Development of A Rapid, Low-Cost Portable Detection Assay for Enterococci in Wastewater and Environmental Waters

Waterborne diseases are known as a leading cause of illness and death in both developing and developed countries. Several pathogens can be present in contaminated water, particularly waters containing faecal material; however, routine monitoring of all pathogens is not currently possible. Enterococcus faecalis, which is present in the microflora of human and animals has been used as a faecal indicator in water due to its abundance in surface water and soil. Accurate and fast detection methods are critical for the effective monitoring of E. faecalis in the environment. Although conventional and current molecular detection techniques provide sufficient sensitivity, specificity and throughput, their use is hampered by the long waiting period (1-6 days) to obtain results, the need for expensive laboratory equipment, skilled personnel, and cold-chain storage. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a detection system for E. faecalis that would be simple, rapid, and low-cost, using an isothermal DNA amplification assay called recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA), integrated with a lateral flow assay (LFA). The assay was found to be 100% selective for E. faecalis and capable of detecting rates as low as 2.8 × 10³ cells per 100 mL from water and wastewater, and 2.8 × 10⁴ cells per 100 mL from saline water. The assay was completed in approximately 30 min using one constant temperature (38 °C). In addition, this study demonstrated the quantitation of E. faecalis using a lateral flow strip reader for the first time, enhancing the potential use of RPA assay for the enumeration of E. faecalis in wastewater and heavily contaminated environmental waters, surface water, and wastewater. However, the sensitivity of the RPA-LFA assay for the detection of E. faecalis in tap water, saline water and in wastewater was 10-1000 times lower than that of the Enterolert-E test, depending on the water quality. Nevertheless, with further improvements, this low-cost RPA-LFA may be suitable to be used at the point-of-need (PON) if conjugated with a rapid field-deployable DNA extraction method.

Effects of dietary microbial feed supplement on production efficacy in lactating dairy cows

This study evaluated the effects of a microbial feed supplement (MFS; Galaxis, Ascus Biosciences Inc.) comprising 2 native rumen microbes on performance parameters in mid-lactation dairy cows. Forty-six lactating primiparous and multiparous Holstein cows [629 ± 62 kg of body weight, mean ± standard deviation (SD); parity 1.64 ± 0.49; 119 ± 38 days in milk; 45.11 ± 3.81 and 52.73 ± 4.77 kg/d of milk yield for primiparous and multiparous, respectively] were enrolled in a study containing 3 experimental periods (P). During all periods, enrolled cows were fed the same base total mixed ration (TMR) ad libitum once daily. During P1 (7 d), baseline data were obtained for covariate analysis. At the beginning of P2 (60 d), cows were assigned to 1 of 2 dietary treatment groups in a randomized complete block design to balance for milk yield (MY), parity, and days in milk: (1) a control diet (CON; base TMR; n = 23), or (2) a control diet supplemented with 5 g/d of MFS (MFS; n = 23). Sample size was determined based on previous, unpublished results involving this MFS; a 3-kg difference between groups with a SD of 3.5 kg could be detected with sufficient power (0.81) using a total sample size of 46 cows. Treatment was top-dressed and hand-mixed into the top one-third of the TMR. During P3 (7 d), no treatment was administered, and all cows were fed the base TMR. When analyzing all cows in the data set, MFS had little to no effect on performance. However, modeling revealed that the fixed effect of covariate milk production level had a significant effect on the response of MY and ECM, and further investigation of the data revealed that treatment effectiveness in P2 correlated with milk production during P1. Cows were retrospectively categorized into 2 milk production groups (MPG) balanced for parity: MPG1 (i.e., <53 kg/d of ECM during P1; n = 34) or MPG2 (i.e., ≥53 kg/d of ECM during P1; n = 12). Energy-corrected milk was increased by 4.4% in MFS-administered MPG1 cows compared with CON cows during P2. Although there were no significant effects of MFS on production variables for MPG2 cows, MY tended to be decreased by 3.9% in MFS-administered cows compared with CON cows. Further investigation is needed to understand production level response differences and the effect of supplemented native rumen microbes on animal health and productivity.

Metagenomic and volatile profiles of ripened cheese obtained from dairy ewes fed a dietary hemp seed supplementation

Chemical and organoleptic properties of dairy products largely depend on the action of microorganisms that tend to be selected in cheese during ripening in response to the availability of specific substrates. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of a diet enriched with hemp seeds on the microbiota composition of fresh and ripened cheese produced from milk of lactating ewes. Thirty-two half-bred ewes were involved in the study, in which half (control group) received a standard diet, and the other half (experimental group) took a diet enriched with 5% hemp seeds (on a DM basis) for 35 d. The dietary supplementation significantly increased the lactose in milk, but no variations in total fat, proteins, caseins, and urea were observed. Likewise, no changes in total fat, proteins, or ash were detected in the derived cheeses. The metagenomic approach was used to characterize the microbiota of raw milk and cheese. The phyla Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were in equally high abundance in both control and experimental raw milk samples, whereas Bacteroidetes was less abundant. The scenario changed when considering the dairy products. In all cheese samples, Firmicutes was clearly predominant, with Streptococcaceae being the most abundant family in the experimental group. The reduction of taxa observed during ripening was in accordance with the increment (relative abundance) of the starter culture Lactococcus lactis and Streptococcus thermophilus, which together dominate the microbial community. The analysis of the volatile profile in ripened cheeses led to the identification of 3 major classes of compounds: free fatty acids, ketones, and aldehydes, which indicate a prevalence of lipolysis compared with the other biochemical mechanisms that characterize the cheese ripening.

Is pizza sutable to type 1 diabetes? A real life identification of best compromise between taste and low glycemic index in patients on insulin pump

Opposed to whole wheat (WWP), traditional pizza (TP) is loved by patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) despite causing hyperglycemia. 50 well-trained T1DM patients had higher glucose levels after TP than after WWP or mixed flour pizza, which however was tasty, digestible and metabolically appropriate to break diet monotony.

Cryptochrome mediated magnetic sensitivity in Arabidopsis occurs independently of light-induced electron transfer to the flavin

Arabidopsis cryptochrome-dependent magnetosensitivity occurs via a reaction that does not require light. This excludes radical pairs formed during light-triggered electron transfer to the flavin.

Short communication: Compositional characteristics and aromatic profile of caciotta cheese obtained from Friesian cows fed with a dietary supplementation of dried grape pomace

The aim of the present work was to explore the chemical-sensorial characteristics and aromatic profile of caciotta cheese obtained from Friesian cows fed a diet enriched with grape pomace obtained from red grape (Vitis vinifera L.). Dietary enrichment with grape pomace influenced the production of caciotta cheeses in interesting ways from a compositional point of view, as cheese samples were rich in polyphenols, giving a high antioxidant potential. From a biochemical standpoint, we noted a slight decrease of proteolysis during ripening, whereas, according to the analysis of volatile compounds, lipolysis was the most relevant phenomenon in samples. The presence of bioactive compounds also modified the fatty acid profile of milk and cheese, leading to an increase in concentration of linoleic, vaccenic, and rumenic acids. No significant variations were found in the sensory profile. These results showed the potential of dietary grape pomace intake to influence the chemical-nutritional and nutraceutical properties of cow milk and cheeses, whose introduction to the market could be attractive to consumers, providing interesting implications for the dairy industry. Finally, our results identified of a valid use of an agro-industrial by-product, grape pomace, whose disposal generally presents economic and environmental problems.

Satisfaction of patients' next of kin in a 'Hub & Spoke' ICU network

This study aimed to gauge the opinions of patients' next of kin regarding transfer of patients from the specialist 'Hub' intensive care unit, to 'Spoke' intensive care units near home. We included 213 consecutive patients with severe trauma or severe acute neurological conditions admitted to the Hub intensive care unit over a 21-month period, who were repatriated to Spoke intensive care units for ongoing intensive care. One year after admission to the Hub intensive care unit, two thirds of patients' next of kin said they would have preferred patients to have been treated only in the Hub intensive care unit, and not repatriated. They perceived Hub intensive care unit care to be important, and would have preferred that their relatives be hospitalised there until intensive treatment was completed. The next of kin's preference was associated with severe acute neurological conditions (p ≤ 0.0001). Although centralised Hub & Spoke intensive care unit networks are appropriate to ensure specialised care, repatriation to local hospitals may not be appropriate for patients with severe neurological conditions.

Leptin and paraoxonase activity in cord blood from obese mothers

OBJECTIVE

Obesity and/or psychopathological disorders of parents represent risk factors for childhood obesity. The aim of the study was to investigate the link between obesity in pregnancy and oxidative stress.

METHODS

Venous blood was collected from 37 women at the eighth month of gestation (19 obese and 28 normal weight). Cord blood was obtained at birth from newborns of obese mothers and controls. Cord blood and maternal blood was used to separate plasma to be used for the evaluation of leptin, oxidized LDL and paraoxonase (PON1) activity.

RESULTS

Higher levels of leptin were observed both in maternal blood and cord blood of children of obese women compared to normal-weight women. The data also showed lower levels of PON1 activity in plasma of obese women and in the cord blood of their children. Furthermore, a positive correlation was established between levels of PON1 activity in maternal blood and cord blood, suggesting a relationship between PON1 in maternal plasma and fetal cord blood.

CONCLUSIONS

Essential obesity in pregnancy is associated with hyperleptinemia. PON1 exerts an antioxidant role; therefore, our results demonstrated that obesity exposes to an increased susceptibility to oxidative damage in both mothers and newborns.

PP158. Hypertensive disorders in pregnant women affected by type I diabetes

INTRODUCTION

Type I diabetes in pregnancy is associated with an increased incidence of hypertensive disorders.

OBJECTIVES

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the incidence of hypertensive disorders in pregnant women affected by type I diabetes and pregnancy outcome in women with and without hypertension.

METHODS

One hundred seventy two pregnancies in 150 women affected by type I diabetes were assessed. Twelve pregnancies were excluded (8 because of spontaneous abortions, 1 for voluntary abortion and 3 twin pregnancies), and 160 pregnancies were considered for the study.

RESULTS

Twenty-five pregnancies (15.6%) were complicated by hypertensive disorders: 4.4% by chronic hypertension (CH), 5% by gestational hypertension (GH), 4.4% by preeclampsia (PE) and 1.8% by preeclampsia superimposed on chronic hypertension (PE+CH); 32% of the women presented a vascular disease (renal or retinal disease). The diabetic women with hypertensive complications were compared with diabetic women without hypertension. The main results are shown in Table 1. Significant differences in mean birth weight and mean gestational age were found. The group affected by preeclampsia showed 14.7% of small for gestational age (SGA) neonates (birth weight percentile less than 10th pc), and 57.1% of large for gestational age (LGA) neonates (birth weight percentile greater than 90th pc), two of them were over 4000 g. Only one case of very preterm delivery (<32 weeks) was observed in the sample.

CONCLUSION

As expected, the incidence of hypertensive disorders in population affected by type 1 diabetes is higher than in general population and a poor pregnancy outcome was observed in this group of women. However, the neonatal outcome of women affected by preeclampsia is not different from that observed in women without hypertensive complications (diabetic controls) in terms of mean birth weight despite a significantly lower mean week gestation at delivery.

Complementemia and obstetric outcome in pregnancy with antiphospholipid syndrome

Objective: To investigate the predictive value of serum C3 and C4 complement component levels in relation to pregnancy outcome in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS).

Materials and methods: A prospective study of 47 pregnancies associated with APS was performed. Pregnancy outcome was analyzed in terms of: fetal loss, preterm delivery (≤34 gestational weeks), fetal intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), birth weight <2500 g and preeclampsia. Week at delivery, neonatal birth weight and neonatal birth weight percentile were also investigated. Hypocomplementemia, positivity for anti-dsDNA and triple positivity for antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) were related to pregnancy outcome.

Results: Forty-three pregnancies ended in live births with a fetal loss rate of 8.5%. Fetal death, preterm delivery and birth weight <2500 g were associated with hypocomplementemia ( p = 0.019, p = 0.0002, p < 0.0001 respectively). Lower neonatal birth weight, lower neonatal birth weight percentile and lower week at delivery were associated with hypocomplementemia ( p < 0.0001, p = 0.0003, p < 0.0001 respectively) and with triple aPL positivity ( p = 0.008, p = 0.014, p = 0.03 respectively). A poor pregnancy outcome was confirmed among primary APS (PAPS) pregnancies with hypocomplementemia. Multivariate analysis confirmed that hypocomplementemia was an independent predictor of lower neonatal birth weight ( p = 0.0001) and lower week at delivery ( p = 0.002).

Conclusion: Hypocomplementemia could be considered a novel prognostic factor for pregnancy outcome in APS patients.

Classification of a traumatic brain injury: the Glasgow Coma scale is not enough

BACKGROUND

Classifying the severity of a traumatic brain injury (TBI) solely by means of the Glasgow Coma scale (GCS) is under scrutiny, because it overlooks other important clinical signs. Clinicians treating patients with acute TBI are well placed to suggest which variables, in addition to the GCS, should concur in a new classification of TBI.

METHODS

In Italy, acute TBI patients are treated by anaesthetists, and so we asked them, in a questionnaire survey, to rate the weight they give to the GCS and to other clinical variables in their approach to TBI. Because sedation may underestimate GCS scores, we also inquired whether anaesthetists select sedatives that allow drug-free GCS scores. The questionnaire was distributed to 1334 anaesthetists attending courses on neurotrauma; the response rate was 63%.

RESULTS

Two thirds of the respondents believe that the definition of severe TBI should include, in addition to GCS scores, pupil reactivity to light and computer tomogram (CT) findings, the variables that guide Italian anaesthetists in TBI management. Most respondents (68.2%) administer sedation which allows prompt neurological evaluation and reliable GCS scoring. A minority of respondents (9.3%) withhold or antagonize sedation, delay tracheal intubation or allow patient-ventilator asynchrony.

CONCLUSIONS

Italian anaesthetists would welcome a definition of TBI severity that includes CT findings and pupil reactivity in addition to the GCS.

Potential Role of Culture Mediums for Successful Isolation and Neuronal Differentiation of Amniotic Fluid Stem Cells

In recent years, the use of stem cells has generated increasing interest in regenerative medicine and cancer therapies. The most potent stem cells derive from the inner cell mass during embryonic development and their use yields serious ethical and methodological problems. Recently, a number of reports suggests that another suitable source of multipotent stem cells may be the amniotic fluid. Amniotic fluid mesenchymal stem cells (AFMSCs) are capable of extensive self-renewal, able to differentiate in specialized cells representative of all three germ layers, do not show ethical restriction, and display minimal risks of teratomas and a very low immunogenity. For all these reasons, amniotic fluid appears as a promising alternative source for stem cell therapy. Their recent discovery implies a lack of knowledge of their specific features as well as the existence of a protocol universally recognized as the most suitable for their isolation, growth and long-term conservation. In this study, we isolated stem cells from six amniotic fluids; these cells were cultured with three different culture mediums [Mesenchymal Stem Cell Medium (MSCGM), PC-1 and RPMI-1640], characterized by cytofluorimetric analysis, and then either frozen or induced to neuronal differentiation. Even if the immunophenotype seemed not to be influenced by culture medium (all six samples cultured in the above-mentioned mediums expressed surface antigens commonly found on stem cells), cells showed different abilities to differentiate into neuron-like cells and to re-start the culture after short-long-term storage. Cells isolated and cultured in MSCGM showed the highest proliferation rate, and formed neuron-like cells when sub-plated with neuronal differentiation medium. Cells from PC-1, on the contrary, displayed an increased ability to re-start culture after short-long term storage. Finally, cells from RPMI-1640, even if expressing stem cells markers, were not able to differentiate in neuron-like cells. Further studies are still needed in order to assess the effective role of culture medium for a successful isolation, growth, differentiation and storage of AFMSCs, but our data underline the importance of finding a universally accepted protocol for the use of these cells.

Mixed dishomogeneous hemorrhagic brain contusions. Mapping of cerebral blood flow

The aim of the study was to verify whether regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was distributed centrifugally in traumatic hemorrhagic contusions with multiple cores within an oedematous area. Seventeen traumatic brain contusions, from 14 patients with severe head injury (GCS < 9), were analyzed during 39 Xenon-enhanced computerized tomography (Xe-CT) studies. The CBF was measured in 3 concentric regions of interest (ROls): the hemorrhagic core, the intracontusional oedematous low density area and a 1 cm rim of pericontusional normal-appearing brain tissue surrounding the contusion. Differences between rCBFs in the three ROIs were found (p < 0.0001). rCBF in both the hemorrhagic core (21.4 +/- 19.4 ml/ 100gr/min) and the intracontusional low density area (28.4 +/- 19 ml/100gr/min) were lower than rCBF in pericontusional normal-appearing area (41.9 +/- 16 ml/100gr/min) (p < 0.0001). No significant differences were found between rCBF measured in the hemorrhagic core and intracontusional low density area (p = 0.184). Our study suggests that in the mixed density contusions with multiple hemorrhagic cores, the CBF is concentrically distributed, improving from the core to the periphery.

Induced acute arterial hypertension and regional cerebral flow in intracontusional low density area

Traumatic brain contusions have been associated with regional ischemia. We aimed to measure the effect of induced supra-normal values of cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) on regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in the intracontusional low density area surrounding the contusional hemorrhagic core. In 7 severely head injured patients (GCS < or = 8) harbouring a contusion larger than 2 cm, the rCBF levels were measured, by means of Xenon-enhanced CT, in: 1) the intracontusional low density area: 2) contralaterally, in a normal brain symmetric area. CBF studies were performed at a baseline CPP of 65.3 mmHg +/- 7 and after 20 minutes of norepinephrine-induced CPP supernormal values (88.3 mmHg +/- 10.5) (p = 0.0013). A "paradoxical" reduction of rCBF levels was observed in both the intracontusional low density area (p = 0.07) and the contralateral "normal" area (p = 0.08). In particular, this decrease of rCBF in the intracontusional low density area (-25.7 + 10 ml/100gr/min) (p = 0.0009) was present in only 4 cases, having a mean rCBF at baseline of 25 +/- 16 ml/100gr/min. In the remaining 3 cases in which rCBF at baseline was abnormally low (12 +/- 7 ml/ 100gr/min), rCBF values improved slightly (3.6 +/- 2 ml/100gr/min) (p = 0.61). An acute increase of CPP seems to marginally affect rCBF in the intracontusional low density area having critically reduced initial values, but may greatly reduce rCBF in subjects starting from non-critical baseline values.

[Epidural analgesia during labor: intermittent bolus or patient controlled administration?]

BACKGROUND

The aim of the study was to compare efficacy and side effects produced by two techniques of epidural analgesia during labor: intermittent bolus and patient-controlled epidural analgesia.

METHODS

Eighty parturients were enrolled in this study: forty received intermittent bolus analgesia (first bolus: 20 mg of ropivacaine 0.1% + 10 gamma of sufentanil, next bolus: 10 mg of ropivacaine 0.1% during the first 4 hours, and then 10 mg of ropivacaine 0.1% + 2.5 gamma of sufentanil each time they complained of pain), and forty parturients received PCEA (starting with a bolus of 20 mg ropivacaine 0.1% + 10 gamma sufentanil, followed by administration with a pump programmed to deliver a continuous background infusion of ropivacaine 0,1% + 0.25 gamma/ml of sufentanil at 5 ml/h and 5 ml patient-triggered boluses with a 15 min lock-out interval; insufficient analgesia was treated by extra boluses of the same ropivacaine solution). In each group the efficacy of the analgesia (verbal numerical pain scores, amount of local anesthetics consumption), labor duration, side effects and patient satisfaction have been studied.

RESULTS

There were no differences between the two different epidural techniques.

CONCLUSIONS

This regimen of PCEA proves a viable and safe alternative for epidural analgesia during labor.

Assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder four and one-half years after the Iraqi invasion

In the earliest formulations of posttraumatic stress (PTS) and even posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), it was clear that war could engender PTSD within both primary and secondary victims. The clinical course of PTS and PTSD is not always clear, but the disorder may persist months and even years after the precipitating traumatic event. The current study was undertaken in an effort to assess the prevalence of PTSD in a sample of 404 Kuwaiti citizens 4.5 years after the invasion and occupation of Kuwait by the Iraqi Army. Results indicate a psychometrically assessed prevalence of PTSD of 28.4%. A subsample of 195 students revealed a prevalence of 45.6%. If correct, these data are worrisome indeed and point to 1) a significant public health challenge facing the government of Kuwait, as well as, 2) the increased sensitivity of the young to traumatic stress, both personally and vicariously. Based upon the current data, there may exist a virtual epidemic of posttraumatic stress disorder within the Kuwaiti population 4.5 years after the end of the Iraqi occupation. These data argue the need for a comprehensive confirmatory epidemiological investigation in the current prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder within the Kuwaiti population so that appropriate resources may be further directed to address what may be a significant public health problem.

Changing concepts in long-term central venous access: catheter selection and cost savings

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Long-term central venous access is becoming an increasingly important component of health care today. Long-term central venous access is important therapeutically for a multitude of reasons, including the administration of chemotherapy, antibiotics, and total parenteral nutrition. Central venous access can be established in a variety of ways varying from catheters inserted at the bedside to surgically placed ports. Furthermore, in an effort to control costs, many traditionally inpatient therapies have moved to an outpatient setting. This raises many questions regarding catheter selection. Which catheter will result in the best outcome at the least cost? It has become apparent in our hospital that traditionally placed surgical catheters (ie, Hickmans and central venous ports) may no longer be the only options. The objective of this study was to explore the various modalities for establishing central venous access comparing indications, costs, and complications to guide the clinician in choosing the appropriate catheter with the best outcome at the least cost.

METHODS

We evaluated our institution's central venous catheter use during a 3-year period from 1995 through 1997. Data was obtained retrospectively through chart review. In addition to demographic data, specific information regarding catheter type, placement technique, indications, complications, and catheter history were recorded. Cost data were obtained from several departments including surgery, radiology, nursing, anesthesia, pharmacy, and the hospital purchasing department.

RESULTS

During a 30-month period, 684 attempted central venous catheter insertions were identified, including 126 surgically placed central venous catheters, 264 peripherally inserted central catheters by the nursing service, and 294 radiologically inserted peripheral ports. Overall complications were rare but tended to be more severe in the surgical group. Relative cost differences between the groups were significant. Charges for peripherally inserted central catheters were $401 per procedure, compared with $3870 for radiologically placed peripheral ports and $3532 to $4296 for surgically placed catheters.

CONCLUSIONS

Traditional surgically placed central catheters are increasingly being replaced by peripherally inserted central venous access devices. Significant cost savings and fewer severe complications can be realized by preferential use of peripherally inserted central catheters when clinically indicated. Cost savings may not be as significant when comparing radiologically placed versus surgically placed catheters. However, significant cost savings and fewer severe complications are associated with peripheral central venous access versus the surgical or radiologic approach.

Effect of norepinephrine on fetal breathing in sheep

We tested the hypothesis that the surge of norepinephrine at birth is associated with the establishment of continuous breathing. Therefore, we studied whether the administration of norepinephrine could enhance fetal breathing during administration of oxygen, or 100% O2 plus cord occlusion, and if phenoxybenzamine would reverse these changes. Fetal sheep were instrumented in late gestation to measure electrocortical activity and diaphragmatic electromyography. These parameters and blood gases were measured before and during in utero administration of nitrogen, 100% O2, 100% O2 plus umbilical cord occlusion, and subsequently during umbilical reperfusion and recovery. Nine fetuses (14 experiments) received continuous norepinephrine (0.13 microgram/kg/min) throughout the experiment while 9 other fetuses (18 experiments) underwent the same treatment without the hormonal infusion. We found that norepinephrine inhibited the breathing induced by 100% O2 plus cord occlusion, despite a significant increase in the duration of low-voltage electrocortical activity; phenoxybenzamine reverted these changes. The findings suggest that the surge of norepinephrine at birth is probably not the primary mechanism for establishment of continuous breathing.

Sluggish small bowel motility is involved in determining increased biliary deoxycholic acid in cholesterol gallstone patients

OBJECTIVE

Our aim was to establish whether small intestine transit time is defective in subjects with cholesterol gallstones.

METHODS

We enrolled 10 patients (eight women, two men; mean age, 48.7 yr; mean body mass index [BMI], 22.4 Kg/m2) with recently diagnosed cholelithiasis, with no liver pathology, who were not taking any drugs, and 11 comparable healthy volunteers (eight women, three men; mean age, 46.2 yr; mean BMI, 22.7 Kg/m2), who served as controls. All subjects underwent orocecal (by starch breath test technique and serum assays of salazopyrin), oroileal (by serum assays of tauroursodeoxycholic acid), and duodenoileal (by serum assays of taurocholic acid) transit times; cholesterol saturation index; and bile acid composition and gallbladder motility studies (by ultrasound). For serum assays, blood samples were collected over a period of 7 h. Gallbladder motility and orocecal transit time were evaluated simultaneously.

RESULTS

All four means of assessing transit time gave longer times in cholesterol gallstone patients than in controls: orocecal transit time (salazopyrin) = 366 +/- 13 vs 258 +/- 16 min, p < 0.0005; orocecal transit time (starch breath test) = 415 +/- 139 vs 290 +/- 15 min, p < 0.01; duodenoileal transit time: 272 +/- 23 vs 205 +/- 23 min, p < 0.03; and oroileal transit time: 308 +/- 18 vs 230 +/- 19 min, p < 0.009. Cholesterol gallstone patients showed an increase in percent molar biliary deoxycholic acid (30% +/- 4.5% vs 16% +/- 1.3%, p < 0.02) and a decrease in percent molar cholic acid 32% +/- 2.2% vs 40% +/- 1.3%, p < 0.03) and chenodeoxycholic acid (34% +/- 3% vs 41% +/- 1.8%, p < 0.03), compared with controls; patients also had greater percent molar biliary cholesterol. A linear relationship (r2 = 0.6324, p = 0.0012) between biliary deoxycholic acid and small bowel transit time was found. Residual gallbladder volumes were larger in cholesterol gallstone patients (11.38 +/- 1.27 vs 7.55 +/- 0.39 ml, p < 0.04), whereas basal gallbladder volumes, although higher, did not reach statistical significance (24.25 +/- 2.41 vs 19.98 +/- 1.63 ml; p = ns).

CONCLUSIONS

This study confirms that patients with cholesterol gallstones have delayed small bowel transit, defective gallbladder motor function, and increased biliary deoxycholic acid. Delayed small bowel transit may contribute to supersaturation of bile with cholesterol by increasing deoxycholic acid production.

Familial atrial septal defect with atrioventricular conduction defects

Atrial septal defect of the ostium secundum type is almost always sporadic, with multifactorial inheritance. We report a case of a family in which atrial septal defects of the ostium secundum type with atrioventricular conduction defects were observed in four generations: five proven cases and two probable cases. Ten families have been reported as showing atrial septal defect of the ostium secundum type and atrioventricular conduction defects with dominant inheritance. Moreover, in our family the transmission model can also confirm autosomal dominant inheritance. We believe that cardiologists should take a familial approach to atrial septal defect of the ostium secundum type for both research and genetic counseling purposes. In a patient with ASD II, the AV conduction defects should prompt a detailed family history and clinical evaluation of first-degree relatives.

Magnetic resonance imaging to avoid laparotomy in pregnancy

OBJECTIVE

To determine whether magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in pregnancy would help define a benign pelvic mass, thereby avoiding laparotomy.

METHODS

During a 2-3-year period, five pregnant women with adnexal masses suspected to be leiomyomas underwent MRI.

RESULTS

Four patients had evidence of leiomyoma and one had a benign cystic teratoma. All avoided laparotomy because of the almost certain radiologic findings of a benign process. In two women, there was an important effect on the pregnancy; one had fetal growth retardation and the other an outlet obstruction precluding vaginal delivery. Four of the patients underwent cesarean delivery.

CONCLUSIONS

Magnetic resonance imaging can be used in the differential diagnosis of an adnexal mass in pregnancy. This will enable some pregnant patients to avoid laparotomy and its concomitant risks.

The effects of 21 or 30% O2 plus umbilical cord occlusion on fetal breathing and behavior

We have shown previously that continuous fetal breathing can be induced by 100% O2 alone or combined with umbilical cord occlusion (Baier, Hasan, Cates, Hooper, Nowaczyk & Rigatto, 1990). To know whether it could also be induced by lower O2 concentrations plus cord occlusion, we studied 9 chronically instrumented fetal sheep (16 experiments) using our window model. After a baseline cycle [1 low voltage + 1 high voltage electrocortical activity (ECoG) epoch] the fetal lung was distended via an endotracheal tube to about 30 cm H2O. Inspired N2 (control) and 21 or 30% O2 were given for one cycle each. While on 21% or 30% O2 the umbilical cord was occluded (balloon cuff). In 10 out of 16 experiments breathing output (% maximum of integral of EMGdi x f) increased after cord occlusion from 80 +/- 48 (N2) to 2871 +/- 641 (SEM; P < 0.01); in 7 of them breathing became continuous. Arterial PO2 increased from 14 +/- 1 (N2) to 33.5 +/- 5 Torr (occlusion; P < 0.01). In the other 6 experiments breathing output decreased from 319 +/- 116 (N2) to 86 +/- 38 (occlusion; P < 0.01) and arterial PO2 changed from 18 +/- 1 (N2) to 22 +/- 5 Torr (occlusion; P = 0.4). Arterial PCO2 increased similarly after occlusion in both groups, those which did respond with increased breathing (to 46 +/- 2 Torr) and those which did not respond (to 48 +/- 3 Torr; P = 0.6). The percent low voltage ECoG and the behavioral score increased after occlusion in the responder group only.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

[The genetics of Alzheimer's disease]

This paper examines recent epidemiological and molecular genetic studies on the genetic basis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent epidemiological studies have shown the existence of a genetic etiology in some cases of Alzheimer's disease. Several pedigrees with an increased incidence of AD (familial Alzheimer's disease--FAD) have been described in the literature. Some of these contain sufficient numbers of affected individuals in multiple generations to provide a rigorous argument for an autosomal dominant inheritance of the AD phenotype. FAD pedigrees show several evidences of as phenotypic heterogeneity of the disease. Molecular genetic studies have shown a linkage between several polymorphic DNA markers specific for the pericentromeric region of chromosome 21 and early-onset FAD. In late-onset FAD pedigrees preliminary reports showed evidence for a linkage with chromosome 19 markers. Molecular genetic studies have clearly demonstrated the genetic heterogeneity of familial Alzheimer's disease. The analysis of new, multigenerational pedigrees with FAD and the study of patients with Down's syndrome and Alzheimer's disease should provide useful informations for the characterization of the gene(s) responsible for familial Alzheimer's disease.

Differential roles of splanchnic and peripheral tissues in determining diurnal fluctuation of glucose tolerance

To identify the mechanisms and the sites of the diurnal fluctuation in glucose tolerance in humans, we selectively quantitated the components of net splanchnic glucose balance, i.e., splanchnic glucose uptake and hepatic glucose output, as well as peripheral glucose uptake, by combining tritiated glucose infusion with hepatic and femoral venous catheterization. The studies were carried out in 11 healthy volunteers at 8:00 A.M. and at 6:00 P.M. on different days after 12 h of fasting. After intravenous glucose infusion (6.5 mg.kg-1.min-1 for 120 min) blood glucose rose twofold at 8:00 A.M. and threefold at 6:00 P.M. (P less than 0.01). Insulin levels did not differ significantly between the two series of tests. Splanchnic glucose balance switched from the net output of the basal state to a net uptake in both morning and afternoon studies. However, this effect was more marked at 6:00 P.M. than at 8:00 A.M. (at 60-120 min, P less than 0.05). The different pattern of splanchnic glucose balance was entirely accounted for by a greater rise in splanchnic glucose uptake in the afternoon, as the suppression of endogenous glucose output by the glucose load was practically complete in both series of studies. In contrast, glucose uptake by leg tissues increased less at 6:00 P.M. than at 8:00 A.M. (at 30-60 min, P less than 0.05; at 75 and 90 min, P less than 0.01; at 105 and 120 min, P less than 0.005). These data indicate that the mechanism responsible for the reduced glucose tolerance later in the day resides in the peripheral tissues whose ability to dispose of a glucose load is drastically decreased.

Noncolloid neuroepithelial cysts in the lateral ventricle: magnetic resonance features

Two patients with presumed intraventricular neuroepithelial cysts are reported. Their characteristic features on magnetic resonance imaging are described, and the importance of demonstrating the cysts' walls is underscored.

Somatostatin response to glucose before and after prolonged fasting in lean and obese non-diabetic subjects

Insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin concentrations were measured in 7 lean and 7 obese non-diabetic subjects over 7 days of fasting. In addition each subject was given a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test after fasts of 12 h and 7 days. In lean subjects complete food deprivation induced a significant decrease in the circulating levels of both insulin and somatostatin, while glucagon nearly doubled by 48 h and then remained constant for the duration of starvation. Refeeding with oral glucose suppressed the increased plasma glucagon, but insulin and somatostatin responses were enhanced in comparison with the prefast values, as assessed by the integrated areas of change. In obese subjects peripheral insulin and somatostatin levels were significantly lowered, but plasma glucagon level was unchanged at the end of the starvation period. In the same group glucose-induced insulin and somatostatin release were greater than in the fed state. Suppression of plasma glucagon by glucose appeared less complete in obese than in lean subjects. It is concluded that prolonged starvation enhances D-cell responsiveness to glucose in lean and obese subjects.

Long-term correction of hyperglycemia and progression of retinopathy in insulin dependent diabetes. A five-year randomized prospective study

Thirty-eight patients with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus who had background retinopathy and no residual endogenous insulin secretion as assessed by plasma C-peptide determinations, were randomized to either conventional insulin treatment or to more intensive glucose control using ultralente insulin as basal cover and soluble insulin at mealtimes and were followed for five years. Plasma glucose profile and glycosylated hemoglobin were determined every eight weeks. Eye examinations were performed at the start of the study and after one, three and five years. Age, duration of diabetes, insulin dosage, glycemic control were comparable in the two groups. The mean plasma glucose profile was similar at entry in both groups and did not change in the conventionally-treated group. Mean plasma glucose profile 11.2 +/- 1 mmol/l with glycosylated hemoglobin level 10.7 +/- 0.3% fell to 7.9 +/- 0.4 mmol/l and 8.7 +/- 0.5% respectively during intensive treatment. Retinal morphology deteriorated during the follow-up with no significant differences between patients under unchanged conventional treatment and intensive insulin regimen. Proliferative retinopathy developed in six patients--three of these were under intensive insulin treatment. These data suggest that substantial long-term improvement of glycemic control does not affect progression of background retinopathy even when it is mild. The evolution of established retinopathy in insulin dependent diabetic patients is not only a function of poor glycemic control; other factors, either intrinsic or environmental, must also be important.

Malignant hyperthermia in myotonia congenita

We report a family in which two sisters with myotonia congenita (MyC) were referred for malignant hyperthermia (MH) evaluation after each developed muscle rigidity with anesthesia. Halothane contracture testing of skeletal muscle in both was consistent with MH susceptibility. A third sister without clinical evidence of MyC was negative on contracture testing. These results suggest an association between MyC and MH susceptibility.

Circulating somatostatin concentrations in healthy and cirrhotic subjects

Plasma insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and glucose concentrations were measured in the fasting state as well as after mixed meals (breakfast, lunch, and dinner) in 10 cirrhotic patients and 10 control subjects during a 24-hour period. Cirrhotic patients had fasting glucose values higher than controls (at -15 min: 5.2 +/- 0.2 mmol/L v 3.9 +/- 0.5 mmol/L, P less than 0.05; at 0 min: 5.5 +/- 0.3 mmol/L v 4.3 +/- 0.5 mmol/L, P less than 0.01). After meals blood glucose values remained higher in cirrhotics than in controls. Insulin levels did not differ between the groups in the fasting state, but cirrhotics showed a lower response to meals. Corresponding glucagon concentrations were greater in cirrhotics than in controls before and after meals throughout the 24-hour period (from -15 min to 24 hour: P less than 0.01). BAsal plasma somatostatin levels in the cirrhotic group were significantly higher than in control subjects (at -15 min and at 0 min: P less than 0.05) and further increased after meals. Plasma somatostatin was heterogeneous in normal and cirrhotic group, but the increase in its concentrations in patients with chronic liver disease was for the most part a consequence of elevations in the 1600 and 3500 molecular weight components. The half-life of exogenously infused somatostatin in cirrhotics was comparable to that of controls. These results indicate that in liver cirrhosis elevated levels of circulating somatostatin are associated with hyperglucagonemia and impaired insulin release. The high plasma somatostatin levels observed in cirrhotic patients are the result of hypersecretion of the D cell rather than impaired removal of the peptide.

Prolactin response to sulpiride in non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus

Blood glucose, insulin and prolactin concentrations were determined before and after sulpiride injection (50 mg i.m.) in 20 non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients (10 with retinopathy and 10 without evidence of retinal damage) and 10 subjects with normal glucose tolerance. Prolactin response to sulpiride was significantly higher in diabetics than in controls (at 20 min., p less than 0.01; at 30 and 60 min., p less than 0.005; at 90 min., p less than 0.01; at 120 min., p less than 0.05). The sulpiride induced hyperprolactinemia did not influence blood glucose and plasma insulin levels in controls as well as in diabetic patients. Prolactin response to sulpiride was the same in diabetics with and in those without retinal changes. We conclude that acute hyperprolactinemia seems to have no influence on glucose homeostasis in normal and non insulin-dependent diabetic subjects.

Immunogenicity of N-[-4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]formamide-induced bladder cancer

Five transplantable TCC initially induced by the carcinogen FANFT were systematically tested for individual immunogenicity and then for the presence of cross-reacting tumor antigens. The classic amputation challenge technique was used. Three of the 5 tumors were immunogenic, as determined by their ability to reduce the growth of a challenge tumor dose in mice immunized with the same bladder tumor. Prior immunization with one of the immunogenic tumors failed to reduce the incidence or growth of primary bladder tumors induced by the ingestion of 0.1% FANFT in C3H/HeJ mice. The lack of cross-reacting tumor antigens has important implications for the use of allogeneic tumor cells as an antigen source in immunotherapy.

Prophylaxis of bladder tumor implantation. Intravesical and systemic chemotherapy

Several antitumor agents have been evaluated for their effectiveness in reducing the implantation and progressive growth of transitional cell carcinoma in an animal model. This system allows the evaluation of both the topical cytotoxic action as well as the systemic toxicity of the drugs given intravesically. Systemic cyclophosphamide and intravesical epipodophyllotoxin significantly reduced the incidence of tumor cell implantation.