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Kaur D, Sinha S, Sehgal R. Global scenario of Plasmodium vivax occurrence and resistance pattern. J Basic Microbiol 2022; 62:1417-1428. [PMID: 36125207 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202200316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax is comparatively less virulent than Plasmodium falciparum, which can also lead to severe disease and death. It shows a wide geographical distribution. Chloroquine serves as a drug of choice, with primaquine as a radical cure. However, with the appearance of resistance to chloroquine and treatment has been shifted to artemisinin combination therapy followed by primaquine as a radical cure. Sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine, mefloquine, and atovaquone-proguanil are other drugs of choice in chloroquine-resistant areas, and later resistance was soon reported for these drugs also. The emergence of drug resistance serves as a major hurdle to controlling and eliminating malaria. The discovery of robust molecular markers and regular surveillance for the presence of mutations in malaria-endemic areas would serve as a helpful tool to combat drug resistance. Here, in this review, we will discuss the endemicity of P. vivax, a historical overview of antimalarial drugs, the appearance of drug resistance and molecular markers with their global distribution along with different measures taken to reduce malaria burden due to P. vivax infection and their resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davinder Kaur
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Shweta Sinha
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rakesh Sehgal
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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2
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Buyon LE, Elsworth B, Duraisingh MT. The molecular basis of antimalarial drug resistance in Plasmodium vivax. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2021; 16:23-37. [PMID: 33957488 PMCID: PMC8113647 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax is the most geographically widespread cause of human malaria and is responsible for the majority of cases outside of the African continent. While great progress has been made towards eliminating human malaria, drug resistant parasite strains pose a threat towards continued progress. Resistance has arisen to multiple antimalarials in P. vivax, including to chloroquine, which is currently the first line therapy for P. vivax in most regions. Despite its importance, an understanding of the molecular mechanisms of drug resistance in this species remains elusive, in large part due to the complex biology of P. vivax and the lack of in vitro culture. In this review, we will cover the extent and challenges of measuring clinical and in vitro drug resistance in P. vivax. We will consider the roles of candidate drug resistance genes. We will highlight the development of molecular approaches for studying P. vivax biology that provide the opportunity to validate the role of putative drug resistance mutations as well as identify novel mechanisms of drug resistance in this understudied parasite. Validated molecular determinants and markers of drug resistance are essential for the rapid and cost-effective monitoring of drug resistance in P. vivax, and will be useful for optimizing drug regimens and for informing drug policy in control and elimination settings. Drug resistance is emerging in Plasmodium vivax, an important cause of malaria. The complex biology of P. vivax and the limited range of research tools make it difficult to identify drug resistance. The molecular mechanisms of drug resistance in P. vivax remain elusive. This review highlights the extent of drug resistance, the putative mechanisms of resistance and new technologies for the study of P. vivax drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas E Buyon
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Brendan Elsworth
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Manoj T Duraisingh
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, 02115, MA, USA.
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3
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Ferreira MU, Nobrega de Sousa T, Rangel GW, Johansen IC, Corder RM, Ladeia-Andrade S, Gil JP. Monitoring Plasmodium vivax resistance to antimalarials: Persisting challenges and future directions. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2020; 15:9-24. [PMID: 33360105 PMCID: PMC7770540 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Emerging antimalarial drug resistance may undermine current efforts to control and eliminate Plasmodium vivax, the most geographically widespread yet neglected human malaria parasite. Endemic countries are expected to assess regularly the therapeutic efficacy of antimalarial drugs in use in order to adjust their malaria treatment policies, but proper funding and trained human resources are often lacking to execute relatively complex and expensive clinical studies, ideally complemented by ex vivo assays of drug resistance. Here we review the challenges for assessing in vivo P. vivax responses to commonly used antimalarials, especially chloroquine and primaquine, in the presence of confounding factors such as variable drug absorption, metabolism and interaction, and the risk of new infections following successful radical cure. We introduce a simple modeling approach to quantify the relative contribution of relapses and new infections to recurring parasitemias in clinical studies of hypnozoitocides. Finally, we examine recent methodological advances that may render ex vivo assays more practical and widely used to confirm P. vivax drug resistance phenotypes in endemic settings and review current approaches to the development of robust genetic markers for monitoring chloroquine resistance in P. vivax populations. Plasmodium vivax resistance to chloroquine may undermine malaria elimination efforts. Plasmodium vivax resistance to schizontocides has been mostly monitored in therapeutic efficacy studies. In vivo studies to determine the anti-relapse efficacy of primaquine are challenging to design and execute. Ex vivo assays to determine Plasmodium vivax resistance to schizontocides remain limited to research settings. Robust molecular markers to monitor Plasmodium vivax drug resistance are currently lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo U Ferreira
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Nova University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Tais Nobrega de Sousa
- Molecular Biology and Malaria Immunology Research Group, René Rachou Institute, Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Gabriel W Rangel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Igor C Johansen
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo M Corder
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Simone Ladeia-Andrade
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José Pedro Gil
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
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4
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Villena FE, Maguiña JL, Santolalla ML, Pozo E, Salas CJ, Ampuero JS, Lescano AG, Bishop DK, Valdivia HO. Molecular surveillance of the Plasmodium vivax multidrug resistance 1 gene in Peru between 2006 and 2015. Malar J 2020; 19:450. [PMID: 33276776 PMCID: PMC7718670 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03519-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The high incidence of Plasmodium vivax infections associated with clinical severity and the emergence of chloroquine (CQ) resistance has posed a challenge to control efforts aimed at eliminating this disease. Despite conflicting evidence regarding the role of mutations of P. vivax multidrug resistance 1 gene (pvmdr1) in drug resistance, this gene can be a tool for molecular surveillance due to its variability and spatial patterns. METHODS Blood samples were collected from studies conducted between 2006 and 2015 in the Northern and Southern Amazon Basin and the North Coast of Peru. Thick and thin blood smears were prepared for malaria diagnosis by microscopy and PCR was performed for detection of P. vivax monoinfections. The pvmdr1 gene was subsequently sequenced and the genetic data was used for haplotype and diversity analysis. RESULTS A total of 550 positive P. vivax samples were sequenced; 445 from the Northern Amazon Basin, 48 from the Southern Amazon Basin and 57 from the North Coast. Eight non-synonymous mutations and three synonymous mutations were analysed in 4,395 bp of pvmdr1. Amino acid changes at positions 976F and 1076L were detected in the Northern Amazon Basin (12.8%) and the Southern Amazon Basin (4.2%) with fluctuations in the prevalence of both mutations in the Northern Amazon Basin during the course of the study that seemed to correspond with a malaria control programme implemented in the region. A total of 13 pvmdr1 haplotypes with non-synonymous mutations were estimated in Peru and an overall nucleotide diversity of π = 0.00054. The Northern Amazon Basin was the most diverse region (π = 0.00055) followed by the Southern Amazon and the North Coast (π = 0.00035 and π = 0.00014, respectively). CONCLUSION This study showed a high variability in the frequencies of the 976F and 1076L polymorphisms in the Northern Amazon Basin between 2006 and 2015. The low and heterogeneous diversity of pvmdr1 found in this study underscores the need for additional research that can elucidate the role of this gene on P. vivax drug resistance as well as in vitro and clinical data that can clarify the extend of CQ resistance in Peru.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredy E Villena
- Department of Parasitology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No, 6 (NAMRU-6), Lima, Peru.
| | - Jorge L Maguiña
- Emerge, Emerging Diseases and Climate Change Research Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Meddly L Santolalla
- Emerge, Emerging Diseases and Climate Change Research Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.,Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Edwar Pozo
- Piura Sanitary Intelligence Unit, Piura Health Region, Piura, Peru
| | - Carola J Salas
- Department of Parasitology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No, 6 (NAMRU-6), Lima, Peru
| | - Julia S Ampuero
- Department of Parasitology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No, 6 (NAMRU-6), Lima, Peru
| | - Andres G Lescano
- Emerge, Emerging Diseases and Climate Change Research Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Danett K Bishop
- Department of Parasitology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No, 6 (NAMRU-6), Lima, Peru
| | - Hugo O Valdivia
- Department of Parasitology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No, 6 (NAMRU-6), Lima, Peru
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5
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Ayala MJC, Villela DAM. Early transmission of sensitive strain slows down emergence of drug resistance in Plasmodium vivax. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1007945. [PMID: 32555701 PMCID: PMC7363008 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The spread of drug resistance of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax parasites is a challenge towards malaria elimination. P. falciparum has shown an early and severe drug resistance in comparison to P. vivax in various countries. In fact, P. vivax differs in its life cycle and treatment in various factors: development and duration of sexual parasite forms differ, symptoms severity are unequal, relapses present only in P. vivax cases and the Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) is only mandatory in P. falciparum cases. We compared the spread of drug resistance for both species through two compartmental models using ordinary differential equations. The model structure describes how sensitive and resistant parasite strains infect a human population treated with antimalarials. We found that an early transmission,i.e., before treatment and low effectiveness of drug coverage, supports the prevalence of sensitive parasites delaying the emergence of resistant P. vivax. These results imply that earlier attention of both symptomatic cases and reservoirs of P. vivax are essential in controlling transmission but also accelerate the spread of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario J. C. Ayala
- Programa de Computação Científica, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniel A. M. Villela
- Programa de Computação Científica, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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6
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Li J, Zhang J, Li Q, Hu Y, Ruan Y, Tao Z, Xia H, Qiao J, Meng L, Zeng W, Li C, He X, Zhao L, Siddiqui FA, Miao J, Yang Z, Fang Q, Cui L. Ex vivo susceptibilities of Plasmodium vivax isolates from the China-Myanmar border to antimalarial drugs and association with polymorphisms in Pvmdr1 and Pvcrt-o genes. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008255. [PMID: 32530913 PMCID: PMC7314094 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vivax malaria is an important public health problem in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS), including the China-Myanmar border. Previous studies have found that Plasmodium vivax has decreased sensitivity to antimalarial drugs in some areas of the GMS, but the sensitivity of P. vivax to antimalarial drugs is unclear in the China-Myanmar border. Here, we investigate the drug sensitivity profile and genetic variations for two drug resistance related genes in P. vivax isolates to provide baseline information for future drug studies in the China-Myanmar border. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A total of 64 P. vivax clinical isolates collected from the China-Myanmar border area were assessed for ex vivo susceptibility to eight antimalarial drugs by the schizont maturation assay. The medians of IC50 (half-maximum inhibitory concentrations) for chloroquine, mefloquine, pyronaridine, piperaquine, quinine, artesunate, artemether, dihydroartemisinin were 84.2 nM, 34.9 nM, 4.0 nM, 22.3 nM, 41.4 nM, 2.8 nM, 2.1 nM and 2.0 nM, respectively. Twelve P. vivax clinical isolates were found over the cut-off IC50 value (220 nM) for chloroquine resistance. In addition, sequence polymorphisms in pvmdr1 (P. vivax multidrug resistance-1), pvcrt-o (P. vivax chloroquine resistance transporter-o), and difference in pvmdr1 copy number were studied. Sequencing of the pvmdr1 gene in 52 samples identified 12 amino acid substitutions, among which two (G698S and T958M) were fixed, M908L were present in 98.1% of the isolates, while Y976F and F1076L were present in 3.8% and 78.8% of the isolates, respectively. Amplification of the pvmdr1 gene was only detected in 4.8% of the samples. Sequencing of the pvcrt-o in 59 parasite isolates identified a single lysine insertion at position 10 in 32.2% of the isolates. The pvmdr1 M908L substitutions in pvmdr1 in our samples was associated with reduced sensitivity to chloroquine, mefloquine, pyronaridine, piperaquine, quinine, artesunate and dihydroartemisinin. CONCLUSIONS Our findings depict a drug sensitivity profile and genetic variations of the P. vivax isolates from the China-Myanmar border area, and suggest possible emergence of chloroquine resistant P. vivax isolates in the region, which demands further efforts for resistance monitoring and mechanism studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangyan Li
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui Province, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui Province, China
- Xiangtan Blood Center, Xiangtan, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yue Hu
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Yonghua Ruan
- Department of Pathology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Zhiyong Tao
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui Province, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Hui Xia
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui Province, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jichen Qiao
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui Province, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Lingwen Meng
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui Province, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Weilin Zeng
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Cuiying Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Xi He
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Luyi Zhao
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Faiza A. Siddiqui
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jun Miao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Zhaoqing Yang
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
- * E-mail: (ZY); (QF)
| | - Qiang Fang
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui Province, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui Province, China
- * E-mail: (ZY); (QF)
| | - Liwang Cui
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
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Abstract
Introduction: Malaria is one of the most prevalent human infections worldwide with over 40% of the world's population living in malaria-endemic areas. In the absence of an effective vaccine, emergence of drug-resistant strains requires urgent drug development. Current methods applied to drug target validation, a crucial step in drug discovery, possess limitations in malaria. These constraints require the development of techniques capable of simplifying the validation of Plasmodial targets.Areas covered: The authors review the current state of the art in techniques used to validate drug targets in malaria, including our contribution - the protein interference assay (PIA) - as an additional tool in rapid in vivo target validation.Expert opinion: Each technique in this review has advantages and disadvantages, implying that future validation efforts should not focus on a single approach, but integrate multiple approaches. PIA is a significant addition to the current toolset of antimalarial validation. Validation of aspartate metabolism as a druggable pathway provided proof of concept of how oligomeric interfaces can be exploited to control specific activity in vivo. PIA has the potential to be applied not only to other enzymes/pathways of the malaria parasite but could, in principle, be extrapolated to other infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando A Batista
- Structural Biology Unit, XB20 Drug Design, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Unit for Drug Discovery, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Benjamin Gyau
- Structural Biology Unit, XB20 Drug Design, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Juliana F Vilacha
- Structural Biology Unit, XB20 Drug Design, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Soraya S Bosch
- Structural Biology Unit, XB20 Drug Design, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Unit for Drug Discovery, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sergey Lunev
- Structural Biology Unit, XB20 Drug Design, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Carsten Wrenger
- Unit for Drug Discovery, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Matthew R Groves
- Structural Biology Unit, XB20 Drug Design, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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8
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Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax, the two protozoan parasite species that cause the majority of cases of human malaria, have developed resistance to nearly all known antimalarials. The ability of malaria parasites to develop resistance is primarily due to the high numbers of parasites in the infected person's bloodstream during the asexual blood stage of infection in conjunction with the mutability of their genomes. Identifying the genetic mutations that mediate antimalarial resistance has deepened our understanding of how the parasites evade our treatments and reveals molecular markers that can be used to track the emergence of resistance in clinical samples. In this review, we examine known genetic mutations that lead to resistance to the major classes of antimalarial medications: the 4-aminoquinolines (chloroquine, amodiaquine and piperaquine), antifolate drugs, aryl amino-alcohols (quinine, lumefantrine and mefloquine), artemisinin compounds, antibiotics (clindamycin and doxycycline) and a napthoquinone (atovaquone). We discuss how the evolution of antimalarial resistance informs strategies to design the next generation of antimalarial therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie N Cowell
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Winzeler
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems & Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, USA
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9
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Verzier LH, Coyle R, Singh S, Sanderson T, Rayner JC. Plasmodium knowlesi as a model system for characterising Plasmodium vivax drug resistance candidate genes. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007470. [PMID: 31158222 PMCID: PMC6564043 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax causes the majority of malaria outside Africa, but is poorly understood at a cellular level partly due to technical difficulties in maintaining it in in vitro culture conditions. In the past decades, drug resistant P. vivax parasites have emerged, mainly in Southeast Asia, but while some molecular markers of resistance have been identified, none have so far been confirmed experimentally, which limits interpretation of the markers, and hence our ability to monitor and control the spread of resistance. Some of these potential markers have been identified through P. vivax genome-wide population genetic analyses, which highlighted genes under recent evolutionary selection in Southeast Asia, where chloroquine resistance is most prevalent. These genes could be involved in drug resistance, but no experimental proof currently exists to support this hypothesis. In this study, we used Plasmodium knowlesi, the most closely related species to P. vivax that can be cultured in human erythrocytes, as a model system to express P. vivax genes and test for their role in drug resistance. We adopted a strategy of episomal expression, and were able to express fourteen P. vivax genes, including two allelic variants of several hypothetical resistance genes. Their expression level and localisation were assessed, confirming cellular locations conjectured from orthologous species, and suggesting locations for several previously unlocalised proteins, including an apical location for PVX_101445. These findings establish P. knowlesi as a suitable model for P. vivax protein expression. We performed chloroquine and mefloquine drug assays, finding no significant differences in drug sensitivity: these results could be due to technical issues, or could indicate that these genes are not actually involved in drug resistance, despite being under positive selection pressure in Southeast Asia. These data confirm that in vitro P. knowlesi is a useful tool for studying P. vivax biology. Its close evolutionary relationship to P. vivax, high transfection efficiency, and the availability of markers for colocalisation, all make it a powerful model system. Our study is the first of its kind using P. knowlesi to study unknown P. vivax proteins and investigate drug resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa H. Verzier
- Parasites and Microbes Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Rachael Coyle
- Parasites and Microbes Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Shivani Singh
- Parasites and Microbes Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Theo Sanderson
- Parasites and Microbes Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Julian C. Rayner
- Parasites and Microbes Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
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10
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Kittichai V, Nguitragool W, Ngassa Mbenda HG, Sattabongkot J, Cui L. Genetic diversity of the Plasmodium vivax multidrug resistance 1 gene in Thai parasite populations. Infect Genet Evol 2018; 64:168-177. [PMID: 29936038 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax resistance to chloroquine (CQ) was first reported over 60 years ago. Here we analyzed sequence variations in the multidrug resistance 1 gene (Pvmdr1), a putative molecular marker for P. vivax CQ resistance, in field isolates collected from three sites in Thailand during 2013-2016. Several single nucleotide polymorphisms previously implicated in reduced CQ sensitivity were found. These genetic variations encode amino acids in the two nucleotide-binding domains as well as the transmembrane domains of the protein. The high level of genetic diversity of Pvmdr1 provides insights into the evolutionary history of this gene. Specifically, there was little evidence of positive selection at amino acid F1076L in global isolates to be promoted as a possible marker for CQ resistance. Population genetic analysis clearly divided the parasites into eastern and western populations, which is consistent with their geographical separation by the central malaria-free area of Thailand. With CQ-primaquine remaining as the frontline treatment for vivax malaria in all regions of Thailand, such a population subdivision could be shaped and affected by the current drugs for P. falciparum since mixed P. falciparum/P. vivax infections often occur in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veerayuth Kittichai
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Faculty of Medicine, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wang Nguitragool
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Jetsumon Sattabongkot
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Liwang Cui
- Department of Entomology, Center for Malaria Research, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
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Park KS, Malik SK, Lee JH, Karim AM, Lee SH. Commentary: Malaria elimination in India and regional implications. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:992. [PMID: 29867890 PMCID: PMC5963121 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Seung Park
- National Leading Research Laboratory of Drug Resistance Proteomics, Department of Biological Sciences, Myongji University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Sumera Kausar Malik
- National Leading Research Laboratory of Drug Resistance Proteomics, Department of Biological Sciences, Myongji University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Jung Hee Lee
- National Leading Research Laboratory of Drug Resistance Proteomics, Department of Biological Sciences, Myongji University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Asad Mustafa Karim
- National Leading Research Laboratory of Drug Resistance Proteomics, Department of Biological Sciences, Myongji University, Yongin, South Korea.,Department of Bioinformatics, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sang Hee Lee
- National Leading Research Laboratory of Drug Resistance Proteomics, Department of Biological Sciences, Myongji University, Yongin, South Korea
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Tantiamornkul K, Pumpaibool T, Piriyapongsa J, Culleton R, Lek-Uthai U. The prevalence of molecular markers of drug resistance in Plasmodium vivax from the border regions of Thailand in 2008 and 2014. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2018; 8:229-237. [PMID: 29677637 PMCID: PMC6039358 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of Plasmodium vivax is increasing in the border regions of Thailand; one potential problem confounding the control of malaria in these regions is the emergence and spread of drug resistance. The aim of this study was to determine the genetic diversity in genes potentially linked to drug resistance in P. vivax parasites isolated from four different border regions of Thailand; Thai-Myanmar (Tak, Mae Hong Son and Prachuap Khiri Khan Provinces), and Thai-Cambodian borders (Chanthaburi Province). Isolates were collected from 345 P. vivax patients in 2008 and 2014, and parasite DNA extracted and subjected to nucleotide sequencing at five putative drug-resistance loci (Pvdhfr, Pvdhps, Pvmdr1, Pvcrt-o and Pvk12). The prevalence of mutations in Pvdhfr, Pvdhps and Pvmdr1 were markedly different between the Thai-Myanmar and Thai-Cambodian border areas and also varied between sampling times. All isolates carried the Pvdhfr (58R and 117N/T) mutation, however, whereas the quadruple mutant allele (I57R58M61T117) was the most prevalent (69.6%) in the Thai-Myanmar border region, the double mutant allele (F57R58T61N117) was at fixation on the Thai-Cambodian border (100%). The most prevalent genotypes of Pvdhps and Pvmdr1 were the double mutant (S382G383K512G553) (65.1%) and single mutant (M958Y976F1076) (46.5%) alleles, respectively on the Thai-Myanmar border while the single Pvdhps mutant (S382G383K512A553) (52.7%) and the triple Pvmdr1 mutant (M958F976L1076) (81%) alleles were dominant on the Thai-Cambodian border. No mutations were observed in the Pvcrt-o gene in either region. Novel mutations in the Pvk12 gene, the P. vivax orthologue of PfK13, linked to artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum, were observed with three nonsynonymous and three synonymous mutations in six isolates (3.3%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritpaphat Tantiamornkul
- Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Rajvithi Rd, Rajthewee District, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Faculty of Graduate Studies, Mahidol University, Phuttamonthon 4 Rd, Nakorn Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Tepanata Pumpaibool
- College of Public Health Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phyathai Rd, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Jittima Piriyapongsa
- Genome Technology Research Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Richard Culleton
- Malaria Unit, Department of Pathology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Sakamoto, Nagasaki 8528523, Japan.
| | - Usa Lek-Uthai
- Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Rajvithi Rd, Rajthewee District, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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Rissanen I, Stass R, Zeltina A, Li S, Hepojoki J, Harlos K, Gilbert RJC, Huiskonen JT, Bowden TA. Structural Transitions of the Conserved and Metastable Hantaviral Glycoprotein Envelope. J Virol 2017; 91:e00378-17. [PMID: 28835498 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00378-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Hantaviruses are zoonotic pathogens that cause severe hemorrhagic fever and pulmonary syndrome. The outer membrane of the hantavirus envelope displays a lattice of two glycoproteins, Gn and Gc, which orchestrate host cell recognition and entry. Here, we describe the crystal structure of the Gn glycoprotein ectodomain from the Asiatic Hantaan virus (HTNV), the most prevalent pathogenic hantavirus. Structural overlay analysis reveals that the HTNV Gn fold is highly similar to the Gn of Puumala virus (PUUV), a genetically and geographically distinct and less pathogenic hantavirus found predominantly in northeastern Europe, confirming that the hantaviral Gn fold is architecturally conserved across hantavirus clades. Interestingly, HTNV Gn crystallized at acidic pH, in a compact tetrameric configuration distinct from the organization at neutral pH. Analysis of the Gn, both in solution and in the context of the virion, confirms the pH-sensitive oligomeric nature of the glycoprotein, indicating that the hantaviral Gn undergoes structural transitions during host cell entry. These data allow us to present a structural model for how acidification during endocytic uptake of the virus triggers the dissociation of the metastable Gn-Gc lattice to enable insertion of the Gc-resident hydrophobic fusion loops into the host cell membrane. Together, these data reveal the dynamic plasticity of the structurally conserved hantaviral surface. IMPORTANCE Although outbreaks of Korean hemorrhagic fever were first recognized during the Korean War (1950 to 1953), it was not until 1978 that they were found to be caused by Hantaan virus (HTNV), the most prevalent pathogenic hantavirus. Here, we describe the crystal structure of HTNV envelope glycoprotein Gn, an integral component of the Gn-Gc glycoprotein spike complex responsible for host cell entry. HTNV Gn is structurally conserved with the Gn of a genetically and geographically distal hantavirus, Puumala virus, indicating that the observed α/β fold is well preserved across the Hantaviridae family. The combination of our crystal structure with solution state analysis of recombinant protein and electron cryo-microscopy of acidified hantavirus allows us to propose a model for endosome-induced reorganization of the hantaviral glycoprotein lattice. This provides a molecular-level rationale for the exposure of the hydrophobic fusion loops on the Gc, a process required for fusion of viral and cellular membranes.
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14
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Chaorattanakawee S, Lon C, Chann S, Thay KH, Kong N, You Y, Sundrakes S, Thamnurak C, Chattrakarn S, Praditpol C, Yingyuen K, Wojnarski M, Huy R, Spring MD, Walsh DS, Patel JC, Lin J, Juliano JJ, Lanteri CA, Saunders DL. Measuring ex vivo drug susceptibility in Plasmodium vivax isolates from Cambodia. Malar J 2017; 16:392. [PMID: 28964258 PMCID: PMC5622433 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-2034-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background While intensive Plasmodium falciparum multidrug resistance surveillance continues in Cambodia, relatively little is known about Plasmodium vivax drug resistance in Cambodia or elsewhere. To investigate P. vivax anti-malarial susceptibility in Cambodia, 76 fresh P. vivax isolates collected from Oddar Meanchey (northern Cambodia) in 2013–2015 were assessed for ex vivo drug susceptibility using the microscopy-based schizont maturation test (SMT) and a Plasmodium pan-species lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) ELISA. P. vivax multidrug resistance gene 1 (pvmdr1) mutations, and copy number were analysed in a subset of isolates. Results Ex vivo testing was interpretable in 80% of isolates using the pLDH-ELISA, but only 25% with the SMT. Plasmodium vivax drug susceptibility by pLDH-ELISA was directly compared with 58 P. falciparum isolates collected from the same locations in 2013–4, tested by histidine-rich protein-2 ELISA. Median pLDH-ELISA IC50 of P. vivax isolates was significantly lower for dihydroartemisinin (3.4 vs 6.3 nM), artesunate (3.2 vs 5.7 nM), and chloroquine (22.1 vs 103.8 nM) than P. falciparum but higher for mefloquine (92 vs 66 nM). There were not significant differences for lumefantrine or doxycycline. Both P. vivax and P. falciparum had comparable median piperaquine IC50 (106.5 vs 123.8 nM), but some P. falciparum isolates were able to grow in much higher concentrations above the normal standard range used, attaining up to 100-fold greater IC50s than P. vivax. A high percentage of P. vivax isolates had pvmdr1 Y976F (78%) and F1076L (83%) mutations but none had pvmdr1 amplification. Conclusion The findings of high P. vivax IC50 to mefloquine and piperaquine, but not chloroquine, suggest significant drug pressure from drugs used to treat multidrug resistant P. falciparum in Cambodia. Plasmodium vivax isolates are frequently exposed to mefloquine and piperaquine due to mixed infections and the long elimination half-life of these drugs. Difficulty distinguishing infection due to relapsing hypnozoites versus blood-stage recrudescence complicates clinical detection of P. vivax resistance, while well-validated molecular markers of chloroquine resistance remain elusive. The pLDH assay may be a useful adjunctive tool for monitoring for emerging drug resistance, though more thorough validation is needed. Given high grade clinical chloroquine resistance observed recently in neighbouring countries, low chloroquine IC50 values seen here should not be interpreted as susceptibility in the absence of clinical data. Incorporating pLDH monitoring with therapeutic efficacy studies for individuals with P. vivax will help to further validate this field-expedient method. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-017-2034-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suwanna Chaorattanakawee
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Science, Bangkok, Thailand. .,Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Chanthap Lon
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Science, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Soklyda Chann
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Science, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kheang Heng Thay
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Nareth Kong
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Yom You
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Siratchana Sundrakes
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Science, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chatchadaporn Thamnurak
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Science, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sorayut Chattrakarn
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Science, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chantida Praditpol
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Science, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kritsanai Yingyuen
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Science, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mariusz Wojnarski
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Science, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rekol Huy
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Michele D Spring
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Science, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Douglas S Walsh
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Science, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jaymin C Patel
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jessica Lin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jonathan J Juliano
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Charlotte A Lanteri
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Science, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - David L Saunders
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Science, Bangkok, Thailand.,US Army Medical Materiel Development Activity, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
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Koepfli C, Mueller I. Malaria Epidemiology at the Clone Level. Trends Parasitol 2017; 33:974-85. [PMID: 28966050 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Genotyping to distinguish between parasite clones is nowadays a standard in many molecular epidemiological studies of malaria. It has become crucial in drug trials and to follow individual clones in epidemiological studies, and to understand how drug resistance emerges and spreads. Here, we review the applications of the increasingly available genotyping tools and whole-genome sequencing data, and argue for a better integration of population genetics findings into malaria-control strategies.
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Costa GL, Amaral LC, Fontes CJF, Carvalho LH, de Brito CFA, de Sousa TN. Assessment of copy number variation in genes related to drug resistance in Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum isolates from the Brazilian Amazon and a systematic review of the literature. Malar J 2017; 16:152. [PMID: 28420389 PMCID: PMC5395969 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-1806-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Parasite resistance to anti-malarials represents a great obstacle for malaria elimination. The majority of studies have investigated the association between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and drug resistance; however, it is becoming clear that the copy number variation (CNV) is also associated with this parasite phenotype. To provide a baseline for molecular surveillance of anti-malarial drug resistance in the Brazilian Amazon, the present study characterized the genetic profile of both markers in the most common genes associated with drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax isolates. Additionally, these data were compared to data published elsewhere applying a systematic review of the literature published over a 20-year time period. Methods The genomic DNA of 67 patients infected by P. falciparum and P. vivax from three Brazilian States was obtained between 2002 and 2012. CNV in P. falciparum multidrug resistance gene-1 (pfmdr1), GTP cyclohydrolase 1 (pfgch1) and P. vivax multidrug resistance gene-1 (pvmdr1) were assessed by real-time PCR assays. SNPs in the pfmdr1 and pfcrt genes were assessed by PCR–RFLP. A literature search for studies that analysed CNP in the same genes of P. falciparum and P. vivax was conducted between May 2014 and March 2017 across four databases. Results All analysed samples of P. falciparum carried only one copy of pfmdr1 or pfgch1. Although the pfcrt K76T polymorphism, a determinant of CQ resistance, was present in all samples genotyped, the pfmdr1 N86Y was absent. For P. vivax isolates, an amplification rate of 20% was found for the pvmdr1 gene. The results of the study are in agreement with the low amplification rates for pfmdr1 gene evidenced in the Americas and Africa, while higher rates have been described in Southeast Asia. For P. vivax, very low rates of amplification for pvmdr1 have been described worldwide, with exceptions in French Guiana, Cambodia, Thailand and Brazil. Conclusions The present study was the first to evaluate gch1 CNV in P. falciparum isolates from Brazil, showing an absence of amplification of this gene more than 20 years after the withdrawal of the Brazilian antifolates therapeutic scheme. Furthermore, the rate of pvmdr1 amplification was significantly higher than that previously reported for isolates circulating in Northern Brazil. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-017-1806-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Luíz Costa
- Molecular Biology and Malaria Immunology Research Group, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lara Cotta Amaral
- Molecular Biology and Malaria Immunology Research Group, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Luzia Helena Carvalho
- Molecular Biology and Malaria Immunology Research Group, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Cristiana Ferreira Alves de Brito
- Molecular Biology and Malaria Immunology Research Group, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Taís Nóbrega de Sousa
- Molecular Biology and Malaria Immunology Research Group, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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López C, Yepes-Pérez Y, Hincapié-Escobar N, Díaz-Arévalo D, Patarroyo MA. What Is Known about the Immune Response Induced by Plasmodium vivax Malaria Vaccine Candidates? Front Immunol 2017; 8:126. [PMID: 28243235 PMCID: PMC5304258 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax continues being one of the most important infectious diseases around the world; P. vivax is the second most prevalent species and has the greatest geographic distribution. Developing an effective antimalarial vaccine is considered a relevant control strategy in the search for means of preventing the disease. Studying parasite-expressed proteins, which are essential in host cell invasion, has led to identifying the regions recognized by individuals who are naturally exposed to infection. Furthermore, immunogenicity studies have revealed that such regions can trigger a robust immune response that can inhibit sporozoite (hepatic stage) or merozoite (erythrocyte stage) invasion of a host cell and induce protection. This review provides a synthesis of the most important studies to date concerning the antigenicity and immunogenicity of both synthetic peptide and recombinant protein candidates for a vaccine against malaria produced by P. vivax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina López
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Immunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia; PhD Programme in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Yoelis Yepes-Pérez
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Immunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia; MSc Programme in Microbiology, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Natalia Hincapié-Escobar
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Immunología de Colombia (FIDIC) , Bogotá , Colombia
| | - Diana Díaz-Arévalo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Immunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia; Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales (UDCA), Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Manuel A Patarroyo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Immunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia; Basic Sciences Department, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
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Faway E, Musset L, Pelleau S, Volney B, Casteras J, Caro V, Menard D, Briolant S, Legrand E. Plasmodium vivax multidrug resistance-1 gene polymorphism in French Guiana. Malar J 2016; 15:540. [PMID: 27825387 PMCID: PMC5101641 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1595-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmodium vivax malaria is a major public health problem in French Guiana. Some cases of resistance to chloroquine, the first-line treatment used against P. vivax malaria, have been described in the Brazilian Amazon region. The aim of this study is to investigate a possible dispersion of chloroquine-resistant P. vivax isolates in French Guiana. The genotype, polymorphism and copy number variation, of the P. vivax multidrug resistance gene-1 (pvmdr1) have been previously associated with modification of the susceptibility to chloroquine. METHODS The pvmdr1 gene polymorphism was evaluated by sequencing and copy number variation was assessed by real-time PCR, in P. vivax isolates obtained from 591 symptomatic patients from 1997 to 2013. RESULTS The results reveal that 1.0% [95% CI 0.4-2.2] of French Guiana isolates carry the mutations Y976F and F1076L, and that the proportion of isolates with multiple copies of pvmdr1 has significantly decreased over time, from 71.3% (OR = 6.2 [95% CI 62.9-78.7], p < 0.0001) in 1997-2004 to 12.8% (OR = 0.03 [95% CI 9.4-16.9], p < 0.0001) in 2009-2013. A statistically significant relationship was found between Guf-A (harboring the single mutation T958M) and Sal-1 (wild type) alleles and pvmdr1 copy number. CONCLUSIONS Few P. vivax isolates harboring chloroquine-resistant mutations in the pvmdr1 gene are circulating in French Guiana. However, the decrease in the prevalence of isolates carrying multiple copies of pvmdr1 might indicate that the P. vivax population in French Guiana is evolving towards a decreased susceptibility to chloroquine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Faway
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana.,URPhyM-NARILIS, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Lise Musset
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana.,National Reference Center for Malaria, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana.,World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Surveillance of Antimalarial Drug Resistance, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Stéphane Pelleau
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana.,National Reference Center for Malaria, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana.,World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Surveillance of Antimalarial Drug Resistance, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Béatrice Volney
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana.,National Reference Center for Malaria, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana.,World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Surveillance of Antimalarial Drug Resistance, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Jessica Casteras
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana.,National Reference Center for Malaria, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Valérie Caro
- Environment and Infectious Risks unit, Genotyping of Pathogens Pole, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Didier Menard
- Malaria Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur in Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.,Malaria Translational Research Unit, Institut Pasteur in Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sébastien Briolant
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana.,Direction Interarmées du Service de Santé, Cayenne, French Guiana.,Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Brétigny sur Orge, France
| | - Eric Legrand
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana. .,National Reference Center for Malaria, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana. .,World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Surveillance of Antimalarial Drug Resistance, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana. .,Malaria Translational Research Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France. .,Genetics and Genomics of Insect Vectors Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
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Deng S, Ruan Y, Bai Y, Hu Y, Deng Z, He Y, Ruan R, Wu Y, Yang Z, Cui L. Genetic diversity of the Pvk12 gene in Plasmodium vivax from the China-Myanmar border area. Malar J 2016; 15:528. [PMID: 27809837 PMCID: PMC5096284 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1592-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmodium falciparum resistance to artemisinin emerged in the Greater Mekong Sub-region has been associated with mutations in the propeller domain of the kelch gene Pfk13. METHODS Here the polymorphisms in Pvk12 gene, the orthologue of Pfk13 in Plasmodium vivax, were determined by PCR and sequencing in 262 clinical isolates collected in recent years (2012-2015) from the China-Myanmar border area. RESULTS Sequencing of full-length Pvk12 genes from these isolates identified three synonymous mutations (N172N, S360S, S697S) and one non-synonymous mutation M124I, all of which were at very low prevalence (2.0-3.1%). Moreover, these mutations were non-overlapping between the two study sites on both sides of the border. Molecular evolutionary analysis detected signature of purifying selection on Pvk12. CONCLUSIONS There is no direct evidence that Pvk12 is involved in artemisinin resistance in P. vivax, but it remains a potential candidate requiring further investigation. Continuous monitoring of potential drug resistance in this parasite is needed in order to facilitate the regional malaria elimination campaign.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Deng
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan Province, China.,Department of Pathology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Yonghua Ruan
- Department of Pathology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Yao Bai
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan Province, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Yue Hu
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan Province, China.,Department of Pathology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Zeshuai Deng
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Yongshu He
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Rui Ruan
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Yanrui Wu
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Zhaoqing Yang
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan Province, China.
| | - Liwang Cui
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan Province, China.
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Talundzic E, Chenet SM, Goldman IF, Patel DS, Nelson JA, Plucinski MM, Barnwell JW, Udhayakumar V. Genetic Analysis and Species Specific Amplification of the Artemisinin Resistance-Associated Kelch Propeller Domain in P. falciparum and P. vivax. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136099. [PMID: 26292024 PMCID: PMC4546394 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum resistance to artemisinin has emerged in the Greater Mekong Subregion and now poses a threat to malaria control and prevention. Recent work has identified mutations in the kelch propeller domain of the P. falciparum K13 gene to be associated artemisinin resistance as defined by delayed parasite clearance and ex vivo ring stage survival assays. Species specific primers for the two most prevalent human malaria species, P. falciparum and P. vivax, were designed and tested on multiple parasite isolates including human, rodent, and non- humans primate Plasmodium species. The new protocol described here using the species specific primers only amplified their respective species, P. falciparum and P. vivax, and did not cross react with any of the other human malaria Plasmodium species. We provide an improved species specific PCR and sequencing protocol that could be effectively used in areas where both P. falciparum and P. vivax are circulating. To design this improved protocol, the kelch gene was analyzed and compared among different species of Plasmodium. The kelch propeller domain was found to be highly conserved across the mammalian Plasmodium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eldin Talundzic
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, 1600 Clifton Rd, Mail Stop D-67, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Atlanta Research and Education Foundation/VA Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Stella M. Chenet
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, 1600 Clifton Rd, Mail Stop D-67, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ira F. Goldman
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, 1600 Clifton Rd, Mail Stop D-67, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Dhruviben S. Patel
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, 1600 Clifton Rd, Mail Stop D-67, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Julia A. Nelson
- Atlanta Research and Education Foundation/VA Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Mateusz M. Plucinski
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, 1600 Clifton Rd, Mail Stop D-67, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- President’s Malaria Initiative, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - John W. Barnwell
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, 1600 Clifton Rd, Mail Stop D-67, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Venkatachalam Udhayakumar
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, 1600 Clifton Rd, Mail Stop D-67, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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Popovici J, Kao S, Eal L, Bin S, Kim S, Ménard D. Reduced polymorphism in the Kelch propeller domain in Plasmodium vivax isolates from Cambodia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:730-3. [PMID: 25385109 DOI: 10.1128/AAC.03908-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphism in the ortholog gene of the Plasmodium falciparum K13 gene was investigated in Plasmodium vivax isolates collected in Cambodia. All of them were Sal-1 wild-type alleles except two (2/284, 0.7%), and P. vivax K12 polymorphism was reduced compared to that of the P. falciparum K13 gene. Both mutant allele isolates had the same nonsynonymous mutation at codon 552 (V552I) and were from Ratanak Kiri province. These preliminary data should encourage additional studies for associating artemisinin or chloroquine resistance and K12 polymorphism.
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