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García-Harana C, de Gálvez Aranda MV, Blazquez-Sanchez N, Rivas-Ruiz F, Rodriguez-Martinez A, de Troya-Martín M. Sun Protection Policies and Practices in Preschool and Elementary Schools in Andalusia (Spain). J Cancer Educ 2022; 37:819-828. [PMID: 33025452 DOI: 10.1007/s13187-020-01889-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sun exposure in childhood is a major risk factor for the development of skin cancer as an adult. School children spend much of their time outdoors exposed to ultraviolet radiation during recreational and sports activities. Skin cancer incidence tripled from 1978 to 2002 in Spain. Andalusia, the largest and sunniest region of Spain, lacks data on the sun protection measures taken in schools. To address this deficit, the aim of this study was to determine photoprotection practices and policies in preschools and primary schools in Andalusia. This descriptive study involved the administration of an online questionnaire completed by principals regarding school sun protection policies and practices. Preschool and primary schools were selected from the database of the Ministry of Education of the Andalusian Regional Government. Information of interest included photoprotection policies, students' sun protection knowledge, sun protection measures, relevant curricular content, and availability of shade at the school. A total of 2425 schools were contacted. Of them, 420 schools responded (17.31%), with the highest number of responses received from Malaga (23.8%) and Seville (19.5%) provinces. Of those responding, 67.1% of the schools did not have written sun protection policies. The photoprotection measures reported included mandatory use of a cap or hat (3.3%), use of sunglasses in outdoor areas (30%), and active encouragement of students to use sunscreen (50.7%). Roughly 24% of schools evaluated their shaded areas, with 52.9% reporting insufficient protection for most activities. The study results showed that photoprotection policies and practices in Andalusian schools were mostly insufficient. Given that skin cancer incidence has increased considerably over the last decade, it is important to concentrate on improving primary prevention practices. Additionally, photoprotection programs in schools have been shown to improve children's knowledge, attitudes, and habits regarding photoprotection. Thus, it is essential for Andalusian preschools and primary schools to develop policies and strategies to help reduce children's sun exposure while at school.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina García-Harana
- Dermatology Department, Hospital Costal del Sol, Marbella, Spain.
- Medicine Department, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain.
| | | | | | - Francisco Rivas-Ruiz
- Research Unit, Hospital Costal del Sol, Marbella, Spain
- Research Network on Health Services in Chronic Diseases (REDISSEC), Barcelona, Spain
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Rodriguez-Martinez A, Vuorinen EM, Shcherban A, Uusi-Mäkelä J, Rajala NKM, Nykter M, Kallioniemi A. Novel ZNF414 activity characterized by integrative analysis of ChIP-exo, ATAC-seq and RNA-seq data. Biochim Biophys Acta Gene Regul Mech 2022; 1865:194811. [PMID: 35318951 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2022.194811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factor binding to DNA is a central mechanism regulating gene expression. Thus, thorough characterization of this process is essential for understanding cellular biology in both health and disease. We combined data from three sequencing-based methods to unravel the DNA binding function of the novel ZNF414 protein in cells representing two tumor types. ChIP-exo served to map protein binding sites, ATAC-seq allowed identification of open chromatin, and RNA-seq examined the transcriptome. We show that ZNF414 is a DNA-binding protein that both induces and represses gene expression. This transcriptional response has an impact on cellular processes related to proliferation and other malignancy-associated functions, such as cell migration and DNA repair. Approximately 20% of the differentially expressed genes harbored ZNF414 binding sites in their promoters in accessible chromatin, likely representing direct targets of ZNF414. De novo motif discovery revealed several putative ZNF414 binding sequences, one of which was validated using EMSA. In conclusion, this study illustrates a highly efficient integrative approach for the characterization of the DNA binding and transcriptional activity of transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Rodriguez-Martinez
- Prostate Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland; Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Elisa M Vuorinen
- Prostate Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland; Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Anastasia Shcherban
- Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joonas Uusi-Mäkelä
- Prostate Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland; Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Nina K M Rajala
- BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Matti Nykter
- Prostate Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland; Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Anne Kallioniemi
- Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland; Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
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Granberg KJ, Raita A, Lehtinen B, Tiihonen AM, Kesseli J, Annala M, Rodriguez-Martinez A, Nordfors K, Zhang W, Visakorpi T, Nykter M, Haapasalo H. Moderate-to-strong expression of FGFR3 and TP53 alterations in a subpopulation of choroid plexus tumors. Histol Histopathol 2019; 35:673-680. [PMID: 31660579 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Deregulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) signaling is tightly associated with numerous human malignancies, including cancer. Indeed, FGFR inhibitors are being tested as anti-tumor drugs in clinical trials. Among gliomas, FGFR3 fusions occur in IDH wild-type diffuse gliomas leading to high FGFR3 protein expression and both, FGFR3 and FGFR1, show elevated expression in aggressive ependymomas. The aim of this study was to uncover the expression of FGFR1 and FGFR3 proteins in choroid plexus tumors and to further characterize FGFR-related as well as other genetic alterations in FGFR3 expressing tumors. Expression levels of FGFR1 and FGFR3 were detected in 15 choroid plexus tumor tissues using immunohistochemistry of tissue microarrays and 6 samples were subjected to whole mount FGFR3 staining. Targeted sequencing was used for deeper molecular analysis of two FGFR3 positive cases. Moderate expression of FGFR1 or FGFR3 was evidenced in one third of the studied choroid plexus tumors. Targeted sequencing of a choroid plexus carcinoma and an atypical choroid plexus papilloma, both with moderate-to-strong FGFR3 expression, revealed lack of protein-altering mutations or fusions in FGFR1 or FGFR3, but TP53 was altered in both tumors. FGFR3 and FGFR1 proteins are expressed in a subpopulation of choroid plexus tumors. Further studies using larger cohorts of patients will allow identification of the clinicopathological implications of FGFR1 and FGFR3 expression in choroid plexus tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsi J Granberg
- BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland. .,Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.,Science Center, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Annina Raita
- Fimlab Laboratories Ltd., Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Birgitta Lehtinen
- Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.,BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Aliisa M Tiihonen
- Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.,BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Juha Kesseli
- Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.,BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Matti Annala
- Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.,BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Alejandra Rodriguez-Martinez
- Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.,BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Kristiina Nordfors
- Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.,Tampere Center for Child Health Research, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC USA
| | - Tapio Visakorpi
- Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.,Fimlab Laboratories Ltd., Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.,BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Matti Nykter
- Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.,Science Center, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.,BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Hannu Haapasalo
- Fimlab Laboratories Ltd., Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
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Abu Khamidakh AE, Rodriguez-Martinez A, Kaarniranta K, Kallioniemi A, Skottman H, Hyttinen J, Juuti-Uusitalo K. Wound healing of human embryonic stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelial cells is affected by maturation stage. Biomed Eng Online 2018; 17:102. [PMID: 30064430 PMCID: PMC6069779 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-018-0535-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Wound healing of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a complex process that may take place in common age-related macular degeneration eye disease. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether wounding and wound healing has an effect on Ca2+ dynamics in human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-RPEs cultured different periods of time. Methods The 9-day-cultured or 28-day-cultured hESC-RPEs from two different cell lines were wounded and the dynamics of spontaneous and mechanically induced intracellular Ca2+ activity was measured with live-cell Ca2+ imaging either immediately or 7 days after wounding. The healing time and speed were analyzed with time-lapse bright field microscopy. The Ca2+ activity and healing speed were analysed with image analysis. In addition the extracellular matrix deposition was assessed with confocal microscopy. Results The Ca2+ dynamics in hESC-RPE monolayers differed depending on the culture time: 9-day-cultured cells had higher number of cells with spontaneous Ca2+ activity close to freshly wounded edge compared to control areas, whereas in 28-day-cultured cells there was no difference in wounded and control areas. The 28-day-cultured, wounded and 7-day-healed hESC-RPEs produced wide-spreading intercellular Ca2+ waves upon mechanical stimulation, while in controls propagation was restricted. Most importantly, both wave spreading and spontaneous Ca2+ activity of cells within the healed area, as well as the cell morphology of 28-day-cultured, wounded and thereafter 7-day-healed areas resembled the 9-day-cultured hESC-RPEs. Conclusions This acquired knowledge about Ca2+ dynamics of wounded hESC-RPE monolayers is important for understanding the dynamics of RPE wound healing, and could offer a reliable functionality test for RPE cells. The data presented in here suggests that assessment of Ca2+ dynamics analysed with image analysis could be used as a reliable non-invasive functionality test for RPE cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12938-018-0535-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amna E Abu Khamidakh
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, BioMediTech, Tampere University of Technology, Arvo Ylpön Katu 34, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anne Kallioniemi
- Faculty of Medical and Life Sciences, BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Arvo Ylpön Katu 34, Tampere, Finland
| | - Heli Skottman
- Faculty of Medical and Life Sciences, BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Arvo Ylpön Katu 34, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jari Hyttinen
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, BioMediTech, Tampere University of Technology, Arvo Ylpön Katu 34, Tampere, Finland
| | - Kati Juuti-Uusitalo
- Faculty of Medical and Life Sciences, BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Arvo Ylpön Katu 34, Tampere, Finland.
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Ampuja M, Rantapero T, Rodriguez-Martinez A, Palmroth M, Alarmo EL, Nykter M, Kallioniemi A. Integrated RNA-seq and DNase-seq analyses identify phenotype-specific BMP4 signaling in breast cancer. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:68. [PMID: 28077088 PMCID: PMC5225521 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3428-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) plays an important role in cancer pathogenesis. In breast cancer, it reduces proliferation and increases migration in a cell line-dependent manner. To characterize the transcriptional mediators of these phenotypes, we performed RNA-seq and DNase-seq analyses after BMP4 treatment in MDA-MB-231 and T-47D breast cancer cells that respond to BMP4 with enhanced migration and decreased cell growth, respectively. Results The RNA-seq data revealed gene expression changes that were consistent with the in vitro phenotypes of the cell lines, particularly in MDA-MB-231, where migration-related processes were enriched. These results were confirmed when enrichment of BMP4-induced open chromatin regions was analyzed. Interestingly, the chromatin in transcription start sites of differentially expressed genes was already open in unstimulated cells, thus enabling rapid recruitment of transcription factors to the promoters as a response to stimulation. Further analysis and functional validation identified MBD2, CBFB, and HIF1A as downstream regulators of BMP4 signaling. Silencing of these transcription factors revealed that MBD2 was a consistent activator of target genes in both cell lines, CBFB an activator in cells with reduced proliferation phenotype, and HIF1A a repressor in cells with induced migration phenotype. Conclusions Integrating RNA-seq and DNase-seq data showed that the phenotypic responses to BMP4 in breast cancer cell lines are reflected in transcriptomic and chromatin levels. We identified and experimentally validated downstream regulators of BMP4 signaling that relate to the different in vitro phenotypes and thus demonstrate that the downstream BMP4 response is regulated in a cell type-specific manner. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-3428-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ampuja
- BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland. .,Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland.
| | - T Rantapero
- BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - A Rodriguez-Martinez
- BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.,Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
| | - M Palmroth
- BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - E L Alarmo
- BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - M Nykter
- BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - A Kallioniemi
- BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.,Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
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Alvarez Cubero MJ, Lorente JA, Robles-Fernandez I, Rodriguez-Martinez A, Puche JL, Serrano MJ. Circulating Tumor Cells: Markers and Methodologies for Enrichment and Detection. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1634:283-303. [PMID: 28819860 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7144-2_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of disease worldwide; however, nowadays many points of its initiation processes are unknown. In this chapter, we are focusing on the role of liquid biopsies in cancer detection and progression. CTCs are one of the main components of liquid biopsies, they represent a subset of tumor cells that have acquired the ability to disseminate from the primary tumor and intravasate to the circulatory system. The greatest challenge in the detection of CTCs is their rarity in the blood. Human blood consists of white blood cells (5-10 × 106/mL), red blood cells (5-9 × 109/mL), and platelets (2.5-4 × 108/mL); very few CTCs will be present even in patients with known metastatic disease, with often less than one CTC per mL of blood. CTCs are found in frequencies on the order of 1-10 CTCs per mL of whole blood in patients with metastatic disease, and it is reduced in half for non-metastatic stages. Therefore, accurate methodologies for their capture and analysis are really important. The main aim of the present chapter is to describe different methodologies for CTCs capturing and analysis.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/immunology
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Cell Count
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Separation/instrumentation
- Cell Separation/methods
- Cell Survival
- Centrifugation, Density Gradient/methods
- Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule/genetics
- Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule/immunology
- Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule/metabolism
- Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition/genetics
- Equipment Design
- ErbB Receptors/genetics
- ErbB Receptors/immunology
- ErbB Receptors/metabolism
- Ficoll/chemistry
- Fluorescent Dyes/chemistry
- Humans
- Immunoassay
- Keratins/genetics
- Keratins/immunology
- Keratins/metabolism
- Microfluidic Analytical Techniques/instrumentation
- Neoplasms/blood
- Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/pathology
- Neoplastic Cells, Circulating/immunology
- Neoplastic Cells, Circulating/metabolism
- Neoplastic Cells, Circulating/pathology
- Protein Binding
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Alvarez Cubero
- GENYO. Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer, University of Granada, Andalusian Regional Government, Av. de la Ilustración 114, 18016, Granada, Spain.
| | - J A Lorente
- GENYO. Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer, University of Granada, Andalusian Regional Government, Av. de la Ilustración 114, 18016, Granada, Spain
- Laboratory of Genetic Identification, University of Granada-Dept. of Legal Medicine - Faculty of Medicine, Granada, 18016, Spain
| | - I Robles-Fernandez
- GENYO. Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer, University of Granada, Andalusian Regional Government, Av. de la Ilustración 114, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - A Rodriguez-Martinez
- GENYO. Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer, University of Granada, Andalusian Regional Government, Av. de la Ilustración 114, 18016, Granada, Spain
- Laboratory of Genetic Identification, University of Granada-Dept. of Legal Medicine - Faculty of Medicine, Granada, 18016, Spain
| | - J L Puche
- Integral Oncology Division, Clinical University Hospitals of Granada, Av. de las Fuerzas Armadas, 2, 18014, Granada, Spain
| | - M J Serrano
- GENYO. Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer, University of Granada, Andalusian Regional Government, Av. de la Ilustración 114, 18016, Granada, Spain
- Integral Oncology Division, Clinical University Hospitals of Granada, Av. de las Fuerzas Armadas, 2, 18014, Granada, Spain
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Griesenbach U, Alton EWFW, Beekman JM, Boyd AC, Chan M, Davies JC, Davies LA, Davidson HE, Dekkers JF, Gea-Sorli S, Gill DR, Hasegawa M, Higgins T, Hyndman L, McLachlan G, Inoue M, Hyde SC, Moran C, Meng C, Paul-Smith MC, Pringle IA, Pytel KM, Rodriguez-Martinez A, Stevenson BJ, Tsugumine S. S56 Moving lentiviral-based gene therapy into a first-in-man CF trial. Thorax 2015. [DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2015-207770.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Ampuja M, Jokimäki R, Juuti-Uusitalo K, Rodriguez-Martinez A, Alarmo EL, Kallioniemi A. BMP4 inhibits the proliferation of breast cancer cells and induces an MMP-dependent migratory phenotype in MDA-MB-231 cells in 3D environment. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:429. [PMID: 24053318 PMCID: PMC3848934 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) belongs to the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family of proteins. BMPs regulate cell proliferation, differentiation and motility, and have also been reported to be involved in cancer pathogenesis. We have previously shown that BMP4 reduces breast cancer cell proliferation through G1 cell cycle arrest and simultaneously induces migration in a subset of these cell lines. Here we examined the effects of BMP4 in a more physiological environment, in a 3D culture system. Methods We used two different 3D culture systems; Matrigel, a basement membrane extract from mouse sarcoma cells, and a synthetic polyethylene glycol (PEG) gel. AlamarBlue reagent was used for cell proliferation measurements and immunofluorescence was used to determine cell polarity. Expression of cell cycle regulators was examined by Western blot and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression by qRT-PCR. Results The MCF-10A normal breast epithelial cells formed round acini with correct apicobasal localization of α6 integrin in Matrigel whereas irregular structures were seen in PEG gel. The two 3D matrices also supported dissimilar morphology for the breast cancer cells. In PEG gel, BMP4 inhibited the growth of MCF-10A and the three breast cancer cell lines examined, thus closely resembling the 2D culture conditions, but in Matrigel, no growth inhibition was observed in MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-361 cells. Furthermore, BMP4 induced the expression of the cell cycle inhibitor p21 both in 2D and 3D culture, thereby partly explaining the growth arrest. Interestingly, MDA-MB-231 cells formed large branching, stellate structures in response to BMP4 treatment in Matrigel, suggestive of increased cell migration or invasion. This effect was reversed by Batimastat, a broad-spectrum MMP inhibitor, and subsequent analyses showed BMP4 to induce the expression of MMP3 and MMP14, that are thus likely to be responsible for the stellate phenotype. Conclusions Taken together, our results show that Matrigel provides a more physiological environment for breast epithelial cells than PEG gel. Moreover, BMP4 partly recapitulates in 3D culture the growth suppressive abilities previously seen in 2D culture and induces an MMP-dependent migratory phenotype in MDA-MB-231 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna Ampuja
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Tampere and BioMediTech, Tampere, Finland.
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Rodriguez-Martinez A, Alarmo EL, Saarinen L, Ketolainen J, Nousiainen K, Hautaniemi S, Kallioniemi AH. Abstract 5089: Evaluation of BMP4 and BMP7 induced gene expression changes in breast cancer cells reveals time-dependent transcription patterns and a common synexpression group of genes. Cancer Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2012-5089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are members of the transforming growth factor beta superfamily of growth factors. They are well-known for their key roles in the regulation of various developmental processes and bone formation, but in recent years, evidence has also accumulated of their crucial contribution in tumor biology. In particular, BMP4 and BMP7 have been implicated in breast cancer pathogenesis. However, little is known about BMP target genes in the context of tumor cells. Here, we used whole-genome microarrays to explore the effects of BMP4 and BMP7 treatment on global gene expression levels in seven breast cancer cell lines during a 6-point time series. Several complementary methods, including hierarchical clustering of differentially expressed genes, gene ontology enrichment analyses and model based clustering of temporal data, were used for data analysis. Both BMP ligands had a strong influence on gene expression levels, although the response to BMP4 treatment was more pronounced as compared to BMP7. As might have been expected, the cellular functions most strongly affected by the stimulation of BMP signaling were regulation of transcription and development. The observed transcriptional response, as well as its functional outcome, followed a temporal sequence, where the regulation of gene expression and signal transduction was followed by changes in transcripts involved in metabolism and cell proliferation. Hierarchical clustering analysis revealed distinct differences in the response of individual cell lines to BMPs, but also underlined a common synexpression group of genes for both ligands. Remarkably, the majority of the genes within these synexpression groups were shared by the two ligands, and thus these genes are likely to represent the core molecular responses common to BMP4 and BMP7 signaling pathways. Taken together, our data demonstrate that BMP signaling has a substantial effect on gene transcription in breast cancer cells and that the cellular functions affected follow a logical temporal pattern. Our results also reveal components of the cellular transcriptional response that are common to BMP4 and BMP7. Finally, our study provides a list of putative novel BMP target genes relevant in breast cancer.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5089. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-5089
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lilli Saarinen
- 2Institute of Biomedicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Kari Nousiainen
- 2Institute of Biomedicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sampsa Hautaniemi
- 2Institute of Biomedicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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10
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Rodriguez-Martinez A, Alarmo EL, Saarinen L, Ketolainen J, Nousiainen K, Hautaniemi S, Kallioniemi A. Analysis of BMP4 and BMP7 signaling in breast cancer cells unveils time-dependent transcription patterns and highlights a common synexpression group of genes. BMC Med Genomics 2011; 4:80. [PMID: 22118688 PMCID: PMC3229454 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-4-80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are members of the TGF-beta superfamily of growth factors. They are known for their roles in regulation of osteogenesis and developmental processes and, in recent years, evidence has accumulated of their crucial functions in tumor biology. BMP4 and BMP7, in particular, have been implicated in breast cancer. However, little is known about BMP target genes in the context of tumor. We explored the effects of BMP4 and BMP7 treatment on global gene transcription in seven breast cancer cell lines during a 6-point time series, using a whole-genome oligo microarray. Data analysis included hierarchical clustering of differentially expressed genes, gene ontology enrichment analyses and model based clustering of temporal data. Results Both ligands had a strong effect on gene expression, although the response to BMP4 treatment was more pronounced. The cellular functions most strongly affected by BMP signaling were regulation of transcription and development. The observed transcriptional response, as well as its functional outcome, followed a temporal sequence, with regulation of gene expression and signal transduction leading to changes in metabolism and cell proliferation. Hierarchical clustering revealed distinct differences in the response of individual cell lines to BMPs, but also highlighted a synexpression group of genes for both ligands. Interestingly, the majority of the genes within these synexpression groups were shared by the two ligands, probably representing the core molecular responses common to BMP4 and BMP7 signaling pathways. Conclusions All in all, we show that BMP signaling has a remarkable effect on gene transcription in breast cancer cells and that the functions affected follow a logical temporal pattern. Our results also uncover components of the common cellular transcriptional response to BMP4 and BMP7. Most importantly, this study provides a list of potential novel BMP target genes relevant in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Rodriguez-Martinez
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Tampere and Centre for Laboratory Medicine, Tampere University Hospital, Finland
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