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Samshuri MÁ, Borkhanuddin MH. Myxobolus acanthogobii Hoshina, 1952 and Myxobolus selari n. sp. (Myxosporea: Myxobolidae) infecting brain of commercial fishes in Terengganu, Malaysia. Syst Parasitol 2024; 101:39. [PMID: 38733439 DOI: 10.1007/s11230-024-10162-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Myxosporean infection in marine water fishes has drawn less attention than in freshwater fishes, which resulted in a higher taxonomic variety in freshwater in Malaysia. This study aimed to address the gap by conducting a myxosporean survey on two commercially significant marine fish species, Nemipterus furcosus (Valenciennes) (Eupercaria incertae sedis: Nemipteridae) and Selar crumenophthalmus (Bloch) (Carangiformes: Carangidae), collected from the northeastern part of peninsular Malaysia. During the examination of the organs, two distinct Myxobolus Bütschli, 1882 species were discovered in the brain tissue of these fishes, despite the absence of any observable pathological signs. The two Myxobolus species were characterized through morphometry, morphology, and analysis of partial small subunit ribosomal RNA (18S rDNA) gene. As a result, Myxobolus acanthogobii Hoshina, 1952, which infects 2.3% of N. furcosus, is synonymous with a myxobolid species commonly found in Japanese waters, based on its morphological traits, tissue tropism, and molecular diagnostics. Furthermore, a novel species, Myxobolus selari n. sp., was described, infecting the brain of one (11%) individual S. crumenophthalmus. This unique species displayed distinctive features, placing it within a well-supported subclade primarily comprising brain-infecting myxobolids. Maximum likelihood analysis further revealed the close relationships among these brain-infecting myxobolids, underscoring the significance of tissue tropism and host taxonomy for myxobolids. This study represents the initial documentation of Myxobolus species within the southern South China Sea, shedding light on the potential diversity of marine myxosporean in this region. This article was registered in the Official Register of Zoological Nomenclature (ZooBank) as urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:7C400E35-7CB8-4DEE-92B7-F75FF3926441.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Árif Samshuri
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Hafiz Borkhanuddin
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.
- Institute of Oceanography and Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.
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Ngo AL, Go J, Spiers ZB, Jenkins C. Scoliosis and kyphosis in blue-spotted and marbled flathead fish associated with a Myxobolus acanthogobii-like parasite. J Vet Diagn Invest 2024:10406387231220347. [PMID: 38327021 DOI: 10.1177/10406387231220347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinal deformities in finfish have the potential to impact aquaculture industries and wild populations by increasing morbidity, mortality, and reducing growth rates. Myxobolus acanthogobii has been implicated in causing scoliosis and lordosis in various aquatic species in Japan. We investigated 4 cases of spinal deformity in 2 flathead (Platycephalus) species that were submitted to the Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute (EMAI) in New South Wales (NSW), Australia, between 2015 and 2021. Flathead are commercially significant species that are popular among Australian consumers, and are also sought-after species targeted by recreational fishers. Gross deformities are concerning to the community and may impact the quality and quantity of specimens available for consumption. Three blue-spotted flathead (P. caeruleopunctatus) and one marbled flathead (P. marmoratus) were submitted, all with marked scoliosis and kyphosis; 1-2-mm cysts were present on the dorsum of the brain, most often over the optic lobe or cerebellum. Cytology and differential interference microscopy of cyst material revealed numerous oval spores, x̄ 14 ± SD 0.75 µm × x̄ 11.5 ± SD 0.70 µm, with 2 pyriform polar capsules, the morphology of which is consistent with a Myxobolus sp. PCR assay and 18S rDNA sequencing of the cyst material identified a Myxobolus sp. with 96% identity to M. acanthogobii. The identification of this Myxobolus sp. confirms the presence of parasites with the potential to cause spinal deformity in significant aquatic species in NSW waterways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel L Ngo
- Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Go
- Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Zoe B Spiers
- Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Cheryl Jenkins
- Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia
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Akram N, El-Matbouli M, Saleh M. The Immune Response to the Myxozoan Parasite Myxobolus cerebralis in Salmonids: A Review on Whirling Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17392. [PMID: 38139218 PMCID: PMC10743445 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonids are affected by the economically significant whirling disease (WD) caused by the myxozoan parasite Myxobolus cerebralis. In the past, it was endemic to Eurasia, but it has now spread to different regions of North America, Europe, New Zealand, and South Africa. Among salmonids, rainbow trout is considered the most highly susceptible host. Upon entering to the host's body, the parasite invades the spine and cranium, resulting in whirling behaviour, a blackened tail, and destruction of cartilage. The disease is characterized by the infiltration of numerous inflammatory cells, primarily lymphocytes and macrophages, with the onset of fibrous tissue infiltration. Several efforts have been undertaken to investigate the role of various immune modulatory molecules and immune regulatory genes using advanced molecular methods including flow cytometry and transcriptional techniques. Investigation of the molecular and cellular responses, the role of STAT3 in Th17 cell differentiation, and the inhibitory actions of suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) on interferons and interleukins, as well as the role of natural resistance-associated macrophage proteins (Nramp) in WD have significantly contributed to our understanding of the immune regulation mechanism in salmonids against M. cerebralis. This review thoroughly highlights previous research and discusses potential future directions for understanding the molecular immune response of salmonids and the possible development of prophylactic approaches against WD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mona Saleh
- Division of Fish Health, Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (N.A.)
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Dayana Senthamarai M, Rajan MR, Bharathi PV. Current risks of microbial infections in fish and their prevention methods: A review. Microb Pathog 2023; 185:106400. [PMID: 37863271 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
A fast-expanding sector of agriculture worldwide is aquaculture. The production of fish internationally accounts for around 44 % of the total. Even though the aquaculture environment presents several difficulties, the current development in aquaculture production comes with an increase in infectious diseases, which significantly impacts the production, profitability, and sustainability of the worldwide aquaculture business. Many infectious agents, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites are causative agents for fish infections. Most infectious diseases found in all types of fish like marine water, freshwater and ornamental fishes are caused by bacteria, with many of them serving as secondary opportunistic invaders that attack sick animals by affecting their natural host immunity. To overcome this, addressing health issues based on methods that have been scientifically verified and advised will help lessen the effects of fish disease. This review aims to highlight some of the common microbial-infecting agents of fish in all types of aquatic systems and their effective methods for preventing infections in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugeswaran Dayana Senthamarai
- Department of Biology, The Gandhigram Rural Institute (Deemed to be University), Gandhigram, Dindigul (Dt)-624 302, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Muthuswami Ruby Rajan
- Department of Biology, The Gandhigram Rural Institute (Deemed to be University), Gandhigram, Dindigul (Dt)-624 302, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Palanichamy Vidhya Bharathi
- Department of Biology, The Gandhigram Rural Institute (Deemed to be University), Gandhigram, Dindigul (Dt)-624 302, Tamilnadu, India
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Baxa DV, Nehring RB. Effect of substrate on the proliferation of Myxobolus cerebralis in the mitochondrial lineages of the Tubifex tubifex host. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:2503-2516. [PMID: 35895112 PMCID: PMC9378325 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07587-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The study goal was to examine the effects of sand and mud on the propagation of Myxobolus cerebralis, the whirling disease agent, in four mitochondrial 16S ribosomal DNA lineages (I, III, V, VI) of its oligochaete host, Tubifex tubifex (Tt). In all the lineage groups held continuously in either substrate (non-shifted) or transferred from sand to mud (shifted), substrate influenced parasite proliferation only in lineage III. Sporogenesis and release of triactinomyxon spores (TAMs) were more prevalent in lineage III Tt in mud compared to sand. Low-infection prevalence and lack of parasite development in lineage I is associated with the greater number of resistant worms and were not affected by substrate type. Substrate did not impact Tt from lineages V and VI that failed to develop any parasite stages in either substrate even after shifting from sand to mud. The relationship between the microbial community in the substrate and parasite proliferation in lineage III was described but not analyzed due to small sample size. Substrate-associated bacteria were hypothesized as essential dietary source for the oligochaete host feeding selectively on fine (mud)-microflora. Progeny was produced by all lineage groups shifted to mud with disparate survival profiles in lineage V and VI and high mortalities in lineage III. Our study demonstrates that substrate type can alter parasite proliferation in lineage III. Conversely, parasite development and infectivity were not altered in lineage V and VI that are refractory to the parasite nor among the more resistant phenotypes (I), regardless of substrate type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores V Baxa
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA. .,Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - R Barry Nehring
- Colorado Division of Parks and Wildlife, 2300 South Townsend Avenue, Montrose, CO, 81401, USA
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Patterson JR, Bender MJ, Duckworth CE, Noble E, Patterson DB, Pilgrim Z. The Occurrence of Ophidiomyces ophiodiicola in Northern Georgia Wild and Captive Snake Populations. J Wildl Dis 2021; 57:643-7. [PMID: 33978750 DOI: 10.7589/JWD-D-20-00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Ophidiomycosis, or snake fungal disease, is an emerging wildlife disease caused by the Ophidiomyces ophiodiicola fungus. The fungus can result in high mortality rates among infected snakes and has been documented across much of the eastern US, including southern Georgia. However, little is known about ophidiomycosis in northern Georgia. We surveyed wild snake populations in five counties of northern Georgia between March 2019 and March 2020 and swabbed captured snakes (n=27) for the presence of O. ophiodiicola DNA. We followed similar sampling protocols with a group of captive snakes (n=6) at the Elachee Nature Center in Hall County, Georgia. Quantitative PCR confirmed the presence of O. ophiodiicola DNA in 33% (11/33) of snakes. Eight of the confirmed positive samples were collected from wild snakes (30%, 8/27) across our sample region, while three were from our captive group (50%, 3/6). Our results indicated that O. ophiodiicola is present in wild snake populations in northern Georgia, and the pathogen is present in seemingly healthy captive snakes. This knowledge is critical for conservation and management efforts, but more research is needed to fully understand ophidiomycosis and its effect on snake populations in the region.
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Americus B, Schisler GJ, Bartholomew JL, Atkinson SD. Myxobolus cerebralis Causes Presporogonic Mortality in Juvenile Mountain Whitefish. J Aquat Anim Health 2021; 33:116-122. [PMID: 33616212 DOI: 10.1002/aah.10125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent range expansions of whirling disease impelled us to understand the impacts of its causative agent, the myxozoan parasite Myxobolus cerebralis, on lesser-studied fish hosts. Mountain Whitefish Prosopium williamsoni overlap broadly with M. cerebralis across the western United States and Canada, and populations have experienced widespread declines since the 1990s. To evaluate effects of the parasite on Mountain Whitefish, we revisit formerly unpublished work of the Colorado Division of Wildlife (now Colorado Parks and Wildlife), comparing infection in age-matched Mountain Whitefish, Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, and Brown Trout Salmo trutta. To complement the original report, we reanalyze mortality data and include additional SEM imagery. Infection of M. cerebralis in juvenile Mountain Whitefish was characterized by a brief but heavy period of mortality in the first 2 weeks after exposure, with limited pathology. This clinical effect is unique among the known salmonid hosts of M. cerebralis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Americus
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Nash Hall 226, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA
| | - George J Schisler
- Colorado Parks and Wildlife, 317 West Prospect Street, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80526, USA
| | - Jerri L Bartholomew
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Nash Hall 226, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA
| | - Stephen D Atkinson
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Nash Hall 226, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA
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Saleh M, Friedl A, Srivastava M, Secombes CJ, El-Matbouli M. Modulation of local and systemic immune responses in brown trout (Salmo trutta) following exposure to Myxobolus cerebralis. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2020; 106:844-851. [PMID: 32891791 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Myxobolus cerebralis, the etiological agent of Whirling Disease (WD), is a freshwater myxozoan parasite with considerable economic and ecological relevance for salmonids. There are differences in disease susceptibility between species and strains of salmonids. Recently, we have reported that the suppressor of cytokine signaling SOCS1 and SOCS3 are key in modulating rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) immune responses and that resistant fish apparently exhibit effective Th17 cell response after exposure to M. cerebralis. It is unclear whether such molecules and pathways are also involved in the immune response of M. cerebralis infected brown trout (Salmo trutta). Hence, this study aimed to explore their role during immune modulation in infected brown trout, which is considered resistant to this parasite. Fish were exposed to the triactinomyxon (TAM) stages of M. cerebralis and quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) was carried out to examine local (caudal fin) and systemic (head kidney, spleen) immune transcriptional changes associated with WD over time in infected and control fish. All of the immune genes in the three tissues studied were differentially expressed in infected fish at multiple time points. Brown trout reduced the parasite load and demonstrated effective immune responses, likely by keeping pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in balance whilst stimulating efficient Th17-mediated immunity. This study increases knowledge on the brown trout immune response to M. cerebralis and helps us to understand the underlying mechanisms of WD resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Saleh
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria.
| | - Adina Friedl
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria.
| | - Mitaly Srivastava
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria.
| | - Christopher J Secombes
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK.
| | - Mansour El-Matbouli
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria.
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Rudra S, Tahamina A, Emon NU, Adnan M, Shakil M, Chowdhury MHU, Barlow JW, Alwahibi MS, Soliman Elshikh M, Faruque MO, Uddin SB. Evaluation of Various Solvent Extracts of Tetrastigma leucostaphylum (Dennst.) Alston Leaves, a Bangladeshi Traditional Medicine Used for the Treatment of Diarrhea. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25214994. [PMID: 33126608 PMCID: PMC7662597 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25214994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetrastigma leucostaphylum (TL) is an important ethnic medicine of Bangladesh used to treat diarrhea and dysentery. Hence, current study has been designed to characterize the antidiarrheal (in vivo) and cytotoxic (in vitro) effects of T. leucostaphylum. A crude extract was prepared with methanol (MTL) and further partitioned into n-hexane (NTL), dichloromethane (DTL), and n-butanol (BTL) fractions. Antidiarrheal activity was investigated using castor oil induced diarrhea, enteropooling, and gastrointestinal transit models, while cytotoxicity was evaluated using the brine shrimp lethality bioassay. In antidiarrheal experiments, all doses (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) of the DTL extract significantly reduced diarrheal stool frequency, volume and weight of intestinal contents, and gastrointestinal motility in mice. Similarly, in the cytotoxicity assay, all extracts exhibited activity, with the DTL extract the most potent (LC50 67.23 μg/mL). GC-MS analysis of the DTL extract identified 10 compounds, which showed good binding affinity toward M3 muscarinic acetylcholine, 5-HT3, Gut inhibitory phosphodiesterase, DNA polymerase III subunit alpha, and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine-1 carboxyvinyltransferase enzyme targets upon molecular docking analysis. Although ADME/T analyses predicted the drug-likeness and likely safety upon consumption of these bioactive compounds, significant toxicity concerns are evident due to the presence of the known phytotoxin, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol. In summary, T. leucostaphylum showed promising activity, helping to rationalize the ethnomedicinal use and importance of this plant, its safety profile following both acute and chronic exposure warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajib Rudra
- Ethnobotany and Pharmacognosy Lab, Department of Botany, University of Chittagong, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh; (S.R.); (A.T.); (M.S.); (M.H.U.C.)
| | - Afroza Tahamina
- Ethnobotany and Pharmacognosy Lab, Department of Botany, University of Chittagong, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh; (S.R.); (A.T.); (M.S.); (M.H.U.C.)
| | - Nazim Uddin Emon
- Department of Public Health, School of Science and Technology, Bangladesh Open University, Gazipur 1705, Dhaka, Bangladesh;
| | - Md. Adnan
- Department of Bio-Health Technology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea;
| | - Mohammad Shakil
- Ethnobotany and Pharmacognosy Lab, Department of Botany, University of Chittagong, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh; (S.R.); (A.T.); (M.S.); (M.H.U.C.)
| | - Md. Helal Uddin Chowdhury
- Ethnobotany and Pharmacognosy Lab, Department of Botany, University of Chittagong, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh; (S.R.); (A.T.); (M.S.); (M.H.U.C.)
| | - James W. Barlow
- Department of Chemistry, Royal College Surgeons, Dublin D02YN77, Ireland;
| | - Mona S. Alwahibi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.S.A.); (M.S.E.)
| | - Mohamed Soliman Elshikh
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.S.A.); (M.S.E.)
| | - Mohammad Omar Faruque
- Ethnobotany and Pharmacognosy Lab, Department of Botany, University of Chittagong, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh; (S.R.); (A.T.); (M.S.); (M.H.U.C.)
- Correspondence: (M.O.F.); (S.B.U.); Tel.: +88-018-1839-7345 (M.O.F.); +88-017-1106-5377 (S.B.U.)
| | - Shaikh Bokhtear Uddin
- Ethnobotany and Pharmacognosy Lab, Department of Botany, University of Chittagong, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh; (S.R.); (A.T.); (M.S.); (M.H.U.C.)
- Correspondence: (M.O.F.); (S.B.U.); Tel.: +88-018-1839-7345 (M.O.F.); +88-017-1106-5377 (S.B.U.)
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da Silva MF, Maciel TGR, da Silva DT, de Matos Guerreiro SL, Matos ER, Hamoy IG. Morphological and phylogenetic characterisation of Unicauda tavaresii n. sp. (Myxosporea: Myxobolidae): a parasite of the circumorbital tissue of the eye of two characiform fishes from the Amazon region of Brazil. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:3987-93. [PMID: 32951144 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06866-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Myxozoans of the family Myxobolidae are common parasites in fish. The diversity and ecology of the species of the genus Unicauda are poorly known, which hampers the understanding of the distribution and prevalence of this group of parasites. In the present study, cysts containing parasites whose morphology was consistent with the genus Unicauda were found in the circumorbital region of the ocular conjunctiva of the freshwater fish Moenkhausia grandisquamis Müller & Troschel, 1845 (Characiformes: Characidae) and Triportheus angulatus Spix & Agassiz, 1829 (Characiformes: Triportheidae). The spores have an oval body and long caudal appendage, with a mean total length of 65.2 ± 5.9 μm and width of 5.2 ± 0.7 μm, with two oval and symmetrical polar capsules of 4.9 ± 0.5 μm in length and 1.4 ± 0.2 μm in width, containing polar filaments with five or six coils. An integrated comparative analysis of the morphological characteristics of this parasite and partial sequences of the SSU rDNA gene supported the identification of a new species of histozoic parasite of the genus Unicauda found in fish from the Tocantins River basin, in the eastern Brazilian Amazon region. The new species was denominated by Unicauda tavaresii n. sp.
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Lisnerova M, Blabolil P, Holzer A, Jurajda P, Fiala I. Myxozoan hidden diversity: the case of Myxobolus pseudodispar Gorbunova, 1936. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2020; 67. [PMID: 32764187 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2020.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Myxobolus pseudodispar Gorbunova, 1936 (Myxozoa) was originally described as a parasite of common roach, Rutilus rutilus (Linnaeus), with developing stages in muscles and spores disseminated in macrophage centres of different organs and tissues. Later, this parasite was described from several other cyprinids, but with relatively large intraspecific differences based on SSU rDNA gene sequences. Within our long-term study on myxozoan biodiversity, we performed a broad microscopic and molecular screening of various freshwater fish species (over 450 specimens, 36 species) from different localities. We investigated the cryptic species status of M. pseudodispar. Our analysis revealed four new unique SSU rDNA sequences of M. pseudodispar as well as an infection in new fish host species. Myxobolus pseudodispar sequence analysis showed clear phylogenetic grouping according to fish host criterion forming 13 well-recognised clades. Using 1% SSU rDNA-based genetic distance criterion, at least ten new species of Myxobolus Bütschli, 1882 may be recognised in the group of M. pseudodispar sequences. Our analysis showed the paraphyletic character of M. pseudodispar sequences and the statistical tests rejected hypothetical tree topology with the monophyletic status of the M. pseudodispar group. Myxobolus pseudodispar represents a species complex and it is a typical example of myxozoan hidden diversity phenomenon confirming myxozoans as an evolutionary very successful group of parasites with a great ability to adapt to a new hosts with subsequent speciation events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Lisnerova
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Blabolil
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Astrid Holzer
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Jurajda
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Fiala
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
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Saleh M, Montero R, Kumar G, Sudhagar A, Friedl A, Köllner B, El-Matbouli M. Kinetics of local and systemic immune cell responses in whirling disease infection and resistance in rainbow trout. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:249. [PMID: 31113489 PMCID: PMC6528198 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3505-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Whirling disease (WD), caused by the myxozoan parasite Myxobolus cerebralis, is responsible for high mortalities in rainbow trout hatcheries and natural populations. To elucidate how resistant and susceptible rainbow trout strains respond to early invasion, a well-established model of WD was used to demonstrate the kinetics of local and systemic immune responses in two rainbow trout strains, the susceptible American Trout Lodge (TL) and the more resistant German Hofer strain (HO). Methods Parasite load and cellular immune responses were compared across several time points after M. cerebralis exposure to elucidate the kinetics of immune cells in resistant and susceptible rainbow trout in response to early invasion. In the course of the 20 days following exposure, leukocyte kinetics was monitored by flow cytometry in the caudal fin (CF), head kidney (HK) and spleen (SP). For the analysis of the leukocyte composition, cells were stained using a set of monoclonal antibodies with known specificity for distinct subpopulations of rainbow trout leukocytes. Results Experiments indicated general increases of CF, HK and SP myeloid cells, while decreases of B cells and T cells in the SP and HK were observed at several time points in the TL strain. On the other hand, in the HO strain, increases of T cells were dominant in CF, HK and SP at multiple time points. The differences between HO and TL were most distinct at 2, 4, 12 and 48 hours post-exposure (hpe) as well as at 4 days post-exposure (dpe), with the vast majority of innate immune response cells having higher values in the susceptible TL strain. Alteration of the leukocyte populations with augmented local cellular responses and excessive immune reactions likely lead to subsequent host tissue damage and supports parasite invasion and development in TL. Conclusions The findings of this study highlight the significance of effective local and systemic immune reaction and indicate proper activation of T lymphocytes critical for host resistance during M. cerebralis infection. The present study provides insights into the cellular basis of protective immune responses against M. cerebralis and can help us to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the variation in resistance to WD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Saleh
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Ruth Montero
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Gokhlesh Kumar
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Arun Sudhagar
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adina Friedl
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernd Köllner
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Mansour El-Matbouli
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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13
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Adnan M, Nazim Uddin Chy M, Mostafa Kamal ATM, Azad MOK, Paul A, Uddin SB, Barlow JW, Faruque MO, Park CH, Cho DH. Investigation of the Biological Activities and Characterization of Bioactive Constituents of Ophiorrhiza rugosa var. prostrata (D.Don) & Mondal Leaves through In Vivo, In Vitro, and In Silico Approaches. Molecules 2019; 24:E1367. [PMID: 30965575 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24071367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ophiorrhiza rugosa var. prostrata is one of the most frequently used ethnomedicinal plants by the indigenous communities of Bangladesh. This study was designed to investigate the antidiarrheal, anti-inflammatory, anthelmintic and antibacterial activities of the ethanol extract of O. rugosa leaves (EEOR). The leaves were extracted with ethanol and subjected to in vivo antidiarrheal screening using the castor oil-induced diarrhea, enteropooling, and gastrointestinal transit models. Anti-inflammatory efficacy was evaluated using the histamine-induced paw edema test. In parallel, in vitro anthelmintic and antibacterial activities were evaluated using the aquatic worm and disc diffusion assays respectively. In all three diarrheal models, EEOR (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) showed obvious inhibition of diarrheal stool frequency, reduction of the volume and weight of the intestinal contents, and significant inhibition of intestinal motility. Also, EEOR manifested dose-dependent anti-inflammatory activity. Anthelmintic action was deemed significant (P < 0.001) with respect to the onset of paralysis and helminth death. EEOR also resulted in strong zones of inhibition when tested against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. GC-MS analysis identified 30 compounds within EEOR, and of these, 13 compounds documented as bioactive showed good binding affinities to M3 muscarinic acetylcholine, 5-HT3, tubulin and GlcN-6-P synthase protein targets in molecular docking experiments. Additionally, ADME/T and PASS analyses revealed their drug-likeness, likely safety upon consumption and possible pharmacological activities. In conclusion, our findings scientifically support the ethnomedicinal use and value of this plant, which may provide a potential source for future development of medicines.
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Richey CA, Kenelty KV, Van Stone Hopkins K, Stevens BN, Martínez-López B, Barnum SM, Hallett SL, Atkinson SD, Bartholomew JL, Soto E. Distribution and Prevalence of Myxobolus cerebralis in Postfire Areas of Plumas National Forest: Utility of Environmental DNA Sampling. J Aquat Anim Health 2018; 30:130-143. [PMID: 29710407 DOI: 10.1002/aah.10014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Myxobolus cerebralis is a myxozoan parasite and the etiological agent of whirling disease in salmonids. The parasite's life cycle involves waterborne spores and requires both a salmonid fish and the benthic freshwater oligochaete worm Tubifex tubifex (Oligochaeta: Tubificidae). Wildfires can lead to the erosion of fine sediments into stream channels and have been implicated as promoting environmental conditions that are suitable for the survival and success of T. tubifex, whose presence in turn can affect the prevalence of M. cerebralis. Analysis of environmental DNA (eDNA) has the potential to be a powerful tool for evaluating the presence of microorganisms, for which direct observation is impossible. We investigated the presence of M. cerebraliseDNA in river water and river sediment samples collected from areas affected by recent fire activity in Plumas National Forest, California. We compared eDNA loads in the environment to M. cerebralis infection in T. tubifex and sentinel-exposed Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and the presence of T. tubifex lineages in the same environment. For the latter, we developed a multiplex quantitative PCR assay for detection of T. tubifex lineages I, III, and V. Lineage IIIT. tubifex and M. cerebralis (eDNA as well as DNA extracted from fish and worm tissues) were detected only in samples obtained from areas affected by the Moonlight wildfire. The association between M. cerebralis infection in sentinel-exposed fish and eDNA detection in environmental samples only approached significance at a P-value of 0.056. However, given the difference in relative effort between the two sampling methods (host versus nonhost environment), our data suggest that eDNA sampling of water and substrate is a promising approach for surveillance of myxozoan fish parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Richey
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Kirsten V Kenelty
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | | | - Brittany N Stevens
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Beatriz Martínez-López
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Samantha M Barnum
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Sascha L Hallett
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA
| | - Stephen D Atkinson
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA
| | - Jerri L Bartholomew
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA
| | - Esteban Soto
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, 95616, USA
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15
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Granath WO. Habitat Alteration and Parasite Transmission: Is It a One-Way Street? COMP PARASITOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1654/4783.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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16
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Rangel LF, Rocha S, Castro R, Severino R, Casal G, Azevedo C, Cavaleiro F, Santos MJ. The life cycle of Ortholinea auratae (Myxozoa: Ortholineidae) involves an actinospore of the triactinomyxon morphotype infecting a marine oligochaete. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:2671-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4472-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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17
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Liu Y, Whipps CM, Nie P, Gu Z. Myxobolus oralis sp. n. (Myxosporea: Bivalvulida) infecting the palate in the mouth of gibel carp Carassius auratus gibelio (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae). Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2014. [DOI: 10.14411/fp.2014.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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Ayre KK, Caldwell CA, Stinson J, Landis WG. Analysis of regional scale risk of whirling disease in populations of Colorado and Rio Grande cutthroat trout using a Bayesian belief network model. Risk Anal 2014; 34:1589-605. [PMID: 24660663 DOI: 10.1111/risa.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Introduction and spread of the parasite Myxobolus cerebralis, the causative agent of whirling disease, has contributed to the collapse of wild trout populations throughout the intermountain west. Of concern is the risk the disease may have on conservation and recovery of native cutthroat trout. We employed a Bayesian belief network to assess probability of whirling disease in Colorado River and Rio Grande cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii pleuriticus and Oncorhynchus clarkii virginalis, respectively) within their current ranges in the southwest United States. Available habitat (as defined by gradient and elevation) for intermediate oligochaete worm host, Tubifex tubifex, exerted the greatest influence on the likelihood of infection, yet prevalence of stream barriers also affected the risk outcome. Management areas that had the highest likelihood of infected Colorado River cutthroat trout were in the eastern portion of their range, although the probability of infection was highest for populations in the southern, San Juan subbasin. Rio Grande cutthroat trout had a relatively low likelihood of infection, with populations in the southernmost Pecos management area predicted to be at greatest risk. The Bayesian risk assessment model predicted the likelihood of whirling disease infection from its principal transmission vector, fish movement, and suggested that barriers may be effective in reducing risk of exposure to native trout populations. Data gaps, especially with regard to location of spawning, highlighted the importance in developing monitoring plans that support future risk assessments and adaptive management for subspecies of cutthroat trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley Kolb Ayre
- Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Huxley College of the Environment, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, USA
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19
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Granath WO. Effects of habitat alteration on the epizootiology of Myxobolus cerebralis, the causative agent of salmonid whirling disease. J Parasitol 2014; 100:157-65. [PMID: 24383542 DOI: 10.1645/13-398.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Whirling disease, caused by the myxozoan parasite Myxobolus cerebralis , is a serious health threat to salmonid fish and its control remains problematic. The parasite has a 2-host life cycle involving a salmonid and the aquatic oligochaete Tubifex tubifex . A commonly used strategy to control parasites that requires an obligatory invertebrate host is to eliminate or reduce the host population size to a point where parasite transmission can no longer occur. Large numbers of T. tubifex are frequently found in degraded habitats that are characterized by an abundance of fine sediments, organic matter, and a lack of aquatic invertebrate diversity. If such environments are rehabilitated, then the normal flora and fauna should re-establish and the numbers of T. tubifex should decline due to their inability to compete with the re-established invertebrates. During an epizootiological study on Rock Creek, located in west-central Montana, 2 opportunities were available to examine the effects of habitat restoration on the transmission of M. cerebralis . The Puyear Ranch re-establishment project was a major endeavor conducted on the main channel of Rock Creek, a little more than midway upstream. Another significant restoration was conducted on Upper Willow Creek, a tributary of Rock Creek, located closer to the headwaters. Sentinel trout studies, along with examining T. tubifex for the parasite and measuring various water-quality parameters, revealed that the restoration of the Puyear Ranch locality had no significant effect on reducing the intensity of M. cerebralis in trout. This was likely due to the restored area being located mid-river, just downstream from a "hot spot" of infected T. tubifex . In comparison, there was a significant reduction in the intensity of M. cerebralis in sentinel fish after the Upper Willow Creek restoration project was completed. Unlike the Puyear Ranch locality, there was no hot spot of infected T. tubifex above the area rehabilitated on Upper Willow Creek. Further, the relative abundance of T. tubifex and M. cerebralis -infected worms was reduced. Although further study is needed, it appears that habitat rehabilitation can reduce the transmission of M. cerebralis . Since the triactinomyxon stage of the parasite released from T. tubifex (which infects trout) can float for many kilometers, the rehabilitation of a hot spot may reduce the infection of trout downstream where they inhabit a healthy environment with no M. cerebralis -infected T. tubifex in the vicinity. Thus, rehabilitation of a relatively small area could significantly affect the drainage for many kilometers beyond the improved habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willard O Granath
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812
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20
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Turner KG, Smith MJ, Ridenhour BJ. Whirling disease dynamics: an analysis of intervention strategies. Prev Vet Med 2013; 113:457-68. [PMID: 24439792 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Whirling disease (WD), a severe and widespread disease of salmonids, is caused by the myxosporean parasite Myxobolus cerebralis. It is further characterized by a unique two-host life cycle, utilizing the oligochaete Tubifex tubifex as an intermediate host. M. cerebralis is an invasive species that has been affecting populations in the United States including epidemics that killed in excess of 90% of populations in Colorado and Montana streams within the past 20 years. Currently, there is no known cure for WD, and the accepted method of control is removal of infected fish from the population. We have created a compartmental model of the WD system in order to assess more efficient means of control and management of the disease. Using data gathered from the literature, we used Bayesian model fitting to estimate model parameters and estimated that R0≈1.51 (95% CI: 1.39, 1.72), a value which implies that WD can be controlled using available strategies. To this end, we posit several parameters that we expect to be most influential to WD propagation, namely: release of triactinomyxons by T. tubifex, release of spores by salmonids, and infectious particle loads in each respective host. Based on currently available control strategies, approaches targeting the infectious particles and the oligochaete host appear the most effective alternative strategies for management and control of WD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimbra G Turner
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Department of Biological Sciences, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Matthew J Smith
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Department of Biological Sciences, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Benjamin J Ridenhour
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Department of Biological Sciences, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
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21
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Rowley JJ, Gleason FH, Andreou D, Marshall WL, Lilje O, Gozlan R. Impacts of mesomycetozoean parasites on amphibian and freshwater fish populations. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2013; 27:100-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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22
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Fytilis N, Rizzo DM, Lamb RD, Kerans BL, Stevens L. Using real-time PCR and Bayesian analysis to distinguish susceptible tubificid taxa important in the transmission of Myxobolus cerebralis, the cause of salmonid whirling disease. Int J Parasitol 2013; 43:493-501. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2013.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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23
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Kallert DM, Borrelli J, Haas W. Biostatic activity of piscine serum and mucus on myxozoan fish infective stages. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2012; 33:969-976. [PMID: 22951229 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Revised: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Since the basis of host specificity in Myxozoa, i.e. the differential disposition and extinction of erroneously penetrated myxozoan infective stages in non-susceptible fish hosts, remains puzzling, we aimed to explore the role of the innate immune system in this issue. In a comparative incubation challenge of actinospore sporoplasms of the freshwater parasite species Myxobolus cerebralis, Henneguya nuesslini and Myxobolus pseudodispar to isolates of host and non-host muci and blood sera, we measured cellular disintegration proportions and times by means of a double staining viability assay utilizing fluorescent dyes. After their activation, emerging primary and secondary sporoplasm cells were evaluated microscopically for physical integrity and onset of cell death due to exposure. Impairment by any mucus used was not detected up to 100 min of exposure. All parasites showed significantly increased cellular breakdown in non-susceptible host serum compared to the respective substrates from susceptible host fish. Except for M. cerebralis, the serum of the susceptible host was considerably less effective over time. In this species, both the primary and the secondary cells were affected in much shorter times than in the other two representatives. Inhibition of protease activity did not affect carp serum effect on M. cerebralis stages. We suggest the active components to be complement or complement induced factors since heat inactivation and withdrawal of bivalent metal ions lowered serum activity significantly. The study marks the first in vitro viability challenge of activated myxozoan transmission stages with teleost derived immune factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Marc Kallert
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária krt 21, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary.
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Cavin JM, Donahoe SL, Frasca S, Innis CJ, Kinsel MJ, Kurobe T, Naples LM, Nyaoke A, Poll CP, Weber EPS. Myxobolus albi infection in cartilage of captive lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus). J Vet Diagn Invest 2012; 24:516-24. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638712440990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Myxobolus albi was diagnosed in the cartilage of captive lumpfish ( Cyclopterus lumpus) from 2 public aquaria. Eleven fish were affected, with the most common clinical signs being exophthalmos and grossly visible 1- to 2-mm white to tan scleral nodules. Myxozoan cysts were identified in the cartilage of the skull, branchial arch, sclera, vertebrae, tongue, all fin insertions, and the pectoral girdle. Cysts resulted in expansile, deforming, space-occupying lesions, resulting in exophthalmos but often lacking significant tissue damage or inflammation. Once cysts ruptured, free spores elicited a mild to marked inflammatory response. Spores measured 7.5 to 9.0 µm × 3.0 to 6.0 µm and contained 2 pyriform polar capsules oriented at one pole as well as occasional 1-µm-diameter basophilic nuclei. Identification was based on spore morphology together with polymerase chain reaction and sequence comparison of 18S ribosomal DNA. Isolates had 99% similarity to M. albi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M. Cavin
- New England Aquarium, Boston, MA (Cavin, Innis)
- Zoological Pathology Program, University of Illinois, Maywood, IL (Donahoe, Kinsel)
- Connecticut Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT (Frasca, Nyaoke)
- Fish Pathology Laboratory, University of California, Davis, CA (Kurobe)
- John G. Shedd Aquarium, Chicago, IL (Naples, Poll)
| | - Shannon L. Donahoe
- New England Aquarium, Boston, MA (Cavin, Innis)
- Zoological Pathology Program, University of Illinois, Maywood, IL (Donahoe, Kinsel)
- Connecticut Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT (Frasca, Nyaoke)
- Fish Pathology Laboratory, University of California, Davis, CA (Kurobe)
- John G. Shedd Aquarium, Chicago, IL (Naples, Poll)
| | - Salvatore Frasca
- New England Aquarium, Boston, MA (Cavin, Innis)
- Zoological Pathology Program, University of Illinois, Maywood, IL (Donahoe, Kinsel)
- Connecticut Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT (Frasca, Nyaoke)
- Fish Pathology Laboratory, University of California, Davis, CA (Kurobe)
- John G. Shedd Aquarium, Chicago, IL (Naples, Poll)
| | - Charles J. Innis
- New England Aquarium, Boston, MA (Cavin, Innis)
- Zoological Pathology Program, University of Illinois, Maywood, IL (Donahoe, Kinsel)
- Connecticut Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT (Frasca, Nyaoke)
- Fish Pathology Laboratory, University of California, Davis, CA (Kurobe)
- John G. Shedd Aquarium, Chicago, IL (Naples, Poll)
| | - Michael J. Kinsel
- New England Aquarium, Boston, MA (Cavin, Innis)
- Zoological Pathology Program, University of Illinois, Maywood, IL (Donahoe, Kinsel)
- Connecticut Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT (Frasca, Nyaoke)
- Fish Pathology Laboratory, University of California, Davis, CA (Kurobe)
- John G. Shedd Aquarium, Chicago, IL (Naples, Poll)
| | - Tomofumi Kurobe
- New England Aquarium, Boston, MA (Cavin, Innis)
- Zoological Pathology Program, University of Illinois, Maywood, IL (Donahoe, Kinsel)
- Connecticut Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT (Frasca, Nyaoke)
- Fish Pathology Laboratory, University of California, Davis, CA (Kurobe)
- John G. Shedd Aquarium, Chicago, IL (Naples, Poll)
| | - Lisa M. Naples
- New England Aquarium, Boston, MA (Cavin, Innis)
- Zoological Pathology Program, University of Illinois, Maywood, IL (Donahoe, Kinsel)
- Connecticut Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT (Frasca, Nyaoke)
- Fish Pathology Laboratory, University of California, Davis, CA (Kurobe)
- John G. Shedd Aquarium, Chicago, IL (Naples, Poll)
| | - Akinyi Nyaoke
- New England Aquarium, Boston, MA (Cavin, Innis)
- Zoological Pathology Program, University of Illinois, Maywood, IL (Donahoe, Kinsel)
- Connecticut Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT (Frasca, Nyaoke)
- Fish Pathology Laboratory, University of California, Davis, CA (Kurobe)
- John G. Shedd Aquarium, Chicago, IL (Naples, Poll)
| | - Caryn P. Poll
- New England Aquarium, Boston, MA (Cavin, Innis)
- Zoological Pathology Program, University of Illinois, Maywood, IL (Donahoe, Kinsel)
- Connecticut Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT (Frasca, Nyaoke)
- Fish Pathology Laboratory, University of California, Davis, CA (Kurobe)
- John G. Shedd Aquarium, Chicago, IL (Naples, Poll)
| | - E. P. Scott Weber
- New England Aquarium, Boston, MA (Cavin, Innis)
- Zoological Pathology Program, University of Illinois, Maywood, IL (Donahoe, Kinsel)
- Connecticut Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT (Frasca, Nyaoke)
- Fish Pathology Laboratory, University of California, Davis, CA (Kurobe)
- John G. Shedd Aquarium, Chicago, IL (Naples, Poll)
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Shin SP, Jee H, Han JE, Kim JH, Choresca CH, Jun JW, Kim DY, Park SC. Surgical removal of an anal cyst caused by a protozoan parasite (Thelohanellus kitauei) from a koi (Cyprinus carpio). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2011; 238:784-6. [PMID: 21401436 DOI: 10.2460/javma.238.6.784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
CASE DESCRIPTION An 8-month-old koi (Cyprinus carpio) fish was examined at the animal hospital at Seoul National University for anal obstruction. CLINICAL FINDINGS The affected fish was lethargic and anorexic, appeared depressed, and had a nodular obstruction at the anus. A biopsy specimen from the anal mass was submitted for histologic examination, which revealed a number of protozoa. On the basis of the morphological characteristics of the spores and the location of the plasmodia (ie, vegetative form of the parasite), a diagnosis of a cyst containing Thelohanellus kitauei was made. Thelohanellus kitauei is a protozoan parasite that affects freshwater fish by producing cyst-like tumors that may cause intestinal obstruction. Thelohanellus kitauei infection with cystic disease has been reported to affect Cyprinus spp worldwide. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME The cyst was removed surgically. After surgery, low-concentration tricaine methanesulfonate immersion was used for sedation and antimicrobial treatment was administered. The surgical wound healed completely, and the fish was clinically normal 14 months after surgery. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The successful outcome in this fish suggested that surgical removal may be a viable option for treatment of T kitauei infection in koi fish. The results of morphological analyses provided basic information on the relationships between tissue tropism and Thelohanellus spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Phil Shin
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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Zielinski CM, Lorz HV, Hallett SL, Xue L, Bartholomew JL. Comparative susceptibility of Deschutes River, Oregon, Tubifex tubifex populations to Myxobolus cerebralis. J Aquat Anim Health 2011; 23:1-8. [PMID: 21699131 DOI: 10.1080/08997659.2011.545710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Dams along the Deschutes River (DR) in central Oregon have blocked fish migration for over 40 years. Reestablishment of anadromous fish runs above the dams as part of a fish passage plan may introduce fish pathogens, such as Myxobolus cerebralis, the myxozoan parasite that causes salmonid whirling disease. This parasite is carried by adult salmon that stray into the DR system during their return to enzootic areas of the upper Columbia River basin, and it is now known to be established in at least one lower DR tributary. The life cycle of M. cerebralis involves two obligate hosts: a salmonid and the oligochaete worm Tubifex tubifex. To determine the likelihood of parasite establishment above the DR dams, we conducted benthic sediment surveys between 1999 and 2007 and found that T. tubifex had a patchy distribution and low relative abundance. Mitochondrial 16S ribosomal DNA gene analysis indicated that two lineages of T. tubifex (III and VI) were present both above and below the dams. Laboratory susceptibility studies to characterize differences in infection prevalence and parasite production between nine T. tubifex populations revealed that production varied considerably among exposed groups and was proportional to the number of lineage III worms present. Our results suggest that M. cerebralis could become established above the dams if infected fish are allowed passage into the upper DR system, but not all areas of the DR basin can be classified as having the same likelihood for parasite establishment, and the potential impact will be location dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Zielinski
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Nash Hall 220, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
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Han BA, Searle CL, Blaustein AR. Effects of an infectious fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, on amphibian predator-prey interactions. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16675. [PMID: 21311771 PMCID: PMC3032789 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of parasites and pathogens on host behaviors may be particularly important in predator-prey contexts, since few animal behaviors are more crucial for ensuring immediate survival than the avoidance of lethal predators in nature. We examined the effects of an emerging fungal pathogen of amphibians, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, on anti-predator behaviors of tadpoles of four frog species. We also investigated whether amphibian predators consumed infected prey, and whether B. dendrobatidis caused differences in predation rates among prey in laboratory feeding trials. We found differences in anti-predator behaviors among larvae of four amphibian species, and show that infected tadpoles of one species (Anaxyrus boreas) were more active and sought refuge more frequently when exposed to predator chemical cues. Salamander predators consumed infected and uninfected tadpoles of three other prey species at similar rates in feeding trials, and predation risk among prey was unaffected by B. dendrobatidis. Collectively, our results show that even sub-lethal exposure to B. dendrobatidis can alter fundamental anti-predator behaviors in some amphibian prey species, and suggest the unexplored possibility that indiscriminate predation between infected and uninfected prey (i.e., non-selective predation) could increase the prevalence of this widely distributed pathogen in amphibian populations. Because one of the most prominent types of predators in many amphibian systems is salamanders, and because salamanders are susceptible to B. dendrobatidis, our work suggests the importance of considering host susceptibility and behavioral changes that could arise from infection in both predators and prey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A Han
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America.
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Griffin MJ, Camus AC, Wise DJ, Greenway TE, Mauel MJ, Pote LM. Variation in susceptibility to Henneguya ictaluri infection by two species of catfish and their hybrid cross. J Aquat Anim Health 2010; 22:21-35. [PMID: 20575362 DOI: 10.1577/h09-030.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Proliferative gill disease (PGD) in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus is caused by the myxozoan parasite Henneguya ictaluri. There is no effective treatment for PGD, and mortalities can exceed 50% in severe outbreaks. One approach to controlling losses would be to utilize a less susceptible ictalurid species in pond culture; alternatively, one could identify the traits that convey resistance and exploit them in a selective breeding program. Challenge studies have found less severe inflammatory responses in the gill tissue of blue catfish I. furcatus and fewer mortalities than in channel catfish. However, it remains unclear whether infection and subsequent plasmodial development progress the same way in the two species. To investigate this, we compared the dynamics of H. ictaluri infection in blue catfish, channel catfish, and channel catfish x blue catfish hybrids in continuous long-term (5-7-d) and short-term (24-h) pond challenges. After long-term challenge, 66.2% of the channel catfish and 63.6% of the hybrid catfish developed characteristic PGD lesions, compared with 3.7% of the blue catfish. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis detected H. ictaluri in larger percentages of channel and hybrid catfish than blue catfish (98.7% and 95.7% versus 45.9%), with significantly greater parasite DNA equivalents in channel and hybrid catfish than blue catfish. Similar findings were obtained in the short-term exposures. Histologically, channel and hybrid catfish developed severe PGD accompanied by large numbers of developing plasmodia. While mild PGD was observed in some blue catfish, the progression of lesions lagged behind that in channel and hybrid catfish. Most importantly, developing plasmodia were not observed in blue catfish, and parasite DNA was not detected 14 d after removal from the source of infection. Our findings indicate that the resistance of blue catfish to H. ictaluri infection can be overcome by large numbers of infective actinospores but that infection appears to be eliminated before plasmodial development occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt J Griffin
- Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station and College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Box 197, Stoneville, Mississippi 38776, USA
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Morris D, Freeman M. Hyperparasitism has wide-ranging implications for studies on the invertebrate phase of myxosporean (Myxozoa) life cycles. Int J Parasitol 2010; 40:357-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2009.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2009] [Revised: 08/27/2009] [Accepted: 08/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Severin VIC, Soliman H, El-Matbouli M. Expression of immune-regulatory genes, arginase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), in two rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) strains following exposure to Myxobolus cerebralis. Parasitol Res 2009; 106:325-34. [PMID: 19894064 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-009-1661-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The present endeavor was conducted to evaluate the role of activated macrophage in the susceptibility of two different rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) strains, a susceptible American (T) and a more resistant German (H), to infection with Myxobolus cerebralis. Arginase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) genes were used as references to the alternative and classical pathway of macrophage activation. The expression level of both genes was measured using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The expression level of arginase-2 was significantly upregulated in strain T at 2 h and 8 days post exposure in the strain H. In case of iNOS, the expression level was significantly upregulated from 24 h to 8 days p.e. in strain T and only in 8 days p.e. in strain H. During this study also, the influence of nitric oxide (NO) on the viability of the triactinomyxon spores (TAMs) of M. cerebralis was evaluated using the NO-donor S-nitroso-N-acetyl-penicillamine (SNAP). Rising final concentrations of SNAP from 0.25 to 1 mM at 2, 4, and 24 h resulted in increasing numbers of propidium iodide-positive TAMs detected. The results of this study suggest an inability of strain T to react with an effective immune response against infection with M. cerebralis. Furthermore, the TAMs of M. cerebralis react with significant decrease of viable spores to rising concentration of SNAP and longer incubation, but there is also evidence for some resistance to NO activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa I C Severin
- Clinic for Fish and Reptiles, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Munich, Kaulbachstrasse 37, 80539 Munich, Germany
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Hallett SL, Lorz HV, Atkinson SD, Rasmussen C, Xue L, Bartholomew JL. Propagation of the myxozoan parasite Myxobolus cerebralis by different geographic and genetic populations of Tubifex tubifex: An Oregon perspective. J Invertebr Pathol 2009; 102:57-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2009.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2008] [Revised: 06/23/2009] [Accepted: 07/01/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Arsan* EL, Bartholomew JL. Potential Dispersal of the Non-Native ParasiteMyxobolus cerebralisin the Willamette River Basin, Oregon: A Qualitative Analysis of Risk. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10641260802013726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Arsan EL, Bartholomew JL. Potential for dissemination of the nonnative salmonid parasite Myxobolus cerebralis in Alaska. J Aquat Anim Health 2008; 20:136-149. [PMID: 18942590 DOI: 10.1577/h07-016.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Myxobolus cerebralis, the myxozoan parasite responsible for whirling disease in salmonids, was first introduced into the United States in 1958 and has since spread across the country, causing severe declines in wild trout populations in the intermountain western United States. The recent detection of the parasite in Alaska is further evidence of the species' capability to invade and colonize new habitat. This study qualitatively assesses the risk of further spread and establishment of M. cerebralis in Alaska. We examine four potential routes of dissemination: human movement of fish, natural dispersal by salmonid predators and straying salmon, recreational activities, and commercial seafood processing. Potential for establishment was evaluated by examining water temperatures, spatial and temporal overlap of hosts, and the distribution and genetic composition of the oligochaete host, Tubifex tubifex. The most likely pathway of M. cerebralis transport in Alaska is human movement of fish by stocking. The extent of M. cerebralis infection in Alaskan salmonid populations is unknown, but if the parasite becomes dispersed, conditions are appropriate for establishment and propagation of the parasite life cycle in areas of south-central Alaska. The probability of further establishment is greatest in Ship Creek, where the abundance of susceptible T. tubifex, the presence of susceptible rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, and the proximity of this system to the known area of infection make conditions particularly suitable for spread of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Leyla Arsan
- Center for Fish Disease Research, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-3652, USA
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Rasmussen C, Zickovich J, Winton JR, Kerans BL. Variability in Triactinomyxon Production from Tubifex tubifex Populations from the Same Mitochondrial DNA Lineage Infected with Myxobolus cerebralis, the Causative Agent of Whirling Disease in Salmonids. J Parasitol 2008; 94:700-8. [DOI: 10.1645/ge-1274.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2007] [Accepted: 10/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Rasmussen C, Zickovich J, Winton JR, Kerans BL. Variability in Triactinomyxon Production from Tubifex tubifex Populations from the Same Mitochondrial DNA Lineage Infected with Myxobolus cerebralis, the Causative Agent of Whirling Disease in Salmonids. J Parasitol 2008. [DOI: 10.1645/ge-1274r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Granath WO, Gilbert MA, Wyatt-Pescador EJ, Vincent ER. Epizootiology of Myxobolus cerebralis, the causative agent of salmonid whirling disease in the Rock Creek drainage of west-central Montana. J Parasitol 2007; 93:104-19. [PMID: 17436949 DOI: 10.1645/ge-948r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Whirling disease, caused by the myxozoan parasite Myxobolus cerebralis, remains a health threat to salmonid fish in the western United States. Although various aspects of this host-parasite system have been studied, investigations examining the overall epizootiology of whirling disease in an ecosystem are lacking. Therefore, in June 1998, studies were initiated in the Rock Creek watershed of west-central Montana and continued through 2003 to assess the intensity of infection in trout using sentinel cages stationed throughout the drainage. Additional studies determined the percentage of the annelid worm, Tubifex tubifex, releasing M. cerebralis at various localities in Rock Creek and whether there was a seasonal or daily periodicity in the release of the triactinomyxon stage of the parasite from T. tubifex. Lastly, habitat and water quality parameters, and the effects of habitat restoration on transmission of M. cerebralis, were assessed. Overall, the intensity of M. cerebralis infections in sentinel trout increased significantly throughout the drainage between June of 1998 and 2003, with the biggest jump occurring between 1998 and 1999. In addition, the range of M. cerebralis expanded considerably over the period of study. There was no strict correlation between habitat condition and the occurrence of the parasite; fish became heavily infected in optimal and marginal habitats. However, fish exposed at a locality that had the lowest habitat ranking consistently had the highest intensity of infection. The parasite has apparently caused a dramatic decline in rainbow trout densities, but the brown trout population numbers have increased, and the overall fish density remains high. Although a major habitat restoration project did not seem to have an effect on decreasing disease intensity, this was not surprising because the restored area was located just downstream from a "hotspot" of infected T. tubifex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willard O Granath
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, USA.
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Stanimirovic Z, Stevanovic J, Bajic V, Radovic I. Evaluation of genotoxic effects of fumagillin by cytogenetic tests in vivo. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis 2007; 628:1-10. [PMID: 17258933 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2006.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2006] [Revised: 06/06/2006] [Accepted: 09/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Fumagillin is a naturally secreted antibiotic of the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. It is used in veterinary medicine against microsporidiosis of bees and fish. In this study, the genotoxicity of fumagillin (in the form of fumagillin dicyclohexylamine) was evaluated in mouse bone-marrow cells using the mitotic index (MI), the chromosome aberration (CA) assay, and the micronucleus (MN) test. Fumagillin was administered to BALB/c mice by gavage, at doses of 25, 50, 75 mg/kg body weight (bw), repeated for 7 days at 24-h intervals, with water-sugar syrup as a negative control and cyclophosphamide (40 mg/kg bw) as a positive control. All experimental doses of fumagillin induced a significant decrease (p<0.001) in MI (3.47+/-0.04%, 3.17+/-0.01%, and 2.27+/-0.02%, respectively) in comparison with the negative control (6.00+/-0.01%). Fumagillin significantly (p<0.001) increased the frequency of MN (4.98+/-0.35, 8.45+/-0.57, and 12.02+/-0.37, respectively) over negative control (1.04+/-0.28). Significantly increased frequencies (p<0.01 or p<0.001) of numerical chromosomal aberrations (aneuploidies and polyploidies) and structural chromosomal aberrations such as gaps, breaks, and centric rings were observed at the highest experimental dose of fumagillin (75 mg/kg bw) compared with the negative control. However, with respect to the induction of Robertsonian translocations, both the intermediate (50 mg/kg bw) and highest (75 mg/kg bw) experimental dose caused a significant (p<0.001) increase (7.12+/-0.26 and 9.00+/-0.10, respectively) in comparison with the negative control (0.00+/-0.00). Chromosomes 4 and 19 participated in these Robertsonian translocations. Regarding total cytogenetic changes, a significant increase (p<0.001) was observed in both the intermediate dose group (17.36+/-1.83) and the highest dose group (59.49+/-1.92) compared with the negative control (7.00+/-1.35). These results suggest that fumagillin has genotoxic (clastogenic) potential in mammals in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Stanimirovic
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bul. oslobodjenja 18, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
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Z. S, Ivana P, Z. K, Milanka D. Evaluation of genotoxic effects of fumagillin by sister chromatide exchange and chromosomal aberration tests in human cell cultures. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2007; 57:257-73. [DOI: 10.2298/avb0703257s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Z. S, Jevrosima S, M. K, V. S. Frequency of chromosomal aberrations in the evaluation of genotoxic potential of dicyclohexylamine (fumagillin) in vivo. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2006. [DOI: 10.2298/avb0604353s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Delach A. INVASIVE SPECIES IN THE NORTHWESTERN UNITED STATES: THREATS TO WILDLIFE, AND DEFENDERS OF WILDLIFE'S RECOMMENDATION FOR PREVENTION POLICIES. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1898/1051-1733(2006)87[43:isitnu]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Jevrosima S, Z. S, Ivana P, M. L. Monitoring of mitotic index and frequency of micronuclei in evaluation of genotoxic potential of fumagillin (dicyclohexylamine) in vivo. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2006; 56:437-48. [DOI: 10.2298/avb0606437s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Beauchamp KA, El-Matbouli M, Gay M, Georgiadis MP, Nehring RB, Hedrick RP. The effect of cohabitation of Tubifex tubifex (Oligochaeta: Tubificidae) populations on infections to Myxobolus cerebralis (Myxozoa: Myxobolidae). J Invertebr Pathol 2006; 91:1-8. [PMID: 16321396 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2005.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2005] [Revised: 07/29/2005] [Accepted: 08/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The competitive interactions between susceptible and resistant Tubifex tubifex (Oligochaeta: Tubificidae) exposed to Myxobolus cerebralis (Myxozoa: Myxobolidae) infections were investigated in two laboratory trials. Competition was assessed by the total parasite production over the course of the trials in mixed and pure cultures of M. cerebralis exposed worms, and by the genetic analyses of worms from the control and experimental groups at the beginning and end of the experiments. Mixed cultures of resistant and susceptible worms showed a 70% reduction in production of parasites released when compared with pure cultures of susceptible worms. In studies with laboratory and field-collected oligochaetes the mixed cultures at the end of the cohabitation experiments were dominated by resistant Tubifex from lineage V (HB strain) this strain of Tubifex has a competitive advantage over worms from other lineages. The results of this study suggest that certain species of Tubifex may be dead-end hosts to M. cerebralis by absorbing or inactivating the parasite and may also show greater survival compared to susceptible oligochaetes in certain whirling disease enzootic habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Beauchamp
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Kallert DM, El-Matbouli M, Haas W. Polar filament discharge of Myxobolus cerebralis actinospores is triggered by combined non-specific mechanical and chemical cues. Parasitology 2005; 131:609-16. [PMID: 16255819 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182005008383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2005] [Revised: 05/06/2005] [Accepted: 05/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study presents initial evidence for the requirement of both chemical and mechanical stimuli to discharge polar capsules of Myxobolus cerebralis actinospores, the causative agent of salmonid whirling disease. The obligate need for combined discharge triggers was concluded from data obtained in a before/after experimental set-up carried out with individual locally immobilized actinospores. Homogenized rainbow trout mucus as chemostimulus and tangency of the apical region of the spores to achieve mechanical stimulation were applied subsequently. The actinospores showed discharged polar filaments exclusively when mucus substrate application was followed by touching the polar capsule-bearing region, but not when either stimulus was offered solely to the same individuals. We measured filament discharge rates to mucus preparations in a microscopic assay using supplementary vibration stimuli to ensure mechanical excitation. The actinospores responded similarly to different frequencies, which suggested a touch-sensitive recognition mechanism. Discharge specificity for salmonid mucus could not be confirmed, as mucus of common carp and bream could trigger similar filament expulsion rates. To a lesser extent homogenized frog epidermis and bovine submaxillary mucin could also stimulate the attachment reaction. In contrast, mucus of a pulmonate freshwater snail elicited no response.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Kallert
- Institute for Zoology I, University Erlangen, Staudtstrasse 5 D-91058, Erlangen, Germany.
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Beauchamp KA, Kelley GO, Nehring RB, Hedrick RP. THE SEVERITY OF WHIRLING DISEASE AMONG WILD TROUT CORRESPONDS TO THE DIFFERENCES IN GENETIC COMPOSITION OF TUBIFEX TUBIFEX POPULATIONS IN CENTRAL COLORADO. J Parasitol 2005; 91:53-60. [PMID: 15856872 DOI: 10.1645/ge-327r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyzed the geographic distribution of Tubifex tubifex from various river drainages in central Colorado by genetic screening with specific mitochondrial 16S ribosomal DNA (mt 16S rDNA) markers. Four distinct mt 16S rDNA lineages are evident. The sites varied with respect to land- and water-use practices. All sites represented habitats presumed capable of supporting oligochaetes. At the locations where whirling disease has had the greatest impact on resident rainbow trout, T. tubifex, representing lineages I and III (genotypes known to be susceptible to Mxyobolus cerebralis), were most commonly found. In contrast, at sites less affected by whirling disease, T. tubifex of lineages V and VI that are more resistant to M. cerebralis infections were more abundant. The predominance of resistant T. tubifex worms (lineages V and VI) at low-impact sites supports the conclusion that when these genotypes are in greater abundance, the potential for more severe effects of whirling disease on wild rainbow trout populations may be diminished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Beauchamp
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D. Lafferty
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, c/o Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106;
| | - James W. Porter
- Institute of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602;
| | - Susan E. Ford
- Haskin Shellfish Research Laboratory, Rutgers University, Port Norris, New Jersey 08349;
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Kerans BL, Rasmussen C, Stevens R, Colwell AEL, Winton JR. DIFFERENTIAL PROPAGATION OF THE METAZOAN PARASITE MYXOBOLUS CEREBRALIS BY LIMNODRILUS HOFFMEISTERI, ILYODRILUS TEMPLETONI, AND GENETICALLY DISTINCT STRAINS OF TUBIFEX TUBIFEX. J Parasitol 2004; 90:1366-73. [PMID: 15715230 DOI: 10.1645/ge-3355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Whirling disease, caused by the parasite Myxobolus cerebralis, has infected rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and other salmonid fish in the western United States, often with devastating results to native populations but without a discernible spatial pattern. The parasite develops in a complex 2-host system in which the aquatic oligochaete Tubifex tubifex is an obligate host. Because substantial differences in whirling disease severity in different areas of North America did not seem explainable by environmental factors or features of the parasite or its fish host, we sought to determine whether ecological or genetic variation within oligochaete host populations may be responsible. We found large differences in compatibility between the parasite and various laboratory strains of T. tubifex that were established from geographic regions with different whirling disease histories. Moreover, 2 closely related species of tubificids, Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri and Ilyodrilus templetoni, which occur naturally in mixed species assemblages with T. tubifex, were incompatible with M. cerebralis. Virulence of the parasite was directly correlated with the numbers of triactinomyxon spores that developed within each strain of T. tubifex. Thus, the level of virulence was directly related to the compatibility between the host strain and the parasite. Genetic analyses revealed relationships that were in agreement with the level of parasite production. Differences in compatibilities between oligochaetes and M. cerebralis may contribute to the spatial variance in the severity of the disease among salmonid populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Kerans
- Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, USA.
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Abstract
Salmonid proliferative kidney disease (PKD) is caused by the myxozoan Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae. Given the serious and apparently growing impact of PKD on farmed and wild salmonids, we undertook a phylogeographic study to gain insights into the history of genealogical lineages of T. bryosalmonae in Europe and North America, and to determine if the global expansion of rainbow trout farming has spread the disease. Phylogenetic analyses of internal transcribed spacer 1 sequences revealed a clade composed of all North American sequences plus a subset of Italian and French sequences. High genetic diversity in North America and the absence of genotypes diagnostic of the North American clade in the rest of Europe imply that southern Europe was colonized by immigration from North America; however, sequence divergence suggests that this colonization substantially pre-dated fisheries activities. Furthermore, the lack of southern European lineages in the rest of Europe, despite widespread rainbow trout farming, indicates that T. bryosalmonae is not transported through fisheries activities. This result strikingly contrasts with the commonness of fisheries-related introductions of other pathogens and parasites and indicates that fishes may be dead-end hosts. Our results also demonstrate that European strains of T. bryosalmonae infect and induce PKD in rainbow trout introduced to Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Henderson
- School of Animal and Microbial Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, PO Box 228, Reading RG6 6AJ, UK
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