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Gentsch N, Wild B, Mikutta R, Čapek P, Diáková K, Schrumpf M, Turner S, Minnich C, Schaarschmidt F, Shibistova O, Schnecker J, Urich T, Gittel A, Šantrůčková H, Bárta J, Lashchinskiy N, Fuß R, Richter A, Guggenberger G. Temperature response of permafrost soil carbon is attenuated by mineral protection. Glob Chang Biol 2018; 24:3401-3415. [PMID: 29774972 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Climate change in Arctic ecosystems fosters permafrost thaw and makes massive amounts of ancient soil organic carbon (OC) available to microbial breakdown. However, fractions of the organic matter (OM) may be protected from rapid decomposition by their association with minerals. Little is known about the effects of mineral-organic associations (MOA) on the microbial accessibility of OM in permafrost soils and it is not clear which factors control its temperature sensitivity. In order to investigate if and how permafrost soil OC turnover is affected by mineral controls, the heavy fraction (HF) representing mostly MOA was obtained by density fractionation from 27 permafrost soil profiles of the Siberian Arctic. In parallel laboratory incubations, the unfractionated soils (bulk) and their HF were comparatively incubated for 175 days at 5 and 15°C. The HF was equivalent to 70 ± 9% of the bulk CO2 respiration as compared to a share of 63 ± 1% of bulk OC that was stored in the HF. Significant reduction of OC mineralization was found in all treatments with increasing OC content of the HF (HF-OC), clay-size minerals and Fe or Al oxyhydroxides. Temperature sensitivity (Q10) decreased with increasing soil depth from 2.4 to 1.4 in the bulk soil and from 2.9 to 1.5 in the HF. A concurrent increase in the metal-to-HF-OC ratios with soil depth suggests a stronger bonding of OM to minerals in the subsoil. There, the younger 14 C signature in CO2 than that of the OC indicates a preferential decomposition of the more recent OM and the existence of a MOA fraction with limited access of OM to decomposers. These results indicate strong mineral controls on the decomposability of OM after permafrost thaw and on its temperature sensitivity. Thus, we here provide evidence that OM temperature sensitivity can be attenuated by MOA in permafrost soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman Gentsch
- Institute of Soil Science, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Birgit Wild
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Polar Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert Mikutta
- Institute of Soil Science, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Soil Science and Soil Protection, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Petr Čapek
- Department of Ecosystems Biology, University of South Bohemia, České Budéjovice, Czech Republic
| | - Katka Diáková
- Department of Ecosystems Biology, University of South Bohemia, České Budéjovice, Czech Republic
| | | | - Stephanie Turner
- Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), Hannover, Germany
| | - Cynthia Minnich
- Institute of Soil Science, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Soil Ecology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | | | - Olga Shibistova
- Institute of Soil Science, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Jörg Schnecker
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Polar Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire
| | - Tim Urich
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Microbiology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Antje Gittel
- Department of Biology, Centre for Geobiology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Bioscience, Centre for Geomicrobiology, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Hana Šantrůčková
- Department of Ecosystems Biology, University of South Bohemia, České Budéjovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jiři Bárta
- Department of Ecosystems Biology, University of South Bohemia, České Budéjovice, Czech Republic
| | - Nikolay Lashchinskiy
- Central Siberian Botanical Garden, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Roland Fuß
- Thünen Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Andreas Richter
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Polar Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Guggenberger
- Institute of Soil Science, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
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2
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Wild B, Gentsch N, Čapek P, Diáková K, Alves RJE, Bárta J, Gittel A, Hugelius G, Knoltsch A, Kuhry P, Lashchinskiy N, Mikutta R, Palmtag J, Schleper C, Schnecker J, Shibistova O, Takriti M, Torsvik VL, Urich T, Watzka M, Šantrůčková H, Guggenberger G, Richter A. Plant-derived compounds stimulate the decomposition of organic matter in arctic permafrost soils. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25607. [PMID: 27157964 PMCID: PMC4860603 DOI: 10.1038/srep25607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Arctic ecosystems are warming rapidly, which is expected to promote soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition. In addition to the direct warming effect, decomposition can also be indirectly stimulated via increased plant productivity and plant-soil C allocation, and this so called “priming effect” might significantly alter the ecosystem C balance. In this study, we provide first mechanistic insights into the susceptibility of SOM decomposition in arctic permafrost soils to priming. By comparing 119 soils from four locations across the Siberian Arctic that cover all horizons of active layer and upper permafrost, we found that an increased availability of plant-derived organic C particularly stimulated decomposition in subsoil horizons where most of the arctic soil carbon is located. Considering the 1,035 Pg of arctic soil carbon, such an additional stimulation of decomposition beyond the direct temperature effect can accelerate net ecosystem C losses, and amplify the positive feedback to global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Wild
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Polar Research Institute, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Norman Gentsch
- Institute of Soil Science, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Petr Čapek
- Department of Ecosystem Biology, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Diáková
- Department of Ecosystem Biology, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Ricardo J Eloy Alves
- Austrian Polar Research Institute, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jiři Bárta
- Department of Ecosystem Biology, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Antje Gittel
- Department of Biology, Centre for Geobiology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Bioscience, Center for Geomicrobiology, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Gustaf Hugelius
- Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Knoltsch
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Polar Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Kuhry
- Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nikolay Lashchinskiy
- Central Siberian Botanical Garden, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Robert Mikutta
- Institute of Soil Science, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Soil Science and Soil Protection, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Juri Palmtag
- Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christa Schleper
- Austrian Polar Research Institute, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jörg Schnecker
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Polar Research Institute, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Olga Shibistova
- Institute of Soil Science, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,VN Sukachev Institute of Forest, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Mounir Takriti
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Polar Research Institute, Vienna, Austria.,Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Vigdis L Torsvik
- Department of Biology, Centre for Geobiology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Tim Urich
- Austrian Polar Research Institute, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Microbiology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Margarete Watzka
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hana Šantrůčková
- Department of Ecosystem Biology, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Georg Guggenberger
- Institute of Soil Science, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,VN Sukachev Institute of Forest, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Andreas Richter
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Polar Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
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Gittel A, Donhauser J, Røy H, Girguis PR, Jørgensen BB, Kjeldsen KU. Ubiquitous Presence and Novel Diversity of Anaerobic Alkane Degraders in Cold Marine Sediments. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1414. [PMID: 26733961 PMCID: PMC4681840 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Alkanes are major constituents of crude oil and are released to the marine environment by natural seepage and from anthropogenic sources. Due to their chemical inertness, their removal from anoxic marine sediments is primarily controlled by the activity of anaerobic alkane-degrading microorganisms. To facilitate comprehensive cultivation-independent surveys of the diversity and distribution of anaerobic alkane degraders, we designed novel PCR primers that cover all known diversity of the 1-methylalkyl succinate synthase gene (masD/assA), which catalyzes the initial activation of alkanes. We studied masD/assA gene diversity in pristine and seepage-impacted Danish coastal sediments, as well as in sediments and alkane-degrading enrichment cultures from the Middle Valley (MV) hydrothermal vent system in the Pacific Northwest. MasD/assA genes were ubiquitously present, and the primers captured the diversity of both known and previously undiscovered masD/assA gene diversity. Seepage sediments were dominated by a single masD/assA gene cluster, which is presumably indicative of a substrate-adapted community, while pristine sediments harbored a diverse range of masD/assA phylotypes including those present in seepage sediments. This rare biosphere of anaerobic alkane degraders will likely increase in abundance in the event of seepage or accidental oil spillage. Nanomolar concentrations of short-chain alkanes (SCA) were detected in pristine and seepage sediments. Interestingly, anaerobic alkane degraders closely related to strain BuS5, the only SCA degrader in pure culture, were found in mesophilic MV enrichments, but not in cold sediments from Danish waters. We propose that the new masD/assA gene lineages in these sediments represent novel phylotypes that are either fueled by naturally occurring low levels of SCA or that metabolize medium- to long-chain alkanes. Our study highlights that masD/assA genes are a relevant diagnostic marker to identify seepage and microseepage, e.g., during prospecting for oil and gas, and may act as an indicator of anthropogenic oil spills in marine sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Gittel
- Center for Geomicrobiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Johanna Donhauser
- Center for Geomicrobiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Hans Røy
- Center for Geomicrobiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Peter R Girguis
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bo B Jørgensen
- Center for Geomicrobiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kasper U Kjeldsen
- Center for Geomicrobiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University Aarhus, Denmark
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Wild B, Schnecker J, Knoltsch A, Takriti M, Mooshammer M, Gentsch N, Mikutta R, Alves RJE, Gittel A, Lashchinskiy N, Richter A. Microbial nitrogen dynamics in organic and mineral soil horizons along a latitudinal transect in western Siberia. Global Biogeochem Cycles 2015; 29:567-582. [PMID: 26693204 PMCID: PMC4676305 DOI: 10.1002/2015gb005084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Soil N availability is constrained by the breakdown of N-containing polymers such as proteins to oligopeptides and amino acids that can be taken up by plants and microorganisms. Excess N is released from microbial cells as ammonium (N mineralization), which in turn can serve as substrate for nitrification. According to stoichiometric theory, N mineralization and nitrification are expected to increase in relation to protein depolymerization with decreasing N limitation, and thus from higher to lower latitudes and from topsoils to subsoils. To test these hypotheses, we compared gross rates of protein depolymerization, N mineralization and nitrification (determined using 15N pool dilution assays) in organic topsoil, mineral topsoil, and mineral subsoil of seven ecosystems along a latitudinal transect in western Siberia, from tundra (67°N) to steppe (54°N). The investigated ecosystems differed strongly in N transformation rates, with highest protein depolymerization and N mineralization rates in middle and southern taiga. All N transformation rates decreased with soil depth following the decrease in organic matter content. Related to protein depolymerization, N mineralization and nitrification were significantly higher in mineral than in organic horizons, supporting a decrease in microbial N limitation with depth. In contrast, we did not find indications for a decrease in microbial N limitation from arctic to temperate ecosystems along the transect. Our findings thus challenge the perception of ubiquitous N limitation at high latitudes, but suggest a transition from N to C limitation of microorganisms with soil depth, even in high-latitude systems such as tundra and boreal forest. KEY POINTS We compared soil N dynamics of seven ecosystems along a latitudinal transectShifts in N dynamics suggest a decrease in microbial N limitation with depthWe found no decrease in microbial N limitation from arctic to temperate zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Wild
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna Vienna, Austria ; Austrian Polar Research Institute Vienna, Austria ; Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jörg Schnecker
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna Vienna, Austria ; Austrian Polar Research Institute Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Knoltsch
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna Vienna, Austria ; Austrian Polar Research Institute Vienna, Austria
| | - Mounir Takriti
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna Vienna, Austria ; Austrian Polar Research Institute Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Mooshammer
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | - Norman Gentsch
- Institute of Soil Science, Leibniz Universität Hannover Hannover, Germany
| | - Robert Mikutta
- Institute of Soil Science, Leibniz Universität Hannover Hannover, Germany
| | - Ricardo J Eloy Alves
- Austrian Polar Research Institute Vienna, Austria ; Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | - Antje Gittel
- Department of Biology, Centre for Geobiology, University of Bergen Bergen, Norway ; Department of Bioscience, Center for Geomicrobiology Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nikolay Lashchinskiy
- Central Siberian Botanical Garden, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Andreas Richter
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna Vienna, Austria ; Austrian Polar Research Institute Vienna, Austria
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Schnecker J, Wild B, Takriti M, Eloy Alves RJ, Gentsch N, Gittel A, Hofer A, Klaus K, Knoltsch A, Lashchinskiy N, Mikutta R, Richter A. Microbial community composition shapes enzyme patterns in topsoil and subsoil horizons along a latitudinal transect in Western Siberia. Soil Biol Biochem 2015; 83:106-115. [PMID: 25859057 PMCID: PMC4381299 DOI: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Soil horizons below 30 cm depth contain about 60% of the organic carbon stored in soils. Although insight into the physical and chemical stabilization of soil organic matter (SOM) and into microbial community composition in these horizons is being gained, information on microbial functions of subsoil microbial communities and on associated microbially-mediated processes remains sparse. To identify possible controls on enzyme patterns, we correlated enzyme patterns with biotic and abiotic soil parameters, as well as with microbial community composition, estimated using phospholipid fatty acid profiles. Enzyme patterns (i.e. distance-matrixes calculated from these enzyme activities) were calculated from the activities of six extracellular enzymes (cellobiohydrolase, leucine-amino-peptidase, N-acetylglucosaminidase, chitotriosidase, phosphatase and phenoloxidase), which had been measured in soil samples from organic topsoil horizons, mineral topsoil horizons, and mineral subsoil horizons from seven ecosystems along a 1500 km latitudinal transect in Western Siberia. We found that hydrolytic enzyme activities decreased rapidly with depth, whereas oxidative enzyme activities in mineral horizons were as high as, or higher than in organic topsoil horizons. Enzyme patterns varied more strongly between ecosystems in mineral subsoil horizons than in organic topsoils. The enzyme patterns in topsoil horizons were correlated with SOM content (i.e., C and N content) and microbial community composition. In contrast, the enzyme patterns in mineral subsoil horizons were related to water content, soil pH and microbial community composition. The lack of correlation between enzyme patterns and SOM quantity in the mineral subsoils suggests that SOM chemistry, spatial separation or physical stabilization of SOM rather than SOM content might determine substrate availability for enzymatic breakdown. The correlation of microbial community composition and enzyme patterns in all horizons, suggests that microbial community composition shapes enzyme patterns and might act as a modifier for the usual dependency of decomposition rates on SOM content or C/N ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Schnecker
- University of Vienna, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Polar Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
- Corresponding author. University of Vienna, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, Althanstraße 14, Vienna, 1090, Austria. Tel.: +43 1 4277 76668; fax: +43 1 4277 876661.
| | - Birgit Wild
- University of Vienna, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Polar Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mounir Takriti
- University of Vienna, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Polar Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ricardo J. Eloy Alves
- Austrian Polar Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
- University of Vienna, Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, Division of Archaea Biology and Ecogenomics, Vienna, Austria
| | - Norman Gentsch
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institut für Bodenkunde, Hannover, Germany
| | - Antje Gittel
- Aarhus University, Center for Geomicrobiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus, Denmark
- University of Bergen, Centre for Geobiology, Bergen, Norway
| | - Angelika Hofer
- University of Vienna, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karoline Klaus
- University of Vienna, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Knoltsch
- University of Vienna, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Polar Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nikolay Lashchinskiy
- Central Siberian Botanical Garden, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Robert Mikutta
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institut für Bodenkunde, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Richter
- University of Vienna, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Polar Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
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Gittel A, Bárta J, Kohoutová I, Schnecker J, Wild B, Čapek P, Kaiser C, Torsvik VL, Richter A, Schleper C, Urich T. Site- and horizon-specific patterns of microbial community structure and enzyme activities in permafrost-affected soils of Greenland. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:541. [PMID: 25360132 PMCID: PMC4199454 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Permafrost-affected soils in the Northern latitudes store huge amounts of organic carbon (OC) that is prone to microbial degradation and subsequent release of greenhouse gasses to the atmosphere. In Greenland, the consequences of permafrost thaw have only recently been addressed, and predictions on its impact on the carbon budget are thus still highly uncertain. However, the fate of OC is not only determined by abiotic factors, but closely tied to microbial activity. We investigated eight soil profiles in northeast Greenland comprising two sites with typical tundra vegetation and one wet fen site. We assessed microbial community structure and diversity (SSU rRNA gene tag sequencing, quantification of bacteria, archaea and fungi), and measured hydrolytic and oxidative enzyme activities. Sampling site and thus abiotic factors had a significant impact on microbial community structure, diversity and activity, the wet fen site exhibiting higher potential enzyme activities and presumably being a hot spot for anaerobic degradation processes such as fermentation and methanogenesis. Lowest fungal to bacterial ratios were found in topsoils that had been relocated by cryoturbation ("buried topsoils"), resulting from a decrease in fungal abundance compared to recent ("unburied") topsoils. Actinobacteria (in particular Intrasporangiaceae) accounted for a major fraction of the microbial community in buried topsoils, but were only of minor abundance in all other soil horizons. It was indicated that the distribution pattern of Actinobacteria and a variety of other bacterial classes was related to the activity of phenol oxidases and peroxidases supporting the hypothesis that bacteria might resume the role of fungi in oxidative enzyme production and degradation of phenolic and other complex substrates in these soils. Our study sheds light on the highly diverse, but poorly-studied communities in permafrost-affected soils in Greenland and their role in OC degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Gittel
- Department of Biology, Centre for Geobiology, University of BergenBergen, Norway
- Department of Bioscience, Center for Geomicrobiology, Aarhus UniversityAarhus, Denmark
| | - Jiří Bárta
- Department of Ecosystems Biology, University of South BohemiaČeské Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Kohoutová
- Department of Ecosystems Biology, University of South BohemiaČeské Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jörg Schnecker
- Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of ViennaVienna, Austria
- Austrian Polar Research InstituteVienna, Austria
| | - Birgit Wild
- Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of ViennaVienna, Austria
- Austrian Polar Research InstituteVienna, Austria
| | - Petr Čapek
- Department of Ecosystems Biology, University of South BohemiaČeské Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Christina Kaiser
- Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Vigdis L. Torsvik
- Department of Biology, Centre for Geobiology, University of BergenBergen, Norway
| | - Andreas Richter
- Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of ViennaVienna, Austria
- Austrian Polar Research InstituteVienna, Austria
| | - Christa Schleper
- Department of Biology, Centre for Geobiology, University of BergenBergen, Norway
- Austrian Polar Research InstituteVienna, Austria
- Division of Archaea Biology and Ecogenomics, Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, University of ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Tim Urich
- Austrian Polar Research InstituteVienna, Austria
- Division of Archaea Biology and Ecogenomics, Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, University of ViennaVienna, Austria
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Wild B, Schnecker J, Alves RJE, Barsukov P, Bárta J, Čapek P, Gentsch N, Gittel A, Guggenberger G, Lashchinskiy N, Mikutta R, Rusalimova O, Šantrůčková H, Shibistova O, Urich T, Watzka M, Zrazhevskaya G, Richter A. Input of easily available organic C and N stimulates microbial decomposition of soil organic matter in arctic permafrost soil. Soil Biol Biochem 2014; 75:143-151. [PMID: 25089062 PMCID: PMC4064687 DOI: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2014.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Rising temperatures in the Arctic can affect soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition directly and indirectly, by increasing plant primary production and thus the allocation of plant-derived organic compounds into the soil. Such compounds, for example root exudates or decaying fine roots, are easily available for microorganisms, and can alter the decomposition of older SOM ("priming effect"). We here report on a SOM priming experiment in the active layer of a permafrost soil from the central Siberian Arctic, comparing responses of organic topsoil, mineral subsoil, and cryoturbated subsoil material (i.e., poorly decomposed topsoil material subducted into the subsoil by freeze-thaw processes) to additions of 13C-labeled glucose, cellulose, a mixture of amino acids, and protein (added at levels corresponding to approximately 1% of soil organic carbon). SOM decomposition in the topsoil was barely affected by higher availability of organic compounds, whereas SOM decomposition in both subsoil horizons responded strongly. In the mineral subsoil, SOM decomposition increased by a factor of two to three after any substrate addition (glucose, cellulose, amino acids, protein), suggesting that the microbial decomposer community was limited in energy to break down more complex components of SOM. In the cryoturbated horizon, SOM decomposition increased by a factor of two after addition of amino acids or protein, but was not significantly affected by glucose or cellulose, indicating nitrogen rather than energy limitation. Since the stimulation of SOM decomposition in cryoturbated material was not connected to microbial growth or to a change in microbial community composition, the additional nitrogen was likely invested in the production of extracellular enzymes required for SOM decomposition. Our findings provide a first mechanistic understanding of priming in permafrost soils and suggest that an increase in the availability of organic carbon or nitrogen, e.g., by increased plant productivity, can change the decomposition of SOM stored in deeper layers of permafrost soils, with possible repercussions on the global climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Wild
- University of Vienna, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Polar Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
- Corresponding author. University of Vienna, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, Vienna, Austria. Tel.: +43 1 4277 76666.
| | - Jörg Schnecker
- University of Vienna, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Polar Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ricardo J. Eloy Alves
- Austrian Polar Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
- University of Vienna, Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, Division of Archaea Biology and Ecogenomics, Vienna, Austria
| | - Pavel Barsukov
- Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Soil Science and Agrochemistry, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Jiří Bárta
- University of South Bohemia, Department of Ecosystems Biology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Čapek
- University of South Bohemia, Department of Ecosystems Biology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Norman Gentsch
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Soil Science, Hannover, Germany
| | - Antje Gittel
- Austrian Polar Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
- University of Bergen, Centre for Geobiology, Department of Biology, Bergen, Norway
| | - Georg Guggenberger
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Soil Science, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nikolay Lashchinskiy
- Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Central Siberian Botanical Garden, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Robert Mikutta
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Soil Science, Hannover, Germany
| | - Olga Rusalimova
- Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Soil Science and Agrochemistry, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Hana Šantrůčková
- University of South Bohemia, Department of Ecosystems Biology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Shibistova
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Soil Science, Hannover, Germany
- Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, VN Sukachev Institute of Forest, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Tim Urich
- Austrian Polar Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
- University of Vienna, Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, Division of Archaea Biology and Ecogenomics, Vienna, Austria
| | - Margarete Watzka
- University of Vienna, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Galina Zrazhevskaya
- Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, VN Sukachev Institute of Forest, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Andreas Richter
- University of Vienna, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Polar Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
- Corresponding author. University of Vienna, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, Vienna, Austria. Tel.: +43 1 4277 76660.
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8
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Schnecker J, Wild B, Hofhansl F, Eloy Alves RJ, Bárta J, Čapek P, Fuchslueger L, Gentsch N, Gittel A, Guggenberger G, Hofer A, Kienzl S, Knoltsch A, Lashchinskiy N, Mikutta R, Šantrůčková H, Shibistova O, Takriti M, Urich T, Weltin G, Richter A. Effects of soil organic matter properties and microbial community composition on enzyme activities in cryoturbated arctic soils. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94076. [PMID: 24705618 PMCID: PMC3976392 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzyme-mediated decomposition of soil organic matter (SOM) is controlled, amongst other factors, by organic matter properties and by the microbial decomposer community present. Since microbial community composition and SOM properties are often interrelated and both change with soil depth, the drivers of enzymatic decomposition are hard to dissect. We investigated soils from three regions in the Siberian Arctic, where carbon rich topsoil material has been incorporated into the subsoil (cryoturbation). We took advantage of this subduction to test if SOM properties shape microbial community composition, and to identify controls of both on enzyme activities. We found that microbial community composition (estimated by phospholipid fatty acid analysis), was similar in cryoturbated material and in surrounding subsoil, although carbon and nitrogen contents were similar in cryoturbated material and topsoils. This suggests that the microbial community in cryoturbated material was not well adapted to SOM properties. We also measured three potential enzyme activities (cellobiohydrolase, leucine-amino-peptidase and phenoloxidase) and used structural equation models (SEMs) to identify direct and indirect drivers of the three enzyme activities. The models included microbial community composition, carbon and nitrogen contents, clay content, water content, and pH. Models for regular horizons, excluding cryoturbated material, showed that all enzyme activities were mainly controlled by carbon or nitrogen. Microbial community composition had no effect. In contrast, models for cryoturbated material showed that enzyme activities were also related to microbial community composition. The additional control of microbial community composition could have restrained enzyme activities and furthermore decomposition in general. The functional decoupling of SOM properties and microbial community composition might thus be one of the reasons for low decomposition rates and the persistence of 400 Gt carbon stored in cryoturbated material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Schnecker
- University of Vienna, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Polar Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
| | - Birgit Wild
- University of Vienna, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Polar Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Hofhansl
- University of Vienna, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ricardo J. Eloy Alves
- Austrian Polar Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
- University of Vienna, Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, Division of Archaea Biology and Ecogenomics, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jiří Bárta
- University of South Bohemia, Department of Ecosystems Biology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Čapek
- University of South Bohemia, Department of Ecosystems Biology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Lucia Fuchslueger
- University of Vienna, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Norman Gentsch
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institut für Bodenkunde, Hannover, Germany
| | - Antje Gittel
- Austrian Polar Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
- University of Bergen, Centre for Geobiology, Department of Biology, Bergen, Norway
| | - Georg Guggenberger
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institut für Bodenkunde, Hannover, Germany
| | - Angelika Hofer
- University of Vienna, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sandra Kienzl
- University of Vienna, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Knoltsch
- University of Vienna, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Polar Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nikolay Lashchinskiy
- Central Siberian Botanical Garden, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Robert Mikutta
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institut für Bodenkunde, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hana Šantrůčková
- University of South Bohemia, Department of Ecosystems Biology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Shibistova
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institut für Bodenkunde, Hannover, Germany
- VN Sukachev Institute of Forest, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Mounir Takriti
- University of Vienna, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Polar Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tim Urich
- Austrian Polar Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
- University of Vienna, Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, Division of Archaea Biology and Ecogenomics, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Weltin
- International Atomic Energy Agency, Joint FAO/IAEA Division for Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Soil and Water Management & Crop Nutrition Laboratory, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Richter
- University of Vienna, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Polar Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
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9
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Gittel A, Bárta J, Kohoutová I, Mikutta R, Owens S, Gilbert J, Schnecker J, Wild B, Hannisdal B, Maerz J, Lashchinskiy N, Čapek P, Šantrůčková H, Gentsch N, Shibistova O, Guggenberger G, Richter A, Torsvik VL, Schleper C, Urich T. Distinct microbial communities associated with buried soils in the Siberian tundra. ISME J 2014; 8:841-53. [PMID: 24335828 PMCID: PMC3960545 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2013.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cryoturbation, the burial of topsoil material into deeper soil horizons by repeated freeze-thaw events, is an important storage mechanism for soil organic matter (SOM) in permafrost-affected soils. Besides abiotic conditions, microbial community structure and the accessibility of SOM to the decomposer community are hypothesized to control SOM decomposition and thus have a crucial role in SOM accumulation in buried soils. We surveyed the microbial community structure in cryoturbated soils from nine soil profiles in the northeastern Siberian tundra using high-throughput sequencing and quantification of bacterial, archaeal and fungal marker genes. We found that bacterial abundances in buried topsoils were as high as in unburied topsoils. In contrast, fungal abundances decreased with depth and were significantly lower in buried than in unburied topsoils resulting in remarkably low fungal to bacterial ratios in buried topsoils. Fungal community profiling revealed an associated decrease in presumably ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi. The abiotic conditions (low to subzero temperatures, anoxia) and the reduced abundance of fungi likely provide a niche for bacterial, facultative anaerobic decomposers of SOM such as members of the Actinobacteria, which were found in significantly higher relative abundances in buried than in unburied topsoils. Our study expands the knowledge on the microbial community structure in soils of Northern latitude permafrost regions, and attributes the delayed decomposition of SOM in buried soils to specific microbial taxa, and particularly to a decrease in abundance and activity of ECM fungi, and to the extent to which bacterial decomposers are able to act as their functional substitutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Gittel
- Department of Biology, Centre for Geobiology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Austrian Polar Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jiří Bárta
- Department of Ecosystems Biology, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Kohoutová
- Department of Ecosystems Biology, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Mikutta
- Institut für Bodenkunde, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sarah Owens
- Institute of Genomics and Systems Biology, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA
- Computation Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jack Gilbert
- Institute of Genomics and Systems Biology, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jörg Schnecker
- Austrian Polar Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
- Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Birgit Wild
- Austrian Polar Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
- Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bjarte Hannisdal
- Department of Earth Science, Centre for Geobiology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Joeran Maerz
- Division of Ecosystem Modelling, Institute of Coastal Research, Helmholtz Zentrum Geesthacht, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Nikolay Lashchinskiy
- Central Siberian Botanical Garden, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Petr Čapek
- Department of Ecosystems Biology, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Šantrůčková
- Department of Ecosystems Biology, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Norman Gentsch
- Institut für Bodenkunde, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Olga Shibistova
- Institut für Bodenkunde, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- VN Sukachev Institute of Forest, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademgorodok, Russia
| | - Georg Guggenberger
- Institut für Bodenkunde, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Richter
- Austrian Polar Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
- Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vigdis L Torsvik
- Department of Biology, Centre for Geobiology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Christa Schleper
- Department of Biology, Centre for Geobiology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Austrian Polar Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
- Division of Archaea Biology and Ecogenomics, Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tim Urich
- Austrian Polar Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
- Division of Archaea Biology and Ecogenomics, Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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10
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Gittel A, Kofoed MVW, Sørensen KB, Ingvorsen K, Schramm A. Succession of Deferribacteres and Epsilonproteobacteria through a nitrate-treated high-temperature oil production facility. Syst Appl Microbiol 2012; 35:165-74. [PMID: 22381470 DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Members of Epsilonproteobacteria and Deferribacteres have been implied in nitrate-induced souring control in high-temperature oil production facilities. Here we report on their diversity and abundance in the injection and production part of a nitrate-treated, off-shore oil facility (Halfdan, Denmark) and aimed to assess their potential in souring control. Nitrate addition to deoxygenated seawater shifted the low-biomass seawater community dominated by Gammaproteobacteria closely affiliated with the genus Colwellia to a high-biomass community with significantly higher species richness. Epsilonproteobacteria accounted for less than 1% of the total bacterial community in the nitrate-amended injection water and were most likely outcompeted by putative nitrate-reducing, methylotrophic Gammaproteobacteria of the genus Methylophaga. Reservoir passage and recovery of the oil resulted in a significant change in the bacterial community. Members of the thermophilic Deferribacteres were the second major fraction of the bacterial community in the production water (~30% of the total bacterial community). They were not found in the injection water and were therefore assumed to be indigenous to the reservoir. Additional diversity analysis and targeted quantification of periplasmic nitrate reductase (napA) genes indicated that most resident Deferribacteres possessed the functional potential to contribute to nitrate reduction in the system. In sum, the dominance of nitrate-reducing Deferribacteres and the low relative abundance of Epsilonproteobacteria throughout the production facility suggested that the Deferribacteres play a major role in nitrate-induced souring control at high temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Gittel
- Department of Biosciences, Microbiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.
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11
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Gittel A, Sørensen KB, Skovhus TL, Ingvorsen K, Schramm A. Prokaryotic community structure and sulfate reducer activity in water from high-temperature oil reservoirs with and without nitrate treatment. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:7086-96. [PMID: 19801479 PMCID: PMC2786513 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01123-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfate-reducing prokaryotes (SRP) cause severe problems like microbial corrosion and reservoir souring in seawater-injected oil production systems. One strategy to control SRP activity is the addition of nitrate to the injection water. Production waters from two adjacent, hot (80 degrees C) oil reservoirs, one with and one without nitrate treatment, were compared for prokaryotic community structure and activity of SRP. Bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA gene analyses revealed higher prokaryotic abundance but lower diversity for the nitrate-treated field. The 16S rRNA gene clone libraries from both fields were dominated by sequences affiliated with Firmicutes (Bacteria) and Thermococcales (Archaea). Potential heterotrophic nitrate reducers (Deferribacterales) were exclusively found at the nitrate-treated field, possibly stimulated by nitrate addition. Quantitative PCR of dsrAB genes revealed that archaeal SRP (Archaeoglobus) dominated the SRP communities, but with lower relative abundance at the nitrate-treated site. Bacterial SRP were found in only low abundance at both sites and were nearly exclusively affiliated with thermophilic genera (Desulfacinum and Desulfotomaculum). Despite the high abundance of archaeal SRP, no archaeal SRP activity was detected in [(35)S]sulfate incubations at 80 degrees C. Sulfate reduction was found at 60 degrees C in samples from the untreated field and accompanied by the growth of thermophilic bacterial SRP in batch cultures. Samples from the nitrate-treated field generally lacked SRP activity. These results indicate that (i) Archaeoglobus can be a major player in hot oil reservoirs, and (ii) nitrate may act in souring control-not only by inhibiting SRP, but also by changing the overall community structure, including the stimulation of competitive nitrate reducers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Gittel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Microbiology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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12
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Gittel A, Seidel M, Kuever J, Galushko AS, Cypionka H, Könneke M. Desulfopila inferna sp. nov., a sulfate-reducing bacterium isolated from the subsurface of a tidal sand-flat. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2009; 60:1626-1630. [PMID: 19717583 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.015644-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A Gram-negative, rod-shaped, sulfate-reducing bacterium (strain JS_SRB250Lac(T)) was isolated from a tidal sand-flat in the German Wadden Sea. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain JS_SRB250Lac(T) belonged to the Desulfobulbaceae (Deltaproteobacteria), with Desulfopila aestuarii MSL86(T) being the closest recognized relative (94.2 % similarity). Higher similarity (96.6 %) was shared with 'Desulfobacterium corrodens' IS4, but this name has not been validly published. The affiliation of strain JS_SRB250Lac(T) to the genus Desulfopila was further supported by analysis of aprBA gene sequences and shared physiological characteristics, in particular the broad range of organic electron donors used for sulfate reduction. Compared with Desulfopila aestuarii MSL86(T), strain JS_SRB250Lac(T) additionally utilized butyrate and succinate and grew chemolithoautotrophically with hydrogen as an electron donor. CO dehydrogenase activity was demonstrated, indicating that the reductive acetyl-CoA pathway (Wood-Ljungdahl pathway) was used for CO(2) fixation. Results of cellular fatty acid analysis allowed chemotaxonomic differentiation of strain JS_SRB250Lac(T) from Desulfopila aestuarii MSL86(T) by the presence of C(17 : 0) cyclo and the absence of hydroxy and unsaturated branched-chain fatty acids. Based on phylogenetic, physiological and chemotaxonomic characteristics, strain JS_SRB250Lac(T) represents a novel species of the genus Desulfopila, for which the name Desulfopila inferna sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is JS_SRB250Lac(T) (=DSM 19738(T) =NBRC 103921(T)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Gittel
- Institut für Chemie und Biologie des Meeres, Universität Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Strasse 9-11, Postfach 2503, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Michael Seidel
- Institut für Chemie und Biologie des Meeres, Universität Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Strasse 9-11, Postfach 2503, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Jan Kuever
- Bremen Institute for Materials Testing, Paul-Feller-Strasse 1, D-28199 Bremen, Germany
| | - Alexander S Galushko
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstrasse 1, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Heribert Cypionka
- Institut für Chemie und Biologie des Meeres, Universität Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Strasse 9-11, Postfach 2503, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Martin Könneke
- Institut für Chemie und Biologie des Meeres, Universität Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Strasse 9-11, Postfach 2503, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
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Gittel A, Mussmann M, Sass H, Cypionka H, Könneke M. Identity and abundance of active sulfate-reducing bacteria in deep tidal flat sediments determined by directed cultivation and CARD-FISH analysis. Environ Microbiol 2008; 10:2645-58. [PMID: 18627412 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01686.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The identity and abundance of potentially active sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) in several metre deep sediments of a tidal sand flat in the German Wadden Sea were assessed by directed cultivation and cultivation-independent CARD-FISH analysis (catalysed reporter deposition fluorescence in situ hybridization). Presumably abundant SRB from different sediment layers between 0.5 and 4 m depth were selectively enriched in up to million-fold diluted cultures supplemented with lactate, acetate or hydrogen. Partial 16S rRNA gene sequences obtained from highest dilution steps showing sulfide formation indicated growth of deltaproteobacterial SRB belonging to the Desulfobulbaceae and the Desulfobacteraceae as well as of members of the Firmicutes. Subsequent isolation resulted in 10 novel phylotypes of both litho- and organotrophic sulfate-reducing Deltaproteobacteria. Molecular pre-screening identified six isolates as members of the Desulfobulbaceae, sharing highest identities with either candidatus 'Desulfobacterium corrodens' (95-97%) or Desulfobacterium catecholicum (98%), and four isolates as members of Desulfobacteraceae, being related to either Desulfobacter psychrotolerans (98%) or Desulfobacula phenolica (95-97%). Relatives of D. phenolica were exlusively isolated from 50 and 100 cm deep sediments with 10 and 2 mM of pore water sulfate respectively. In contrast, relatives of D. corrodens, D. psychrotolerans and D. catecholicum were also obtained from layers deeper than 100 cm and with less than 2 mM sulfate. The high in situ abundance of members of both families in sediment layers beneath 50 cm could be confirmed via CARD-FISH analysis performed with a set of six SRB-specific oligonucleotide probes. Moreover, SRB represented a numerically significant fraction of the microbial community throughout the sediment (up to 7%) and reached even higher cell numbers in deep, sulfate-poor layers than in the sulfate-rich surface sediment. This relatively large community size of potentially active SRB in deep sandy sediments might on the one hand be a result of their syntrophic association with other anaerobes. Our results furthermore support the hypothesis that enhanced advective pore water transport might supply nutrients to microbial communities in deep sandy sediments and point to their so far unrecognized contribution to biogeochemical processes in Wadden Sea sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Gittel
- Institut für Chemie und Biologie des Meeres, Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
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