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Pisa M, Watson JL, Spencer JI, Niblett G, Mahjoub Y, Lockhart A, Yates RL, Yee SA, Hadley G, Ruiz J, Esiri MM, Kessler B, Fischer R, DeLuca GC. A role for vessel-associated extracellular matrix proteins in multiple sclerosis pathology. Brain Pathol 2024:e13263. [PMID: 38659387 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is unsurpassed for its clinical and pathological hetherogeneity, but the biological determinants of this variability are unknown. HLA-DRB1*15, the main genetic risk factor for MS, influences the severity and distribution of MS pathology. This study set out to unravel the molecular determinants of the heterogeneity of MS pathology in relation to HLA-DRB1*15 status. Shotgun proteomics from a discovery cohort of MS spinal cord samples segregated by HLA-DRB*15 status revealed overexpression of the extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, biglycan, decorin, and prolargin in HLA-DRB*15-positive cases, adding to established literature on a role of ECM proteins in MS pathology that has heretofore lacked systematic pathological validation. These findings informed a neuropathological characterisation of these proteins in a large autopsy cohort of 41 MS cases (18 HLA-DRB1*15-positive and 23 HLA-DRB1*15-negative), and seven non-neurological controls on motor cortical, cervical and lumbar spinal cord tissue. Biglycan and decorin demonstrate a striking perivascular expression pattern in controls that is reduced in MS (-36.5%, p = 0.036 and - 24.7%, p = 0.039; respectively) in lesional and non-lesional areas. A concomitant increase in diffuse parenchymal accumulation of biglycan and decorin is seen in MS (p = 0.015 and p = 0.001, respectively), particularly in HLA-DRB1*15-positive cases (p = 0.007 and p = 0.046, respectively). Prolargin shows a faint parenchymal pattern in controls that is markedly increased in MS cases where a perivascular deposition pattern is observed (motor cortex +97.5%, p = 0.001; cervical cord +49.1%, p = 0.016). Our findings point to ECM proteins and the vascular interface playing a central role in MS pathology within and outside the plaque area. As ECM proteins are known potent pro-inflammatory molecules, their parenchymal accumulation may contribute to disease severity. This study brings to light novel factors that may contribute to the heterogeneity of the topographical variation of MS pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pisa
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Jonathan I Spencer
- Centre for Cardiovascular Medicine and Devices, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Guy Niblett
- Oxford Medical School, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yasamin Mahjoub
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Andrew Lockhart
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Richard L Yates
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sydney A Yee
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Gina Hadley
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jennifer Ruiz
- Mandell MS Center, Trinity Health of New England, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Margaret M Esiri
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Benedict Kessler
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Roman Fischer
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Gabriele C DeLuca
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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McKenna MC, O'Connor A, Lockhart A, Bogdanova-Mihaylova P, Brett F, Langan Y, Meaney J, Costigan D, Doherty CP, Bede P, Murphy SM, Hutchinson S. POLR3A-related disorders: expanding the clinical phenotype. J Neurol 2024:10.1007/s00415-024-12265-9. [PMID: 38413463 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-024-12265-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrew Lockhart
- Neurology Department, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | | | - Francesca Brett
- Neuropathology Department, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Yvonne Langan
- Neurophysiology Department, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - James Meaney
- Radiology Department, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Donal Costigan
- Neurology and Neurophysiology Department, Mater Private Hospital, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - Colin P Doherty
- Neurology Department, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
- Academic Unit of Neurology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Peter Bede
- Neurology Department, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Sinéad M Murphy
- Neurology Department, Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin 24, Ireland
- Academic Unit of Neurology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Williams L, Waller SE, Bradley M, Lockhart A, Narayanan RK, Kumar KR, Morales Briceno H, Tchan M, Healy DG, Fung VSC. ATP1A3 related disease manifesting as rapid onset dystonia-parkinsonism with prominent myoclonus and exaggerated startle. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2023; 117:105864. [PMID: 37827923 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2023.105864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
We report ATP1A3-associated rapid-onset dystonia-parkinsonism with an atypical presentation including myoclonus and exaggerated startle in four patients. Their prominence over parkinsonism prompted consideration of a syndromic diagnosis of myoclonus dystonia. ATP1α3 dysfunction in GABAergic neurons could explain these examination findings. The spectrum of ATP1A3-associated movement disorders includes myoclonus-dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Williams
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia.
| | - S E Waller
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - M Bradley
- Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital, Beaumont, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - A Lockhart
- Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital, Beaumont, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - R K Narayanan
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, NSW, Australia; Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - K R Kumar
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Australia; Molecular Medicine Laboratory and Neurology Department, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, NSW, Australia
| | - H Morales Briceno
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - M Tchan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - D G Healy
- Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital, Beaumont, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - V S C Fung
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Australia
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Pansieri J, Hadley G, Lockhart A, Pisa M, DeLuca GC. Regional contribution of vascular dysfunction in white matter dementia: clinical and neuropathological insights. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1199491. [PMID: 37396778 PMCID: PMC10313211 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1199491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of adequate blood supply and vascular integrity is fundamental to ensure cerebral function. A wide range of studies report vascular dysfunction in white matter dementias, a group of cerebral disorders characterized by substantial white matter damage in the brain leading to cognitive impairment. Despite recent advances in imaging, the contribution of vascular-specific regional alterations in white matter dementia has been not extensively reviewed. First, we present an overview of the main components of the vascular system involved in the maintenance of brain function, modulation of cerebral blood flow and integrity of the blood-brain barrier in the healthy brain and during aging. Second, we review the regional contribution of cerebral blood flow and blood-brain barrier disturbances in the pathogenesis of three distinct conditions: the archetypal white matter predominant neurocognitive dementia that is vascular dementia, a neuroinflammatory predominant disease (multiple sclerosis) and a neurodegenerative predominant disease (Alzheimer's). Finally, we then examine the shared landscape of vascular dysfunction in white matter dementia. By emphasizing the involvement of vascular dysfunction in the white matter, we put forward a hypothetical map of vascular dysfunction during disease-specific progression to guide future research aimed to improve diagnostics and facilitate the development of tailored therapies.
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Lockhart A, Heffernan J, Kennedy A, Walsh A, Heeney C, Cheung R, Howley R, Cryan J, Beausang A, Farrell M, Brett F. Brain biopsy in neurological disease of unknown etiology: A single-center 12-year retrospective analysis. Clin Neuropathol 2023; 42:93-99. [PMID: 36970952 DOI: 10.5414/np301517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
There are no international guidelines for brain biopsy in neurological disease of unknown etiology, yet most practicing neurologists will encounter difficult cases in which biopsy is considered. This patient cohort is heterogenous, and it is unclear in which circumstances biopsy is most useful. We performed an audit of brain biopsies reviewed in our neuropathology department from 2010 to 2021. Of 9,488 biopsies, 331 biopsies undertaken for an undiagnosed neurological disease were identified. Where documented, the commonest symptoms were hemorrhage, encephalopathy, and dementia. 29% of biopsies were non-diagnostic. The most common clinically relevant findings on biopsy were infection, cerebral amyloid angiopathy with or without angiitis, and demyelination. Rarer conditions included CNS vasculitis, non-infectious encephalitis, and Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease. We highlight the value of brain biopsy in the workup of cryptogenic neurological disease despite recent advances in less invasive diagnostics.
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Patel U, Mattingly T, Fusco D, Drouin A, Lockhart A, Struttmann E. Development of monkeypox treatment roll-out protocol in Louisiana. Am J Med Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9629(23)00310-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Lockhart M, Lockhart A, Barra ED. “Self-Referred” – A Physician’s experience of referred ear pain as a symptom of pyogenic liver abscess, a case report. Clinical Infection in Practice 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinpr.2021.100093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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O'Kelly B, Keane A, Devitt E, Lockhart A, O'Rourke D, Lyons F. BK polyomavirus associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in a person living with HIV. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 15:100263. [PMID: 34589769 PMCID: PMC8474382 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a rare demyelinating disease of the white matter central nervous system occurring in immunocompromised patients particularly those with T cell deficiency such as in HIV, haematological and solid organ malignancies and those taking immunomodulatory medications. PML is caused by JC virus however in rare cases BK virus has been isolated in the cerebral spinal fluid of patients presenting with PML. In this case we describe a 49 year old man who presented to the emergency department with a 2 week history of progressive right sided weakness and dysarthria. His background history included HIV diagnosed in 2005, he had not engaged with care in the past 2 years and had not been taking anti-retroviral therapy (ART). Other past medical history included untreated hepatitis C. His CD4 count was 90 (11%) cells/mm3 on admission and his HIV viral load VL) was 141,000 copies/ml. Magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) showed a hypointense lesion on T1, hyperintense on T2 and FLAIR without diffusion restriction and without mass effect. A lumbar puncture was performed which confirmed JC virus was positive (PCR <50 copies/ml) and also revealed BK virus was positive (PCR 46,511 copies/ml). The patient was commenced on tenofovir alafenamide fumarate/emtricitabine/darunavir/cobicistat in combination with dolutegravir 50mg twice daily. On day 40 post commencement of ART the patient was readmitted with worsening of his right arm weakness and dysarthria. A repeat MRI was performed which showed the hyperdense lesion on T2 and FLAIR appeared slightly larger with some slight enhancement with gadolinium contrast but no other features suggesting PML immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). The CD4 count had increased to 141(17%) and HIV VL had decreased to 85 copies/ml. A clinical diagnosis of PML IRIS was made and the patient was commenced on prednisolone 30mg BD which lead to an initial improvement in symptoms. Interestingly in this case, both JC virus and BK virus were detected in the CSF of this patient with the level of JC virus being too low to quantify. BK virus was not detectable on peripheral serum sampling suggesting that BK virus is replicating in the CNS independent of other body sites. There have been 5 case reports in the literature of BK virus as the cause of PML. Testing for BK virus should be considered in patients presenting with signs and symptoms of PML and encephalitis particularly when no other cause is found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan O'Kelly
- Genitourinary Medicine and Infectious Diseases Department (GUIDe), St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Amy Keane
- Genitourinary Medicine and Infectious Diseases Department (GUIDe), St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Emma Devitt
- Genitourinary Medicine and Infectious Diseases Department (GUIDe), St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | | | | | - Fiona Lyons
- Genitourinary Medicine and Infectious Diseases Department (GUIDe), St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
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Lockhart A, Boers P. Paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes with multiple neural autoantibodies: A report of two cases. J Neuroimmunol 2021; 358:577665. [PMID: 34329983 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We present two patients who presented with classical paraneoplastic syndromes with multiple central nervous system (CNS) autoantibodies in each case. The presence of multiple antibodies made the detection of a malignancy more likely and both patients were subsequently diagnosed with small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC). We highlight that the presence of multiple CNS autoantibodies increases the likelihood of detecting a malignancy but that the clinical presentation and response to treatment can vary despite similar antibody profiles. Clinicians should be alert to the need to search for occult malignancy in patients with multiple CNS autoantibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Lockhart
- University Hosptial Limerick, Dooradoyle, Co Limerick, Ireland.
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Forman J, Yoshida T, Lillis J, Gill A, Corbett A, Cahill M, Lockhart A, Simpson E, Boguniewicz M, Hanifin J, De Benedetto A, David G, Leung D, Schlievert P, Gill S, Beck L. 189 Microbial expression of lantibiotics may explain discrepancies between S. aureus culturability and metagenomics in atopic dermatitis subjects and healthy controls. J Invest Dermatol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.02.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Park H, Sanjeevaiah A, Suresh R, Mehta R, Trikalinos N, Bagegni N, Aranha O, Pedersen K, Nixon A, Jin R, Mills J, Fields R, Amin M, Lim K, Tan B, Grierson P, Jiang S, Rosario MD, Wang-Gillam A, Lockhart A. P-131 Ramucirumab and irinotecan in patients with previously treated gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma: Interim analysis of a phase II trial. Ann Oncol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2020.04.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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12
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Lockhart A, Kirby B, McGuigan C. Rash developing after cessation of Daclizumab for relapsing remitting MS; a case series. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2019; 35:239-240. [PMID: 31421627 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2019.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Daclizumab, a monoclonal antibody directed against CD25, a subunit of the high-affinity IL-2 receptor, was licensed as a disease modifying therapy (DMT) for relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis in 2017. Interference with IL-2 signalling is hypothesised to modulate T cell function. For example it results in a preferential shift of innate lymphoid cell (ILC) into CD56bright natural killer cells and a decrease in regulatory T Cells. We present three patients who developed urticarial papulovesicular rashes at a median of 3 months after discontinuation of Daclizumab. We propose an unexpected T cell mediated immune reaction as the cause.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian Kirby
- St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
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Lockhart A. James Denis Fair Lockhart. Assoc Med J 2019. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.l4797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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McNicholas N, Lockhart A, Yap SM, O’Connell K, Tubridy N, Hutchinson M, McGuigan C. New versus old: Implications of evolving diagnostic criteria for relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2018; 25:867-870. [DOI: 10.1177/1352458518770088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The International Panel on Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) recently revised the 2010 McDonald criteria and made recommendations for revision, allowing for the earliest possible, accurate diagnosis of MS. For relapsing–remitting MS, positive, unmatched cerebrospinal fluid oligoclonal bands may substitute for dissemination in time. Symptomatic lesions, including brainstem and spinal cord, may demonstrate dissemination in space or in time if enhancing (with the exception of the optic nerve). Cortical and juxtacortical lesions are equivalent. In this retrospective analysis, we applied revised criteria to 250 patients previously diagnosed with relapsing–remitting MS according to 2010 criteria and assessed for change in diagnostic times. There was a significant improvement in time to diagnosis between 2010 and 2017 groups ( p < 0.01). Median time to diagnosis according to McDonald 2010 was 7.4 months, compared with 2.3 months for McDonald 2017. Use of cerebrospinal fluid results most frequently resulted in a reduction in time to diagnosis. Symptomatic gadolinium-enhancing lesions led to earliest diagnostic times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuala McNicholas
- Department of Neurology, St. Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland/School of Medicine & Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andrew Lockhart
- Department of Neurology, St. Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland/School of Medicine & Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Siew M Yap
- Department of Neurology, St. Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland/School of Medicine & Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Karen O’Connell
- Department of Neurology, St. Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland/School of Medicine & Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niall Tubridy
- Department of Neurology, St. Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland/School of Medicine & Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael Hutchinson
- Department of Neurology, St. Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland/School of Medicine & Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Christopher McGuigan
- Department of Neurology, St. Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland/School of Medicine & Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Huiban M, Coello C, Wu K, Xu Y, Lewis Y, Brown AP, Buraglio M, Guan C, Shabbir S, Fong R, Passchier J, Rabiner EA, Lockhart A. Investigation of the Brain Biodistribution of the Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A 2 (Lp-PLA 2) Inhibitor [ 18F]GSK2647544 in Healthy Male Subjects. Mol Imaging Biol 2017; 19:153-161. [PMID: 27402093 PMCID: PMC5209404 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-016-0982-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Purpose GSK2647544 is a potent and specific inhibitor of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2), which was in development as a potential treatment for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In order to refine therapeutic dose predictions and confirm brain penetration, a radiolabelled form of the inhibitor, [18F]GSK2647544, was manufactured for use in a positron emission tomography (PET) biodistribution study. Procedures [18F]GSK2647544 was produced using a novel, copper iodide (Cu(I)) mediated, [18F]trifluoromethylation methodology. Healthy male subjects (n = 4, age range 34–42) received an oral dose of unlabelled GSK2647544 (100 mg) and after 2 h an intravenous (iv) injection of [18F]GSK2647544 (average injected activity and mass were 106 ± 47 MBq and 179 ± 55 μg, respectively) followed by dynamic PET scans for 120 min. Defined regions of interest (ROI) throughout the brain were used to obtain regional time-activity curves (TACs) and compartmental modelling analysis used to estimate the primary outcome measure, whole brain volume of distribution (VT). Secondary PK and safety endpoints were also recorded. Results PET dynamic data were successfully obtained from all four subjects and there were no clinically significant variations of the safety endpoints. Inspection of the TACs indicated a relatively homogenous uptake of [18F]GSK2647544 across all the ROIs examined. The mean whole brain VT was 0.56 (95 % CI, 0.41–0.72). Secondary PK parameters, Cmax (geometric mean) and Tmax (median), were 354 ng/ml and 1.4 h, respectively. Metabolism of GSK2647544 was relatively consistent across subjects, with 20–40 % of the parent compound [18F]GSK2647544 present after 120 min. Conclusions The study provides evidence that GSK2647544 is able to cross the blood brain barrier in healthy male subjects leading to a measurable brain exposure. The administered doses of GSK2647544 were well tolerated. Exploratory modelling suggested that a twice-daily dose of 102 mg, at steady state, would provide ~80 % trough inhibition of brain Lp-PLA2 activity. Trial Registration Clintrials.gov: NCT01924858. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11307-016-0982-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickael Huiban
- Imanova Limited, Burlington Danes Building, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Christopher Coello
- Imanova Limited, Burlington Danes Building, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Kai Wu
- WuXi Clinical Development Service, 19th Floor, Building A, FuXing Plaza, 388 Ma Dang Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yanmei Xu
- GlaxoSmithKline, Neurosciences, 917 Halei Road, Zhangjiang Hi-tech Park, Pudong, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yvonne Lewis
- Imanova Limited, Burlington Danes Building, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Andrew P Brown
- AstraZeneca UK Limited, Melbourn Science Park, Royston, Herts, SG8 6HB, UK
| | - Mauro Buraglio
- GlaxoSmithKline, Neurosciences, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Chenbing Guan
- GlaxoSmithKline, Neurosciences, 917 Halei Road, Zhangjiang Hi-tech Park, Pudong, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Shaila Shabbir
- GlaxoSmithKline, Neurosciences, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Regan Fong
- UCB Biosciences Inc, PO Box 110167, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Jan Passchier
- Imanova Limited, Burlington Danes Building, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Eugenii A Rabiner
- Imanova Limited, Burlington Danes Building, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Andrew Lockhart
- GlaxoSmithKline, Neurosciences, Clinical Unit Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0GG, UK.
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LaRiviere M, McDougal M, Wang A, Syrop S, Robinson R, Lockhart A, Nguyen D, Gutekunst C, Crocker I, Gross R. Gene Therapy for Neuroprotection and Axon Regeneration Using a RhoA-Inhibitory C3 Transferase Transgene Adeno-Associated Viral Vector in a Rodent Optic Nerve Crush Model. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2015.07.1886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hancock Friesen C, Lockhart A, Moulton D, Morrison G, O'Blenes S, Warren A. OUTCOME ABILITY: ENSURING OUTCOMES IN A SMALL VOLUME PEDIATRIC CARDIAC SURGERY PROGRAM. Can J Cardiol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2015.07.631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Maher-Edwards G, De'Ath J, Barnett C, Lavrov A, Lockhart A. A 24-week study to evaluate the effect of rilapladib on cognition and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement (N Y) 2015; 1:131-140. [PMID: 29854933 PMCID: PMC5975052 DOI: 10.1016/j.trci.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Background The lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 inhibitor (Lp-PLA2), rilapladib (SB659032), is being evaluated as a potential treatment to slow the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methods One hundred twenty-four subjects with possible mild AD and with neuroimaging evidence of cerebrovascular disease were randomized to placebo or 250-mg rilapladib once daily, for 24 weeks, in addition to stable background acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and/or memantine. The study assessed the safety and tolerability of rilapladib and its effects on cognition, mechanistic, and disease-related biomarkers. Although the overall intent behind the study was to take a broad exploratory view of the data, two primary end points of interest (cerebrospinal fluid [CSF] amyloid beta peptide 1–42 [Aβ1–42] and CogState executive function/working memory [EF/WM] composite score at week 24) were prespecified in the analysis plan for inferential statistical analysis. Results Rilapladib was well tolerated with no significant safety concerns. A significant difference from placebo was observed for rilapladib on change from baseline in EF/WM (effect size, 0.45; P = .026). There was no significant difference between groups on the change from baseline in CSF Aβ1–42 (P = .133). Preliminary evidence of effects was detected on other mechanistic (albumin quotient) and disease-related biomarkers (tau/P-tau and neurofilament light chain). Conclusion These data provide initial evidence supporting Lp-PLA2 inhibition as a novel treatment for dementia. Clinical Trial Registration Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT01428453.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeni De'Ath
- Neurosciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK
| | - Carly Barnett
- Neurosciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK
| | | | - Andrew Lockhart
- Neurosciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Clinical Unit Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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O'Leary G, Lockhart A, Mullenger R, Warren A, Hancock FC, Levy A, Molinari M, O'Blenes S. Family Preferences in the Volume Verse Outcome Debate: Implications for the Delivery of Complex Pediatric Care. Value Health 2014; 17:A515. [PMID: 27201596 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2014.08.1594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G O'Leary
- IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | | | | | - A Warren
- Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | | | - A Levy
- Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - M Molinari
- Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - S O'Blenes
- Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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Theofilopoulos S, Griffiths WJ, Crick PJ, Yang S, Meljon A, Ogundare M, Kitambi SS, Lockhart A, Tuschl K, Clayton PT, Morris AA, Martinez A, Reddy MA, Martinuzzi A, Bassi MT, Honda A, Mizuochi T, Kimura A, Nittono H, De Michele G, Carbone R, Criscuolo C, Yau JL, Seckl JR, Schüle R, Schöls L, Sailer AW, Kuhle J, Fraidakis MJ, Gustafsson JÅ, Steffensen KR, Björkhem I, Ernfors P, Sjövall J, Arenas E, Wang Y. Cholestenoic acids regulate motor neuron survival via liver X receptors. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:4829-42. [PMID: 25271621 DOI: 10.1172/jci68506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholestenoic acids are formed as intermediates in metabolism of cholesterol to bile acids, and the biosynthetic enzymes that generate cholestenoic acids are expressed in the mammalian CNS. Here, we evaluated the cholestenoic acid profile of mammalian cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and determined that specific cholestenoic acids activate the liver X receptors (LXRs), enhance islet-1 expression in zebrafish, and increase the number of oculomotor neurons in the developing mouse in vitro and in vivo. While 3β,7α-dihydroxycholest-5-en-26-oic acid (3β,7α-diHCA) promoted motor neuron survival in an LXR-dependent manner, 3β-hydroxy-7-oxocholest-5-en-26-oic acid (3βH,7O-CA) promoted maturation of precursors into islet-1+ cells. Unlike 3β,7α-diHCA and 3βH,7O-CA, 3β-hydroxycholest-5-en-26-oic acid (3β-HCA) caused motor neuron cell loss in mice. Mutations in CYP7B1 or CYP27A1, which encode enzymes involved in cholestenoic acid metabolism, result in different neurological diseases, hereditary spastic paresis type 5 (SPG5) and cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX), respectively. SPG5 is characterized by spastic paresis, and similar symptoms may occur in CTX. Analysis of CSF and plasma from patients with SPG5 revealed an excess of the toxic LXR ligand, 3β-HCA, while patients with CTX and SPG5 exhibited low levels of the survival-promoting LXR ligand 3β,7α-diHCA. Moreover, 3β,7α-diHCA prevented the loss of motor neurons induced by 3β-HCA in the developing mouse midbrain in vivo.Our results indicate that specific cholestenoic acids selectively work on motor neurons, via LXR, to regulate the balance between survival and death.
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Merlo Pich E, Jeromin A, Frisoni GB, Hill D, Lockhart A, Schmidt ME, Turner MR, Mondello S, Potter WZ. Imaging as a biomarker in drug discovery for Alzheimer's disease: is MRI a suitable technology? Alzheimers Res Ther 2014; 6:51. [PMID: 25484927 PMCID: PMC4255417 DOI: 10.1186/alzrt276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This review provides perspectives on the utility of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a neuroimaging approach in the development of novel treatments for Alzheimer’s disease. These considerations were generated in a roundtable at a recent Wellcome Trust meeting that included experts from academia and industry. It was agreed that MRI, either structural or functional, could be used as a diagnostic, for assessing worsening of disease status, for monitoring vascular pathology, and for stratifying clinical trial populations. It was agreed also that MRI implementation is in its infancy, requiring more evidence of association with the disease states, test-retest data, better standardization across multiple clinical sites, and application in multimodal approaches which include other imaging technologies, such as positron emission tomography, electroencephalography, and magnetoencephalography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Merlo Pich
- Clinical Imaging, Neuroscience DTA pRED, F. Hoffman-La Roche, Grenzacherstrasse 124 CH-4070, Basel, CH, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Jeromin
- Atlantic Biomarkers, LLC, 316 NW 28th Terrace, Gainesville, FL 32607, USA
| | - Giovanni B Frisoni
- IRCCS San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Laboratory of Epidemiology, Neuroimaging, and Telemedicine, via Pilastroni 4, Brescia 25125, Italy
| | - Derek Hill
- Medical Imaging Science, UCL, London, UK ; IXICO Ltd, Floor 4, Griffin Court, 15 Long Lane, London EC1A 9PN, UK
| | - Andrew Lockhart
- GlaxoSmithKline, Neurodegeneration DPU R&D China, Neurosciences TA Unit, Clinical Unit Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2GG, UK
| | - Mark E Schmidt
- Experimental Medicine, Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340, Beerse 2340, Belgium
| | - Martin R Turner
- Oxford University Nuffield, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Stefania Mondello
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - William Z Potter
- National Institute of Mental Health, 6001 Executive Boulevard, BG NSC RM 7209, Rockville, MD 20892, USA
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Maher‐Edwards G, De'Ath J, Barnett C, Lavrov A, Lockhart A. A 24‐WEEK STUDY TO EVALUATE THE EFFECT OF RILAPLADIB ON COGNITION AND CSF MARKERS OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE. Alzheimers Dement 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2014.04.506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Mattsson N, Zegers I, Andreasson U, Bjerke M, Blankenstein MA, Bowser R, Carrillo MC, Gobom J, Heath T, Jenkins R, Jeromin A, Kaplow J, Kidd D, Laterza OF, Lockhart A, Lunn MP, Martone RL, Mills K, Pannee J, Ratcliffe M, Shaw LM, Simon AJ, Soares H, Teunissen CE, Verbeek MM, Umek RM, Vanderstichele H, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Portelius E. Reference measurement procedures for Alzheimer's disease cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers: definitions and approaches with focus on amyloid β42. Biomark Med 2013; 6:409-17. [PMID: 22917143 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.12.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease (AD) are increasingly used in clinical settings, research and drug trials. However, their broad-scale use on different technology platforms is hampered by the lack of standardization at the level of sample handling, determination of concentrations of analytes and the absence of well-defined performance criteria for in vitro diagnostic or companion diagnostic assays, which influences the apparent concentration of the analytes measured and the subsequent interpretation of the data. There is a need for harmonization of CSF AD biomarker assays that can reliably, across centers, quantitate CSF biomarkers with high analytical precision, selectivity and stability over long time periods. In this position paper, we discuss reference procedures for the measurement of CSF AD biomarkers, especially amyloid β42 and tau. We describe possible technical approaches, focusing on a selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry assay as a candidate reference method for quantification of CSF amyloid β42.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Mattsson
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.
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Davidson JE, Lockhart A, Amos L, Stirnadel-Farrant HA, Mooser V, Sollberger M, Regeniter A, Monsch AU, Irizarry MC. Plasma lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 activity in Alzheimer's disease, amnestic mild cognitive impairment, and cognitively healthy elderly subjects: a cross-sectional study. Alzheimers Res Ther 2012; 4:51. [PMID: 23217243 PMCID: PMC3580460 DOI: 10.1186/alzrt154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Revised: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) is a circulating enzyme with pro-inflammatory and oxidative activities associated with cardiovascular disease and ischemic stroke. While high plasma Lp-PLA2 activity was reported as a risk factor for dementia in the Rotterdam study, no association between Lp-PLA2 mass and dementia or Alzheimer's disease (AD) was detected in the Framingham study. The objectives of the current study were to explore the relationship of plasma Lp-PLA2 activity with cognitive diagnoses (AD, amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), and cognitively healthy subjects), cardiovascular markers, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) markers of AD, and apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype. Methods Subjects with mild AD (n = 78) and aMCI (n = 59) were recruited from the Memory Clinic, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; cognitively healthy subjects (n = 66) were recruited from the community. Subjects underwent standardised medical, neurological, neuropsychological, imaging, genetic, blood and CSF evaluation. Differences in Lp-PLA2 activity between the cognitive diagnosis groups were tested with ANOVA and in multiple linear regression models with adjustment for covariates. Associations between Lp-PLA2 and markers of cardiovascular disease and AD were explored with Spearman's correlation coefficients. Results There was no significant difference in plasma Lp-PLA2 activity between AD (197.1 (standard deviation, SD 38.4) nmol/min/ml) and controls (195.4 (SD 41.9)). Gender, statin use and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) were independently associated with Lp-PLA2 activity in multiple regression models. Lp-PLA2 activity was correlated with LDL and inversely correlated with high-density lipoprotein (HDL). AD subjects with APOE-ε4 had higher Lp-PLA2 activity (207.9 (SD 41.2)) than AD subjects lacking APOE-ε4 (181.6 (SD 26.0), P = 0.003) although this was attenuated by adjustment for LDL (P = 0.09). No strong correlations were detected for Lp-PLA2 activity and CSF markers of AD. Conclusion Plasma Lp-PLA2 was not associated with a diagnosis of AD or aMCI in this cross-sectional study. The main clinical correlates of Lp-PLA2 activity in AD, aMCI and cognitively healthy subjects were variables associated with lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie E Davidson
- Worldwide Epidemiology, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, 1-3 Iron Bridge Road, Stockley Park, UB11 1BT, UK ; Memory Clinic, Department of Geriatrics, Basel University Hospital, Schanzenstrasse 55, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrew Lockhart
- R&D China, GlaxoSmithKline, Addenbrooke's Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 2GG, UK
| | - Leslie Amos
- Genetics, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | | | - Vincent Mooser
- Genetics, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
| | - Marc Sollberger
- Memory Clinic, Department of Geriatrics, Basel University Hospital, Schanzenstrasse 55, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Axel Regeniter
- Laboratory Medicine, Basel University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas U Monsch
- Memory Clinic, Department of Geriatrics, Basel University Hospital, Schanzenstrasse 55, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael C Irizarry
- Worldwide Epidemiology, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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Puchelle E, Quanjer PH, Lockhart A, Berglund E, Dinh-Xuan AT, Widimsky J. Prof. Paul Sadoul, 1918-2011. Eur Respir J 2011. [DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00165311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Irizarry MC, Davidson JE, Lockhart A, Stirnadel HA, Mooser V, Sollberger M, Regeniter A, Monsch AU. P3‐037: Correlates of plasma lipoprotein phopsholipase A2 (Lp‐PLA2) activity in Alzheimer's disease (AD), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and cognitively healthy elderly. Alzheimers Dement 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2010.05.1530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Julie E. Davidson
- GlaxoSmithKlineHarlow United Kingdom
- University HospitalBasel Switzerland
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28
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Ogundare M, Theofilopoulos S, Lockhart A, Hall LJ, Arenas E, Sjövall J, Brenton AG, Wang Y, Griffiths WJ. Cerebrospinal fluid steroidomics: are bioactive bile acids present in brain? J Biol Chem 2009; 285:4666-79. [PMID: 19996111 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.086678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we have profiled the free sterol content of cerebrospinal fluid by a combination of charge tagging and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Surprisingly, the most abundant cholesterol metabolites were found to be C(27) and C(24) intermediates of the bile acid biosynthetic pathways with structures corresponding to 7alpha-hydroxy-3-oxocholest-4-en-26-oic acid (7.170 +/- 2.826 ng/ml, mean +/- S.D., six subjects), 3beta-hydroxycholest-5-en-26-oic acid (0.416 +/- 0.193 ng/ml), 7alpha,x-dihydroxy-3-oxocholest-4-en-26-oic acid (1.330 +/- 0.543 ng/ml), and 7alpha-hydroxy-3-oxochol-4-en-24-oic acid (0.172 +/- 0.085 ng/ml), and the C(26) sterol 7alpha-hydroxy-26-norcholest-4-ene-3,x-dione (0.204 +/- 0.083 ng/ml), where x is an oxygen atom either on the CD rings or more likely on the C-17 side chain. The ability of intermediates of the bile acid biosynthetic pathways to activate the liver X receptors (LXRs) and the farnesoid X receptor was also evaluated. The acidic cholesterol metabolites 3beta-hydroxycholest-5-en-26-oic acid and 3beta,7alpha-dihydroxycholest-5-en-26-oic acid were found to activate LXR in a luciferase assay, but the major metabolite identified in this study, i.e. 7alpha-hydroxy-3-oxocholest-4-en-26-oic acid, was not an LXR ligand. 7Alpha-hydroxy-3-oxocholest-4-en-26-oic acid is formed from 3beta,7alpha-dihydroxycholest-5-en-26-oic acid in a reaction catalyzed by 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-C(27)-steroid dehydrogenase (HSD3B7), which may thus represent a deactivation pathway of LXR ligands in brain. Significantly, LXR activation has been found to reduce the symptoms of Alzheimer disease (Fan, J., Donkin, J., and Wellington C. (2009) Biofactors 35, 239-248); thus, cholesterol metabolites may play an important role in the etiology of Alzheimer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ogundare
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Medicine, Grove Building, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
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Thompson PW, Ye L, Morgenstern JL, Sue L, Beach TG, Judd DJ, Shipley NJ, Libri V, Lockhart A. Interaction of the amyloid imaging tracer FDDNP with hallmark Alzheimer's disease pathologies. J Neurochem 2009; 109:623-30. [PMID: 19226369 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.05996.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The distinctive cortical uptake of the tracer (18)F-FDDNP (2-(1-{6-[(2-fluoroethyl(methyl)amino]-2-naphthyl}ethylidene)malononitrile) in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is believed to be because of its binding to both neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and highly fibrillar senile plaques. We therefore investigated the binding of a tracer concentration of (3)H-FDDNP to brain sections containing AD hallmark pathologies. Semi-adjacent sections were labelled with (3)H-PIB (Pittsburgh compound-B, 2-[4'-(methylamino)phenyl]-6-hydroxybenzothiazole) and (14)C-SB13 (4-N-methylamino-4'-hydroxystilbene) for comparison. Neocortical sections containing widespread senile plaques and cerebrovascular amyloid angiopathy, produced a sparse and weak labelling following incubation with (3)H-FDDNP. Furthermore, in sections containing NFTs, there was no overt labelling of the pathology by (3)H-FDDNP. In contrast, sections labelled with (3)H-PIB displayed extensive labelling of diffuse plaques, classical plaques, cerebrovascular amyloid angiopathy and NFTs. (14)C-SB13 produced a broadly similar binding pattern to PIB. Radioligand binding assays employing in vitro generated amyloid-beta peptide fibrils demonstrated a approximately 10-fold reduced affinity for (3)H-FDDNP (85.0 +/- 2.0 nM) compared with (3)H-PIB (8.5 +/- 1.3 nM). These data provide an alternative mechanistic explanation for the observed low cortical uptake of (18)F-FDDNP in AD; in that the ligand is only weakly retained by the hallmark neuropathology because of its low affinity for amyloid structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Thompson
- GlaxoSmithKline, R&D China, UK-Hub, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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Griffiths WJ, Hornshaw M, Woffendin G, Baker SF, Lockhart A, Heidelberger S, Gustafsson M, Sjövall J, Wang Y. Discovering oxysterols in plasma: a window on the metabolome. J Proteome Res 2008; 7:3602-12. [PMID: 18605750 DOI: 10.1021/pr8001639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
While the proteome defines the expressed gene products, the metabolome results from reactions controlled by such gene products. Plasma represents an accessible "window" to the metabolome both in regard of availability and content. The wide range of the plasma metabolome, in terms of molecular diversity and abundance, makes its comprehensive analysis challenging. Here we demonstrate an analytical method designed to target one region of the metabolome, that is, oxysterols. Since the discovery of their biological activity as ligands to nuclear receptors there has been a reawakening of interest in oxysterols and their analysis. In addition, the oxysterols, 24S- and 27-hydroxycholesterol, are currently under investigation as potential biomarkers associated with neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis; widespread analysis of these lipids in clinical studies will require the development of robust, sensitive and rapid analytical techniques. In this communication we present results of an investigation of the oxysterols content of human plasma using a newly developed high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) method incorporating charge-tagging and high-resolution MS. The method has allowed the identification in plasma of monohydroxylated cholesterol molecules, 7alpha-, 24S-, and 27-hydroxycholesterol; the cholestenetriol 7alpha,27-dihydroxycholesterol; and 3beta-hydroxycholest-5-en-27-oic acid and its metabolite 3beta,7alpha-dihydroxycholest-5-en-27-oic acid. The methodology described is also applicable for the analysis of other sterols in plasma, that is, cholesterol, 7-dehydrocholesterol, and desmosterol, as well as cholesterol 5,6- seco-sterols and steroid hormones. Although involving derivatization, sample preparation is straightforward and chromatographic analysis rapid (17 min), while the MS method offers high sensitivity (ng/mL of sterol in plasma, or pg on-column) and specificity. The methodology is suitable for targeted metabolomic analysis of sterols, oxysterols, and steroid hormones opening a "window" to view this region of the metabolome.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Griffiths
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Medicine, Grove Building, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, UK.
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Ye L, Velasco A, Fraser G, Beach TG, Sue L, Osredkar T, Libri V, Spillantini MG, Goedert M, Lockhart A. In vitro high affinity alpha-synuclein binding sites for the amyloid imaging agent PIB are not matched by binding to Lewy bodies in postmortem human brain. J Neurochem 2008; 105:1428-37. [PMID: 18221373 PMCID: PMC2408655 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05245.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid containing deposits are a defining neuropathological feature of a wide range of dementias and movement disorders. The positron emission tomography tracer PIB (Pittsburgh Compound-B, 2-[4′-(methylamino)phenyl]-6-hydroxybenzothiazole) was developed to target senile plaques, an amyloid containing pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease, formed from the amyloid-β peptide. Despite the fact that PIB was developed from the pan-amyloid staining dye thioflavin T, no detailed characterisation of its interaction with other amyloid structures has been reported. In this study, we demonstrate the presence of a high affinity binding site (Kd∼4 nM) for benzothiazole derivatives, including [3H]-PIB, on α-synuclein (AS) filaments generated in vitro, and further characterise this binding site through the use of radioligand displacement assays employing 4-N-methylamino-4′-hydroxystilbene (SB13) (Ki = 87 nM) and 2-(1-{6-[(2-fluoroethyl(methyl)amino]-2-naphthyl}ethylidene)malononitrile (FDDNP) (Ki = 210 nM). Despite the presence of a high-affinity binding site on AS filaments, no discernible interaction of [3H]-PIB was detected with amygdala sections from Parkinson's disease cases containing frequent AS-immunoreactive Lewy bodies and related neurities. These findings suggest that the density and/or accessibility of AS binding sites in vivo are significantly less than those associated with amyloid-β peptide lesions. Lewy bodies pathology is therefore unlikely to contribute significantly to the retention of PIB in positron emission tomography imaging studies. J. Neurochem. (2008) 105, 1428–1437.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Ye
- GlaxoSmithKline, Clinical Science and Technology, Neurology DM, New Frontiers Science Park, Harlow, UK
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Lockhart A, Lamb JR, Osredkar T, Sue LI, Joyce JN, Ye L, Libri V, Leppert D, Beach TG. PIB is a non-specific imaging marker of amyloid-beta (Abeta) peptide-related cerebral amyloidosis. Brain 2007; 130:2607-15. [PMID: 17698496 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awm191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vivo imaging probe [11C]-PIB (Pittsburgh Compound B, N-methyl[11C]2-(4'-methylaminophenyl-6-hydroxybenzathiazole) is under evaluation as a key imaging tool in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and to date has been assumed to bind with high affinity and specificity to the amyloid structures associated with classical plaques (CPs), one of the pathological hallmarks of the disease. However, no studies have systematically investigated PIB binding to human neuropathological brain specimens at the tracer concentrations achieved during in vivo imaging scans. Using a combination of autoradiography and histochemical techniques, we demonstrate that PIB, in addition to binding CPs clearly delineates diffuse plaques and cerebrovascular amyloid angiopathy (CAA). The interaction of PIB with CAA was not fully displaceable and this may be linked to the apolipoprotein E-epsilon4 allele. PIB was also found to label neurofibrillary tangles, although the overall intensity of this binding was markedly lower than that associated with the amyloid-beta (Abeta) pathology. The data provide a molecular explanation for PIB's limited specificity in diagnosing and monitoring disease progression in AD and instead indicate that the ligand is primarily a non-specific marker of Abeta-peptide related cerebral amyloidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lockhart
- GlaxoSmithKline, Clinical Science & Technology, CPDM and NGI-CEDD, NFSP North, Third Avenue, Harlow, Essex, CM19 5AW, UK.
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Abstract
Over the past five years there has been a surge of interest in using positron emission tomography (PET) to determine the in vivo density of the senile plaque, a key pathological feature of Alzheimer's disease. The development of the tracers [(11)C]-PIB, [(11)C]-SB13 and [(18)F]-FDDNP has coincided with drug strategies aimed at altering the brain metabolism of amyloid-beta peptides. The evolution of these novel ligands serves not only as an excellent example of how rapidly imaging technologies can progress but also as a reminder that the fundamental biological knowledge, which is necessary to fully interpret the PET data, can be left trailing behind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Lockhart
- GlaxoSmithKline, Addenbrooke's Centre for Clinical Investigation (ACCI), Box No. 128, Addenbrookes Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2GG, UK.
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Ye L, Morgenstern J, Thompson P, Baker S, Lamb JR, Lockhart A. P2–275: A clue to the lack of success of amyloid imaging agents in transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2006.05.1114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Ye
- GlaxoSmithKlineCambridgeUnited Kingdom
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Ye L, Morgenstern JL, Lamb JR, Lockhart A. Characterisation of the binding of amyloid imaging tracers to rodent Abeta fibrils and rodent-human Abeta co-polymers. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 347:669-77. [PMID: 16842745 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.06.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2006] [Accepted: 06/22/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite the application of amyloid imaging agents such as PIB, SB13, and FDDNP in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, the successful use of these agents in transgenic mice models of AD has not been reported to date. As a first step in understanding the behaviour of these ligands in transgenic models of AD, we have investigated in a series of in vitro ligand binding assays the interaction of selected agents, including PIB, FDDNP, SB13, and BSB, with amyloid fibrils produced from rodent Abeta(1-40) (roAbeta) peptide. The data indicate that the ligand binding affinities together with the pattern and number of binding sites on the roAbeta fibrils are broadly conserved with that reported previously for human Abeta(1-40) (huAbeta) fibrils. However, characterisation of huAbeta fibrils formed in the presence of increasing amounts of roAbeta (1, 5, 10% w/w) demonstrated a dose-dependent reduction in the number of high affinity [(3)H]Me-BTA-1 binding sites such that at the highest amount of roAbeta the specific signal was reduced by approximately 95%. These studies suggest that (i) the presence of small amounts of roAbeta in huAbeta fibrils has the potential to cause subtle ultrastructural alterations in the polymers and (ii) the weak binding signal observed in vivo in the transgenic mouse models of AD may in part be due to the decreased number of high affinity binding sites on the Abeta fibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Ye
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Translational Medicine and Genetics, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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36
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Deng H, Cobb SL, Gee AD, Lockhart A, Martarello L, McGlinchey RP, O'Hagan D, Onega M. Fluorinase mediated C–18F bond formation, an enzymatic tool for PET labelling. Chem Commun (Camb) 2006:652-4. [PMID: 16446840 DOI: 10.1039/b516861a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The fluorinase enzyme from S. cattleya is applied as a catalyst for the efficient incorporation of [18F]-fluoride into [18F]-5'-fluoro-5'-deoxyadenosine, [18F]-5'-fluoro-5'-deoxyinosine and [18F]-5-fluoro-5-deoxyribose for positron emission tomography (PET) applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Deng
- University of St Andrews, School of Chemistry and Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, UK KY16 9ST
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37
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Ye L, Morgenstern JL, Gee AD, Hong G, Brown J, Lockhart A. Delineation of positron emission tomography imaging agent binding sites on beta-amyloid peptide fibrils. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:23599-604. [PMID: 15855161 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m501285200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A range of imaging agents for use in the positron emission tomography of Alzheimer's disease is currently under development. Each of the main compound classes, derived from thioflavin T (PIB), Congo Red (BSB), and aminonaphthalene (FDDNP) are believed to bind to mutually exclusive sites on the beta-amyloid (Abeta) peptide fibrils. We recently reported the presence of three classes of binding sites (BS1, BS2, BS3) on the Abeta fibrils for thioflavin T derivatives and now extend these findings to demonstrate that these sites are also able to accommodate ligands from the other chemotype classes. The results from competition assays using [3H]Me-BTA-1 (BS3 probe) indicated that both PIB and FDDNP were able to displace the radioligand with Ki values of 25 and 42 nM, respectively. BSB was unable to displace the radioligand tracer from the Abeta fibrils. In contrast, each of the compounds examined were able to displace thioflavin T (BS1 probe) from the Abeta fibrils when evaluated in a fluorescence competition assay with Ki values for PIB, FDDNP, and BSB of 1865, 335, and 600 nM, respectively. Finally, the Kd values for FDDNP and BSB binding to Abeta fibrils were directly determined by monitoring the increases in the ligand intrinsic fluorescence, which were 290 and 104 nM, respectively. The results from these assays indicate that (i) the three classes of thioflavin T binding sites are able to accommodate a wide range of chemotype structures, (ii) BSB binds to two sites on the Abeta fibrils, one of which is BS2, and the other is distinct from the thioflavin T derivative binding sites, and (iii) there is no independent binding site on the fibrils for FDDNP, and the ligand binds to both the BS1 and BS3 sites with significantly lower affinities than previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Ye
- Translational Medicine and Genetics, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 2GG, United Kingdom
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38
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Aburel PS, Aigbirhio F, Alexakis E, Audrain H, Austin CA, Barry C, Bender D, Bushby N, Cable K, Carroll MA, Deng H, Ellames G, Fellows I, Gardiner JM, Geach NJ, Gee AD, Gerhard M, Guthrie EJ, Hamprecht DW, Harding JR, Hartley RC, Harwood SJ, Herbert JM, Hickey MJ, Jones JR, Kamara LM, Kingston LP, Lawrie KWM, Lewis RJ, Lockhart A, Lockley WJS, Macritchie J, MacGlinchey R, Macleod C, Martarello L, Mather AN, Matthews JC, McAuley BM, McKiernan GJ, McNeill A, Murrell V, O'Hagan D, Oldfield MF, Panchal N, Passchier J, Pike VW, Roberts CF, Rustidge DC, Smith T, Stimpson W, Taylor K, Widdowson DA, Willis CL, Wilkinson DJ, Wilson I, Zinsser W, O'Hagan D, Deng H, Martarello L, Gee AD, Lockhart A, MacGlinchey R, Carroll MA, Kamara LM, Widdowson DA, Pike VW, Gardiner JM, Panchal N, Stimpson W, Herbert JM, Ellames G, Alexakis E, Hickey MJ, Kingston LP, Jones JR, Lockley WJS, Mather AN, McAuley BM, Smith T, Wilkinson DJ, Rustidge DC, Geach NJ, Oldfield MF, Guthrie EJ, Macleod C, McKiernan GJ, Roberts CF, Austin CA, Macritchie J, Hamprecht DW, Hartley RC, Wilson I, Harwood SJ, Herbert JM, Barry C, Bushby N, Harding J, Willis C, Alexakis E, Jones JR, Lockley WJS, Lockley WJS, Lewis RJ, Wilkinson DJ, Jones JR, Harwood SJ, Gerhard M, Zinsser W, Lawrie KWM, Martarello L, Gee AD, Hélène Audrain, Aburel PS, Bender D, McNeill A, Murrell V, Taylor K, Stimpson W, Panchal N, Gardiner JM, Herbert JM, Ellames GJ, Passchier J, Bender D, Lawrie KWM, Fellows I, Matthews JC, Gee AD. 14th International Isotope Society (UK group) symposium. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Lockhart A, Ye L, Judd DB, Merritt AT, Lowe PN, Morgenstern JL, Hong G, Gee AD, Brown J. Evidence for the presence of three distinct binding sites for the thioflavin T class of Alzheimer's disease PET imaging agents on beta-amyloid peptide fibrils. J Biol Chem 2004; 280:7677-84. [PMID: 15615711 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m412056200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Imaging the progression of Alzheimer's disease would greatly facilitate the discovery of therapeutics, and a wide range of ligands are currently under development for the detection of beta-amyloid peptide (Abeta)-containing plaques by using positron emission tomography. Here we report an in-depth characterization of the binding of seven previously described ligands to in vitro generated Abeta-(1-40) polymers. All of the compounds were derived from the benzothiazole compound thioflavin T and include 2-[4'-(methylamino)phenyl]benzothiazole and 2-(4'-dimethylamino-)phenyl-imidazo[1,2-a]-pyridine derivatives, 2-[4'-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-6-iodobenzothiazole and 2-[4'-(4''-methylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl]-6-iodobenzothiazole, and a benzofuran compound (5-bromo-2-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)benzofuran). By using a range of fluorescent and radioligand binding assays, we find that these compounds display a more complex binding pattern than described previously and are consistent with three classes of binding sites on the Abeta fibrils. All of the compounds bound with very high affinity (low nm K(d)) to a low capacity site (BS3) (1 ligand-binding site per approximately 300 Abeta-(1-40) monomers) consistent with the previously recognized binding site for these compounds on the fibrils. However, the compounds also bound with high affinity (K(d) approximately 100 nm) to either one of two additional binding sites on the Abeta-(1-40) polymer. The properties of these sites, BS1 and BS2, suggest they are adjacent or partially overlapping and have a higher capacity than BS3, occurring every approximately 35 or every approximately 4 monomers of Abeta-(1-40)-peptide, respectively. Compounds appear to display selectivity for BS2 based on the presence of a halogen substitution (2-[4'-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-6-iodobenzothiazole, 2-[4'-(4''-methylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl]-6-iodobenzothiazole, and 5-bromo-2-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)benzofuran) on their aromatic ring system. The presence of additional ligand-binding sites presents potential new targets for ligand development and may allow a more complete modeling of the current positron emission tomography data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Lockhart
- Translational Medicine and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2GG, United Kingdom.
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Eickel V, Drummond D, Carter N, Lockhart A, Jones JK, Cross R. Kinesin heads fused to hinge-free myosin tails drive efficient motility. FEBS Lett 2004; 569:54-8. [PMID: 15225608 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2004.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2004] [Revised: 05/17/2004] [Accepted: 05/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The rat kinesin motor domain was fused at residues 433, 411, 376 or 367, respectively, to the C-terminal 1185, 1187, 1197 or 1185 residues of the brush border myosin tail. In motility assays, K433myt and K411myt, which preserve the head-proximal kinesin hinge, and K367myt, which deletes it, drove rapid microtubule sliding ( approximately 0.6 microms(-1)) that was optimal when the head-pairs were spaced apart by adding 1:1 headless myosin tails. K376myt, which partially deletes the head-proximal hinge, showed poor motility in sliding assays but wild type processivity, velocity and stall force in single molecule optical trapping. Accordingly, the head-proximal kinesin hinge is functionally dispensable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Eickel
- Molecular Motors Group, Marie Curie Research Institute, The Chart, Oxted, Surrey RH8 0TL, UK.
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41
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Lockhart A. Modulation of adopted nuclear receptors, pregnane X receptor (PXR) and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), by commonly prescribed chemotherapy agents. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clpt.2003.11.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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42
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Hong G, Lockhart A, Davis B, Rahmoune H, Baker S, Ye L, Thompson P, Shou Y, O'Shaughnessy K, Ronco P, Brown J. PPARgamma activation enhances cell surface ENaCalpha via up-regulation of SGK1 in human collecting duct cells. FASEB J 2003; 17:1966-8. [PMID: 12923071 DOI: 10.1096/fj.03-0181fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor that belongs to the nuclear receptor family that plays a critical role in adipocyte differentiation and lipid metabolism. Here we report for the first time that PPARgamma is expressed in human renal cortical collecting ducts (CCD), segments of the nephor involved in regulation of sodium and water homeostasis via action of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC). ENaC activity is regulated by the hormones aldosterone and insulin, primarily through co-ordinate actions on serum and glucocorticoid regulated kinase 1 (SGK1). We show that SGK1 activity is stimulated by treatment of a human CCD cell line with PPARgamma agonists, paralleled by an increase in SGK1 mRNA that is abolished by pretreatment with a specific PPARgamma antagonist, and that this leads to increased levels of cell surface ENaCalpha. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays suggest that these effects are caused by binding of PPARgamma to a specific response element in the SGK1 promoter. Our results identify SGK1 as a target for PPARgamma and suggest a novel role for PPARgamma in regulation of sodium re-absorption in the CCD via stimulation of ENaC activity. This pathway may play a role in sodium retention caused by activation of PPARgamma in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guizhu Hong
- Translational Medicine and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, ACCI, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 2GG, UK.
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43
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Lockhart A, Davis B, Matthews JC, Rahmoune H, Hong G, Gee A, Earnshaw D, Brown J. The peripheral benzodiazepine receptor ligand PK11195 binds with high affinity to the acute phase reactant alpha1-acid glycoprotein: implications for the use of the ligand as a CNS inflammatory marker. Nucl Med Biol 2003; 30:199-206. [PMID: 12623120 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-8051(02)00410-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The peripheral benzodiazepine receptor ligand PK11195 has been used as an in vivo marker of neuroinflammation in positron emission tomography studies in man. One of the methodological issues surrounding the use of the ligand in these studies is the highly variable kinetic behavior of [(11)C]PK11195 in plasma. We therefore undertook a study to measure the binding of [(3)H]PK11195 to whole human blood and found a low level of binding to blood cells but extensive binding to plasma proteins. Binding assays using [(3)H]PK11195 and purified human plasma proteins demonstrated a strong binding to alpha1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) and a much weaker interaction with albumin. Immunodepletion of AGP from plasma resulted in the loss of plasma [(3)H]PK11195 binding demonstrating: (i) the specificity of the interaction and (ii) that AGP is the major plasma protein to which PK11195 binds with high affinity. PK11195 was able to displace fluorescein-dexamethasone from AGP with IC(50) of <1.2 microM, consistent with a high affinity interaction. These findings are important for understanding the behavior of the ligand in positron emission tomography studies for three reasons. Firstly, AGP is an acute phase protein and its levels will vary during infection and pathological inflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis. This could significantly alter the free plasma concentrations of the ligand and contribute to its variable kinetic behavior. Secondly, AGP and AGP-bound ligand may contribute to the access of [(11)C]PK11195 to the brain parenchyma in diseases with blood brain barrier breakdown. Finally, local synthesis of AGP at the site of brain injury may contribute the pattern of [(11)C]PK11195 binding observed in neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Lockhart
- GlaxoSmithKline, Translational Medicine and Technology, Addenbrooke's Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2GG, UK.
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Martarello L, Schaffrath C, Deng H, Gee AD, Lockhart A, O'Hagan D. The first enzymatic method for C-18F bond formation: the synthesis of 5?-[18F]-fluoro-5?-deoxyadenosine for imaging with PET. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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45
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Abstract
The morphology of the mandibular canal after loss of teeth has received little detailed attention. Improved documentation of this topic would allow better interpretation of dental radiographs and would enable those engaged in tooth implantation to better understand the nature of the tissue into which the prostheses are placed. In this study on mandibles from seven dissecting room cadavers panoramic radiographs usually showed the mandibular canal clearly, an incisive canal less so. The wall of the mandibular canal was similar in dentate and edentulous mandibles, and was highly perforated, as suggested by Cryer (Anderson et al., 1991). In edentulous specimens, it was composed mainly of cancellous bone with only occasional single osteons. The inferior alveolar nerve near the mandibular foramen was a large trunk, consisting of three to four nerve bundles with connective tissue sheaths. It became more loosely arranged toward the mental foramen. Medial to the mental foramen, the nerves were frequently in the form of small bundles in the marrow. Any incisive canal was ill-defined and neurovascular bundles, when present, ran through a labyrinth of intertrabecular spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Polland
- Laboratory of Human Anatomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
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46
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Soin B, Smith KG, Zaidi A, Cozzi E, Bradley JR, Ostlie DJ, Lockhart A, White DJ, Friend PJ. Physiological aspects of pig-to-primate renal xenotransplantation. Kidney Int 2001; 60:1592-7. [PMID: 11576378 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.00973.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few data exist on the physiological aspects of pig-to-primate renal xenotransplantation. METHODS Use of organs transgenic for human decay accelerating factor has allowed assessment of the metabolic and hormonal functions of these xenografts. RESULTS Porcine renal xenografts largely maintain plasma electrolyte homeostasis. An increase in proteinuria was detected that may result from graft injury. In contrast to allotransplantation a severe anaemia developed requiring recipient treatment with exogenous human erythropoietin. CONCLUSIONS Our experience provides qualified encouragement for the likely physiological compatibility of pig and primate species, but identifies areas where a xenograft may not match the performance of an allograft.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Soin
- Nuffield Department of Surgery, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University, Oxford, England, United Kingdom
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Kauffmann F, Dizier MH, Annesi-Maesano I, Bousquet J, Charpin D, Demenais F, Ecochard D, Feingold J, Gormand F, Grimfeld A, Lathrop M, Matran R, Neukirch F, Paty E, Pison C, Scheinmann P, Vervloet D, Lockhart A. [Epidemiological study of genetic and environmental factors in asthma, bronchial hyperresponsiveness and atopy. Protocol and potential selection bias]. Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique 2001; 49:343-56. [PMID: 11567201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The EGEA study combines a case-control study and a family study to assess genetic and environmental risk factors and their interactions for asthma, bronchial hyperresponsiveness and atopy. Information is scanty regarding potential selection biases, in particular regarding familial ressemblance in epidemiological surveys of this kind. METHODS Asthmatic probands (adult and paediatric) were recruited in chest clinics of six clinical centres. Controls were mostly population-based (electoral rolls) for adults and recruited in surgery departments for children. RESULTS The population examined includes 348 nuclear families ascertained by one asthmatic and 416 controls, totalling 1847 subjects (EGEA I) and an additional sample of 40 families ascertained by two asthmatic siblings (EGEA II). Potential biases for the various types of analyses have been studied. Quantification of the consequences of the greater participation of probands with a parental history of asthma shows it does not introduce a major bias in the estimates of familial resemblance. Cases and controls showed a good comparability regarding sex, age, area of residence and familial geographical origin, allowing proper associations studies for environmental and candidate genetic factors. CONCLUSIONS The case-control component of the study will allow to perform studies on environmental factors and association studies for various genetic polymorphisms. Using the family base collected, segregation and genetic linkage/association analyses with DNA markers may be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Kauffmann
- INSERM U472, 16, avenue PV Couturier, 94807 Villejuif Cedex, France
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48
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Abouleish AE, Prough DS, Zornow MH, Lockhart A, Abate JJ, Hughes J. Designing meaningful industry metrics for clinical productivity for anesthesiology departments. Anesth Analg 2001; 93:309-12, 2nd contents page. [PMID: 11473850 DOI: 10.1097/00000539-200108000-00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
IMPLICATIONS Clinical productivity measurements that account for differences in clinical settings and concurrencies provided more precise comparisons between two anesthesiology groups. The data show that different concurrencies confound the current industry standard, "per full-time equivalent" measurements, whereas "per operating room site" and "per case" measurements allowed for more meaningful comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Abouleish
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-0591, USA.
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49
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Dizier MH, Besse-Schmittler C, Guilloud-Bataille M, Annesi-Maesano I, Boussaha M, Bousquet J, Charpin D, Degioanni A, Gormand F, Grimfeld A, Hochez J, Hyne G, Lockhart A, Luillier-Lacombe M, Matran R, Meunier F, Neukirch F, Pacheco Y, Parent V, Paty E, Pin I, Pison C, Scheinmann P, Thobie N, Vervloet D, Kauffmann F, Feingold J, Lathrop M, Demenais F. Genome screen for asthma and related phenotypes in the French EGEA study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 162:1812-8. [PMID: 11069818 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.162.5.2002113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A genome-wide search was conducted in 107 nuclear families with at least two siblings with asthma, as part of the French EGEA study. A two-stage analysis strategy was applied to the 107 families divided into two independent subsets of 46 and 61 families, where all regions detected in the first set of families were tested for replication in the second set. In addition, all regions reported by published genome scans in different populations were examined in the total sample. A total of 254 markers were typed in the first set of families and 70% of them in the second set. Linkage was investigated by model-free methods for asthma and four asthma-related phenotypes: bronchial responsiveness (BR), skin test response, total immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels, and eosinophil count. The two-stage analysis led to the detection of three regions: 11p13 for IgE, 12q24 for eosinophils, and 17q12-21 for asthma and skin tests. Among the regions reported by published genome screens, seven were found in the 107 French EGEA families: three being already detected by the two-stage analysis, 11p13 (p = 0.005), 12q24 (p = 0.0008), and 17q12-21 (p = 0.001), and four additional ones, 1p31 (p = 0.005) for asthma, 11q13 (p = 0.006) for IgE, 13q31 (p = 0.001) for eosinophils, and 19q13 (p = 0.02) for BR.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Dizier
- INSERM U155, Université Paris 7, Paris, France; INSERM EPI 00-06, H opital St Louis, Paris, France.
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50
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Chelucci GL, Dall'Ava-Santucci J, Dhainaut JF, Chelucci A, Allegra A, Lockhart A, Zin WA, Milic-Emili J. Association of PEEP with two different inflation volumes in ARDS patients: effects on passive lung deflation and alveolar recruitment. Intensive Care Med 2000; 26:870-7. [PMID: 10990100 DOI: 10.1007/s001340051275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effects of the association of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) with different inflation volumes (V(T)'s) on passive lung deflation and alveolar recruitment in ARDS patients. DESIGN Clinical study using PEEP with two different V(T)'s and analyzing whether passive lung deflation and alveolar recruitment (Vrec) depend on end-inspired (EILV) or end-expired (EELV) lung volume in mechanically ventilated ARDS patients. SETTING Medical intensive care unit in a university hospital. PATIENTS AND PARTICIPANTS Six mechanically ventilated consecutive supine patients with ARDS. INTERVENTIONS Time-course of thoracic volume decay during passive expiration and Vrec were investigated in six ARDS patients ventilated on PEEP with baseline V(T) (V(T),b) and 0.5V(T) (0.5V(T),b), and on zero PEEP (ZEEP) with V(T),b. Time constants of the fast (tau1) and slow (tau2) emptying compartments, as well as resistances and elastances were also determined. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS (a) the biexponential model best fitted the volume decay in all instances. The fast compartment was responsible for 84+/-7 (0.5V(T),b) and 86+/-5% (V(T),b) on PEEP vs 81+/-6% (V(T),b) on ZEEP (P:ns) of the exhaled V(T), with tau1 of 0.50+/-0.13 and 0.58+/-0.17 s vs 0.35+/-0.11 s, respectively; (b) only tau1 for V(T),b on PEEP differed significantly (P < 0.02) from the one on ZEEP, suggesting a slower initial emptying; (c) for the same PEEP, Vrec was higher with a higher volume (V(T)b) than at a lesser one (0.5V(T),b), reflecting the higher V(T). CONCLUSIONS In mechanically ventilated ARDS patients: (a) the behavior of airway resistance seems to depend on the degree of the prevailing lung distension; (b) alveolar recruitment appears to be more important when higher tidal volumes are used during mechanical ventilation on PEEP; (c) PEEP changes the mechanical properties of the respiratory system fast-emptying compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Chelucci
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Florence, Italy.
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