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Worthmann A, Ridder J, Piel SYL, Evangelakos I, Musfeldt M, Voß H, O'Farrell M, Fischer AW, Adak S, Sundd M, Siffeti H, Haumann F, Kloth K, Bierhals T, Heine M, Pertzborn P, Pauly M, Scholz JJ, Kundu S, Fuh MM, Neu A, Tödter K, Hempel M, Knippschild U, Semenkovich CF, Schlüter H, Heeren J, Scheja L, Kubisch C, Schlein C. Fatty acid synthesis suppresses dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid use. Nat Commun 2024; 15:45. [PMID: 38167725 PMCID: PMC10762034 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44364-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are increasingly recognized for their health benefits, whereas a high production of endogenous fatty acids - a process called de novo lipogenesis (DNL) - is closely linked to metabolic diseases. Determinants of PUFA incorporation into complex lipids are insufficiently understood and may influence the onset and progression of metabolic diseases. Here we show that fatty acid synthase (FASN), the key enzyme of DNL, critically determines the use of dietary PUFA in mice and humans. Moreover, the combination of FASN inhibition and PUFA-supplementation decreases liver triacylglycerols (TAG) in mice fed with high-fat diet. Mechanistically, FASN inhibition causes higher PUFA uptake via the lysophosphatidylcholine transporter MFSD2A, and a diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2)-dependent incorporation of PUFA into TAG. Overall, the outcome of PUFA supplementation may depend on the degree of endogenous DNL and combining PUFA supplementation and FASN inhibition might be a promising approach to target metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Worthmann
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julius Ridder
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sharlaine Y L Piel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ioannis Evangelakos
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Melina Musfeldt
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hannah Voß
- Section / Core Facility Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marie O'Farrell
- Sagimet Biosciences Inc., 155 Bovet Rd., San Mateo, CA, 94402, USA
| | - Alexander W Fischer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sangeeta Adak
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Monica Sundd
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Hasibullah Siffeti
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Friederike Haumann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katja Kloth
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tatjana Bierhals
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Heine
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Paul Pertzborn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mira Pauly
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julia-Josefine Scholz
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Suman Kundu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021 and Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus, Goa, 403726, India
| | - Marceline M Fuh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Axel Neu
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Tödter
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maja Hempel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 440, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uwe Knippschild
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Clay F Semenkovich
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Hartmut Schlüter
- Section / Core Facility Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joerg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ludger Scheja
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Kubisch
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Schlein
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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Chitraju C, Fischer AW, Ambaw YA, Wang K, Yuan B, Hui S, Walther TC, Farese RV. Mice lacking triglyceride synthesis enzymes in adipose tissue are resistant to diet-induced obesity. eLife 2023; 12:RP88049. [PMID: 37782317 PMCID: PMC10545428 DOI: 10.7554/elife.88049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Triglycerides (TGs) in adipocytes provide the major stores of metabolic energy in the body. Optimal amounts of TG stores are desirable as insufficient capacity to store TG, as in lipodystrophy, or exceeding the capacity for storage, as in obesity, results in metabolic disease. We hypothesized that mice lacking TG storage in adipocytes would result in excess TG storage in cell types other than adipocytes and severe lipotoxicity accompanied by metabolic disease. To test this hypothesis, we selectively deleted both TG synthesis enzymes, DGAT1 and DGAT2, in adipocytes (ADGAT DKO mice). As expected with depleted energy stores, ADGAT DKO mice did not tolerate fasting well and, with prolonged fasting, entered torpor. However, ADGAT DKO mice were unexpectedly otherwise metabolically healthy and did not accumulate TGs ectopically or develop associated metabolic perturbations, even when fed a high-fat diet. The favorable metabolic phenotype resulted from activation of energy expenditure, in part via BAT (brown adipose tissue) activation and beiging of white adipose tissue. Thus, the ADGAT DKO mice provide a fascinating new model to study the coupling of metabolic energy storage to energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandramohan Chitraju
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonUnited States
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Alexander W Fischer
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonUnited States
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Yohannes A Ambaw
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonUnited States
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonUnited States
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Bo Yuan
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonUnited States
| | - Sheng Hui
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonUnited States
| | - Tobias C Walther
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonUnited States
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkUnited States
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MITCambridgeUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteBostonUnited States
| | - Robert V Farese
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonUnited States
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkUnited States
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MITCambridgeUnited States
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3
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Siracusa F, Schaltenberg N, Kumar Y, Lesker TR, Steglich B, Liwinski T, Cortesi F, Frommann L, Diercks BP, Bönisch F, Fischer AW, Scognamiglio P, Pauly MJ, Casar C, Cohen Y, Pelczar P, Agalioti T, Delfs F, Worthmann A, Wahib R, Jagemann B, Mittrücker HW, Kretz O, Guse AH, Izbicki JR, Lassen KG, Strowig T, Schweizer M, Villablanca EJ, Elinav E, Huber S, Heeren J, Gagliani N. Short-term dietary changes can result in mucosal and systemic immune depression. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:1473-1486. [PMID: 37580603 PMCID: PMC10457203 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01587-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Omnivorous animals, including mice and humans, tend to prefer energy-dense nutrients rich in fat over plant-based diets, especially for short periods of time, but the health consequences of this short-term consumption of energy-dense nutrients are unclear. Here, we show that short-term reiterative switching to 'feast diets', mimicking our social eating behavior, breaches the potential buffering effect of the intestinal microbiota and reorganizes the immunological architecture of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues. The first dietary switch was sufficient to induce transient mucosal immune depression and suppress systemic immunity, leading to higher susceptibility to Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes infections. The ability to respond to antigenic challenges with a model antigen was also impaired. These observations could be explained by a reduction of CD4+ T cell metabolic fitness and cytokine production due to impaired mTOR activity in response to reduced microbial provision of fiber metabolites. Reintroducing dietary fiber rewired T cell metabolism and restored mucosal and systemic CD4+ T cell functions and immunity. Finally, dietary intervention with human volunteers confirmed the effect of short-term dietary switches on human CD4+ T cell functionality. Therefore, short-term nutritional changes cause a transient depression of mucosal and systemic immunity, creating a window of opportunity for pathogenic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Siracusa
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Nicola Schaltenberg
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yogesh Kumar
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Till R Lesker
- Department of Microbial Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Babett Steglich
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Timur Liwinski
- Systems Immunology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- University Psychiatric Clinics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Filippo Cortesi
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Laura Frommann
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Björn-Phillip Diercks
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Friedericke Bönisch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander W Fischer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Pasquale Scognamiglio
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mira J Pauly
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Casar
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Bioinformatics Core, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yotam Cohen
- Systems Immunology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Penelope Pelczar
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Theodora Agalioti
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Flemming Delfs
- Core Facility of Electron Microscopy, Center for Molecular Neurobiology ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anna Worthmann
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ramez Wahib
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bettina Jagemann
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute for Health Service Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Willi Mittrücker
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Kretz
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas H Guse
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jakob R Izbicki
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kara G Lassen
- Immunology, Infectious Diseases and Ophthalmology (I2O) Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Till Strowig
- Department of Microbial Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CiiM), a joint venture between the Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and the Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Michaela Schweizer
- Core Facility of Electron Microscopy, Center for Molecular Neurobiology ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eduardo J Villablanca
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eran Elinav
- Systems Immunology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Division of Microbiome and Cancer, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Samuel Huber
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joerg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicola Gagliani
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), Hamburg, Germany.
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Liebold I, Meyer S, Heine M, Kuhl A, Witt J, Eissing L, Fischer AW, Koop AC, Kluwe J, zur Wiesch JS, Wehmeyer M, Knippschild U, Scheja L, Heeren J, Bosurgi L, Worthmann A. TREM2 Regulates the Removal of Apoptotic Cells and Inflammatory Processes during the Progression of NAFLD. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030341. [PMID: 36766683 PMCID: PMC9913311 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver pathology worldwide. In mice and humans, NAFLD progression is characterized by the appearance of TREM2-expressing macrophages in the liver. However, their mechanistic contributions to disease progression have not been completely elucidated. Here, we show that TREM2+ macrophages prevent the generation of a pro-inflammatory response elicited by LPS-laden lipoproteins in vitro. Further, Trem2 expression regulates bone-marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and Kupffer cell capacity to phagocyte apoptotic cells in vitro, which is dependent on CD14 activation. In line with this, loss of Trem2 resulted in an increased pro-inflammatory response, which ultimately aggravated liver fibrosis in murine models of NAFLD. Similarly, in a human NAFLD cohort, plasma levels of TREM2 were increased and hepatic TREM2 expression was correlated with higher levels of liver triglycerides and the acquisition of a fibrotic gene signature. Altogether, our results suggest that TREM2+ macrophages have a protective function during the progression of NAFLD, as they are involved in the processing of pro-inflammatory lipoproteins and phagocytosis of apoptotic cells and, thereby, are critical contributors for the re-establishment of liver homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imke Liebold
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Protozoa Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Simon Meyer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Heine
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anastasia Kuhl
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jennifer Witt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Leah Eissing
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander W. Fischer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anja Christina Koop
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Kluwe
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Amalie Sieveking Hospital, 22359 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Malte Wehmeyer
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Uwe Knippschild
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, University Hospital Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Ludger Scheja
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joerg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lidia Bosurgi
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Protozoa Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
- Correspondence: (L.B.); (A.W.)
| | - Anna Worthmann
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Correspondence: (L.B.); (A.W.)
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Nedergaard J, Fischer AW, Cannon B. Leptin as an Antitorpor Hormone: An Explanation for the Increased Metabolic Efficiency and Cold Sensitivity of ob/ob Mice? Physiol Biochem Zool 2023; 96:30-39. [PMID: 36626840 DOI: 10.1086/722135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AbstractLeptin is recognized as an anorexigenic hormone. In its absence (e.g., in ob/ob mutant mice), mice become obese, primarily as a result of hyperphagia. A recurrent question is whether, additionally, leptin is thermogenic and thus also an antiobesity hormone in this way. We have earlier reviewed available data and have concluded that most articles implying a thermogenic effect of leptin have based this on a misconstrued division by body weight. Here, we have collected evidence that the remaining observations that imply that leptin is a thermogenic hormone are better understood as implying that leptin is an antitorpor hormone. Leptin levels increase in proportion to the body's energy reserves (i.e., stored lipids in the adipose tissue), and leptin thus serves as an indicator of energy availability. In the absence of leptin, ob/ob mice are exceedingly prone to enter daily torpor, since the absence of leptin causes them to perceive a lack of body energy reserves that, in combination with restricted or no food, induces them to enter the torpid state to save energy. This antitorpor effect of leptin probably explains the following earlier observations. First, ob/ob mice have the ability to gain weight even when pair fed with leptin-treated ob/ob mice. This is understood as follows: In the leptin-treated ob/ob mice, food intake is reduced. Untreated pair-fed mice enter daily torpor, and this markedly lowers total daily energy expenditure; the resulting surplus food energy is then accumulated as fat in these mice. However, ob/ob mice fed ad lib. do not enter torpor, so under normal conditions this mechanism does not contribute to the obesity found in the ob/ob mice. Second, neonatal ob/ob mice have the ability to become obese despite eating the same amount as wild-type mice: this is understood as these mice similarly entering daily torpor. Third, ob/ob mice on the C57BL/6J background have a lower metabolic rate: these mice were examined in the absence of food, and torpor was thus probably induced. Fourth, ob/ob mice have apparent high cold sensitivity: these mice experienced cold in the absence of food and would immediately enter deep torpor. It is suggested that this novel explanation of how the antitorpor effects of leptin affect mouse energy metabolism can open new avenues for leptin research.
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Abstract
Oxidative tissues such as brown adipose tissue and muscle internalize large amounts of circulating lipids and glucose as energy source. Endothelial cells (ECs) provide a platform for regulated transport and processing of blood-borne nutrients. Next to this role, it has become recognized that intercellular crosstalk between ECs and underlying parenchymal cells is indispensable for maintenance of tissue homoeostasis. Here, we comment on our recent observation that capillary ECs in thermogenic adipose tissues take up and metabolize entire triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TRL) particles in response to cold exposure. This process is dependent on CD36, lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and lysosomal acid lipase (LAL). Remarkably, loss of LAL specifically in endothelial cells results in impaired endothelial proliferation and diminished thermogenic adaptation. Mechanistically, cell culture experiments indicate that LAL-mediated TRL processing leads to the generation of reactive oxygen species, which in turn activate hypoxia-induced factor (HIF)-mediated proliferative responses. In the current manuscript, we provide in vivo evidence that LAL-deficiency impairs proliferation of endothelial cells in thermogenic adipose tissue. In addition, we show uptake of nanoparticle-labelled TRL and LAL expression in cardiac endothelial cells, suggesting a physiological function of endothelial lipoprotein processing not only in thermogenic adipose tissue but also in cardiac muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W. Fischer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michelle Y. Jaeckstein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joerg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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7
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Benzi A, Spinelli S, Sturla L, Heine M, Fischer AW, Koch-Nolte F, Mittrücker HW, Guse AH, De Flora A, Heeren J, Bruzzone S. Role of Liver CD38 in the Regulation of Metabolic Pathways during Cold-Induced Thermogenesis in Mice. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233812. [PMID: 36497069 PMCID: PMC9738612 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Boosting NAD+ levels are considered a promising means to promote healthy aging and ameliorate dysfunctional metabolism. The expression of CD38, the major NAD+-consuming enzyme, is downregulated during thermogenesis in both brown and white adipose tissues (BAT and WAT). Moreover, BAT activation and WAT "browning" were enhanced in Cd38-/- mice. In this study, the role of CD38 in the liver during thermogenesis was investigated, with the liver being the central organ controlling systemic energy metabolism. Wild-type mice and Cd38-/- mice were exposed to cold temperatures, and levels of metabolites and enzymes were measured in the livers and plasma. During cold exposure, CD38 expression was downregulated in the liver, as in BAT and WAT, with a concomitant increase in NAD(H) and a marked decrease in NADPH levels. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and the malic enzyme, along with enzymes in the glycolytic pathway, were downregulated, which is in line with glucose-6-P being re-directed towards glucose release. In Cd38-/- mice, the cross-regulation between glycolysis and glucose release was lost, although this did not impair the glucose release from glycogen. Glycerol levels were decreased in the liver from Cd38-/- animals upon cold exposure, suggesting that glyceroneogenesis, as gluconeogenesis, was not properly activated in the absence of CD38. SIRT3 activity, regulating mitochondrial metabolism, was enhanced by cold exposure, whereas its activity was already high at a warm temperature in Cd38-/- mice and was not further increased by the cold. Notably, FGF21 and bile acid release was enhanced in the liver of Cd38-/- mice, which might contribute to enhanced BAT activation in Cd38-/- mice. These results demonstrate that CD38 inhibition can be suggested as a strategy to boost NAD+ and would not negatively affect hepatic functions during thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Benzi
- Section of Biochemistry, DIMES, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Sonia Spinelli
- Section of Biochemistry, DIMES, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Laura Sturla
- Section of Biochemistry, DIMES, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Markus Heine
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander W. Fischer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Koch-Nolte
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Willi Mittrücker
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas H. Guse
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Antonio De Flora
- Section of Biochemistry, DIMES, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Joerg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Correspondence: (J.H.); (S.B.); Tel.: +39-010-3538150 (S.B.)
| | - Santina Bruzzone
- Section of Biochemistry, DIMES, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy
- Correspondence: (J.H.); (S.B.); Tel.: +39-010-3538150 (S.B.)
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Boland S, Swarup S, Ambaw YA, Malia PC, Richards RC, Fischer AW, Singh S, Aggarwal G, Spina S, Nana AL, Grinberg LT, Seeley WW, Surma MA, Klose C, Paulo JA, Nguyen AD, Harper JW, Walther TC, Farese RV. Deficiency of the frontotemporal dementia gene GRN results in gangliosidosis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5924. [PMID: 36207292 PMCID: PMC9546883 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33500-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Haploinsufficiency of GRN causes frontotemporal dementia (FTD). The GRN locus produces progranulin (PGRN), which is cleaved to lysosomal granulin polypeptides. The function of lysosomal granulins and why their absence causes neurodegeneration are unclear. Here we discover that PGRN-deficient human cells and murine brains, as well as human frontal lobes from GRN-mutation FTD patients have increased levels of gangliosides, glycosphingolipids that contain sialic acid. In these cells and tissues, levels of lysosomal enzymes that catabolize gangliosides were normal, but levels of bis(monoacylglycero)phosphates (BMP), lipids required for ganglioside catabolism, were reduced with PGRN deficiency. Our findings indicate that granulins are required to maintain BMP levels to support ganglioside catabolism, and that PGRN deficiency in lysosomes leads to gangliosidosis. Lysosomal ganglioside accumulation may contribute to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration susceptibility observed in FTD due to PGRN deficiency and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Boland
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Sharan Swarup
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA ,grid.513948.20000 0005 0380 6410Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815 USA
| | - Yohannes A. Ambaw
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XCenter on Causes and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Pedro C. Malia
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Ruth C. Richards
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Alexander W. Fischer
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Shubham Singh
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Geetika Aggarwal
- grid.262962.b0000 0004 1936 9342Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104 USA
| | - Salvatore Spina
- grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
| | - Alissa L. Nana
- grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
| | - Lea T. Grinberg
- grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA ,grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811Department of Pathology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - William W. Seeley
- grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA ,grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811Department of Pathology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | | | | | - Joao A. Paulo
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Andrew D. Nguyen
- grid.262962.b0000 0004 1936 9342Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104 USA
| | - J. Wade Harper
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA ,grid.513948.20000 0005 0380 6410Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815 USA
| | - Tobias C. Walther
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XCenter on Causes and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115 USA ,grid.413575.10000 0001 2167 1581Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115 USA ,grid.66859.340000 0004 0546 1623Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02124 USA
| | - Robert V. Farese
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XCenter on Causes and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115 USA ,grid.66859.340000 0004 0546 1623Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02124 USA
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Sass F, Schlein C, Jaeckstein MY, Pertzborn P, Schweizer M, Schinke T, Ballabio A, Scheja L, Heeren J, Fischer AW. TFEB deficiency attenuates mitochondrial degradation upon brown adipose tissue whitening at thermoneutrality. Mol Metab 2021; 47:101173. [PMID: 33516944 PMCID: PMC7903014 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis offers the potential to improve metabolic health in mice and humans. However, humans predominantly live under thermoneutral conditions, leading to BAT whitening, a reduction in BAT mitochondrial content and metabolic activity. Recent studies have established mitophagy as a major driver of mitochondrial degradation in the whitening of thermogenic brite/beige adipocytes, yet the pathways mediating mitochondrial breakdown in whitening of classical BAT remain largely elusive. The transcription factor EB (TFEB), a master regulator of lysosomal biogenesis and autophagy belonging to the MiT family of transcription factors, is the only member of this family that is upregulated during whitening, pointing toward a role of TFEB in whitening-associated mitochondrial breakdown. METHODS We generated brown adipocyte-specific TFEB knockout mice, and induced BAT whitening by thermoneutral housing. We characterized gene and protein expression patterns, BAT metabolic activity, systemic metabolism, and mitochondrial localization using in vivo and in vitro approaches. RESULTS Under low thermogenic activation conditions, deletion of TFEB preserves mitochondrial mass independently of mitochondriogenesis in BAT and primary brown adipocytes. However, this does not translate into elevated thermogenic capacity or protection from diet-induced obesity. Autophagosomal/lysosomal marker levels are altered in TFEB-deficient BAT and primary adipocytes, and lysosomal markers co-localize and co-purify with mitochondria in TFEB-deficient BAT, indicating trapping of mitochondria in late stages of mitophagy. CONCLUSION We identify TFEB as a driver of BAT whitening, mediating mitochondrial degradation via the autophagosomal and lysosomal machinery. This study provides proof of concept that interfering with the mitochondrial degradation machinery can increase mitochondrial mass in classical BAT under human-relevant conditions. However, it must be considered that interfering with autophagy may result in accumulation of non-functional mitochondria. Future studies targeting earlier steps of mitophagy or target recognition are therefore warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederike Sass
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Schlein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michelle Y Jaeckstein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Paul Pertzborn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michaela Schweizer
- Core Facility of Electron Microscopy, Center for Molecular Neurobiology ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Schinke
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Ballabio
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Italy; Department of Medical and Translational Sciences, Medical Genetics, Federico II University, Naples, Italy; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics and Neurological Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ludger Scheja
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joerg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander W Fischer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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10
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Fischer AW, Jaeckstein MY, Gottschling K, Heine M, Sass F, Mangels N, Schlein C, Worthmann A, Bruns OT, Yuan Y, Zhu H, Chen O, Ittrich H, Nilsson SK, Stefanicka P, Ukropec J, Balaz M, Dong H, Sun W, Reimer R, Scheja L, Heeren J. Lysosomal lipoprotein processing in endothelial cells stimulates adipose tissue thermogenic adaptation. Cell Metab 2021; 33:547-564.e7. [PMID: 33357458 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In response to cold exposure, thermogenic adipocytes internalize large amounts of fatty acids after lipoprotein lipase-mediated hydrolysis of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRL) in the capillary lumen of brown adipose tissue (BAT) and white adipose tissue (WAT). Here, we show that in cold-exposed mice, vascular endothelial cells in adipose tissues endocytose substantial amounts of entire TRL particles. These lipoproteins subsequently follow the endosomal-lysosomal pathway, where they undergo lysosomal acid lipase (LAL)-mediated processing. Endothelial cell-specific LAL deficiency results in impaired thermogenic capacity as a consequence of reduced recruitment of brown and brite/beige adipocytes. Mechanistically, TRL processing by LAL induces proliferation of endothelial cells and adipocyte precursors via beta-oxidation-dependent production of reactive oxygen species, which in turn stimulates hypoxia-inducible factor-1α-dependent proliferative responses. In conclusion, this study demonstrates a physiological role for TRL particle uptake into BAT and WAT and establishes endothelial lipoprotein processing as an important determinant of adipose tissue remodeling during thermogenic adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W Fischer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michelle Y Jaeckstein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kristina Gottschling
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Heine
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Frederike Sass
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nils Mangels
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Schlein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anna Worthmann
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Oliver T Bruns
- Helmholtz Pioneer Campus, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Yucheng Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Hua Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Ou Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Harald Ittrich
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan K Nilsson
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Patrik Stefanicka
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jozef Ukropec
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center at the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Miroslav Balaz
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Hua Dong
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Wenfei Sun
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Rudolf Reimer
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ludger Scheja
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joerg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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11
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Schlein C, Fischer AW, Sass F, Worthmann A, Tödter K, Jaeckstein MY, Behrens J, Lynes MD, Kiebish MA, Narain NR, Bussberg V, Darkwah A, Jespersen NZ, Nielsen S, Scheele C, Schweizer M, Braren I, Bartelt A, Tseng YH, Heeren J, Scheja L. Endogenous Fatty Acid Synthesis Drives Brown Adipose Tissue Involution. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108624. [PMID: 33440156 PMCID: PMC8240962 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermoneutral conditions typical for standard human living environments result in brown adipose tissue (BAT) involution, characterized by decreased mitochondrial mass and increased lipid deposition. Low BAT activity is associated with poor metabolic health, and BAT reactivation may confer therapeutic potential. However, the molecular drivers of this BAT adaptive process in response to thermoneutrality remain enigmatic. Using metabolic and lipidomic approaches, we show that endogenous fatty acid synthesis, regulated by carbohydrate-response element-binding protein (ChREBP), is the central regulator of BAT involution. By transcriptional control of lipogenesis-related enzymes, ChREBP determines the abundance and composition of both storage and membrane lipids known to regulate organelle turnover and function. Notably, ChREBP deficiency and pharmacological inhibition of lipogenesis during thermoneutral adaptation preserved mitochondrial mass and thermogenic capacity of BAT independently of mitochondrial biogenesis. In conclusion, we establish lipogenesis as a potential therapeutic target to prevent loss of BAT thermogenic capacity as seen in adult humans. Schlein et al. show that carbohydrate-response element-binding protein (ChREBP) controls de novo lipogenesis (DNL) in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and determines BAT whitening in response to thermoneutral housing. ChREBP deficiency prevents enrichment of DNL-derived lipids and mitophagy during BAT involution, which is associated with higher thermogenic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schlein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander W Fischer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Frederike Sass
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anna Worthmann
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Tödter
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michelle Y Jaeckstein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Janina Behrens
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthew D Lynes
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Naja Zenius Jespersen
- Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Nielsen
- Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camilla Scheele
- Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michaela Schweizer
- Core Facility of Electron Microscopy, Center for Molecular Neurobiology ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ingke Braren
- Vector Facility, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Bartelt
- Department of Molecular Metabolism & Sabri Ülker Center, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany; Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC), Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Yu-Hua Tseng
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Joerg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ludger Scheja
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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12
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Chitraju C, Fischer AW, Farese RV, Walther TC. Lipid Droplets in Brown Adipose Tissue Are Dispensable for Cold-Induced Thermogenesis. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108348. [PMID: 33147469 PMCID: PMC7696656 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown adipocytes store metabolic energy as triglycerides (TGs) in lipid droplets (LDs). Fatty acids released from brown adipocyte LDs by lipolysis are thought to activate and fuel UCP1-mediated thermogenesis. Here, we test this hypothesis by preventing fatty acid storage in murine brown adipocytes through brown adipose tissue (BAT)-specific deletions of the TG synthesis enzymes DGAT1 and DGAT2 (BA-DGAT KO). Despite the absence of TGs in brown adipocytes, BAT is functional, and BA-DGAT-KO mice maintain euthermia during acute or chronic cold exposure. As apparent adaptations to the lack of TG, brown adipocytes of BA-DGAT-KO mice appear to use circulating glucose and fatty acids, and stored glycogen, to fuel thermogenesis. Moreover, BA-DGAT-KO mice are resistant to diet-induced glucose intolerance, likely because of increased glucose disposal by BAT. We conclude that TGs in BAT are dispensable for its contribution to cold-induced thermogenesis, at least when other fuel sources are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandramohan Chitraju
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alexander W Fischer
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Robert V Farese
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Tobias C Walther
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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13
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Benzi A, Sturla L, Heine M, Fischer AW, Spinelli S, Magnone M, Sociali G, Parodi A, Fenoglio D, Emionite L, Koch-Nolte F, Mittrücker HW, Guse AH, De Flora A, Zocchi E, Heeren J, Bruzzone S. CD38 downregulation modulates NAD + and NADP(H) levels in thermogenic adipose tissues. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1866:158819. [PMID: 33010451 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Different strategies to boost NAD+ levels are considered promising means to promote healthy aging and ameliorate dysfunctional metabolism. CD38 is a NAD+-dependent enzyme involved in the regulation of different cell functions. In the context of systemic energy metabolism, it has been demonstrated that brown adipocytes, the parenchymal cells of brown adipose tissue (BAT) as well as beige adipocytes that emerge in white adipose tissue (WAT) depots in response to catabolic conditions, are important to maintain metabolic homeostasis. In this study we aim to understand the functional relevance of CD38 for NAD+ and energy metabolism in BAT and WAT, also using a CD38-/- mouse model. During cold exposure, an increase in NAD+ levels occurred in BAT of wild type mice, together with a marked downregulation of CD38, as detected at the mRNA and protein level. CD38 downregulation was observed also in WAT of cold-exposed mice, where it was accompanied by a strong increase in NADP(H) levels. Accordingly, NAD kinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities were enhanced in WAT (but not in BAT). Increased NAD+ levels were observed in BAT/WAT from CD38-/- compared with wild type mice, in line with CD38 being a major NAD+-consumer in AT. CD38-/- mice kept at 6 °C had higher levels of Ucp1 and Pgc-1α in BAT and WAT, and increased levels of phosphorylated hormone-sensitive lipase in BAT, compared with wild type mice. These results demonstrate that CD38, by modulating cellular NAD(P)+ levels, is involved in the regulation of thermogenic responses in cold-activated BAT and WAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Benzi
- DIMES-Section of Biochemistry, University of Genova, Italy
| | - Laura Sturla
- DIMES-Section of Biochemistry, University of Genova, Italy.
| | - Markus Heine
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander W Fischer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sonia Spinelli
- DIMES-Section of Biochemistry, University of Genova, Italy
| | - Mirko Magnone
- DIMES-Section of Biochemistry, University of Genova, Italy
| | | | | | - Daniela Fenoglio
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, Italy
| | - Laura Emionite
- Animal Facility, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Friedrich Koch-Nolte
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Willi Mittrücker
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas H Guse
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Elena Zocchi
- DIMES-Section of Biochemistry, University of Genova, Italy
| | - Joerg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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14
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Fischer AW, Behrens J, Sass F, Schlein C, Heine M, Pertzborn P, Scheja L, Heeren J. Brown adipose tissue lipoprotein and glucose disposal is not determined by thermogenesis in uncoupling protein 1-deficient mice. J Lipid Res 2020; 61:1377-1389. [PMID: 32769145 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.ra119000455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptive thermogenesis is highly dependent on uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), a protein expressed by thermogenic adipocytes present in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and white adipose tissue (WAT). Thermogenic capacity of human and mouse BAT can be measured by positron emission tomography-computed tomography quantifying the uptake of 18F-fluodeoxyglucose or lipid tracers. BAT activation is typically studied in response to cold exposure or treatment with β-3-adrenergic receptor agonists such as CL316,243 (CL). Currently, it is unknown whether cold-stimulated uptake of glucose or lipid tracers is a good surrogate marker of UCP1-mediated thermogenesis. In metabolic studies using radiolabeled tracers, we found that glucose uptake is increased in mildly cold-activated BAT of Ucp1 -/- versus WT mice kept at subthermoneutral temperature. Conversely, lower glucose disposal was detected after full thermogenic activation achieved by sustained cold exposure or CL treatment. In contrast, uptake of lipoprotein-derived fatty acids into chronically activated thermogenic adipose tissues was substantially increased in UCP1-deficient mice. This effect is linked to higher sympathetic tone in adipose tissues of Ucp1 -/- mice, as indicated by elevated levels of thermogenic genes in BAT and WAT. Thus, glucose and lipoprotein handling does not necessarily reflect UCP1-dependent thermogenic activity, but especially lipid uptake rather mirrors sympathetic activation of adipose tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W Fischer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Janina Behrens
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Frederike Sass
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Schlein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Heine
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Paul Pertzborn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ludger Scheja
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joerg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Luijten IHN, Brooks K, Boulet N, Shabalina IG, Jaiprakash A, Carlsson B, Fischer AW, Cannon B, Nedergaard J. Glucocorticoid-Induced Obesity Develops Independently of UCP1. Cell Rep 2020; 27:1686-1698.e5. [PMID: 31067456 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
An excess of glucocorticoids leads to the development of obesity in both mice and humans, but the mechanism for this is unknown. Here, we determine the extent to which decreased BAT thermogenic capacity (as a result of glucocorticoid treatment) contributes to the development of obesity. Contrary to previous suggestions, we show that only in mice housed at thermoneutrality (30°C) does corticosterone treatment reduce total BAT UCP1 protein. This reduction is reflected in reduced brown adipocyte cellular and mitochondrial UCP1-dependent respiration. However, glucocorticoid-induced obesity develops to the same extent in animals housed at 21°C and 30°C, whereas total BAT UCP1 protein levels differ 100-fold between the two groups. In corticosterone-treated wild-type and UCP1 knockout mice housed at 30°C, obesity also develops to the same extent. Thus, our results demonstrate that the development of glucocorticoid-induced obesity is not caused by a decreased UCP1-dependent thermogenic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ineke H N Luijten
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, the Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katie Brooks
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, the Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nathalie Boulet
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, the Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Irina G Shabalina
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, the Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ankita Jaiprakash
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, the Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bo Carlsson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, the Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexander W Fischer
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, the Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Cannon
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, the Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Nedergaard
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, the Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Cannon B, de Jong JMA, Fischer AW, Nedergaard J, Petrovic N. Human brown adipose tissue: Classical brown rather than brite/beige? Exp Physiol 2020; 105:1191-1200. [PMID: 32378255 DOI: 10.1113/ep087875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the topic of this review? It has been suggested that human brown adipose tissue (BAT) is more similar to the brite/beige adipose tissue of mice than to classical BAT of mice. The basis of this is discussed in relationship to the physiological conditions of standard experimental mice. What advances does it highlight? We highlight that, provided mouse adipose tissues are examined under physiological conditions closer to those prevalent for most humans, the gene expression profile of mouse classical BAT is more similar to that of human BAT than is the profile of mouse brite/beige adipose tissue. Human BAT is therefore not different in nature from classical mouse BAT. ABSTRACT Since the presence of brown adipose tissue (BAT) was established in adult humans some 13 years ago, its physiological significance and molecular characteristics have been discussed. In particular, it has been proposed that the mouse adipose tissue depot most closely resembling and molecularly parallel to human BAT is not classical mouse BAT. Instead, so-called brite or beige adipose tissue, which is characteristically observed in the inguinal 'white' adipose tissue depot of mice, has been proposed to be the closest mouse equivalent of human BAT. We summarize here the published evidence examining this question. We emphasize the differences in tissue appearance and tissue transcriptomes from 'standard' mice [young, chow fed and, in effect semi-cold exposed (20°C)] versus 'physiologically humanized' mice [middle-aged, high-fat diet-fed mice living at thermoneutrality (30°C)]. We find that in the physiologically humanized mice, classical BAT displays molecular and cellular characteristics that are more akin to human BAT than are those of brite/beige adipose tissues from either standard or physiologically humanized mice. We suggest, therefore, that mouse BAT is the more relevant tissue for translational studies. This is an invited summary of a presentation given at Physiology 2019 (Aberdeen).
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Cannon
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jasper M A de Jong
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexander W Fischer
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Nedergaard
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Natasa Petrovic
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Abstract
Animals that lack the hormone leptin become grossly obese, purportedly for 2 reasons: increased food intake and decreased energy expenditure (thermogenesis). This review examines the experimental evidence for the thermogenesis component. Analysis of the data available led us to conclude that the reports indicating hypometabolism in the leptin-deficient ob/ob mice (as well as in the leptin-receptor-deficient db/db mice and fa/fa rats) derive from a misleading calculation artefact resulting from expression of energy expenditure per gram of body weight and not per intact organism. Correspondingly, the body weight-reducing effects of leptin are not augmented by enhanced thermogenesis. Congruent with this, there is no evidence that the ob/ob mouse demonstrates atrophied brown adipose tissue or diminished levels of total UCP1 mRNA or protein when the ob mutation is studied on the inbred C57BL/6 mouse background, but a reduced sympathetic nerve activity is observed. On the outbred "Aston" mouse background, brown adipose tissue atrophy is seen, but whether this is of quantitative significance for the development of obesity has not been demonstrated. We conclude that leptin is not a thermogenic hormone. Rather, leptin has effects on body temperature regulation, by opposing torpor bouts and by shifting thermoregulatory thresholds. The central pathways behind these effects are largely unexplored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W Fischer
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Cannon
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Nedergaard
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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18
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Fischer AW, de Jong JMA, Sass F, Schlein C, Heeren J, Petrovic N. Thermoneutrality-Induced Macrophage Accumulation in Brown Adipose Tissue Does Not Impair the Tissue's Competence for Cold-Induced Thermogenic Recruitment. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:568682. [PMID: 33193086 PMCID: PMC7662517 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.568682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue from mice living under conditions approaching human thermal and nutritional conditions (prolonged exposure to thermoneutral temperature and to an energy-rich (high-fat, high-sugar) diet) - referred to as "physiologically humanized" mice, displays morphological and molecular characteristics significantly different from those observed in young, chow-fed mice maintained at room temperature - referred to as "standard" mice. Here, we further examined brown fat from physiologically humanized and standard mice, as well as from mice exposed to thermoneutrality for a long time but not to an energy-rich diet - referred to here as "long-term thermoneutral" mice. Global transcriptome analysis of brown fat revealed that genes that were the most upregulated in brown fat of thermoneutral mice (both physiologically humanized and long-term thermoneutral) were those related to inflammatory processes, including genes expressed selectively in macrophages. Cellular and molecular analyses confirmed that brown fat from thermoneutral mice was heavily infiltrated by macrophages, predominantly organized into crown-like structures. However, despite this, the brown fat of thermoneutral mice retained full competence to attain the greatest possible recruitment state and became macrophage-depleted during the process of cold acclimation. Thus, profound macrophage accumulation does not influence the thermogenic recruitment competence of brown fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W. Fischer
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jasper M. A. de Jong
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Frederike Sass
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Schlein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joerg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Natasa Petrovic
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Natasa Petrovic,
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W Fischer
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Barbara Cannon
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Nedergaard
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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20
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de Jong JMA, Sun W, Pires ND, Frontini A, Balaz M, Jespersen NZ, Feizi A, Petrovic K, Fischer AW, Bokhari MH, Niemi T, Nuutila P, Cinti S, Nielsen S, Scheele C, Virtanen K, Cannon B, Nedergaard J, Wolfrum C, Petrovic N. Author Correction: Human brown adipose tissue is phenocopied by classical brown adipose tissue in physiologically humanized mice. Nat Metab 2019; 1:927. [PMID: 32747808 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-019-0119-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper M A de Jong
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Wenfei Sun
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Nuno D Pires
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Frontini
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Miroslav Balaz
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Naja Z Jespersen
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and Centre for Physical Activity Research Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Amir Feizi
- Novo Nordisk Research Centre Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Katarina Petrovic
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexander W Fischer
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Muhammad Hamza Bokhari
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tarja Niemi
- Department of Surgery, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Pirjo Nuutila
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Saverio Cinti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Ancona, Ancona, Italy
| | - Søren Nielsen
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and Centre for Physical Activity Research Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camilla Scheele
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and Centre for Physical Activity Research Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Barbara Cannon
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Nedergaard
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christian Wolfrum
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Natasa Petrovic
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
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21
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de Jong JMA, Sun W, Pires ND, Frontini A, Balaz M, Jespersen NZ, Feizi A, Petrovic K, Fischer AW, Bokhari MH, Niemi T, Nuutila P, Cinti S, Nielsen S, Scheele C, Virtanen K, Cannon B, Nedergaard J, Wolfrum C, Petrovic N. Human brown adipose tissue is phenocopied by classical brown adipose tissue in physiologically humanized mice. Nat Metab 2019; 1:830-843. [PMID: 32694768 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-019-0101-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Human and rodent brown adipose tissues (BAT) appear morphologically and molecularly different. Here we compare human BAT with both classical brown and brite/beige adipose tissues of 'physiologically humanized' mice: middle-aged mice living under conditions approaching human thermal and nutritional conditions, that is, prolonged exposure to thermoneutral temperature (approximately 30 °C) and to an energy-rich (high-fat, high-sugar) diet. We find that the morphological, cellular and molecular characteristics (both marker and adipose-selective gene expression) of classical brown fat, but not of brite/beige fat, of these physiologically humanized mice are notably similar to human BAT. We also demonstrate, both in silico and experimentally, that in physiologically humanized mice only classical BAT possesses a high thermogenic potential. These observations suggest that classical rodent BAT is the tissue of choice for translational studies aimed at recruiting human BAT to counteract the development of obesity and its comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper M A de Jong
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Wenfei Sun
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Nuno D Pires
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Frontini
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Miroslav Balaz
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Naja Z Jespersen
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and Centre for Physical Activity Research Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Amir Feizi
- Novo Nordisk Research Centre Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Katarina Petrovic
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexander W Fischer
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Muhammad Hamza Bokhari
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tarja Niemi
- Department of Surgery, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Pirjo Nuutila
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Saverio Cinti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Ancona, Ancona, Italy
| | - Søren Nielsen
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and Centre for Physical Activity Research Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camilla Scheele
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and Centre for Physical Activity Research Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Barbara Cannon
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Nedergaard
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christian Wolfrum
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Natasa Petrovic
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Johann K, Cremer AL, Fischer AW, Heine M, Pensado ER, Resch J, Nock S, Virtue S, Harder L, Oelkrug R, Astiz M, Brabant G, Warner A, Vidal-Puig A, Oster H, Boelen A, López M, Heeren J, Dalley JW, Backes H, Mittag J. Thyroid-Hormone-Induced Browning of White Adipose Tissue Does Not Contribute to Thermogenesis and Glucose Consumption. Cell Rep 2019; 27:3385-3400.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Schulze ML, Lemoine MD, Fischer AW, Scherschel K, David R, Riecken K, Hansen A, Eschenhagen T, Ulmer BM. Dissecting hiPSC-CM pacemaker function in a cardiac organoid model. Biomaterials 2019; 206:133-145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Fischer AW, Cannon B, Nedergaard J. The answer to the question "What is the best housing temperature to translate mouse experiments to humans?" is: thermoneutrality. Mol Metab 2019; 26:1-3. [PMID: 31155502 PMCID: PMC6667698 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W Fischer
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Barbara Cannon
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Nedergaard
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
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25
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Fischer AW, Albers K, Schlein C, Sass F, Krott LM, Schmale H, Gordts PLSM, Scheja L, Heeren J. PID1 regulates insulin-dependent glucose uptake by controlling intracellular sorting of GLUT4-storage vesicles. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:1592-1603. [PMID: 30904610 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The phosphotyrosine interacting domain-containing protein 1 (PID1) serves as a cytosolic adaptor protein of the LDL receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1). By regulating its intracellular trafficking, PID1 controls the hepatic, LRP1-dependent clearance of pro-atherogenic lipoproteins. In adipose and muscle tissues, LRP1 is present in endosomal storage vesicles containing the insulin-responsive glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4). This prompted us to investigate whether PID1 modulates GLUT4 translocation and function via its interaction with the LRP1 cytosolic domain. We initially evaluated this in primary brown adipocytes as we observed an inverse correlation between brown adipose tissue glucose uptake and expression of LRP1 and PID1. Insulin stimulation in wild type brown adipocytes induced LRP1 and GLUT4 translocation from endosomal storage vesicles to the cell surface. Loss of PID1 expression in brown adipocytes prompted LRP1 and GLUT4 sorting to the plasma membrane independent of insulin signaling. When placed on a diabetogenic high fat diet, systemic and adipocyte-specific PID1-deficient mice presented with improved hyperglycemia and glucose tolerance as well as reduced basal plasma insulin levels compared to wild type control mice. Moreover, the improvements in glucose parameters associated with increased glucose uptake in adipose and muscle tissues from PID1-deficient mice. The data provide evidence that PID1 serves as an insulin-regulated retention adaptor protein controlling translocation of LRP1 in conjunction with GLUT4 to the plasma membrane of adipocytes. Notably, loss of PID1 corrects for insulin resistance-associated hyperglycemia emphasizing its pivotal role and therapeutic potential in the regulation of glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W Fischer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kirstin Albers
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Schlein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Frederike Sass
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lucia M Krott
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hartwig Schmale
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Philip L S M Gordts
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ludger Scheja
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joerg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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26
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Abstract
The possibility that recruitment and activation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis could be beneficial for curtailing obesity development in humans prompts a need for a better understanding of the control of these processes [that are often referred to collectively as diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT)]. Dietary conditions are associated with large changes in blood-borne factors that could be responsible for BAT recruitment, but BAT is also innervated by the sympathetic nervous system. To examine the significance of the innervation for DIT recruitment, we surgically denervated the largest BAT depot, i.e., the interscapular BAT depot in mice and exposed the mice at thermoneutrality to a high-fat diet versus a chow diet. Denervation led to an alteration in feeding pattern but did not lead to enhanced obesity, but obesity was achieved with a lower food intake, as denervation increased metabolic efficiency. Conclusively, denervation totally abolished the diet-induced increase in total UCP1 protein levels observed in the intact mice, whereas basal UCP1 expression was not dependent on innervation. The denervation of interscapular BAT did not discernably hyper-recruit other BAT depots, and no UCP1 protein could be detected in the principally browning-competent inguinal white adipose tissue depot under any of the examined conditions. We conclude that intact innervation is essential for diet-induced thermogenesis and that circulating factors cannot by themselves initiate recruitment of brown adipose tissue under obesogenic conditions. Therefore, the processes that link food intake and energy storage to activation of the nervous system are those of significance for the further understanding of diet-induced thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W Fischer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Christian Schlein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Barbara Cannon
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Joerg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Jan Nedergaard
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University , Stockholm , Sweden
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27
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Booz V, Christiansen CB, Kuhre RE, Saltiel MY, Sociali G, Schaltenberg N, Fischer AW, Heeren J, Zocchi E, Holst JJ, Bruzzone S. Abscisic acid stimulates the release of insulin and of GLP-1 in the rat perfused pancreas and intestine. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2019; 35:e3102. [PMID: 30468287 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Previous results indicate that nanomolar concentrations of abscisic acid (ABA) stimulate insulin release from β-pancreatic cells in vitro and that oral ABA at 50 mg/kg increases plasma GLP-1 in the fasted rat. The aim of this study was to test the effect of ABA on the perfused rat pancreas and intestine, to verify the insulin- and incretin-releasing actions of ABA in controlled physiological models. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rat pancreas and small intestine were perfused with solutions containing ABA at high-micromolar concentrations, or control secretagogues. Insulin and GLP-1 concentrations in the venous effluent were analysed by radioimmunoassay, and ABA levels were determined by ELISA. RESULTS High micromolar concentrations of ABA induced GLP-1 secretion from the proximal half of the small intestine and insulin secretion from pancreas. GLP-1 stimulated ABA secretion from pancreas in a biphasic manner. Notably, a positive correlation was found between the ABA area under the curve (AUC) and the insulin AUC upon GLP-1 administration. CONCLUSION Our results indicate the existence of a cross talk between GLP-1 and ABA, whereby ABA stimulates GLP-1 secretion, and vice versa. Release of ABA could be considered as a new promising molecule in the strategy of type 2 diabetes treatment and as a new endogenous hormone in the regulation of glycaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Booz
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, and CEBR, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Charlotte Bayer Christiansen
- NovoNordisk Foundation Center for Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rune Ehrenreich Kuhre
- NovoNordisk Foundation Center for Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Monika Yosifova Saltiel
- NovoNordisk Foundation Center for Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Giovanna Sociali
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, and CEBR, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Nicola Schaltenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II: Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander W Fischer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II: Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II: Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Elena Zocchi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, and CEBR, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Jens J Holst
- NovoNordisk Foundation Center for Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Santina Bruzzone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, and CEBR, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
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Heine M, Fischer AW, Schlein C, Jung C, Straub LG, Gottschling K, Mangels N, Yuan Y, Nilsson SK, Liebscher G, Chen O, Schreiber R, Zechner R, Scheja L, Heeren J. Lipolysis Triggers a Systemic Insulin Response Essential for Efficient Energy Replenishment of Activated Brown Adipose Tissue in Mice. Cell Metab 2018; 28:644-655.e4. [PMID: 30033199 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The coordination of the organ-specific responses regulating systemic energy distribution to replenish lipid stores in acutely activated brown adipose tissue (BAT) remains elusive. Here, we show that short-term cold exposure or acute β3-adrenergic receptor (β3AR) stimulation results in secretion of the anabolic hormone insulin. This process is diminished in adipocyte-specific Atgl-/- mice, indicating that lipolysis in white adipose tissue (WAT) promotes insulin secretion. Inhibition of pancreatic β cells abolished uptake of lipids delivered by triglyceride-rich lipoproteins into activated BAT. Both increased lipid uptake into BAT and whole-body energy expenditure in response to β3AR stimulation were blunted in mice treated with the insulin receptor antagonist S961 or lacking the insulin receptor in brown adipocytes. In conclusion, we introduce the concept that acute cold and β3AR stimulation trigger a systemic response involving WAT, β cells, and BAT, which is essential for insulin-dependent fuel uptake and adaptive thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Heine
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander W Fischer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Schlein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Caroline Jung
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Leon G Straub
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH-Zürich, Schorenstrasse 16, 8603 Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Kristina Gottschling
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nils Mangels
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yucheng Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, 324 Brook Street, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Stefan K Nilsson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gudrun Liebscher
- Biocenter, Division of Cell Biology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ou Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, 324 Brook Street, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Renate Schreiber
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Rudolf Zechner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ludger Scheja
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joerg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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Cairns R, Fischer AW, Blanco-Munoz P, Alvarez-Guaita A, Meneses-Salas E, Egert A, Buechler C, Hoy AJ, Heeren J, Enrich C, Rentero C, Grewal T. Altered hepatic glucose homeostasis in AnxA6-KO mice fed a high-fat diet. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201310. [PMID: 30110341 PMCID: PMC6093612 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Annexin A6 (AnxA6) controls cholesterol and membrane transport in endo- and exocytosis, and modulates triglyceride accumulation and storage. In addition, AnxA6 acts as a scaffolding protein for negative regulators of growth factor receptors and their effector pathways in many different cell types. Here we investigated the role of AnxA6 in the regulation of whole body lipid metabolism and insulin-regulated glucose homeostasis. Therefore, wildtype (WT) and AnxA6-knockout (KO) mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 17 weeks. During the course of HFD feeding, AnxA6-KO mice gained less weight compared to controls, which correlated with reduced adiposity. Systemic triglyceride and cholesterol levels of HFD-fed control and AnxA6-KO mice were comparable, with slightly elevated high density lipoprotein (HDL) and reduced triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TRL) levels in AnxA6-KO mice. AnxA6-KO mice displayed a trend towards improved insulin sensitivity in oral glucose and insulin tolerance tests (OGTT, ITT), which correlated with increased insulin-inducible phosphorylation of protein kinase B (Akt) and ribosomal protein S6 kinase (S6) in liver extracts. However, HFD-fed AnxA6-KO mice failed to downregulate hepatic gluconeogenesis, despite similar insulin levels and insulin signaling activity, as well as expression profiles of insulin-sensitive transcription factors to controls. In addition, increased glycogen storage in livers of HFD- and chow-fed AnxA6-KO animals was observed. Together with an inability to reduce glucose production upon insulin exposure in AnxA6-depleted HuH7 hepatocytes, this implicates AnxA6 contributing to the fine-tuning of hepatic glucose metabolism with potential consequences for the systemic control of glucose in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Cairns
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alexander W. Fischer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II: Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Patricia Blanco-Munoz
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Alvarez-Guaita
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elsa Meneses-Salas
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonia Egert
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Christa Buechler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Andrew J. Hoy
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Science, Sydney Medical School, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Joerg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II: Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carlos Enrich
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Rentero
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail: (TG); (CR)
| | - Thomas Grewal
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- * E-mail: (TG); (CR)
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Fischer AW, Albers K, Krott LM, Hoffzimmer B, Heine M, Schmale H, Scheja L, Gordts PLSM, Heeren J. The adaptor protein PID1 regulates receptor-dependent endocytosis of postprandial triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. Mol Metab 2018; 16:88-99. [PMID: 30100244 PMCID: PMC6158030 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Insulin resistance is associated with impaired receptor dependent hepatic uptake of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRL), promoting hypertriglyceridemia and atherosclerosis. Next to low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor (LDLR) and syndecan-1, the LDLR-related protein 1 (LRP1) stimulated by insulin action contributes to the rapid clearance of TRL in the postprandial state. Here, we investigated the hypothesis that the adaptor protein phosphotyrosine interacting domain-containing protein 1 (PID1) regulates LRP1 function, thereby controlling hepatic endocytosis of postprandial lipoproteins. Methods Localization and interaction of PID1 and LRP1 in cultured hepatocytes was studied by confocal microscopy of fluorescent tagged proteins, by indirect immunohistochemistry of endogenous proteins, by GST-based pull down and by immunoprecipitation experiments. The in vivo relevance of PID1 was assessed using whole body as well as liver-specific Pid1-deficient mice on a wild type or Ldlr-deficient (Ldlr−/−) background. Intravital microscopy was used to study LRP1 translocation in the liver. Lipoprotein metabolism was investigated by lipoprotein profiling, gene and protein expression as well as organ-specific uptake of radiolabelled TRL. Results PID1 co-localized in perinuclear endosomes and was found associated with LRP1 under fasting conditions. We identified the distal NPxY motif of the intracellular C-terminal domain (ICD) of LRP1 as the site critical for the interaction with PID1. Insulin-mediated NPxY-phosphorylation caused the dissociation of PID1 from the ICD, causing LRP1 translocation to the plasma membrane. PID1 deletion resulted in higher LRP1 abundance at the cell surface, higher LDLR protein levels and, paradoxically, reduced total LRP1. The latter can be explained by higher receptor shedding, which we observed in cultured Pid1-deficient hepatocytes. Consistently, PID1 deficiency alone led to increased LDLR-dependent endocytosis of postprandial lipoproteins and lower plasma triglycerides. In contrast, hepatic PID1 deletion on an Ldlr−/− background reduced lipoprotein uptake into liver and caused plasma TRL accumulation. Conclusions By acting as an insulin-dependent retention adaptor, PID1 serves as a regulator of LRP1 function controlling the disposal of postprandial lipoproteins. PID1 inhibition provides a novel approach to lower plasma levels of pro-atherogenic TRL remnants by stimulating endocytic function of both LRP1 and LDLR in the liver. PID1 is a retention adaptor protein that regulates activity of the endocytic receptor LDL receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1). PID1 regulates the insulin-dependent LRP1-mediated endocytosis of lipoproteins in vivo. PID1 deficiency in liver reduces LRP1 levels via cell surface shedding, and paradoxically increases LDL receptor activity. PID1 antagonism has therapeutic potential to reduce pro-atherogenic lipoproteins in hyperlipidemic and diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W Fischer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kirstin Albers
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lucia M Krott
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Britta Hoffzimmer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Heine
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hartwig Schmale
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ludger Scheja
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Philip L S M Gordts
- Department of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Joerg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
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31
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Jayson CBK, Arlt H, Fischer AW, Lai ZW, Farese RV, Walther TC. Rab18 is not necessary for lipid droplet biogenesis or turnover in human mammary carcinoma cells. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:2045-2054. [PMID: 29949452 PMCID: PMC6232964 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-05-0282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rab GTPases recruit peripheral membrane proteins and can define organelle identity. Rab18 localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) but also to lipid droplets (LDs), where it has been implicated in effector protein recruitment and in defining LD identity. Here, we studied Rab18 localization and function in a human mammary carcinoma cell line. Rab18 localized to the ER and to LD membranes on LD induction, with the latter depending on the Rab18 activation state. In cells lacking Rab18, LDs were modestly reduced in size and numbers, but we found little evidence for Rab18 function in LD formation, LD turnover on cell starvation, or the targeting of several proteins to LDs. We conclude that Rab18 is not a general, necessary component of the protein machinery involved in LD biogenesis or turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina B K Jayson
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115.,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Henning Arlt
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115.,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Alexander W Fischer
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115.,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, DE-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Zon Weng Lai
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115.,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Robert V Farese
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115.,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Tobias C Walther
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115.,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115
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32
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Lee SX, Heine M, Schlein C, Ramakrishnan R, Liu J, Belnavis G, Haimi I, Fischer AW, Ginsberg HN, Heeren J, Rinninger F, Haeusler RA. FoxO transcription factors are required for hepatic HDL cholesterol clearance. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:1615-1626. [PMID: 29408809 DOI: 10.1172/jci94230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes are associated with low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). The insulin-repressible FoxO transcription factors are potential mediators of the effect of insulin on HDL-C. FoxOs mediate a substantial portion of insulin-regulated transcription, and poor FoxO repression is thought to contribute to the excessive glucose production in diabetes. In this work, we show that mice with liver-specific triple FoxO knockout (L-FoxO1,3,4), which are known to have reduced hepatic glucose production, also have increased HDL-C. This was associated with decreased expression of the HDL-C clearance factors scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) and hepatic lipase and defective selective uptake of HDL cholesteryl ester by the liver. The phenotype could be rescued by re-expression of SR-BI. These findings demonstrate that hepatic FoxOs are required for cholesterol homeostasis and HDL-mediated reverse cholesterol transport to the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel X Lee
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
| | - Markus Heine
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Schlein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rajasekhar Ramakrishnan
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gabriella Belnavis
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ido Haimi
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alexander W Fischer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Henry N Ginsberg
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
| | - Joerg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Franz Rinninger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine III, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rebecca A Haeusler
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
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Bartelt A, Widenmaier SB, Schlein C, Johann K, Goncalves RLS, Eguchi K, Fischer AW, Parlakgül G, Snyder NA, Nguyen TB, Bruns OT, Franke D, Bawendi MG, Lynes MD, Leiria LO, Tseng YH, Inouye KE, Arruda AP, Hotamisligil GS. Brown adipose tissue thermogenic adaptation requires Nrf1-mediated proteasomal activity. Nat Med 2018; 24:292-303. [PMID: 29400713 PMCID: PMC5839993 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adipocytes possess remarkable adaptive capacity to respond to nutrient excess, fasting or cold exposure, and they are thus an important cell type for the maintenance of proper metabolic health. Although the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a critical organelle for cellular homeostasis, the mechanisms that mediate adaptation of the ER to metabolic challenges in adipocytes are unclear. Here we show that brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenic function requires an adaptive increase in proteasomal activity to secure cellular protein quality control, and we identify the ER-localized transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-like 1 (Nfe2l1, also known as Nrf1) as a critical driver of this process. We show that cold adaptation induces Nrf1 in BAT to increase proteasomal activity and that this is crucial for maintaining ER homeostasis and cellular integrity, specifically when the cells are in a state of high thermogenic activity. In mice, under thermogenic conditions, brown-adipocyte-specific deletion of Nfe2l1 (Nrf1) resulted in ER stress, tissue inflammation, markedly diminished mitochondrial function and whitening of the BAT. In mouse models of both genetic and dietary obesity, stimulation of proteasomal activity by exogenously expressing Nrf1 or by treatment with the proteasome activator PA28α in BAT resulted in improved insulin sensitivity. In conclusion, Nrf1 emerges as a novel guardian of brown adipocyte function, providing increased proteometabolic quality control for adapting to cold or to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Bartelt
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases and Sabri Ülker Center, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Scott B Widenmaier
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases and Sabri Ülker Center, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christian Schlein
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases and Sabri Ülker Center, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kornelia Johann
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases and Sabri Ülker Center, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Renata L S Goncalves
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases and Sabri Ülker Center, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kosei Eguchi
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases and Sabri Ülker Center, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexander W Fischer
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases and Sabri Ülker Center, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Günes Parlakgül
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases and Sabri Ülker Center, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nicole A Snyder
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases and Sabri Ülker Center, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Truc B Nguyen
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases and Sabri Ülker Center, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Oliver T Bruns
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel Franke
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Moungi G Bawendi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matthew D Lynes
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Luiz O Leiria
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yu-Hua Tseng
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Karen E Inouye
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases and Sabri Ülker Center, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ana Paula Arruda
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases and Sabri Ülker Center, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gökhan S Hotamisligil
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases and Sabri Ülker Center, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Fischer AW, Cannon B, Nedergaard J. Optimal housing temperatures for mice to mimic the thermal environment of humans: An experimental study. Mol Metab 2017; 7:161-170. [PMID: 29122558 PMCID: PMC5784327 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The laboratory mouse is presently the most common model for examining mechanisms of human physiology and disease. Housing temperatures can have a large impact on the outcome of such experiments and on their translatability to the human situation. Humans usually create for themselves a thermoneutral environment without cold stress, while laboratory mice under standard conditions (≈20° C) are under constant cold stress. In a well-cited, theoretical paper by Speakman and Keijer in Molecular Metabolism, it was argued that housing mice under close to standard conditions is the optimal way of modeling the human metabolic situation. This tenet was mainly based on the observation that humans usually display average metabolic rates of about 1.6 times basal metabolic rate. The extra heat thereby produced would also be expected to lead to a shift in the ‘lower critical temperature’ towards lower temperatures. Methods To examine these tenets experimentally, we performed high time-resolution indirect calorimetry at different environmental temperatures on mice acclimated to different housing temperatures. Results Based on the high time-resolution calorimetry analysis, we found that mice already under thermoneutral conditions display mean diurnal energy expenditure rates 1.8 times higher than basal metabolism, remarkably closely resembling the human situation. At any temperature below thermoneutrality, mice metabolism therefore exceeds the human equivalent: Mice under standard conditions display energy expenditure 3.1 times basal metabolism. The discrepancy to previous conclusions is probably attributable to earlier limitations in establishing true mouse basal metabolic rate, due to low time resolution. We also found that the fact that mean energy expenditure exceeds resting metabolic rate does not move the apparent thermoneutral zone (the lower critical temperature) downwards. Conclusions We show that housing mice at thermoneutrality is an advantageous step towards aligning mouse energy metabolism to human energy metabolism. High time-resolution indirect calorimetry reveals true resting metabolic rate in mice. Mice at thermoneutrality display average energy expenditure 1.8 times their RMR (BMR). This relationship very closely resembles the human situation. Lower critical temperature is not influenced by enhanced energy expenditure. To model human metabolism, 30 °C remains the optimal housing temperature for mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W Fischer
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, DE-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Cannon
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Nedergaard
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Fischer AW, Shabalina IG, Mattsson CL, Abreu-Vieira G, Cannon B, Nedergaard J, Petrovic N. UCP1 inhibition in Cidea-overexpressing mice is physiologically counteracted by brown adipose tissue hyperrecruitment. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2017; 312:E72-E87. [PMID: 27923808 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00284.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cidea is a gene highly expressed in thermogenesis-competent (UCP1-containing) adipose cells, both brown and brite/beige. Here, we initially demonstrate a remarkable adipose-depot specific regulation of Cidea expression. In classical brown fat, Cidea mRNA is expressed continuously and invariably, irrespective of tissue recruitment. However, Cidea protein levels are regulated posttranscriptionally, being conspicuously induced in the thermogenically recruited state. In contrast, in brite fat, Cidea protein levels are regulated at the transcriptional level, and Cidea mRNA and protein levels are proportional to tissue "briteness." Although routinely followed as a thermogenic molecular marker, Cidea function is not clarified. Here, we employed a gain-of-function approach to examine a possible role of Cidea in the regulation of thermogenesis. We utilized transgenic aP2-hCidea mice that overexpress human Cidea in all adipose tissues. We demonstrate that UCP1 activity is markedly suppressed in brown-fat mitochondria isolated from aP2-hCidea mice. However, mitochondrial UCP1 protein levels were identical in wild-type and transgenic mice. This implies a regulatory effect of Cidea on UCP1 activity, but as we demonstrate that Cidea itself is not localized to mitochondria, we propose an indirect inhibitory effect. The Cidea-induced inhibition of UCP1 activity (observed in isolated mitochondria) is physiologically relevant since the mice, through an appropriate homeostatic compensatory mechanism, increased the total amount of UCP1 in the tissue to exactly match the diminished thermogenic capacity of the UCP1 protein and retain unaltered nonshivering thermogenic capacity. Thus, we verified Cidea as being a marker of thermogenesis-competent adipose tissues, but we conclude that Cidea, unexpectedly, functions molecularly as an indirect inhibitor of thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W Fischer
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; and
| | - Irina G Shabalina
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Charlotte L Mattsson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gustavo Abreu-Vieira
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Barbara Cannon
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Nedergaard
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Natasa Petrovic
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden;
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W Fischer
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, DE-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Cannon
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Nedergaard
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Fischer AW, Csikasz RI, von Essen G, Cannon B, Nedergaard J. Reply to letter to the editor: at thermoneutrality, neither the lean nor the obese freeze. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 311:E639. [PMID: 27619918 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00309.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W Fischer
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robert I Csikasz
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Gabriella von Essen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Barbara Cannon
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Jan Nedergaard
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; and
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Abreu-Vieira G, Fischer AW, Mattsson C, de Jong JMA, Shabalina IG, Rydén M, Laurencikiene J, Arner P, Cannon B, Nedergaard J, Petrovic N. Corrigendum: Cidea improves the metabolic profile through expansion of adipose tissue. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12395. [PMID: 27488677 PMCID: PMC4976206 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Abstract
The development of obesity may be aggravated if obesity itself insulates against heat loss and thus diminishes the amount of food burnt for body temperature control. This would be particularly important under normal laboratory conditions where mice experience a chronic cold stress (at ≈20°C). We used Scholander plots (energy expenditure plotted against ambient temperature) to examine the insulation (thermal conductance) of mice, defined as the inverse of the slope of the Scholander curve at subthermoneutral temperatures. We verified the method by demonstrating that shaved mice possessed only half the insulation of nonshaved mice. We examined a series of obesity models [mice fed high-fat diets and kept at different temperatures, classical diet-induced obese mice, ob/ob mice, and obesity-prone (C57BL/6) vs. obesity-resistant (129S) mice]. We found that neither acclimation temperature nor any kind or degree of obesity affected the thermal insulation of the mice when analyzed at the whole mouse level or as energy expenditure per lean weight. Calculation per body weight erroneously implied increased insulation in obese mice. We conclude that, in contrast to what would be expected, obesity of any kind does not increase thermal insulation in mice, and therefore, it does not in itself aggravate the development of obesity. It may be discussed as to what degree of effect excess adipose tissue has on insulation in humans and especially whether significant metabolic effects are associated with insulation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W Fischer
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robert I Csikasz
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Gabriella von Essen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Barbara Cannon
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Jan Nedergaard
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; and
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Schlein C, Talukdar S, Heine M, Fischer AW, Krott LM, Nilsson SK, Brenner MB, Heeren J, Scheja L. FGF21 Lowers Plasma Triglycerides by Accelerating Lipoprotein Catabolism in White and Brown Adipose Tissues. Cell Metab 2016; 23:441-53. [PMID: 26853749 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
FGF21 decreases plasma triglycerides (TGs) in rodents and humans; however, the underlying mechanism or mechanisms are unclear. In the present study, we examined the role of FGF21 in production and disposal of TG-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) in mice. Treatment with pharmacological doses of FGF21 acutely reduced plasma non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs), liver TG content, and VLDL-TG secretion. In addition, metabolic turnover studies revealed that FGF21 facilitated the catabolism of TRL in white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT). FGF21-dependent TRL processing was strongly attenuated in CD36-deficient mice and transgenic mice lacking lipoprotein lipase in adipose tissues. Insulin resistance in diet-induced obese and ob/ob mice shifted FGF21 responses from WAT toward energy-combusting BAT. In conclusion, FGF21 lowers plasma TGs through a dual mechanism: first, by reducing NEFA plasma levels and consequently hepatic VLDL lipidation and, second, by increasing CD36 and LPL-dependent TRL disposal in WAT and BAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schlein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Saswata Talukdar
- Cardiovascular Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases (CVMED), Pfizer, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Markus Heine
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander W Fischer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lucia M Krott
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan K Nilsson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin B Brenner
- Cardiovascular Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases (CVMED), Pfizer, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Joerg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ludger Scheja
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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Fischer AW, Hoefig CS, Abreu-Vieira G, de Jong JMA, Petrovic N, Mittag J, Cannon B, Nedergaard J. Leptin Raises Defended Body Temperature without Activating Thermogenesis. Cell Rep 2016; 14:1621-1631. [PMID: 26876182 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin has been believed to exert its weight-reducing action not only by inducing hypophagia but also by increasing energy expenditure/thermogenesis. Leptin-deficient ob/ob mice have correspondingly been thought to be thermogenically limited and to show hypothermia, mainly due to atrophied brown adipose tissue (BAT). In contrast to these established views, we found that BAT is fully functional and that leptin treatment did not increase thermogenesis in wild-type or in ob/ob mice. Rather, ob/ob mice showed a decreased but defended body temperature (i.e., were anapyrexic, not hypothermic) that was normalized to wild-type levels after leptin treatment. This was not accompanied by increased energy expenditure or BAT recruitment but, instead, was mediated by decreased tail heat loss. The weight-reducing hypophagic effects of leptin are, therefore, not augmented through a thermogenic effect of leptin; leptin is, however, pyrexic, i.e., it alters centrally regulated thresholds of thermoregulatory mechanisms, in parallel to effects of other cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W Fischer
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carolin S Hoefig
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gustavo Abreu-Vieira
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jasper M A de Jong
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Natasa Petrovic
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jens Mittag
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Barbara Cannon
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Nedergaard
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Fischer AW. [The clinical significance of radiotherapy sequelae]. Asthet Med (Berl) 1966; 15:2-3. [PMID: 5296515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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