PMID: 37596643 PMCID: PMC10436543 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01827-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The PI3K/AKT/mTOR (PAM) signaling pathway is a highly conserved signal transduction network in eukaryotic cells that promotes cell survival, cell growth, and cell cycle progression. Growth factor signalling to transcription factors in the PAM axis is highly regulated by multiple cross-interactions with several other signaling pathways, and dysregulation of signal transduction can predispose to cancer development. The PAM axis is the most frequently activated signaling pathway in human cancer and is often implicated in resistance to anticancer therapies. Dysfunction of components of this pathway such as hyperactivity of PI3K, loss of function of PTEN, and gain-of-function of AKT, are notorious drivers of treatment resistance and disease progression in cancer. In this review we highlight the major dysregulations in the PAM signaling pathway in cancer, and discuss the results of PI3K, AKT and mTOR inhibitors as monotherapy and in co-administation with other antineoplastic agents in clinical trials as a strategy for overcoming treatment resistance. Finally, the major mechanisms of resistance to PAM signaling targeted therapies, including PAM signaling in immunology and immunotherapies are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Glaviano
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Aaron S C Foo
- Department of Surgery, National University Hospital Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hiu Y Lam
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117600, Singapore
- NUS Centre for Cancer Research (N2CR), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore
| | - Kenneth C H Yap
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117600, Singapore
- NUS Centre for Cancer Research (N2CR), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore
| | - William Jacot
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut du Cancer de Montpellier, Inserm U1194, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Robert H Jones
- Cardiff University and Velindre Cancer Centre, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Huiyan Eng
- Department of Surgery, National University Hospital Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117600, Singapore
| | - Madhumathy G Nair
- Division of Molecular Medicine, St. John's Research Institute, St. John's Medical College, Bangalore, 560034, India
| | - Pooyan Makvandi
- The Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, 324000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Birgit Geoerger
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Inserm U1015, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Matthew H Kulke
- Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard D Baird
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Centre, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Jyothi S Prabhu
- Division of Molecular Medicine, St. John's Research Institute, St. John's Medical College, Bangalore, 560034, India
| | - Daniela Carbone
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Camilla Pecoraro
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Daniel B L Teh
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, and Neurobiology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Surgery, National University Hospital Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117600, Singapore
| | - Vincenzo Cavalieri
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Kevin H Lin
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Eneda Toska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Matthew S Davids
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer R Brown
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Patrizia Diana
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Justin Stebbing
- Division of Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - David A Fruman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, 216 Sprague Hall, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Alan P Kumar
- Department of Surgery, National University Hospital Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117600, Singapore.
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Higgins G, Higgins F, Peres J, Lang DM, Abdalrahman T, Zaman MH, Prince S, Franz T. Intracellular mechanics and TBX3 expression jointly dictate the spreading mode of melanoma cells in 3D environments. Exp Cell Res 2023; 428:113633. [PMID: 37172754 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Cell stiffness and T-box transcription factor 3 (TBX3) expression have been identified as biomarkers of melanoma metastasis in 2D environments. This study aimed to determine how mechanical and biochemical properties of melanoma cells change during cluster formation in 3D environments. Vertical growth phase (VGP) and metastatic (MET) melanoma cells were embedded in 3D collagen matrices of 2 and 4 mg/ml collagen concentrations, representing low and high matrix stiffness. Mitochondrial fluctuation, intracellular stiffness, and TBX3 expression were quantified before and during cluster formation. In isolated cells, mitochondrial fluctuation decreased and intracellular stiffness increased with increase in disease stage from VGP to MET and increased matrix stiffness. TBX3 was highly expressed in soft matrices but diminished in stiff matrices for VGP and MET cells. Cluster formation of VGP cells was excessive in soft matrices but limited in stiff matrices, whereas for MET cells it was limited in soft and stiff matrices. In soft matrices, VGP cells did not change the intracellular properties, whereas MET cells exhibited increased mitochondrial fluctuation and decreased TBX3 expression. In stiff matrices, mitochondrial fluctuation and TBX3 expression increased in VGP and MET, and intracellular stiffness increased in VGP but decreased in MET cells. The findings suggest that soft extracellular environments are more favourable for tumour growth, and high TBX3 levels mediate collective cell migration and tumour growth in the earlier VGP disease stage but play a lesser role in the later metastatic stage of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghodeejah Higgins
- Biomedical Engineering Research Centre, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Faatiemah Higgins
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Jade Peres
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Dirk M Lang
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Tamer Abdalrahman
- Biomedical Engineering Research Centre, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Muhammad H Zaman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Sharon Prince
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Thomas Franz
- Biomedical Engineering Research Centre, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa; Bioengineering Science Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
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6
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Kalim KW, Yang JQ, Wunderlich M, Modur V, Nguyen P, Li Y, Wen T, Davis AK, Verma R, Lu QR, Jegga AG, Zheng Y, Guo F. Targeting of Cdc42 GTPase in regulatory T cells unleashes antitumor T-cell immunity. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2022-004806. [PMID: 36427906 PMCID: PMC9703354 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-004806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer immunotherapy has taken center stage in cancer treatment. However, the current immunotherapies only benefit a small proportion of patients with cancer, necessitating better understanding of the mechanisms of tumor immune evasion and improved cancer immunotherapy strategies. Regulatory T (Treg) cells play an important role in maintaining immune tolerance through inhibiting effector T-cell function. In the tumor microenvironment, Treg cells are used by tumor cells to counteract effector T cell-mediated tumor suppression. Targeting Treg cells may thus unleash the antitumor activity of effector T cells. While systemic depletion of Treg cells can cause excessive effector T-cell responses and subsequent autoimmune diseases, controlled targeting of Treg cells may benefit patients with cancer. METHODS Treg cells from Treg cell-specific heterozygous Cdc42 knockout mice, C57BL/6 mice treated with a Cdc42 inhibitor CASIN, and control mice were examined for their homeostasis and stability by flow cytometry. The autoimmune responses in Treg cell-specific heterozygous Cdc42 knockout mice, CASIN-treated C57BL/6 mice, and control mice were assessed by H&E staining and ELISA. Antitumor T-cell immunity in Treg cell-specific heterozygous Cdc42 knockout mice, CASIN-treated C57BL/6 mice, humanized NSGS mice, and control mice was assessed by challenging the mice with MC38 mouse colon cancer cells, KPC mouse pancreatic cancer cells, or HCT116 human colon cancer cells. RESULTS Treg cell-specific heterozygous deletion or pharmacological targeting of Cdc42 with CASIN does not affect Treg cell numbers but induces Treg cell instability, leading to antitumor T-cell immunity without detectable autoimmune reactions. Cdc42 targeting causes an additive effect on immune checkpoint inhibitor anti-programmed cell death protein-1 antibody-induced T-cell response against mouse and human tumors. Mechanistically, Cdc42 targeting induces Treg cell instability and unleashes antitumor T-cell immunity through carbonic anhydrase I-mediated pH changes. CONCLUSIONS Rational targeting of Cdc42 in Treg cells holds therapeutic promises in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid W Kalim
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jun-Qi Yang
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Mark Wunderlich
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Vishnu Modur
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Phuong Nguyen
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Yuan Li
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Ting Wen
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Ashley Kuenzi Davis
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Ravinder Verma
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Qing Richard Lu
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Anil G Jegga
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Children's Hospital Medical Center, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Yi Zheng
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Fukun Guo
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Li Y, Wang D, Ge H, Güngör C, Gong X, Chen Y. Cytoskeletal and Cytoskeleton-Associated Proteins: Key Regulators of Cancer Stem Cell Properties. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:1369. [PMID: 36355541 PMCID: PMC9698833 DOI: 10.3390/ph15111369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a subpopulation of cancer cells possessing stemness characteristics that are closely associated with tumor proliferation, recurrence and resistance to therapy. Recent studies have shown that different cytoskeletal components and remodeling processes have a profound impact on the behavior of CSCs. In this review, we outline the different cytoskeletal components regulating the properties of CSCs and discuss current and ongoing therapeutic strategies targeting the cytoskeleton. Given the many challenges currently faced in targeted cancer therapy, a deeper comprehension of the molecular events involved in the interaction of the cytoskeleton and CSCs will help us identify more effective therapeutic strategies to eliminate CSCs and ultimately improve patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqiang Li
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Laboratory of Structural Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Department of General Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Heming Ge
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Department of General Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Cenap Güngör
- Department of General Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Xuejun Gong
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Yongheng Chen
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Laboratory of Structural Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
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8
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Gong C, Hu B, Chen H, Zhu J, Nie J, Hua L, Chen L, Fang Y, Hang C, Lu Y. β2-adrenergic receptor drives the metastasis and invasion of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma through activating Cdc42 signaling pathway. J Mol Histol 2022; 53:645-655. [PMID: 35717490 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-022-10076-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent investigations indicate that β2-adrenergic receptor (β2-AR) signaling may facilitate the progression of various tumors, whose underlying mechanisms remain largely elusive. In the present study, we showed that β2-AR recruited Cdc42 in response to isoproterenol (ISO, a β-AR selective agonist) exposure in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells. The association of β2-AR and Cdc42 promoted the activation of Cdc42, as revealed by increased levels of Cdc42-GTP, and co-incubation with β2-AR antagonist abrogated ISO-induced activation of Cdc42. β2-AR-mediated Cdc42 activation further led to the phosphorylation of downstream PAK1, LIMK1 and Merlin. Furthermore, we showed that the activation of β2-AR/Cdc42 signaling facilitated the migration and invasion of PDAC cells. In addition, β2-AR and Cdc42 were overexpressed in PDAC specimens, compared with adjacent non-tumor tissues. High expression of β2-AR and Cdc42 were correlated with lymph node metastasis and TNM stage in PDAC patients. Finally, we showed that overexpression of β2-AR and Cdc42 were indicative of unfavorable prognosis in PDAC patients. Taken together, our findings suggested that β2-AR might facilitate Cdc42 signaling to drive the migration and invasion of PDAC cells, consequently resulting in the metastasis and dismal prognosis of PDAC. These studies highlight targeting β2-AR/Cdc42 signaling as a therapeutic strategy against PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Gong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taicang Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, The First People's Hospital of Taicang, Taicang, 215400, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Baoying Hu
- Department of Immunology, Nantong University School of Medicine, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haifeng Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taicang Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, The First People's Hospital of Taicang, Taicang, 215400, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jianxin Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taicang Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, The First People's Hospital of Taicang, Taicang, 215400, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jinshan Nie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taicang Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, The First People's Hospital of Taicang, Taicang, 215400, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lu Hua
- Department of Oncology, Taizhou People's Hospital, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Long Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taicang Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, The First People's Hospital of Taicang, Taicang, 215400, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yanfei Fang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taicang Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, The First People's Hospital of Taicang, Taicang, 215400, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Cheng Hang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taicang Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, The First People's Hospital of Taicang, Taicang, 215400, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Ye Lu
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Taicang Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, The First People's Hospital of Taicang, Taicang, 215400, Jiangsu Province, China.
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9
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Huang D, Qiu H, Miao L, Guo L, Zhang X, Lin M, Li Z, Li F. Cdc42 promotes thyroid cancer cell proliferation and migration and tumor-associated macrophage polarization through the PTEN/AKT pathway. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2022; 36:e23115. [PMID: 35822655 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential mechanism and function of Cdc42 in thyroid cancer. We found that knockdown of Cdc42 inhibited the migration and proliferation of WRO cells. This role of Cdc42 is achieved by interacting with PTEN and interfering with its PTEN nuclear translocation. The overexpression of Cdc42 enhances the production of lactic acid and promotes the polarization of M2 macrophages, and therefore M2 macrophages inhibit the function of T cells. Overall, Cdc42 can promote cell proliferation and migration through the PTEN/AKT pathway and promote tumor-related M2 macrophage polarization and inhibit T cell activity by enhancing aerobic glycolysis, animal experiments confirmed that tumor volume increased after Cdc42 overexpressed in TBP-3743 murine thyroid cancer cells. Increased infiltration of Treg and macrophages was also observed. taken together, our results indicate that Cdc42 can be used as a diagnostic and thyroid cancer Prognostic biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyi Huang
- Ultrasound Department, The People's Hospital of Yuhuan, Yuhuan, China
| | - Huali Qiu
- Ultrasound Department, The People's Hospital of Yuhuan, Yuhuan, China
| | - Lin Miao
- Thyroid Breast Surgery Department, The People's Hospital of Yuhuan, Yuhuan, China
| | - Lin Guo
- Inspection Department, The People's Hospital of Yuhuan, Yuhuan, China
| | - Xiaoting Zhang
- Ultrasound Department, The People's Hospital of Yuhuan, Yuhuan, China
| | - Mengmeng Lin
- Ultrasound Department, The People's Hospital of Yuhuan, Yuhuan, China
| | - Zhongyun Li
- Ultrasound Department, The People's Hospital of Yuhuan, Yuhuan, China
| | - Fang Li
- Ultrasound Department, The People's Hospital of Yuhuan, Yuhuan, China
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10
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Chen S, Shu L, Zhao R, Zhao Y. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal the activation mechanism of mutations G12V and Q61L of Cdc42. Proteins 2022; 90:1376-1389. [PMID: 35152498 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cell division control protein 42 homolog (Cdc42), which contributes to multiple cellular processes including cell proliferation and migration, is a potential target for cancer therapy, especially in the intervention of tumor migration. Cdc42's mutants G12V and Q61L are discovered constitutively active, and the overexpression of them exhibits oncogenic activities. Here, using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and dynamic analysis, we illustrated the activation mechanism of Cdc42G12V and Cdc42Q61L . Without GAP, the two mutations differently elicited state transition from the wild-type's open "inactive" state 1 to the closed "active" state 2, induced by the introduction of a newly formed water-mediated T35-γ-phosphate hydrogen bond in G12V system and the additional hydrophobic interactions between L61 and T35 together with the direct T35-γ-phosphate hydrogen bond in Q61L system. When binding with GAP, both mutations weakened the hydrogen bond interactions between Cdc42-GTP and GAP's finger loop, and disturbed the catalytically competent organizations of GAP's catalytic R305/R306 and Cdc42's Q61, thereby impairing the GAP-mediated GTP hydrolysis. Our findings first reveal the activation mechanism of Cdc42's G12V and Q61L mutants on a molecular basis, which provide new insights into the structural and dynamical characteristics of Cdc42 and its mutants and can be exploited in the further development of novel therapies targeting Cdc42-related cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyao Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Shu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaxue Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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11
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Li L, Meyer C, Zhou ZW, Elmezayen A, Westover K. Therapeutic Targeting the Allosteric Cysteinome of RAS and Kinase Families. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167626. [PMID: 35595166 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Allosteric mechanisms are pervasive in nature, but human-designed allosteric perturbagens are rare. The history of KRASG12C inhibitor development suggests that covalent chemistry may be a key to expanding the armamentarium of allosteric inhibitors. In that effort, irreversible targeting of a cysteine converted a non-deal allosteric binding pocket and low affinity ligands into a tractable drugging strategy. Here we examine the feasibility of expanding this approach to other allosteric pockets of RAS and kinase family members, given that both protein families are regulators of vital cellular processes that are often dysregulated in cancer and other human diseases. Moreover, these heavily studied families are the subject of numerous drug development campaigns that have resulted, sometimes serendipitously, in the discovery of allosteric inhibitors. We consequently conducted a comprehensive search for cysteines, a commonly targeted amino acid for covalent drugs, using AlphaFold-generated structures of those families. This new analysis presents potential opportunities for allosteric targeting of validated and understudied drug targets, with an emphasis on cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianbo Li
- Departments of Biochemistry and Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, 75390, USA
| | - Cynthia Meyer
- Departments of Biochemistry and Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, 75390, USA
| | - Zhi-Wei Zhou
- Departments of Biochemistry and Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, 75390, USA
| | - Ammar Elmezayen
- Departments of Biochemistry and Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, 75390, USA
| | - Kenneth Westover
- Departments of Biochemistry and Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, 75390, USA.
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12
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Efremov AK, Yao M, Sun Y, Tee YH, Sheetz MP, Bershadsky AD, Martinac B, Yan J. Application of piconewton forces to individual filopodia reveals mechanosensory role of L-type Ca 2+ channels. Biomaterials 2022; 284:121477. [PMID: 35395455 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Filopodia are ubiquitous membrane projections that play crucial role in guiding cell migration on rigid substrates and through extracellular matrix by utilizing yet unknown mechanosensing molecular pathways. As recent studies show that Ca2+ channels localized to filopodia play an important role in regulation of their formation and since some Ca2+ channels are known to be mechanosensitive, force-dependent activity of filopodial Ca2+ channels might be linked to filopodia's mechanosensing function. We tested this hypothesis by monitoring changes in the intra-filopodial Ca2+ level in response to application of stretching force to individual filopodia of several cell types using optical tweezers. Results show that stretching forces of tens of pN strongly promote Ca2+ influx into filopodia, causing persistent Ca2+ oscillations that last for minutes even after the force is released. Several known mechanosensitive Ca2+ channels, such as Piezo 1, Piezo 2 and TRPV4, were found to be dispensable for the observed force-dependent Ca2+ influx, while L-type Ca2+ channels appear to be a key player in the discovered phenomenon. As previous studies have shown that intra-filopodial transient Ca2+ signals play an important role in guidance of cell migration, our results suggest that the force-dependent activation of L-type Ca2+ channels may contribute to this process. Overall, our study reveals an intricate interplay between mechanical forces and Ca2+ signaling in filopodia, providing novel mechanistic insights for the force-dependent filopodia functions in guidance of cell migration.
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13
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Nasif D, Real S, Roqué M, Branham MT. CDC42 as an epigenetic regulator of ID4 in triple-negative breast tumors. Breast Cancer 2022; 29:562-573. [DOI: 10.1007/s12282-022-01334-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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14
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La Verde G, Artiola V, Panzetta V, Pugliese M, Netti PA, Fusco S. Cytoskeleton Response to Ionizing Radiation: A Brief Review on Adhesion and Migration Effects. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1102. [PMID: 34572287 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytoskeleton is involved in several biological processes, including adhesion, motility, and intracellular transport. Alterations in the cytoskeletal components (actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules) are strictly correlated to several diseases, such as cancer. Furthermore, alterations in the cytoskeletal structure can lead to anomalies in cells’ properties and increase their invasiveness. This review aims to analyse several studies which have examined the alteration of the cell cytoskeleton induced by ionizing radiations. In particular, the radiation effects on the actin cytoskeleton, cell adhesion, and migration have been considered to gain a deeper knowledge of the biophysical properties of the cell. In fact, the results found in the analysed works can not only aid in developing new diagnostic tools but also improve the current cancer treatments.
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15
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Kulwatno J, Gearhart J, Gong X, Herzog N, Getzin M, Skobe M, Mills KL. Growth of tumor emboli within a vessel model reveals dependence on the magnitude of mechanical constraint. Integr Biol (Camb) 2021; 13:1-16. [PMID: 33443535 DOI: 10.1093/intbio/zyaa024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Tumor emboli-aggregates of tumor cells within vessels-pose a clinical challenge as they are associated with increased metastasis and tumor recurrence. When growing within a vessel, tumor emboli are subject to a unique mechanical constraint provided by the tubular geometry of the vessel. Current models of tumor emboli use unconstrained multicellular tumor spheroids, which neglect this mechanical interplay. Here, we modeled a lymphatic vessel as a 200 μm-diameter channel in either a stiff or soft, bioinert agarose matrix to create a vessel-like constraint model (VLCM), and we modeled colon or breast cancer tumor emboli with aggregates of HCT116 or SUM149PT cells, respectively. The stiff matrix VLCM constrained the tumor emboli to the cylindrical channel, which led to continuous growth of the emboli, in contrast to the growth rate reduction that unconstrained spheroids exhibit. Emboli morphology in the soft matrix VLCM, however, was dependent on the magnitude of mechanical mismatch between the matrix and the cell aggregates. In general, when the elastic modulus of the matrix of the VLCM was greater than the emboli (EVLCM/Eemb > 1), the emboli were constrained to grow within the channel, and when the elastic modulus of the matrix was less than the emboli (0 < EVLCM/Eemb < 1), the emboli bulged into the matrix. Due to a large difference in myosin II expression between the cell lines, we hypothesized that tumor cell aggregate stiffness is an indicator of cellular force-generating capability. Inhibitors of myosin-related force generation decreased the elastic modulus and/or increased the stress relaxation of the tumor cell aggregates, effectively increasing the mechanical mismatch. The increased mechanical mismatch after drug treatment was correlated with increased confinement of tumor emboli growth along the channel, which may translate to increased tumor burden due to the increased tumor volume within the diffusion distance of nutrients and oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Kulwatno
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA.,Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Jamie Gearhart
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA.,Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Nuclear Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Xiangyu Gong
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA.,Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Nuclear Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Nora Herzog
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA.,Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Nuclear Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Matthew Getzin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA.,Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Mihaela Skobe
- Department of Oncological Sciences & Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kristen L Mills
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA.,Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Nuclear Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
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16
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DNA methylation profiling reveals new potential subtype-specific gene markers for early-stage renal cell carcinoma in caucasian population. Quant Biol 2021; 0:0. [DOI: 10.15302/j-qb-021-0279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Unbekandt M, Lilla S, Zanivan S, Olson MF. The CDC42 effector protein MRCKβ autophosphorylates on Threonine 1108. Small GTPases 2020; 11:451-460. [PMID: 30667325 PMCID: PMC7549636 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2018.1564472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The CDC42 small GTPase is a major influence on actin-myosin cytoskeleton organization and dynamics, signalling via effector proteins including the Myotonic dystrophy related CDC42-binding protein kinases (MRCK) α and β. We previously identified Serine 1003 of MRCKα as a site of autophosphorylation, and showed that a phosphorylation-sensitive antibody raised against this site could be used as a surrogate indicator of kinase activity. In this study, a kinase-dead version of MRCKβ was established by mutation of the conserved Lysine 105 to Methionine (K105M), which was then used for mass spectrometry analysis to identify phosphorylation events that occurred in catalytically-competent MRCKβ but not in the kinase-dead form. A total of ten phosphorylations were identified on wild-type MRCKβ, of which the previously undescribed Threonine 1108 (Thr1108) was not found on kinase-dead MRCKβ K105M, consistent with this being due to autophosphorylation. Mutation of Thr1108 to non-phosphorylatable Alanine (T1108A) or phosphomimetic Glutamate (T1108E) did not affect the ability of MRCKβ to phosphorylate recombinant myosin light chain in vitro, or observably alter the subcellular localization of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged MRCKβ expressed in MDA MB 231 human breast cancer cells. Although phosphorylation of Thr1108 did not appear to contribute to MRCKβ function or regulation, the identification of this phosphorylation does make it possible to characterize whether this site could be used as a surrogate biomarker of kinase activity and inhibitor efficacy as we previously demonstrated for Ser 1003 in MRCKα.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergio Lilla
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sara Zanivan
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Michael F. Olson
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada
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18
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Yan S, Ren X, Yang J, Wang J, Zhang Q, Xu D. Exosomal miR-548c-5p Regulates Colorectal Cancer Cell Growth and Invasion Through HIF1A/CDC42 Axis. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:9875-9885. [PMID: 33116573 PMCID: PMC7547144 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s273008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mounting evidence has implicated that exosomes-delivered noncoding RNAs are key regulators in carcinogenesis. The effect of miR-548c-5p has been elucidated in some cancers. However, the role of exosomal miR-548c-5p in colorectal cancer (CRC) is not fully understood. We aim to explore the function and mechanism of exosome-delivered miR-548c-5p in CRC. The altering effect of exosome-derived miR-548c-5p on the prognosis of CRC patients is also investigated by estimating overall survival and disease-free survival. Materials and Methods The expression of miR-548c-5p in exosomes is determined by real-time PCR. The proliferation and invasion of CRC cells are estimated by MTT, transwell assay and scratch test. The targeted gene of miR-548c-5p is investigated by luciferase reporter assay, real-time PCR, Western blot and chromosome immunoprecipitation (CHIP) assay. CRC cells are transplanted subcutaneously in BALB/c nude mice to estimate their growth in vivo. Results MiR-548c-5p derived from CRC cell exosomes inhibits the proliferation and invasion of CRC cells in vitro. Exosomal miR-548c-5p can also prevent from colorectal carcinogenesis in nude mice in vivo. HIF1A is documented to be a target of miR-548c-5p, and HIF1A can targetedly regulate CDC42 in CRC cells. Exosomal miR-548c-5p affects CRC cell growth, migration and invasion via miR-548c-5p/HIF1A/CDC42 axis. In addition, exosomal miR-548c-5p can be a predictive factor for CRC prognosis. Conclusion Our study has suggested that exosomal miR-548c-5p can regulate CRC through HIF1A/CDC42 axis, which helps to understand CRC pathogenesis more clearly and identify novel therapeutic strategies for CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shushan Yan
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Anal Diseases Surgery of Affiliated Hospital, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxia Ren
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Yantai Shan Hospital, Yantai, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinghan Yang
- Central Laboratory and Department of Rheumatology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinghua Wang
- Central Laboratory and Department of Rheumatology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Quan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology of Affiliated Hospital, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Donghua Xu
- Central Laboratory and Department of Rheumatology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
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19
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Streit L, Brunaud L, Vitale N, Ory S, Gasman S. Hormones Secretion and Rho GTPases in Neuroendocrine Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1859. [PMID: 32664294 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) belong to a heterogeneous group of neoplasms arising from hormone secreting cells. These tumors are often associated with a dysfunction of their secretory activity. Neuroendocrine secretion occurs through calcium-regulated exocytosis, a process that is tightly controlled by Rho GTPases family members. In this review, we compiled the numerous mutations and modification of expression levels of Rho GTPases or their regulators (Rho guanine nucleotide-exchange factors and Rho GTPase-activating proteins) that have been identified in NETs. We discussed how they might regulate neuroendocrine secretion.
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20
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Biber G, Ben-Shmuel A, Sabag B, Barda-Saad M. Actin regulators in cancer progression and metastases: From structure and function to cytoskeletal dynamics. Int Rev Cell Mol Biol 2020; 356:131-196. [PMID: 33066873 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2020.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The cytoskeleton is a central factor contributing to various hallmarks of cancer. In recent years, there has been increasing evidence demonstrating the involvement of actin regulatory proteins in malignancy, and their dysregulation was shown to predict poor clinical prognosis. Although enhanced cytoskeletal activity is often associated with cancer progression, the expression of several inducers of actin polymerization is remarkably reduced in certain malignancies, and it is not completely clear how these changes promote tumorigenesis and metastases. The complexities involved in cytoskeletal induction of cancer progression therefore pose considerable difficulties for therapeutic intervention; it is not always clear which cytoskeletal regulator should be targeted in order to impede cancer progression, and whether this targeting may inadvertently enhance alternative invasive pathways which can aggravate tumor growth. The entire constellation of cytoskeletal machineries in eukaryotic cells are numerous and complex; the system is comprised of and regulated by hundreds of proteins, which could not be covered in a single review. Therefore, we will focus here on the actin cytoskeleton, which encompasses the biological machinery behind most of the key cellular functions altered in cancer, with specific emphasis on actin nucleating factors and nucleation-promoting factors. Finally, we discuss current therapeutic strategies for cancer which aim to target the cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Biber
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - A Ben-Shmuel
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - B Sabag
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - M Barda-Saad
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
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21
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Novak CM, Horst EN, Lin E, Mehta G. Compressive Stimulation Enhances Ovarian Cancer Proliferation, Invasion, Chemoresistance, and Mechanotransduction via CDC42 in a 3D Bioreactor. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061521. [PMID: 32532057 PMCID: PMC7352213 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This report investigates the role of compressive stress on ovarian cancer in a 3D custom built bioreactor. Cells within the ovarian tumor microenvironment experience a range of compressive stimuli that contribute to mechanotransduction. As the ovarian tumor expands, cells are exposed to chronic load from hydrostatic pressure, displacement of surrounding cells, and growth induced stress. External dynamic stimuli have been correlated with an increase in metastasis, cancer stem cell marker expression, chemoresistance, and proliferation in a variety of cancers. However, how these compressive stimuli contribute to ovarian cancer progression is not fully understood. In this report, high grade serous ovarian cancer cell lines were encapsulated within an ECM mimicking hydrogel comprising of agarose and collagen type I, and stimulated with confined cyclic or static compressive stresses for 24 and 72 h. Compression stimulation resulted in a significant increase in proliferation, invasive morphology, and chemoresistance. Additionally, CDC42 was upregulated in compression stimulated conditions, and was necessary to drive increased proliferation and chemoresistance. Inhibition of CDC42 lead to significant decrease in proliferation, survival, and increased chemosensitivity. In summary, the dynamic in vitro 3D platform developed in this report, is ideal for understanding the influence of compressive stimuli, and can be widely applicable to any epithelial cancers. This work reinforces the critical need to consider compressive stimulation in basic cancer biology and therapeutic developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caymen M. Novak
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (C.M.N.); (E.N.H.); (E.L.)
| | - Eric N. Horst
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (C.M.N.); (E.N.H.); (E.L.)
| | - Emily Lin
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (C.M.N.); (E.N.H.); (E.L.)
| | - Geeta Mehta
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (C.M.N.); (E.N.H.); (E.L.)
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Precision Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-734-763-3957
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22
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Dahmene M, Quirion L, Laurin M. High Throughput strategies Aimed at Closing the GAP in Our Knowledge of Rho GTPase Signaling. Cells 2020; 9:E1430. [PMID: 32526908 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Since their discovery, Rho GTPases have emerged as key regulators of cytoskeletal dynamics. In humans, there are 20 Rho GTPases and more than 150 regulators that belong to the RhoGEF, RhoGAP, and RhoGDI families. Throughout development, Rho GTPases choregraph a plethora of cellular processes essential for cellular migration, cell–cell junctions, and cell polarity assembly. Rho GTPases are also significant mediators of cancer cell invasion. Nevertheless, to date only a few molecules from these intricate signaling networks have been studied in depth, which has prevented appreciation for the full scope of Rho GTPases’ biological functions. Given the large complexity involved, system level studies are required to fully grasp the extent of their biological roles and regulation. Recently, several groups have tackled this challenge by using proteomic approaches to map the full repertoire of Rho GTPases and Rho regulators protein interactions. These studies have provided in-depth understanding of Rho regulators specificity and have contributed to expand Rho GTPases’ effector portfolio. Additionally, new roles for understudied family members were unraveled using high throughput screening strategies using cell culture models and mouse embryos. In this review, we highlight theses latest large-scale efforts, and we discuss the emerging opportunities that may lead to the next wave of discoveries.
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23
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Dongol S, Zhang Q, Qiu C, Sun C, Zhang Z, Wu H, Kong B. IQGAP3 promotes cancer proliferation and metastasis in high-grade serous ovarian cancer. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:1179-1192. [PMID: 32724358 PMCID: PMC7377165 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is a type of gynecological cancer with the highest mortality rate worldwide. Due to a lack of effective screening methods, most cases are diagnosed at later stages where the survival rates are poor. Thus, it is termed a ‘silent killer’ and is the most lethal of all the malignancies in women. IQ motif containing GTPase Activating Protein 3 (IQGAP3) is a member of the Rho family of GTPases, and plays a crucial role in the development and progression of several types of cancer. The aim of the present study was to investigate the oncogenic functions and mechanisms of IQGAP3 on the proliferation and metastasis of high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC). Therefore, the expression levels of IQGAP3 in HGSOC and normal tissue samples were compared, and IQGAP3 knockdown was performed to examine its functional role using various in vitro and in vivo experiments. It was demonstrated that the expression of IQGAP3 was upregulated in HGSOC tissues compared with the healthy tissues; this differential expression was also observed in the ovarian cancer cell lines. Functional experimental results suggested that IQGAP3 silencing significantly reduced proliferation, migration and invasion in ovarian cancer cell lines. Moreover, in vivo experimental findings validated the in vitro results, where the tumorigenic and metastatic capacities of IQGAP3-silenced cells were significantly lower in the nude mice compared with the mice implanted with the control cells. Furthermore, knockdown of IQGAP3 resulted in increased apoptosis, and the effects of IQGAP3 expression on various epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers were identified, suggesting a possible mechanism associated with the role of IQGAP3 in metastasis. The effect of IQGAP3 silencing on chemosensitivity towards olaparib was also assessed. Collectively, the present results indicated that IQGAP3 is a potential diagnostic and prognostic marker, and a putative therapeutic target of HGSOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samina Dongol
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology of Shandong, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology of Shandong, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Chunping Qiu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology of Shandong, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Chenggong Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology of Shandong, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Zhiwei Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology of Shandong, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Huan Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology of Shandong, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Beihua Kong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology of Shandong, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
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24
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Maldonado MDM, Medina JI, Velazquez L, Dharmawardhane S. Targeting Rac and Cdc42 GEFs in Metastatic Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:201. [PMID: 32322580 PMCID: PMC7156542 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rho family GTPases Rho, Rac, and Cdc42 have emerged as key players in cancer metastasis, due to their essential roles in regulating cell division and actin cytoskeletal rearrangements; and thus, cell growth, migration/invasion, polarity, and adhesion. This review will focus on the close homologs Rac and Cdc42, which have been established as drivers of metastasis and therapy resistance in multiple cancer types. Rac and Cdc42 are often dysregulated in cancer due to hyperactivation by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), belonging to both the diffuse B-cell lymphoma (Dbl) and dedicator of cytokinesis (DOCK) families. Rac/Cdc42 GEFs are activated by a myriad of oncogenic cell surface receptors, such as growth factor receptors, G-protein coupled receptors, cytokine receptors, and integrins; consequently, a number of Rac/Cdc42 GEFs have been implicated in metastatic cancer. Hence, inhibiting GEF-mediated Rac/Cdc42 activation represents a promising strategy for targeted metastatic cancer therapy. Herein, we focus on the role of oncogenic Rac/Cdc42 GEFs and discuss the recent advancements in the development of Rac and Cdc42 GEF-interacting inhibitors as targeted therapy for metastatic cancer, as well as their potential for overcoming cancer therapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Del Mar Maldonado
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Julia Isabel Medina
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Luis Velazquez
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Suranganie Dharmawardhane
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
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25
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Tetley GJN, Murphy NP, Bonetto S, Ivanova-Berndt G, Revell J, Mott HR, Cooley RN, Owen D. The discovery and maturation of peptide biologics targeting the small G-protein Cdc42: A bioblockade for Ras-driven signaling. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:2866-2884. [PMID: 31959628 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant Ras signaling drives 30% of cancers, and inhibition of the Rho family small GTPase signaling has been shown to combat Ras-driven cancers. Here, we present the discovery of a 16-mer cyclic peptide that binds to Cdc42 with nanomolar affinity. Affinity maturation of this sequence has produced a panel of derived candidates with increased affinity and modulated specificity for other closely-related small GTPases. The structure of the tightest binding peptide was solved by NMR, and its binding site on Cdc42 was determined. Addition of a cell-penetrating sequence allowed the peptides to access the cell interior and engage with their target(s), modulating signaling pathways. In Ras-driven cancer cell models, the peptides have an inhibitory effect on proliferation and show suppression of both invasion and motility. As such, they represent promising candidates for Rho-family small GTPase inhibitors and therapeutics targeting Ras-driven cancers. Our data add to the growing literature demonstrating that peptides are establishing their place in the biologics arm of drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- George J N Tetley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Rd., Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
| | - Natasha P Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Rd., Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
| | - Stephane Bonetto
- Isogenica Ltd., Chesterford Research Park, Little Chesterford, Essex CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriela Ivanova-Berndt
- Isogenica Ltd., Chesterford Research Park, Little Chesterford, Essex CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Jefferson Revell
- MedImmune, Sir Aaron Klug Building, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, United Kingdom
| | - Helen R Mott
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Rd., Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom.
| | - R Neil Cooley
- Isogenica Ltd., Chesterford Research Park, Little Chesterford, Essex CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Darerca Owen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Rd., Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom.
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26
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Wan Mohd Tajuddin WNB, Lajis NH, Abas F, Othman I, Naidu R. Mechanistic Understanding of Curcumin's Therapeutic Effects in Lung Cancer. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2989. [PMID: 31817718 PMCID: PMC6950067 DOI: 10.3390/nu11122989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is among the most common cancers with a high mortality rate worldwide. Despite the significant advances in diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, lung cancer prognoses and survival rates remain poor due to late diagnosis, drug resistance, and adverse effects. Therefore, new intervention therapies, such as the use of natural compounds with decreased toxicities, have been considered in lung cancer therapy. Curcumin, a natural occurring polyphenol derived from turmeric (Curcuma longa) has been studied extensively in recent years for its therapeutic effects. It has been shown that curcumin demonstrates anti-cancer effects in lung cancer through various mechanisms, including inhibition of cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis, induction of apoptosis, epigenetic alterations, and regulation of microRNA expression. Several in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that these mechanisms are modulated by multiple molecular targets such as STAT3, EGFR, FOXO3a, TGF-β, eIF2α, COX-2, Bcl-2, PI3KAkt/mTOR, ROS, Fas/FasL, Cdc42, E-cadherin, MMPs, and adiponectin. In addition, limitations, strategies to overcome curcumin bioavailability, and potential side effects as well as clinical trials were also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Nur Baitty Wan Mohd Tajuddin
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan 47500, Malaysia; (W.N.B.W.M.T.); (I.O.)
| | - Nordin H. Lajis
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (N.H.L.); (F.A.)
| | - Faridah Abas
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (N.H.L.); (F.A.)
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Iekhsan Othman
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan 47500, Malaysia; (W.N.B.W.M.T.); (I.O.)
| | - Rakesh Naidu
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan 47500, Malaysia; (W.N.B.W.M.T.); (I.O.)
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Silva LE, Souza RC, Kitano ES, Monteiro LF, Iwai LK, Forti FL. Proteomic and Interactome Approaches Reveal PAK4, PHB-2, and 14-3-3η as Targets of Overactivated Cdc42 in Cellular Responses to Genomic Instability. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:3597-3614. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luiz E. Silva
- Laboratory of Signaling in Biomolecular Systems (LSSB), Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP CEP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Renan C. Souza
- Laboratory of Signaling in Biomolecular Systems (LSSB), Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP CEP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Eduardo S. Kitano
- Special Laboratory of Applied Toxicology (LETA), Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Butantan Institute, São Paulo-SP 05503-000, Brazil
| | - Lucas F. Monteiro
- Laboratory of Signaling in Biomolecular Systems (LSSB), Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP CEP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Leo K. Iwai
- Special Laboratory of Applied Toxicology (LETA), Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Butantan Institute, São Paulo-SP 05503-000, Brazil
| | - Fabio L. Forti
- Laboratory of Signaling in Biomolecular Systems (LSSB), Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP CEP 05508-900, Brazil
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Tan HY, Ho VWT, Chan YT, Zhang C, Wang N, Xia W, Feng Y. Combination of Gentiana rhodantha and Gerbera anandria in the BL02 formula as therapeutics to non-small cell lung carcinoma acting via Rap1/cdc42 signaling: A transcriptomics/ bio-informatics biological validation approach. Pharmacol Res 2019; 155:104415. [PMID: 31465829 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) ranks the most commonly diagnosed and highest mortality-leading cancer worldwide despite a variety of treatment strategies are available. The highly heterogeneous and aggressive property of NSCLC as well as its poor prognosis indicates the need for novel therapeutic targets identification. The objective of this study is to identify potential targets from the adjuvant herbal formula BL02 using a combined approach of high throughput transcriptomics and network pharmacology. METHODS The quality and stability of BL02 were assessed by UHPLC analysis. The inhibitory effect of BL02 on NSCLC was measured by in vivo orthotopic intrathoracic mouse model and in vitro cellular models. EGFR-mutant HCC827 and wild type A549 cell lines were employed. Transcriptomics analysis was introduced to profile the gene expression of NSCLC cells treated with BL02; Network pharmacology and molecular docking analyses predicted the interaction of compounds and NSCLC targets. Immuno-blotting and pull-down assays verified the putative targets. RESULTS The UHPLC analysis revealed that BL02 was relatively stable between batches of production and for 24 months of storage. Orally administration of BL02 was safe and effective to inhibit pulmonary NSCLC growth in mice implanted with A549 and HCC827-generated tumors. BL02 exhibited relatively low cytotoxicity to NSCLC cells in vitro, but potently suppressed NSCLC cell motility. The transcriptomic analysis illustrated that EGFR and cellular adhesion-related signaling is involved in BL02 action. Further bioinformatics analysis validated BL02 activity is mediated by cdc42-regulated signaling. BL02 depolymerized the actin cytoskeleton through suppressing cdc42 and deactivating its upstream molecule Rap1. These effects may be primarily mediated by the direct binding of 5-methylcoumarin-4-cellobioside and mangiferin from BL02 to Rap1 protein. CONCLUSION Our study proposes an integration model of experimental, transcriptomic and bioinformatics analyses in the identification of novel therapeutic target of NSCLC from an adjuvant herbal formula BL02. Our findings revealed that inhibition of Rap1/cdc42 signaling by active compounds 5-methylcoumarin-4-cellobioside and mangiferin from BL02 might be potentially effective therapy for NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hor-Yue Tan
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Venice Wing-Tung Ho
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Yau-Tuen Chan
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Cheng Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Ning Wang
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Wen Xia
- Joint Research Center for National and Local Miao Drug, Anshun, Guizhou Province, PR China
| | - Yibin Feng
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
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Prieto-Dominguez N, Parnell C, Teng Y. Drugging the Small GTPase Pathways in Cancer Treatment: Promises and Challenges. Cells 2019; 8:E255. [PMID: 30884855 PMCID: PMC6468615 DOI: 10.3390/cells8030255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Small GTPases are a family of low molecular weight GTP-hydrolyzing enzymes that cycle between an inactive state when bound to GDP and an active state when associated to GTP. Small GTPases regulate key cellular processes (e.g., cell differentiation, proliferation, and motility) as well as subcellular events (e.g., vesicle trafficking), making them key participants in a great array of pathophysiological processes. Indeed, the dysfunction and deregulation of certain small GTPases, such as the members of the Ras and Arf subfamilies, have been related with the promotion and progression of cancer. Therefore, the development of inhibitors that target dysfunctional small GTPases could represent a potential therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment. This review covers the basic biochemical mechanisms and the diverse functions of small GTPases in cancer. We also discuss the strategies and challenges of inhibiting the activity of these enzymes and delve into new approaches that offer opportunities to target them in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Néstor Prieto-Dominguez
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León 24010, Spain.
| | | | - Yong Teng
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
- Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
- Department of Medical laboratory, Imaging and Radiologic Sciences, College of Allied Health, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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30
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Wang S, Shen HW, Chai H, Liang Y. Complex harmonic regularization with differential evolution in a memetic framework for biomarker selection. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210786. [PMID: 30763332 PMCID: PMC6375558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
For studying cancer and genetic diseases, the issue of identifying high correlation genes from high-dimensional data is an important problem. It is a great challenge to select relevant biomarkers from gene expression data that contains some important correlation structures, and some of the genes can be divided into different groups with a common biological function, chromosomal location or regulation. In this paper, we propose a penalized accelerated failure time model CHR-DE using a non-convex regularization (local search) with differential evolution (global search) in a wrapper-embedded memetic framework. The complex harmonic regularization (CHR) can approximate to the combination ℓp(12≤p<1) and ℓq (1 ≤ q < 2) for selecting biomarkers in group. And differential evolution (DE) is utilized to globally optimize the CHR’s hyperparameters, which make CHR-DE achieve strong capability of selecting groups of genes in high-dimensional biological data. We also developed an efficient path seeking algorithm to optimize this penalized model. The proposed method is evaluated on synthetic and three gene expression datasets: breast cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma and colorectal cancer. The experimental results demonstrate that CHR-DE is a more effective tool for feature selection and learning prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Wang
- Faculty of Information Technology, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau
| | - Hai-Wei Shen
- Faculty of Information Technology, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau
| | - Hua Chai
- Faculty of Information Technology, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau
| | - Yong Liang
- Faculty of Information Technology, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau
- * E-mail:
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31
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Kalailingam P, Tan HB, Pan JY, Tan SH, Thanabalu T. Overexpression of CDC42SE1 in A431 Cells Reduced Cell Proliferation by Inhibiting the Akt Pathway. Cells 2019; 8:cells8020117. [PMID: 30717410 PMCID: PMC6406378 DOI: 10.3390/cells8020117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell division cycle 42 (CDC42), a small Rho GTPase, plays a critical role in many cellular processes, including cell proliferation and survival. CDC42 interacts with the CRIB (Cdc42- and Rac-interactive binding) domain of CDC42SE1, a small effector protein of 9 kDa. We found that the expression of CDC42SE1 was reduced in human skin cancer samples relative to matched perilesional control. Exogenous expression of CDC42SE1 but not CDC42SE1H38A (mutation within CRIB domain) in A431 cells (A431SE1, A431SE1-H38A) reduced cell proliferation. Antibody microarray analysis of A431Ctrl and A431SE1 lysate suggested that reduced A431SE1 cells proliferation was due to inhibition of Akt pathway, which was confirmed by the reduced P-Akt and P-mTOR levels in A431SE1 cells compared to A431Ctrl cells. This suggests that CDC42SE1 modulates the CDC42-mediated Akt pathway by competing with other effector proteins to bind CDC42. A431SE1 cells formed smaller colonies in soft agar compared to A431Ctrl and A431SE1-H38A cells. These findings correlate with nude mice xenograft assays, where A431SE1 cells formed tumors with significantly-reduced volume compared to the tumors formed by A431Ctrl cells. Our results suggest that CDC42SE1 is downregulated in skin cancer to promote tumorigenesis, and thus CDC42SE1 might be an important marker of skin cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pazhanichamy Kalailingam
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
| | - Hui Bing Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
| | - Jiun Yit Pan
- National Skin Centre, Singapore 308205, Singapore.
| | | | - Thirumaran Thanabalu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
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32
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Zhu GF, Xu YW, Li J, Niu HL, Ma WX, Xu J, Zhou PR, Liu X, Ye DL, Liu XR, Yan T, Zhai WK, Xu ZJ, Liu C, Wang L, Wang H, Luo JM, Liu L, Li XQ, Guo S, Jiang HP, Shen P, Lin HK, Yu DH, Ding YQ, Zhang QL. Mir20a/106a-WTX axis regulates RhoGDIa/CDC42 signaling and colon cancer progression. Nat Commun 2019; 10:112. [PMID: 30631060 PMCID: PMC6328557 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07998-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Wilms tumor gene on the X chromosome (WTX) is a putative tumor suppressor gene in Wilms tumor, but its expression and functions in other tumors are unclear. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women and the second leading cause in men in the United States. We demonstrated that WTX frequently lost in CRC which was highly correlated with cell proliferation, tumor invasion and metastasis. Mechanistically, WTX loss disrupts the interaction between RhoGDIα and CDC42 by losing of the binding with RhoGDIα and triggers the activation of CDC42 and its downstream cascades, which promotes CRC development and liver metastasis. The aberrant upregulation of miR-20a/miR-106a were identified as the reason of WTX loss in CRC both in vivo and in vitro. These study defined the mechanism how miR-20a/miR-106a-mediated WTX loss regulates CRC progression and metastasis, and provided a potential therapeutic target for preventing CRC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Fang Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510515, China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510515, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510515, China
| | - Yang-Wei Xu
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510515, China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510515, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510515, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510515, China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510515, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510515, China
| | - Hui-Lin Niu
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510515, China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510515, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510515, China
| | - Wen-Xia Ma
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510515, China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510515, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510515, China
| | - Jia Xu
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, 10029, USA
| | - Pei-Rong Zhou
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510515, China
- Nanfang Hospital/First clinical Medical School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510515, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510515, China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510515, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510515, China
| | - Dan-Li Ye
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510515, China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510515, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510515, China
| | - Xiao-Rong Liu
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510515, China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510515, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510515, China
| | - Tao Yan
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510515, China
- Nanfang Hospital/First clinical Medical School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510515, China
| | - Wei-Ke Zhai
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510515, China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510515, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510515, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Xu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510515, China
- Nanfang Hospital/First clinical Medical School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510515, China
| | - Chun Liu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510515, China
- Nanfang Hospital/First clinical Medical School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510515, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510515, China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510515, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510515, China
- Nanfang Hospital/First clinical Medical School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510515, China
| | - Jia-Mao Luo
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510515, China
- Nanfang Hospital/First clinical Medical School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510515, China
| | - Li Liu
- Hepatology Unit and Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510515, China
| | - Xuan-Qi Li
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510515, China
| | - Suiqun Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510630, China
| | - Hui-Ping Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510630, China
| | - Peng Shen
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510515, China
| | - Hui-Kuan Lin
- Cancer Biology Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Di-Hua Yu
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yan-Qing Ding
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510515, China.
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510515, China.
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510515, China.
| | - Qing-Ling Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510515, China.
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510515, China.
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, GuangDong, 510515, China.
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Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNA) are small non-coding RNAs (∼22 nt in length) that are known as potent master regulators of eukaryotic gene expression. miRNAs have been shown to play a critical role in cancer pathogenesis, and the misregulation of miRNAs is a well-known feature of cancer. In recent years, miR-29 has emerged as a critical miRNA in various cancers, and it has been shown to regulate multiple oncogenic processes, including epigenetics, proteostasis, metabolism, proliferation, apoptosis, metastasis, fibrosis, angiogenesis, and immunomodulation. Although miR-29 has been thoroughly documented as a tumor suppressor in the majority of studies, some controversy remains with conflicting reports of miR-29 as an oncogene. In this review, we provide a systematic overview of miR-29's functional role in various mechanisms of cancer and introspection on the contradictory roles of miR-29.
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Owen D, Mott HR. CRIB effector disorder: exquisite function from chaos. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 46:1289-302. [PMID: 30154092 DOI: 10.1042/BST20170570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The CRIB (Cdc42/Rac interactive binding) family of small G-protein effectors contain significant regions with intrinsic disorder. The G-protein-binding regions are contained within these intrinsically disordered regions. Most CRIB proteins also contain stretches of basic residues associated with their G-protein-binding regions. The basic region (BR) and G-protein-binding region together allow the CRIB effectors to bind to their cognate G-protein via a dock- and coalesce-binding mechanism. The BRs of these proteins take on multiple roles: steering G-protein binding, interacting with elements of the membrane and regulating intramolecular regulatory interactions. The ability of these regions of the CRIBs to undergo multivalent interactions and mediate charge neutralizations equips them with all the properties required to drive liquid-liquid phase separation and therefore to initiate and drive signalosome formation. It is only recently that the structural plasticity in these proteins is being appreciated as the driving force for these vital cellular processes.
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Tetley GJN, Szeto A, Fountain AJ, Mott HR, Owen D. Bond swapping from a charge cloud allows flexible coordination of upstream signals through WASP: Multiple regulatory roles for the WASP basic region. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:15136-15151. [PMID: 30104412 PMCID: PMC6166713 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) activates the actin-related protein 2/3 homolog (Arp2/3) complex and regulates actin polymerization in a physiological setting. Cell division cycle 42 (Cdc42) is a key activator of WASP, which binds Cdc42 through a Cdc42/Rac-interactive binding (CRIB)-containing region that defines a subset of Cdc42 effectors. Here, using site-directed mutagenesis and binding affinity determination and kinetic assays, we report the results of an investigation into the energetic contributions of individual WASP residues to both the Cdc42-WASP binding interface and the kinetics of complex formation. Our results support the previously proposed dock-and-coalesce binding mechanism, initiated by electrostatic steering driven by WASP's basic region and followed by a coalescence phase likely driven by the conserved CRIB motif. The WASP basic region, however, appears also to play a role in the final complex, as its mutation affected both on- and off-rates, suggesting a more comprehensive physiological role for this region centered on the C-terminal triad of positive residues. These results highlight the expanding roles of the basic region in WASP and other CRIB-containing effector proteins in regulating complex cellular processes and coordinating multiple input signals. The data presented improve our understanding of the Cdc42-WASP interface and also add to the body of information available for Cdc42-effector complex formation, therapeutic targeting of which has promise for Ras-driven cancers. Our findings suggest that combining high-affinity peptide-binding sequences with short electrostatic steering sequences could increase the efficacy of peptidomimetic candidates designed to interfere with Cdc42 signaling in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- George J N Tetley
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
| | - Aydan Szeto
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
| | - Adam J Fountain
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
| | - Helen R Mott
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
| | - Darerca Owen
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
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Schiewek J, Schumacher U, Lange T, Joosse SA, Wikman H, Pantel K, Mikhaylova M, Kneussel M, Linder S, Schmalfeldt B, Oliveira-Ferrer L, Windhorst S. Clinical relevance of cytoskeleton associated proteins for ovarian cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2018; 144:2195-2205. [PMID: 30094535 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-018-2710-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ovarian cancer has a high mortality rate and up to now no reliable molecular prognostic biomarkers have been established. During malignant progression, the cytoskeleton is strongly altered. Hence we analyzed if expression of certain cytoskeleton-associated proteins is correlated with clinical outcome of ovarian cancer patients. METHODS First, in silico analysis was performed using the cancer genome atlas (TCGA), the human expression atlas and Pubmed. Selected candidates were validated on 270 ovarian cancer patients by qRT-PCR and/or by western blotting. RESULTS In silico analysis revealed that mRNAs of 214 cytoskeleton-associated proteins are detectable in ovarian cancer tissue. Among these, we selected 17 proteins that participate in cancer disease progression and cytoskeleton modulation: KIF14, KIF20A, KIF18A, ASPM, CEP55, DLGAP5, MAP9, EB1, KATNA1, DIAPH1, ANLN, SCIN, CCDC88A, FSCN1, GSN, VASP and CDC42. The first ten candidates interact with microtubules (MTs) and the others bind to actin filaments. Validation on clinical samples of ovarian cancer patients revealed that the expression levels of DIAPH1, EB1, KATNA1, KIF14 and KIF18A significantly correlated with clinical and histological parameters of ovarian cancer. High DIAPH1, EB1, KATNA1 and KIF14 protein levels were associated with increased overall survival (OAS) of ovarian cancer patients, while high DIAPH1 and EB1 protein levels were also associated with low differentiation of respective tumors (G2/3). Moreover, DIAPH1 was the only protein, whose expression significantly correlated with increased recurrence-free interval (RFI). CONCLUSION Mainly the expression levels of the MT-associated proteins analyzed in this study, correlated with prolonged survival of ovarian cancer patients. From > 200 genes initially considered, 17 cytoskeletal proteins are involved in cancer progression according to the literature. Among these, four proteins significantly correlated with improved survival of ovarian cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Schiewek
- Department of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Udo Schumacher
- Institute of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Lange
- Institute of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Simon A Joosse
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Harriet Wikman
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Pantel
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marina Mikhaylova
- DFG Emmy Noether Group 'Neuronal Protein Transport', Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Kneussel
- Department of Molecular Neurogenetics, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Linder
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Schmalfeldt
- Department of Gynecology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Leticia Oliveira-Ferrer
- Department of Gynecology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Windhorst
- Department of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
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Song S, Cong W, Zhou S, Shi Y, Dai W, Zhang H, Wang X, He B, Zhang Q. Small GTPases: Structure, biological function and its interaction with nanoparticles. Asian J Pharm Sci 2018; 14:30-39. [PMID: 32104436 PMCID: PMC7032109 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Small GTPase is a kind of GTP-binding protein commonly found in eukaryotic cells. It plays an important role in cytoskeletal reorganization, cell polarity, cell cycle progression, gene expression and many other significant events in cells, such as the interaction with foreign particles. Therefore, it is of great scientific significance to understand the biological properties of small GTPases as well as the GTPase-nano interplay, since more and more nanomedicine are supposed to be used in biomedical field. However, there is no review in this aspect. This review summarizes the small GTPases in terms of the structure, biological function and its interaction with nanoparticles. We briefly introduced the various nanoparticles such as gold/silver nanoparticles, SWCNT, polymeric micelles and other nano delivery systems that interacted with different GTPases. These current nanoparticles exhibited different pharmacological effect modes and various target design concepts in the small GTPases study. This will help to elucidate the conclusion that the therapeutic strategy targeting small GTPases might be a new research direction. It is believed that the in-depth study on the functional mechanism of GTPases can provide insights for the design and study of nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyang Song
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.,Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wenshu Cong
- Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Shurong Zhou
- Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yujie Shi
- Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wenbing Dai
- Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xueqing Wang
- Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Bing He
- Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.,Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
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Zhang Q, Chen Y, Liu K. miR-185 inhibits cell migration and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma through CDC42. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:3101-3107. [PMID: 30127901 PMCID: PMC6096190 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a primary liver cancer with high incidence and mortality. miR-185, a microRNA with appriximately 22-28 nucleotides, was reported to be involved in many cancers. The potential mechanism of miR-185 on HCC through cell division cycle 42 (CDC42) was investigated. RT-qPCR was used to measure the RNA level of miR-185 and CDC42 in HCC tissues and cells. The dual luciferase reporter assay was used to verify whether CDC42 was a target gene for miR-185. Transwell assay was employed to detect the ability of migration and invasion to change miR-185. miR-185 expression was low in HCC and negatively correlated with CDC42. miR-185 inhibited HCC migration, invasion and miR-185 low expression predicted poor prognosis. CDC42 was predicted to be a target gene for miR-185, and regulated by miR-185. miR-185 suspressed the ability of cell migration and invasion through CDC42 in HCC. In conclusion, miR-185 suspressed migration and invasion of HCC cells by directly targeting CDC42. It is suggested that miR-185/CDC42 axis may present a novel target for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingjun Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Central Hospital of Zibo, Zibo, Shandong 255000, P.R. China
| | - Yun Chen
- Central Sterile Supply Department, Central Hospital of Zibo, Zibo, Shandong 255000, P.R. China
| | - Ke Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Central Hospital of Zibo, Zibo, Shandong 255000, P.R. China
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Abstract
Rac and Cdc42 are small GTPases that have been linked to multiple human cancers and are implicated in epithelial to mesenchymal transition, cell-cycle progression, migration/invasion, tumor growth, angiogenesis, and oncogenic transformation. With the exception of the P29S driver mutation in melanoma, Rac and Cdc42 are not generally mutated in cancer, but are overexpressed (gene amplification and mRNA upregulation) or hyperactivated. Rac and Cdc42 are hyperactivated via signaling through oncogenic cell surface receptors, such as growth factor receptors, which converge on the guanine nucleotide exchange factors that regulate their GDP/GTP exchange. Hence, targeting Rac and Cdc42 represents a promising strategy for precise cancer therapy, as well as for inhibition of bypass signaling that promotes resistance to cell surface receptor-targeted therapies. Therefore, an understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of these pivotal signaling intermediates is key for the development of effective inhibitors. In this review, we focus on the role of Rac and Cdc42 in cancer and summarize the regulatory mechanisms, inhibitory efficacy, and the anticancer potential of Rac- and Cdc42-targeting agents. Cancer Res; 78(12); 3101-11. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Del Mar Maldonado
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Suranganie Dharmawardhane
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
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Unbekandt M, Belshaw S, Bower J, Clarke M, Cordes J, Crighton D, Croft DR, Drysdale MJ, Garnett MJ, Gill K, Gray C, Greenhalgh DA, Hall JAM, Konczal J, Lilla S, McArthur D, McConnell P, McDonald L, McGarry L, McKinnon H, McMenemy C, Mezna M, Morrice NA, Munro J, Naylor G, Rath N, Schüttelkopf AW, Sime M, Olson MF. Discovery of Potent and Selective MRCK Inhibitors with Therapeutic Effect on Skin Cancer. Cancer Res 2018; 78:2096-2114. [PMID: 29382705 PMCID: PMC5901721 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-2870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The myotonic dystrophy-related Cdc42-binding kinases MRCKα and MRCKβ contribute to the regulation of actin-myosin cytoskeleton organization and dynamics, acting in concert with the Rho-associated coiled-coil kinases ROCK1 and ROCK2. The absence of highly potent and selective MRCK inhibitors has resulted in relatively little knowledge of the potential roles of these kinases in cancer. Here, we report the discovery of the azaindole compounds BDP8900 and BDP9066 as potent and selective MRCK inhibitors that reduce substrate phosphorylation, leading to morphologic changes in cancer cells along with inhibition of their motility and invasive character. In over 750 human cancer cell lines tested, BDP8900 and BDP9066 displayed consistent antiproliferative effects with greatest activity in hematologic cancer cells. Mass spectrometry identified MRCKα S1003 as an autophosphorylation site, enabling development of a phosphorylation-sensitive antibody tool to report on MRCKα status in tumor specimens. In a two-stage chemical carcinogenesis model of murine squamous cell carcinoma, topical treatments reduced MRCKα S1003 autophosphorylation and skin papilloma outgrowth. In parallel work, we validated a phospho-selective antibody with the capability to monitor drug pharmacodynamics. Taken together, our findings establish an important oncogenic role for MRCK in cancer, and they offer an initial preclinical proof of concept for MRCK inhibition as a valid therapeutic strategy.Significance: The development of selective small-molecule inhibitors of the Cdc42-binding MRCK kinases reveals their essential roles in cancer cell viability, migration, and invasive character. Cancer Res; 78(8); 2096-114. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Unbekandt
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Simone Belshaw
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Justin Bower
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Maeve Clarke
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jacqueline Cordes
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Diane Crighton
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel R Croft
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J Drysdale
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Mathew J Garnett
- Translational Cancer Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn Gill
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Gray
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - David A Greenhalgh
- Section of Dermatology and Molecular Carcinogenesis, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - James A M Hall
- Translational Cancer Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Konczal
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Sergio Lilla
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan McArthur
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia McConnell
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Laura McDonald
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Lynn McGarry
- Screening Facility, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Heather McKinnon
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Carol McMenemy
- Section of Dermatology and Molecular Carcinogenesis, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Mokdad Mezna
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolas A Morrice
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - June Munro
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory Naylor
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Rath
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mairi Sime
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Michael F Olson
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Xiao XH, Lv LC, Duan J, Wu YM, He SJ, Hu ZZ, Xiong LX. Regulating Cdc42 and Its Signaling Pathways in Cancer: Small Molecules and MicroRNA as New Treatment Candidates. Molecules 2018; 23:E787. [PMID: 29596304 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23040787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite great improvements in the diagnosis and treatment of neoplasms, metastatic disease is still the leading cause of death in cancer patients, with mortality rates still rising. Given this background, new ways to treat cancer will be important for development of improved cancer control strategies. Cdc42 is a member of the Rho GTPase family and plays an important role in cell-to-cell adhesion, formation of cytoskeletal structures, and cell cycle regulation. It thus influences cellular proliferation, transformation, and homeostasis, as well as the cellular migration and invasion processes underlying tumor formation. Cdc42 acts as a collection point for signal transduction and regulates multiple signaling pathways. Moreover, recent studies show that in most human cancers Cdc42 is abnormally expressed and promoting neoplastic growth and metastasis. Regarding possible new treatments for cancer, miRNA and small molecules targeting Cdc42 and related pathways have been recently found to be effective on cancer. In this review, we analyze the newly recognized regulation mechanisms for Cdc42 and Cdc42-related signal pathways, and particularly new treatments using small molecules and miRNAs to inhibit the abnormal overexpression of Cdc42 that may slow down the metastasis process, improve cancer therapy and lead to novel strategies for development of antineoplastic drugs.
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42
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Okura H, Golbourn BJ, Shahzad U, Agnihotri S, Sabha N, Krieger JR, Figueiredo CA, Chalil A, Landon-Brace N, Riemenschneider A, Arai H, Smith CA, Xu S, Kaluz S, Marcus AI, Van Meir EG, Rutka JT. A role for activated Cdc42 in glioblastoma multiforme invasion. Oncotarget 2016; 7:56958-75. [PMID: 27486972 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cdc42 is a Rho-GTPase which plays a major role in regulating cell polarity and migration by specifying the localization of filopodia. However, the role of Cdc42 in GBM invasion has not been thoroughly investigated. We generated stable doxycycline-inducible clones expressing wild type (WT)-, constitutively active (CA)-, and dominant negative (DN)-Cdc42 in three different human glioma cell lines. Expression of CA-Cdc42 significantly increased the migration and invasive properties of malignant glioma cells compared to WT and DN-Cdc42 cell clones, and this was accompanied by a greater number of filopodia and focal adhesion structures which co-localize with phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase (FAK). By mass spectrometry and immunoprecipitation studies, we demonstrated that activated Cdc42 binds to IQGAP1. When implanted orthotopically in mice, the CA-Cdc42 expressing glioma cells exhibited enhanced local migration and invasion, and led to larger tumors, which significantly reduced survival. Using the Cancer Genome Atlas dataset, we determined that high Cdc42 expression is associated with poorer progression free survival, and that Cdc42 expression is highest in the proneural and neural subgroups of GBM. In summary, our studies demonstrate that activated Cdc42 is a critical determinant of the migratory and invasive phenotype of malignant gliomas, and that its effect may be mediated, at least in part, through its interaction with IQGAP1 and phosphorylated FAK.
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Lv J, Zeng J, Guo F, Li Y, Xu M, Cheng Y, Zhang L, Cai S, Chen Y, Zheng Y, Hu G. Endothelial Cdc42 deficiency impairs endothelial regeneration and vascular repair after inflammatory vascular injury. Respir Res 2018; 19:27. [PMID: 29422044 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-018-0729-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Endothelial cell (EC) regeneration is essential for inflammation resolution and vascular integrity recovery after inflammatory vascular injury. Cdc42 is a central regulator of cell survival and vessel formation in EC development. However, it is unknown that whether Cdc42 could be a regulating role of EC repair following the inflammatory injury in the lung. The study sought to test the hypothesis that Cdc42 is required for endothelial regeneration and vascular integrity recovery after LPS-induced inflammatory injury. Methods and results The role of Cdc42 for the regulation of pulmonary vascular endothelial repair was tested in vitro and in vivo. In LPS-induced acute lung injury (ALI) mouse models, knockout of the Cdc42 gene in ECs increased inflammatory cell infiltration and pulmonary vascular leakage and inhibited vascular EC proliferation, which eventually resulted in more severe inflammatory lung injury. In addition, siRNA-mediated knockdown of Cdc42 protein on ECs disrupted cell proliferation and migration and tube formation, which are necessary processes for recovery after inflammatory vascular injury, resulting in inflammatory vascular injury recovery defects. Conclusion We found that Cdc42 deficiency impairs EC function and regeneration, which are crucial in the post-inflammatory vascular injury repair process. These findings indicate that Cdc42 is a potential target for novel treatments designed to facilitate endothelial regeneration and vascular repair in inflammatory pulmonary vascular diseases, such as ALI/ARDS. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12931-018-0729-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Martinelli S, Krumbach OH, Pantaleoni F, Coppola S, Amin E, Pannone L, Nouri K, Farina L, Dvorsky R, Lepri F, Buchholzer M, Konopatzki R, Walsh L, Payne K, Pierpont ME, Vergano SS, Langley KG, Larsen D, Farwell KD, Tang S, Mroske C, Gallotta I, Di Schiavi E, della Monica M, Lugli L, Rossi C, Seri M, Cocchi G, Henderson L, Baskin B, Alders M, Mendoza-Londono R, Dupuis L, Nickerson DA, Chong JX, Meeks N, Brown K, Causey T, Cho MT, Demuth S, Digilio MC, Gelb BD, Bamshad MJ, Zenker M, Ahmadian MR, Hennekam RC, Tartaglia M, Mirzaa GM, Mirzaa GM. Functional Dysregulation of CDC42 Causes Diverse Developmental Phenotypes. Am J Hum Genet 2018; 102:309-320. [PMID: 29394990 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exome sequencing has markedly enhanced the discovery of genes implicated in Mendelian disorders, particularly for individuals in whom a known clinical entity could not be assigned. This has led to the recognition that phenotypic heterogeneity resulting from allelic mutations occurs more commonly than previously appreciated. Here, we report that missense variants in CDC42, a gene encoding a small GTPase functioning as an intracellular signaling node, underlie a clinically heterogeneous group of phenotypes characterized by variable growth dysregulation, facial dysmorphism, and neurodevelopmental, immunological, and hematological anomalies, including a phenotype resembling Noonan syndrome, a developmental disorder caused by dysregulated RAS signaling. In silico, in vitro, and in vivo analyses demonstrate that mutations variably perturb CDC42 function by altering the switch between the active and inactive states of the GTPase and/or affecting CDC42 interaction with effectors, and differentially disturb cellular and developmental processes. These findings reveal the remarkably variable impact that dominantly acting CDC42 mutations have on cell function and development, creating challenges in syndrome definition, and exemplify the importance of functional profiling for syndrome recognition and delineation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ghayda M Mirzaa
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
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Stakaitytė G, Nwogu N, Dobson SJ, Knight LM, Wasson CW, Salguero FJ, Blackbourn DJ, Blair GE, Mankouri J, Macdonald A, Whitehouse A. Merkel Cell Polyomavirus Small T Antigen Drives Cell Motility via Rho-GTPase-Induced Filopodium Formation. J Virol 2018; 92:e00940-17. [PMID: 29093086 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00940-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell motility and migration is a complex, multistep, and multicomponent process intrinsic to progression and metastasis. Motility is dependent on the activities of integrin receptors and Rho family GTPases, resulting in the remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton and formation of various motile actin-based protrusions. Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an aggressive skin cancer with a high likelihood of recurrence and metastasis. Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) is associated with the majority of MCC cases, and MCPyV-induced tumorigenesis largely depends on the expression of the small tumor antigen (ST). Since the discovery of MCPyV, a number of mechanisms have been suggested to account for replication and tumorigenesis, but to date, little is known about potential links between MCPyV T antigen expression and the metastatic nature of MCC. Previously, we described the action of MCPyV ST on the microtubule network and how it impacts cell motility and migration. Here, we demonstrate that MCPyV ST affects the actin cytoskeleton to promote the formation of filopodia through a mechanism involving the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 4 (PP4C). We also show that MCPyV ST-induced cell motility is dependent upon the activities of the Rho family GTPases Cdc42 and RhoA. In addition, our results indicate that the MCPyV ST-PP4C interaction results in the dephosphorylation of β1 integrin, likely driving the cell motility pathway. These findings describe a novel mechanism by which a tumor virus induces cell motility, which may ultimately lead to cancer metastasis, and provides opportunities and strategies for targeted interventions for disseminated MCC. IMPORTANCE Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) is the most recently discovered human tumor virus. It causes the majority of cases of Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), an aggressive skin cancer. However, the molecular mechanisms implicating MCPyV-encoded proteins in cancer development are yet to be fully elucidated. This study builds upon our previous observations, which demonstrated that the MCPyV ST antigen enhances cell motility, providing a potential link between MCPyV protein expression and the highly metastatic nature of MCC. Here, we show that MCPyV ST remodels the actin cytoskeleton, promoting the formation of filopodia, which is essential for MCPyV ST-induced cell motility, and we also implicate the activity of specific Rho family GTPases, Cdc42 and RhoA, in these processes. Moreover, we describe a novel mechanism for the activation of Rho-GTPases and the cell motility pathway due to the interaction between MCPyV ST and the cellular phosphatase catalytic subunit PP4C, which leads to the specific dephosphorylation of β1 integrin. These findings may therefore provide novel strategies for therapeutic intervention for disseminated MCC.
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Abstract
Members of the MYC family of proto-oncogenes are the most commonly deregulated genes in all human cancers. MYC proteins drive an increase in cellular proliferation and facilitate multiple aspects of tumor initiation and progression, thereby controlling all hallmarks of cancer. MYC's ability to drive metabolic reprogramming of tumor cells leading to biomass accumulation and cellular proliferation is the most studied function of these oncogenes. MYC also regulates tumor progression and is often implicated in resistance to chemotherapy and in metastasis. While most oncogenic functions of MYC are attributed to its role as a transcription factor, more recently, new roles of MYC as a pro-survival factor in the cytoplasm suggest a previously unappreciated diversity in MYC's roles in cancer progression. This review will focus on the role of MYC in invasion and will discuss the canonical functions of MYC in Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition and the cytoplasmic functions of MYC-nick in collective migration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maralice Conacci-Sorrell
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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Peretti AS, Dominguez D, Grimes MM, Hathaway HJ, Prossnitz ER, Rivera MR, Wandinger-Ness A, Kusewitt DF, Hudson LG. The R-Enantiomer of Ketorolac Delays Mammary Tumor Development in Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus-Polyoma Middle T Antigen (MMTV-PyMT) Mice. Am J Pathol 2017; 188:515-524. [PMID: 29169987 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies report improved breast cancer survival in women who receive ketorolac (Toradol) for postoperative pain relief compared with other analgesic agents. Ketorolac is a racemic drug. The S-enantiomer inhibits cyclooxygenases; R-ketorolac is a selective inhibitor of the small GTPases Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) and cell division control protein 42 (Cdc42), which are signaling molecules up-regulated during breast cancer progression and metastasis. The goal of this study was to determine whether R-ketorolac altered breast cancer development in the mouse mammary tumor virus-polyoma middle T-antigen model. Mice were administered ketorolac orally at 1 mg/kg twice daily to approximate the typical human dose. Mammary glands were analyzed for tumor number and immunohistochemical markers of proliferation and differentiation. R-ketorolac treatment significantly reduced mammary epithelial proliferation, based on Ki67 staining, and suppressed tumor development. Proliferative mammary epithelium from R-ketorolac-treated mice displayed greater differentiation, based on significantly higher total E-cadherin and decreased keratin 5 staining than epithelium of placebo-treated mice. No differences were detected in estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, β-catenin, or vimentin expression between placebo and R-ketorolac treatment groups. These findings indicate that R-ketorolac treatment slows tumor progression in an aggressive model of breast cancer. R-ketorolac may thus represent a novel therapeutic approach for breast cancer prevention or treatment based on its pharmacologic activity as a Rac1 and Cdc42 inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda S Peretti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Dayna Dominguez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Martha M Grimes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Helen J Hathaway
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Eric R Prossnitz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Melanie R Rivera
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Angela Wandinger-Ness
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Donna F Kusewitt
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Laurie G Hudson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico.
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Abstract
Urothelial carcinoma remains a clinical challenge: non-muscle-invasive disease has a high rate of recurrence and risk of progression, and outcomes for patients with advanced disease are poor, owing to a lack of effective systemic therapies. The Rho GTPase family of enzymes was first identified >30 years ago and contains >20 members, which are divided into eight subfamilies: Cdc42, Rac, Rho, RhoUV, RhoBTB, RhoDF, RhoH, and Rnd. Rho GTPases are molecular on-off switches, which are increasingly being understood to have a critical role in a number of cellular processes, including cell migration, cell polarity, cell adhesion, cell cycle progression, and regulation of the cytoskeleton. This switch is an evolutionarily conserved system in which GTPases alternate between GDP-bound (inactive) and GTP-bound (active) forms. The activities of these Rho GTPases are many, context-dependent, and regulated by a number of proteins that are being progressively elucidated. Aberrations of the Rho GTPase signalling pathways have been implicated in various malignancies, including urothelial carcinoma, and understanding of the role of Rho GTPases in these diseases is increasing. This signalling pathway has the potential for therapeutic targeting in urothelial carcinoma. Research in this area is nascent, and much work is necessary before current laboratory-based research can be translated into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon L Woldu
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-9110, USA
| | - Ryan C Hutchinson
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-9110, USA
| | - Laura-Maria Krabbe
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-9110, USA
| | - Oner Sanli
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-9110, USA
| | - Vitaly Margulis
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-9110, USA
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Morris DC, Popp JL, Tang LK, Gibbs HC, Schmitt E, Chaki SP, Bywaters BC, Yeh AT, Porter WW, Burghardt RC, Barhoumi R, Rivera GM. Nck deficiency is associated with delayed breast carcinoma progression and reduced metastasis. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:3500-3516. [PMID: 28954862 PMCID: PMC5683761 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-02-0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nck promotes breast carcinoma progression and metastasis by directing the polarized interaction of carcinoma cells with collagen fibrils, decreasing actin turnover, and enhancing the localization and activity of MMP14 at the cell surface through modulation of the spatiotemporal activation of Cdc42 and RhoA. Although it is known that noncatalytic region of tyrosine kinase (Nck) regulates cell adhesion and migration by bridging tyrosine phosphorylation with cytoskeletal remodeling, the role of Nck in tumorigenesis and metastasis has remained undetermined. Here we report that Nck is required for the growth and vascularization of primary tumors and lung metastases in a breast cancer xenograft model as well as extravasation following injection of carcinoma cells into the tail vein. We provide evidence that Nck directs the polarization of cell–matrix interactions for efficient migration in three-dimensional microenvironments. We show that Nck advances breast carcinoma cell invasion by regulating actin dynamics at invadopodia and enhancing focalized extracellular matrix proteolysis by directing the delivery and accumulation of MMP14 at the cell surface. We find that Nck-dependent cytoskeletal changes are mechanistically linked to enhanced RhoA but restricted spatiotemporal activation of Cdc42. Using a combination of protein silencing and forced expression of wild-type/constitutively active variants, we provide evidence that Nck is an upstream regulator of RhoA-dependent, MMP14-mediated breast carcinoma cell invasion. By identifying Nck as an important driver of breast carcinoma progression and metastasis, these results lay the groundwork for future studies assessing the therapeutic potential of targeting Nck in aggressive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Morris
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4467
| | - Julia L Popp
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4467
| | - Leung K Tang
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4467
| | - Holly C Gibbs
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4467
| | - Emily Schmitt
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4467
| | - Sankar P Chaki
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4467
| | - Briana C Bywaters
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4467
| | - Alvin T Yeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4467
| | - Weston W Porter
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4467
| | - Robert C Burghardt
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4467
| | - Rola Barhoumi
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4467
| | - Gonzalo M Rivera
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4467
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50
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Muhoza D, Adams PD. Two Small Molecules, ZCL278 and AZA197 Show Promise in Influencing Protein Interactions Involving the Ras-Related Protein Cell division cycle 42 [Cdc42] to Modulate Its Oncogenic Potential. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.4236/ojbiphy.2017.73006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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