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Bowman C, Rockson SG. Genetic causes of lymphatic disorders: recent updates on the clinical and molecular aspects of lymphatic disease. Curr Opin Cardiol 2024; 39:170-177. [PMID: 38483006 DOI: 10.1097/hco.0000000000001116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The lymphatic system facilitates several key functions that limit significant morbidity and mortality. Despite the impact and burden of lymphatic disorders, there are many remaining disorders whose genetic substrate remains unknown. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on the genetic causes of lymphatic disorders, while reporting on newly proposed clinical classifications of lymphatic disease. RECENT FINDINGS We reviewed several new mutations in genes that have been identified as potential causes of lymphatic disorders including: MDFIC, EPHB 4 , and ANGPT2. Furthermore, the traditional St. George's Classification system for primary lymphatic anomalies has been updated to reflect the use of genetic testing, both as a tool for the clinical identification of lymphatic disease and as a method through which new sub-classifications of lymphatic disorders have been established within this framework. Finally, we highlighted recent clinical studies that have explored the impact of therapies such as sirolimus, ketoprofen, and acebilustat on lymphatic disorders. SUMMARY Despite a growing body of evidence, current literature demonstrates a persistent gap in the number of known genes responsible for lymphatic disease entities. Recent clinical classification tools have been introduced in order to integrate traditional symptom- and time-based diagnostic approaches with modern genetic classifications, as highlighted in the updated St. George's classification system. With the introduction of this novel approach, clinicians may be better equipped to recognize established disease and, potentially, to identify novel causal mutations. Further research is needed to identify additional genetic causes of disease and to optimize current clinical tools for diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharine Bowman
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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Bowman C, Rockson SG. The Role of Inflammation in Lymphedema: A Narrative Review of Pathogenesis and Opportunities for Therapeutic Intervention. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3907. [PMID: 38612716 PMCID: PMC11011271 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Lymphedema is a chronic and progressive disease of the lymphatic system characterized by inflammation, increased adipose deposition, and tissue fibrosis. Despite early hypotheses identifying lymphedema as a disease of mechanical lymphatic disruption alone, the progressive inflammatory nature underlying this condition is now well-established. In this review, we provide an overview of the various inflammatory mechanisms that characterize lymphedema development and progression. These mechanisms contribute to the acute and chronic phases of lymphedema, which manifest clinically as inflammation, fibrosis, and adiposity. Furthermore, we highlight the interplay between current therapeutic modalities and the underlying inflammatory microenvironment, as well as opportunities for future therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharine Bowman
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Stanley G. Rockson
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;
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Wymant C, Bezemer D, Blanquart F, Ferretti L, Gall A, Hall M, Golubchik T, Bakker M, Ong SH, Zhao L, Bonsall D, de Cesare M, MacIntyre-Cockett G, Abeler-Dörner L, Albert J, Bannert N, Fellay J, Grabowski MK, Gunsenheimer-Bartmeyer B, Günthard HF, Kivelä P, Kouyos RD, Laeyendecker O, Meyer L, Porter K, Ristola M, van Sighem A, Berkhout B, Kellam P, Cornelissen M, Reiss P, Fraser C, Aubert V, Battegay M, Bernasconi E, Böni J, Braun DL, Bucher HC, Burton-Jeangros C, Calmy A, Cavassini M, Dollenmaier G, Egger M, Elzi L, Fehr J, Fellay J, Furrer H, Fux CA, Gorgievski M, Günthard H, Haerry D, Hasse B, Hirsch HH, Hoffmann M, Hösli I, Kahlert C, Kaiser L, Keiser O, Klimkait T, Kouyos R, Kovari H, Ledergerber B, Martinetti G, de Tejada BM, Marzolini C, Metzner K, Müller N, Nadal D, Nicca D, Pantaleo G, Rauch A, Regenass S, Rudin C, Schöni-Affolter F, Schmid P, Speck R, Stöckle M, Tarr P, Trkola A, Vernazza P, Weber R, Yerly S, van der Valk M, Geerlings SE, Goorhuis A, Hovius JW, Lempkes B, Nellen FJB, van der Poll T, Prins JM, Reiss P, van Vugt M, Wiersinga WJ, Wit FWMN, van Duinen M, van Eden J, Hazenberg A, van Hes AMH, Rajamanoharan S, Robinson T, Taylor B, Brewer C, Mayr C, Schmidt W, Speidel A, Strohbach F, Arastéh K, Cordes C, Pijnappel FJJ, Stündel M, Claus J, Baumgarten A, Carganico A, Ingiliz P, Dupke S, Freiwald M, Rausch M, Moll A, Schleehauf D, Smalhout SY, Hintsche B, Klausen G, Jessen H, Jessen A, Köppe S, Kreckel P, Schranz D, Fischer K, Schulbin H, Speer M, Weijsenfeld AM, Glaunsinger T, Wicke T, Bieniek B, Hillenbrand H, Schlote F, Lauenroth-Mai E, Schuler C, Schürmann D, Wesselmann H, Brockmeyer N, Jurriaans S, Gehring P, Schmalöer D, Hower M, Spornraft-Ragaller P, Häussinger D, Reuter S, Esser S, Markus R, Kreft B, Berzow D, Back NKT, Christl A, Meyer A, Plettenberg A, Stoehr A, Graefe K, Lorenzen T, Adam A, Schewe K, Weitner L, Fenske S, Zaaijer HL, Hansen S, Stellbrink HJ, Wiemer D, Hertling S, Schmidt R, Arbter P, Claus B, Galle P, Jäger H, Jä Gel-Guedes E, Berkhout B, Postel N, Fröschl M, Spinner C, Bogner J, Salzberger B, Schölmerich J, Audebert F, Marquardt T, Schaffert A, Schnaitmann E, Cornelissen MTE, Trein A, Frietsch B, Müller M, Ulmer A, Detering-Hübner B, Kern P, Schubert F, Dehn G, Schreiber M, Güler C, Schinkel CJ, Gunsenheimer-Bartmeyer B, Schmidt D, Meixenberger K, Bannert N, Wolthers KC, Peters EJG, van Agtmael MA, Autar RS, Bomers M, Sigaloff KCE, Heitmuller M, Laan LM, Ang CW, van Houdt R, Jonges M, Kuijpers TW, Pajkrt D, Scherpbier HJ, de Boer C, van der Plas A, van den Berge M, Stegeman A, Baas S, Hage de Looff L, Buiting A, Reuwer A, Veenemans J, Wintermans B, Pronk MJH, Ammerlaan HSM, van den Bersselaar DNJ, de Munnik ES, Deiman B, Jansz AR, Scharnhorst V, Tjhie J, Wegdam MCA, van Eeden A, Nellen J, Brokking W, Elsenburg LJM, Nobel H, van Kasteren MEE, Berrevoets MAH, Brouwer AE, Adams A, van Erve R, de Kruijf-van de Wiel BAFM, Keelan-Phaf S, van de Ven B, van der Ven B, Buiting AGM, Murck JL, de Vries-Sluijs TEMS, Bax HI, van Gorp ECM, de Jong-Peltenburg NC, de Mendonç A Melo M, van Nood E, Nouwen JL, Rijnders BJA, Rokx C, Schurink CAM, Slobbe L, Verbon A, Bassant N, van Beek JEA, Vriesde M, van Zonneveld LM, de Groot J, Boucher CAB, Koopmans MPG, van Kampen JJA, Fraaij PLA, van Rossum AMC, Vermont CL, van der Knaap LC, Visser E, Branger J, Douma RA, Cents-Bosma AS, Duijf-van de Ven CJHM, Schippers EF, van Nieuwkoop C, van Ijperen JM, Geilings J, van der Hut G, van Burgel ND, Leyten EMS, Gelinck LBS, Mollema F, Davids-Veldhuis S, Tearno C, Wildenbeest GS, Heikens E, Groeneveld PHP, Bouwhuis JW, Lammers AJJ, Kraan S, van Hulzen AGW, Kruiper MSM, van der Bliek GL, Bor PCJ, Debast SB, Wagenvoort GHJ, Kroon FP, de Boer MGJ, Jolink H, Lambregts MMC, Roukens AHE, Scheper H, Dorama W, van Holten N, Claas ECJ, Wessels E, den Hollander JG, El Moussaoui R, Pogany K, Brouwer CJ, Smit JV, Struik-Kalkman D, van Niekerk T, Pontesilli O, Lowe SH, Oude Lashof AML, Posthouwer D, van Wolfswinkel ME, Ackens RP, Burgers K, Schippers J, Weijenberg-Maes B, van Loo IHM, Havenith TRA, van Vonderen MGA, Kampschreur LM, Faber S, Steeman-Bouma R, Al Moujahid A, Kootstra GJ, Delsing CE, van der Burg-van de Plas M, Scheiberlich L, Kortmann W, van Twillert G, Renckens R, Ruiter-Pronk D, van Truijen-Oud FA, Cohen Stuart JWT, Jansen ER, Hoogewerf M, Rozemeijer W, van der Reijden WA, Sinnige JC, Brinkman K, van den Berk GEL, Blok WL, Lettinga KD, de Regt M, Schouten WEM, Stalenhoef JE, Veenstra J, Vrouenraets SME, Blaauw H, Geerders GF, Kleene MJ, Kok M, Knapen M, van der Meché IB, Mulder-Seeleman E, Toonen AJM, Wijnands S, Wttewaal E, Kwa D, van Crevel R, van Aerde K, Dofferhoff ASM, Henriet SSV, Ter Hofstede HJM, Hoogerwerf J, Keuter M, Richel O, Albers M, Grintjes-Huisman KJT, de Haan M, Marneef M, Strik-Albers R, Rahamat-Langendoen J, Stelma FF, Burger D, Gisolf EH, Hassing RJ, Claassen M, Ter Beest G, van Bentum PHM, Langebeek N, Tiemessen R, Swanink CMA, van Lelyveld SFL, Soetekouw R, van der Prijt LMM, van der Swaluw J, Bermon N, van der Reijden WA, Jansen R, Herpers BL, Veenendaal D, Verhagen DWM, Lauw FN, van Broekhuizen MC, van Wijk M, Bierman WFW, Bakker M, Kleinnijenhuis J, Kloeze E, Middel A, Postma DF, Schölvinck EH, Stienstra Y, Verhage AR, Wouthuyzen-Bakker M, Boonstra A, de Groot-de Jonge H, van der Meulen PA, de Weerd DA, Niesters HGM, van Leer-Buter CC, Knoester M, Hoepelman AIM, Arends JE, Barth RE, Bruns AHW, Ellerbroek PM, Mudrikova T, Oosterheert JJ, Schadd EM, van Welzen BJ, Aarsman K, Griffioen-van Santen BMG, de Kroon I, van Berkel M, van Rooijen CSAM, Schuurman R, Verduyn-Lunel F, Wensing AMJ, Bont LJ, Geelen SPM, Loeffen YGT, Wolfs TFW, Nauta N, Rooijakkers EOW, Holtsema H, Voigt R, van de Wetering D, Alberto A, van der Meer I, Rosingh A, Halaby T, Zaheri S, Boyd AC, Bezemer DO, van Sighem AI, Smit C, Hillebregt M, de Jong A, Woudstra T, Bergsma D, Meijering R, van de Sande L, Rutkens T, van der Vliet S, de Groot L, van den Akker M, Bakker Y, El Berkaoui A, Bezemer M, Brétin N, Djoechro E, Groters M, Kruijne E, Lelivelt KJ, Lodewijk C, Lucas E, Munjishvili L, Paling F, Peeck B, Ree C, Regtop R, Ruijs Y, Schoorl M, Schnörr P, Scheigrond A, Tuijn E, Veenenberg L, Visser KM, Witte EC, Ruijs Y, Van Frankenhuijsen M, Allegre T, Makhloufi D, Livrozet JM, Chiarello P, Godinot M, Brunel-Dalmas F, Gibert S, Trepo C, Peyramond D, Miailhes P, Koffi J, Thoirain V, Brochier C, Baudry T, Pailhes S, Lafeuillade A, Philip G, Hittinger G, Assi A, Lambry V, Rosenthal E, Naqvi A, Dunais B, Cua E, Pradier C, Durant J, Joulie A, Quinsat D, Tempesta S, Ravaux I, Martin IP, Faucher O, Cloarec N, Champagne H, Pichancourt G, Morlat P, Pistone T, Bonnet F, Mercie P, Faure I, Hessamfar M, Malvy D, Lacoste D, Pertusa MC, Vandenhende MA, Bernard N, Paccalin F, Martell C, Roger-Schmelz J, Receveur MC, Duffau P, Dondia D, Ribeiro E, Caltado S, Neau D, Dupont M, Dutronc H, Dauchy F, Cazanave C, Vareil MO, Wirth G, Le Puil S, Pellegrin JL, Raymond I, Viallard JF, Chaigne de Lalande S, Garipuy D, Delobel P, Obadia M, Cuzin L, Alvarez M, Biezunski N, Porte L, Massip P, Debard A, Balsarin F, Lagarrigue M, Prevoteau du Clary F, Aquilina C, Reynes J, Baillat V, Merle C, Lemoing V, Atoui N, Makinson A, Jacquet JM, Psomas C, Tramoni C, Aumaitre H, Saada M, Medus M, Malet M, Eden A, Neuville S, Ferreyra M, Sotto A, Barbuat C, Rouanet I, Leureillard D, Mauboussin JM, Lechiche C, Donsesco R, Cabie A, Abel S, Pierre-Francois S, Batala AS, Cerland C, Rangom C, Theresine N, Hoen B, Lamaury I, Fabre I, Schepers K, Curlier E, Ouissa R, Gaud C, Ricaud C, Rodet R, Wartel G, Sautron C, Beck-Wirth G, Michel C, Beck C, Halna JM, Kowalczyk J, Benomar M, Drobacheff-Thiebaut C, Chirouze C, Faucher JF, Parcelier F, Foltzer A, Haffner-Mauvais C, Hustache Mathieu M, Proust A, Piroth L, Chavanet P, Duong M, Buisson M, Waldner A, Mahy S, Gohier S, Croisier D, May T, Delestan M, Andre M, Zadeh MM, Martinot M, Rosolen B, Pachart A, Martha B, Jeunet N, Rey D, Cheneau C, Partisani M, Priester M, Bernard-Henry C, Batard ML, Fischer P, Berger JL, Kmiec I, Robineau O, Huleux T, Ajana F, Alcaraz I, Allienne C, Baclet V, Meybeck A, Valette M, Viget N, Aissi E, Biekre R, Cornavin P, Merrien D, Seghezzi JC, Machado M, Diab G, Raffi F, Bonnet B, Allavena C, Grossi O, Reliquet V, Billaud E, Brunet C, Bouchez S, Morineau-Le Houssine P, Sauser F, Boutoille D, Besnier M, Hue H, Hall N, Brosseau D, Souala F, Michelet C, Tattevin P, Arvieux C, Revest M, Leroy H, Chapplain JM, Dupont M, Fily F, Patra-Delo S, Lefeuvre C, Bernard L, Bastides F, Nau P, Verdon R, de la Blanchardiere A, Martin A, Feret P, Geffray L, Daniel C, Rohan J, Fialaire P, Chennebault JM, Rabier V, Abgueguen P, Rehaiem S, Luycx O, Niault M, Moreau P, Poinsignon Y, Goussef M, Mouton-Rioux V, Houlbert D, Alvarez-Huve S, Barbe F, Haret S, Perre P, Leantez-Nainville S, Esnault JL, Guimard T, Suaud I, Girard JJ, Simonet V, Debab Y, Schmit JL, Jacomet C, Weinberck P, Genet C, Pinet P, Ducroix S, Durox H, Denes É, Abraham B, Gourdon F, Antoniotti O, Molina JM, Ferret S, Lascoux-Combe C, Lafaurie M, Colin de Verdiere N, Ponscarme D, De Castro N, Aslan A, Rozenbaum W, Pintado C, Clavel F, Taulera O, Gatey C, Munier AL, Gazaigne S, Penot P, Conort G, Lerolle N, Leplatois A, Balausine S, Delgado J, Timsit J, Tabet M, Gerard L, Girard PM, Picard O, Tredup J, Bollens D, Valin N, Campa P, Bottero J, Lefebvre B, Tourneur M, Fonquernie L, Wemmert C, Lagneau JL, Yazdanpanah Y, Phung B, Pinto A, Vallois D, Cabras O, Louni F, Pialoux G, Lyavanc T, Berrebi V, Chas J, Lenagat S, Rami A, Diemer M, Parrinello M, Depond A, Salmon D, Guillevin L, Tahi T, Belarbi L, Loulergue P, Zak Dit Zbar O, Launay O, Silbermann B, Leport C, Alagna L, Pietri MP, Simon A, Bonmarchand M, Amirat N, Pichon F, Kirstetter M, Katlama C, Valantin MA, Tubiana R, Caby F, Schneider L, Ktorza N, Calin R, Merlet A, Ben Abdallah S, Weiss L, Buisson M, Batisse D, Karmochine M, Pavie J, Minozzi C, Jayle D, Castel P, Derouineau J, Kousignan P, Eliazevitch M, Pierre I, Collias L, Viard JP, Gilquin J, Sobel A, Slama L, Ghosn J, Hadacek B, Thu-Huyn N, Nait-Ighil L, Cros A, Maignan A, Duvivier C, Consigny PH, Lanternier F, Shoai-Tehrani M, Touam F, Jerbi S, Bodard L, Jung C, Goujard C, Quertainmont Y, Duracinsky M, Segeral O, Blanc A, Peretti D, Cheret A, Chantalat C, Dulucq MJ, Levy Y, Lelievre JD, Lascaux AS, Dumont C, Boue F, Chambrin V, Abgrall S, Kansau I, Raho-Moussa M, De Truchis P, Dinh A, Davido B, Marigot D, Berthe H, Devidas A, Chevojon P, Chabrol A, Agher N, Lemercier Y, Chaix F, Turpault I, Bouchaud O, Honore P, Rouveix E, Reimann E, Belan AG, Godin Collet C, Souak S, Mortier E, Bloch M, Simonpoli AM, Manceron V, Cahitte I, Hiraux E, Lafon E, Cordonnier F, Zeng AF, Zucman D, Majerholc C, Bornarel D, Uludag A, Gellen-Dautremer J, Lefort A, Bazin C, Daneluzzi V, Gerbe J, Jeantils V, Coupard M, Patey O, Bantsimba J, Delllion S, Paz PC, Cazenave B, Richier L, Garrait V, Delacroix I, Elharrar B, Vittecoq D, Bolliot C, Lepretre A, Genet P, Masse V, Perrone V, Boussard JL, Chardon P, Froguel E, Simon P, Tassi S, Avettand Fenoel V, Barin F, Bourgeois C, Cardon F, Chaix ML, Delfraissy JF, Essat A, Fischer H, Lecuroux C, Meyer L, Petrov-Sanchez V, Rouzioux C, Saez-Cirion A, Seng R, Kuldanek K, Mullaney S, Young C, Zucchetti A, Bevan MA, McKernan S, Wandolo E, Richardson C, Youssef E, Green P, Faulkner S, Faville R, Herman S, Care C, Blackman H, Bellenger K, Fairbrother K, Phillips A, Babiker A, Delpech V, Fidler S, Clarke M, Fox J, Gilson R, Goldberg D, Hawkins D, Johnson A, Johnson M, McLean K, Nastouli E, Post F, Kennedy N, Pritchard J, Andrady U, Rajda N, Donnelly C, McKernan S, Drake S, Gilleran G, White D, Ross J, Harding J, Faville R, Sweeney J, Flegg P, Toomer S, Wilding H, Woodward R, Dean G, Richardson C, Perry N, Gompels M, Jennings L, Bansaal D, Browing M, Connolly L, Stanley B, Estreich S, Magdy A, O'Mahony C, Fraser P, Jebakumar SPR, David L, Mette R, Summerfield H, Evans M, White C, Robertson R, Lean C, Morris S, Winter A, Faulkner S, Goorney B, Howard L, Fairley I, Stemp C, Short L, Gomez M, Young F, Roberts M, Green S, Sivakumar K, Minton J, Siminoni A, Calderwood J, Greenhough D, DeSouza C, Muthern L, Orkin C, Murphy S, Truvedi M, McLean K, Hawkins D, Higgs C, Moyes A, Antonucci S, McCormack S, Lynn W, Bevan M, Fox J, Teague A, Anderson J, Mguni S, Post F, Campbell L, Mazhude C, Russell H, Gilson R, Carrick G, Ainsworth J, Waters A, Byrne P, Johnson M, Fidler S, Kuldanek K, Mullaney S, Lawlor V, Melville R, Sukthankar A, Thorpe S, Murphy C, Wilkins E, Ahmad S, Green P, Tayal S, Ong E, Meaden J, Riddell L, Loay D, Peacock K, Blackman H, Harindra V, Saeed AM, Allen S, Natarajan U, Williams O, Lacey H, Care C, Bowman C, Herman S, Devendra SV, Wither J, Bridgwood A, Singh G, Bushby S, Kellock D, Young S, Rooney G, Snart B, Currie J, Fitzgerald M, Arumainayyagam J, Chandramani S. A highly virulent variant of HIV-1 circulating in the Netherlands. Science 2022; 375:540-545. [PMID: 35113714 DOI: 10.1126/science.abk1688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We discovered a highly virulent variant of subtype-B HIV-1 in the Netherlands. One hundred nine individuals with this variant had a 0.54 to 0.74 log10 increase (i.e., a ~3.5-fold to 5.5-fold increase) in viral load compared with, and exhibited CD4 cell decline twice as fast as, 6604 individuals with other subtype-B strains. Without treatment, advanced HIV-CD4 cell counts below 350 cells per cubic millimeter, with long-term clinical consequences-is expected to be reached, on average, 9 months after diagnosis for individuals in their thirties with this variant. Age, sex, suspected mode of transmission, and place of birth for the aforementioned 109 individuals were typical for HIV-positive people in the Netherlands, which suggests that the increased virulence is attributable to the viral strain. Genetic sequence analysis suggests that this variant arose in the 1990s from de novo mutation, not recombination, with increased transmissibility and an unfamiliar molecular mechanism of virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Wymant
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - François Blanquart
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France.,IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Luca Ferretti
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Astrid Gall
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Matthew Hall
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tanya Golubchik
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Margreet Bakker
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Swee Hoe Ong
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lele Zhao
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David Bonsall
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mariateresa de Cesare
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - George MacIntyre-Cockett
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lucie Abeler-Dörner
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jan Albert
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Norbert Bannert
- Division for HIV and Other Retroviruses, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jacques Fellay
- School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Precision Medicine Unit, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - M Kate Grabowski
- Department of Pathology, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Huldrych F Günthard
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pia Kivelä
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Roger D Kouyos
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Laurence Meyer
- INSERM CESP U1018, Université Paris Saclay, APHP, Service de Santé Publique, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Kholoud Porter
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Matti Ristola
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Ben Berkhout
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Paul Kellam
- Kymab Ltd., Cambridge, UK.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Marion Cornelissen
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Peter Reiss
- Stichting HIV Monitoring, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Global Health, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam and Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Christophe Fraser
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Carr M, Meakins A, Silburn SA, Karhunen J, Bernert M, Bowman C, Callarelli A, Carvalho P, Giroud C, Harrison JR, Henderson SS, Huber A, Lipschultz B, Lunt T, Moulton D, Reimold F. Physically principled reflection models applied to filtered camera imaging inversions in metal walled fusion machines. Rev Sci Instrum 2019; 90:043504. [PMID: 31043003 DOI: 10.1063/1.5092781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ray-tracing techniques are applied to filtered divertor imaging, a diagnostic that has long suffered from artifacts due to the polluting effect of reflected light in metal walled fusion machines. Physically realistic surface reflections were modeled using a Cook-Torrance micro-facet bi-directional reflection distribution function applied to a high resolution mesh of the vessel geometry. In the absence of gonioreflectometer measurements, a technique was developed to fit the free parameters of the Cook-Torrance model against images of the JET in-vessel light sources. By coupling this model with high fidelity plasma fluid simulations, photo-realistic renderings of a number of tokamak plasma emission scenarios were generated. Finally, a sensitivity matrix describing the optical coupling of a JET divertor camera and the emission profile of the plasma was obtained, including full reflection effects. These matrices are used to perform inversions on measured data and shown to reduce the level of artifacts in inverted emission profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Carr
- UKAEA/CCFE, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 3DB, United Kingdom
| | - A Meakins
- UKAEA/CCFE, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 3DB, United Kingdom
| | - S A Silburn
- UKAEA/CCFE, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 3DB, United Kingdom
| | - J Karhunen
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, P.O. Box 11100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - M Bernert
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - C Bowman
- Department of Physics, York Plasma Institute, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
| | - A Callarelli
- UKAEA/CCFE, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 3DB, United Kingdom
| | - P Carvalho
- UKAEA/CCFE, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 3DB, United Kingdom
| | - C Giroud
- UKAEA/CCFE, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 3DB, United Kingdom
| | - J R Harrison
- UKAEA/CCFE, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 3DB, United Kingdom
| | - S S Henderson
- UKAEA/CCFE, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 3DB, United Kingdom
| | - A Huber
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institut für Energie-und Klimaforschung - Plasmaphysik, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - B Lipschultz
- Department of Physics, York Plasma Institute, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
| | - T Lunt
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - D Moulton
- UKAEA/CCFE, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 3DB, United Kingdom
| | - F Reimold
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
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Woodruff S, Stuber JE, Bowman C, Sieck PE, Melnik PA, Romero-Talamás CA, O’Bryan JB, Miller RL. Adiabatic Compression of a Compact Torus. Fusion Science and Technology 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15361055.2017.1350488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Woodruff
- Woodruff Scientific Inc., 4000 Aurora Avenue N, Seattle, Washington 98103
| | - J. E. Stuber
- Woodruff Scientific Inc., 4000 Aurora Avenue N, Seattle, Washington 98103
| | - C. Bowman
- Woodruff Scientific Inc., 4000 Aurora Avenue N, Seattle, Washington 98103
| | - P. E. Sieck
- Woodruff Scientific Inc., 4000 Aurora Avenue N, Seattle, Washington 98103
| | - P. A. Melnik
- Woodruff Scientific Inc., 4000 Aurora Avenue N, Seattle, Washington 98103
| | - C. A. Romero-Talamás
- University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Engineering 222, Baltimore, Maryland 21250
| | - J. B. O’Bryan
- University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Engineering 222, Baltimore, Maryland 21250
| | - R. L. Miller
- Decysive Systems, 813 Calle David, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87506-6017
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Gordon A, Goodman C, Davies S, Handley M, Iliffe S, Bowman C, Victor C, Martin F. DEVELOPING A PROGRAMME THEORY OF HEALTH CARE IN UK CARE HOMES—REVIEWS, SURVEYS, AND INTERVIEWS. Innov Aging 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/geroni/igx004.3849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A. Gordon
- University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - C. Goodman
- University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom,
| | - S. Davies
- University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom,
| | - M. Handley
- University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom,
| | - S. Iliffe
- University College London, London, United Kingdom,
| | - C. Bowman
- City University London, London, United Kingdom,
| | - C. Victor
- Brunel University London, London, United Kingdom,
| | - F. Martin
- Kings College London, London, United Kingdom,
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Jackson D, Mottram P, Bowman C, Cameron J, Rashid H, Quine E, Lockwood S. Heart Failure with Reduced LV Ejection Fraction and Atrial Fibrillation/Flutter – What Predicts LV Ejection Fraction Recovery? Heart Lung Circ 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2016.06.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Rosella L, Bowman C, Pach B, Morgan S, Fitzpatrick T, Goel V. The development and validation of a meta-tool for quality appraisal of public health evidence: Meta Quality Appraisal Tool (MetaQAT). Public Health 2016; 136:57-65. [PMID: 26993202 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2015.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Most quality appraisal tools were developed for clinical medicine and tend to be study-specific with a strong emphasis on risk of bias. In order to be more relevant to public health, an appropriate quality appraisal tool needs to be less reliant on the evidence hierarchy and consider practice applicability. Given the broad range of study designs used in public health, the objective of this study was to develop and validate a meta-tool that combines public health-focused principles of appraisal coupled with a set of design-specific companion tools. STUDY DESIGN Several design methods were used to develop and validate the tool including literature review, synthesis, and validation with a reference standard. METHODS A search of critical appraisal tools relevant to public health was conducted; core concepts were collated. The resulting framework was piloted during three feedback sessions with public health practitioners. Following subsequent revisions, the final meta-tool, the Meta Quality Appraisal Tool (MetaQAT), was then validated through a content analysis of appraisals conducted by two groups of experienced public health researchers (MetaQAT vs generic appraisal form). RESULTS The MetaQAT framework consists of four domains: relevancy, reliability, validity, and applicability. In addition, a companion tool was assembled from existing critical appraisal tools to provide study design-specific guidance on validity appraisal. Content analysis showed similar methodological and generalizability concerns were raised by both groups; however, the MetaQAT appraisers commented more extensively on applicability to public health practice. CONCLUSIONS Critical appraisal tools designed for clinical medicine have limitations for use in the context of public health. The meta-tool structure of the MetaQAT allows for rigorous appraisal, while allowing users to simultaneously appraise the multitude of study designs relevant to public health research and assess non-standard domains, such as applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Rosella
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Health Sciences Bldg, 6th Floor, 155 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5T 3M7, Canada; Public Health Ontario, 480 University Avenue, Suite 300, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1V2, Canada; Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Canada.
| | - C Bowman
- Public Health Ontario, 480 University Avenue, Suite 300, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1V2, Canada.
| | - B Pach
- Public Health Ontario, 480 University Avenue, Suite 300, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1V2, Canada.
| | - S Morgan
- Public Health Ontario, 480 University Avenue, Suite 300, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1V2, Canada.
| | - T Fitzpatrick
- Public Health Ontario, 480 University Avenue, Suite 300, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1V2, Canada.
| | - V Goel
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Health Sciences Bldg, 6th Floor, 155 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5T 3M7, Canada; Public Health Ontario, 480 University Avenue, Suite 300, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1V2, Canada; Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Canada; Institute for Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Canada.
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Young R, Poyser C, Crack L, Dockrell D, Bowman C, Billingham L, Bower M, Westwell S, Leahy M, Woll P. 3434 A UK national phase I/II clinical trial of a MEK1/2 inhibitor combined with highly active anti-retroviral therapy for HIV-associated Kaposi's sarcoma. Eur J Cancer 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(16)31907-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sharma S, Bowman C, Alladin A, Singh N. 116: Antibiotic Prescribing Patterns in the Pediatric Emergency Department at Georgetown Public Hospital Corporation. Paediatr Child Health 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/pch/20.5.e76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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13
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Lockwood S, Bowman C, Cameron J. Early intervention in systolic heart failure = early recovery in LV ejection fraction. Heart Lung Circ 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2015.06.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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14
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Saunders JH, Miskovic D, Bowman C, Panto P, Menon A. Colorectal cancer is reliably excluded in the frail and elderly population by minimal preparation CT. Tech Coloproctol 2013; 18:137-43. [PMID: 23818235 DOI: 10.1007/s10151-013-1045-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to retrospectively assess the accuracy of minimal preparation computed tomography (MPCT) in the detection of colorectal cancer (CRC) within the frail and elderly population and to evaluate the relevance of extra-colonic findings (ECF). METHODS Radiology reports, clinical notes and follow-up reports from 207 patients who underwent MPCT to investigate for CRC between 2005 and 2009 were analysed. Patients were scanned following the administration of oral contrast for 48 h, without bowel preparation or colonic insufflation. MPCT results were measured against patient outcomes, with a minimum of 2 years of follow-up. RESULTS Twelve cases of clinically relevant CRC were confirmed (5.8 %). MPCT correctly identified 11 of these lesions (sensitivity 91.6 %). Thirty-one patients had a possible CRC identified by MPCT, which was not confirmed by further examination (specificity 84.1 %). This results in a positive predictive value of 26.2 % and a negative predictive value of 99.4 %. Five of the patients with colon cancer underwent curative surgery. Sixty-eight clinically relevant ECF were confirmed, including 14 previously undiagnosed extra-colonic malignancies. ECF were considered to account for the presenting complaint in 15.0 % (31/207) of all patients. CONCLUSIONS Minimal preparation computed tomography is an effective and reliable investigation for the exclusion of clinically relevant CRC in this population. It provides clinicians with a valuable and pragmatic alternative to colonoscopy and CT colonography when invasive examination or cathartic bowel preparation will be poorly tolerated and small polyps are of limited significance. MPCT has an advantage over purely luminal imaging in the detection of extra-colonic pathology and appears to have an equally important role in the detection of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Saunders
- Sherwood Forest Hospitals NHS Trust, Sutton in Ashfield, NG17 4JL, UK,
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15
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Meakin NS, Bowman C, Lewis MR, Dancer SJ. Comparison of cleaning efficacy between in-use disinfectant and electrolysed water in an English residential care home. J Hosp Infect 2011; 80:122-7. [PMID: 22196853 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2011.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 10/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection control in hospitals and care homes remains a key issue. They are regularly inspected regarding standards of hygiene, but visual assessment does not necessarily correlate with microbial cleanliness. Pathogens can persist in the inanimate environment for extended periods of time. AIM This prospective study compared the effectiveness of a novel sanitizer containing electrolysed water, in which the active ingredient is stabilized hypochlorous acid (Aqualution™), with the effectiveness of the quaternary ammonium disinfectant in current use for microbial removal from hand-touch surfaces in a care home. The study had a two-period crossover design. METHODS Five surfaces were cleaned daily over a four-week period, with screening swabs taken before and after cleaning. Swabs were cultured in order to compare levels of surface microbial contamination [colony-forming units (cfu)/cm(2)] before and after cleaning with each product. FINDINGS Cleaning with electrolysed water reduced the mean surface bacterial load from 2.6 [interquartile range (IQR) 0.30-30.40] cfu/cm(2) to 0.10 (IQR 0.10-1.40) cfu/cm(2) [mean log(10) reduction factor 1.042, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.79-1.30]. Cleaning with the in-use quaternary ammonium disinfectant increased the bacterial load from 0.90 (IQR 0.10-8.50) cfu/cm(2) to 93.30 (IQR 9.85-363.65) cfu/cm(2) (mean log(10) reduction -1.499, 95% CI -1.87 to -1.12) (P < 0.0001). Using two proposed benchmark standards for surface microbial levels in hospitals, electrolysed water resulted in a higher 'pass rate' than the in-use quaternary ammonium disinfectant (80-86% vs 15-21%, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION Electrolysed water exerts a more effective bacterial kill than the in-use quaternary ammonium disinfectant, which suggests that it may be useful as a surface sanitizer in environments such as care homes.
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16
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Saunders J, Bowman C, Panto P, Menon A. Investigation of colorectal cancer by minimal preparation CT in the frail and elderly patient. Gut 2011. [DOI: 10.1136/gut.2011.239301.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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Lennon PA, Deleon E, Reynolds A, Pulido L, Lewing C, Mehta P, Biscanin S, Hai S, Bowman C, Galbincea J, Jakacky J, Hu P. A model for rewarding professional growth in the diagnostic molecular oncology laboratory. J Assoc Genet Technol 2011; 37:80-83. [PMID: 21654071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center (UTMDACC), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine is committed to the endless pursuit of innovative research, education, training and administration for the prevention, diagnosis and clinical management of cancer and associated diseases. The molecular genetic technology professional development model promotes personal development, recognizes increased competencies, and sets high standards for all skills and services provided. There are four competency levels that comprise our Professional Development Model (PDM): Discovery, Application, Maturation, and Expert. The skill, knowledge, education, and certification requirements for each level are defined based on the business needs of each lab. When a genetic technologist successfully completes all skills, knowledge, proficiency, education and certification requirements within the appropriate time frame for a particular competency level, his/her salary would be adjusted to the entry point for the competency level he/she has completed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Lennon
- Molecular Genetic Technology Program, School of Health Professions, University of Texas at Houston, Texas
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Morrissey Y, Bowman C, Carpenter I. Assessment of patients in long-term care should be used to improve quality as well as allocate funds. Age Ageing 2006; 35:212-4. [PMID: 16638763 DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afj086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Bowman C, Gumel AB, van den Driessche P, Wu J, Zhu H. A mathematical model for assessing control strategies against West Nile virus. Bull Math Biol 2005; 67:1107-33. [PMID: 15998497 DOI: 10.1016/j.bulm.2005.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2003] [Revised: 10/15/2004] [Accepted: 01/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Since its incursion into North America in 1999, West Nile virus (WNV) has spread rapidly across the continent resulting in numerous human infections and deaths. Owing to the absence of an effective diagnostic test and therapeutic treatment against WNV, public health officials have focussed on the use of preventive measures in an attempt to halt the spread of WNV in humans. The aim of this paper is to use mathematical modelling and analysis to assess two main anti-WNV preventive strategies, namely: mosquito reduction strategies and personal protection. We propose a single-season ordinary differential equation model for the transmission dynamics of WNV in a mosquito-bird-human community, with birds as reservoir hosts and culicine mosquitoes as vectors. The model exhibits two equilibria; namely the disease-free equilibrium and a unique endemic equilibrium. Stability analysis of the model shows that the disease-free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable if a certain threshold quantity (R0), which depends solely on parameters associated with the mosquito-bird cycle, is less than unity. The public health implication of this is that WNV can be eradicated from the mosquito-bird cycle (and, consequently, from the human population) if the adopted mosquito reduction strategy (or strategies) can make R0<1. On the other hand, it is shown, using a novel and robust technique that is based on the theory of monotone dynamical systems coupled with a regular perturbation argument and a Liapunov function, that if R0>1, then the unique endemic equilibrium is globally stable for small WNV-induced avian mortality. Thus, in this case, WNV persists in the mosquito-bird population.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bowman
- Institute for Biodiagnostics, National Research Council Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3B 1Y6, Canada
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Abstract
The genetic control of self-incompatibility in Brassica napus was investigated using crosses between resynthesized lines of B. napus and cultivars of oilseed rape. These crosses introduced eight C-genome S alleles from Brassica oleracea (S16, S22, S23, S25, S29, S35, S60, and S63) and one A-genome S allele from Brassica rapa (SRM29) into winter oilseed rape. The inheritance of S alleles was monitored using genetic markers and S phenotypes were determined in the F1, F2, first backcross (B1), and testcross (T1) generations. Two different F1 hybrids were used to develop populations of doubled haploid lines that were subjected to genetic mapping and scored for S phenotype. These investigations identified a latent S allele in at least two oilseed rape cultivars and indicated that the S phenotype of these latent alleles was masked by a suppressor system common to oilseed rape. These latent S alleles may be widespread in oilseed rape varieties and are possibly associated with the highly conserved C-genome S locus of these crop types. Segregation for S phenotype in subpopulations uniform for S genotype suggests the existence of suppressor loci that influenced the expression of the S phenotype. These suppressor loci were not linked to the S loci and possessed suppressing alleles in oilseed rape and non-suppressing alleles in the diploid parents of resynthesized B. napus lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- U U Ekuere
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, UK.
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Bowman C. Infection Management for Geriatrics in Long-term Care Facilities Edited by Thomas T. Yoshikawa and Joseph G. Ouslander New York: Marcel Dekker, 2002. 493 pp, ISBN 0-8247-0784-2. $145.00. Age Ageing 2004. [DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afh166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Baumgartner R, Somorjai R, Bowman C, Sorrell TC, Mountford CE, Himmelreich U. Unsupervised feature dimension reduction for classification of MR spectra. Magn Reson Imaging 2004; 22:251-6. [PMID: 15010118 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2003.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2003] [Revised: 08/27/2003] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We present an unsupervised feature dimension reduction method for the classification of magnetic resonance spectra. The technique preserves spectral information, important for disease profiling. We propose to use this technique as a preprocessing step for computationally demanding wrapper-based feature subset selection. We show that the classification accuracy on an independent test set can be sustained while achieving considerable feature reduction. Our method is applicable to other classification techniques, such as neural networks, support vector machines, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Baumgartner
- Institute for Biodiagnostics, National Research Council Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
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24
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Bowman C. Textbook of Men's Health. J R Soc Med 2003. [DOI: 10.1258/jrsm.96.5.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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25
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Bowman C, Stokes G. Quality of care for people with dementia. Registries charting epidemiological trends and benchmark outcomes are required. BMJ 2001; 323:1428. [PMID: 11778596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
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Suzuki T, Grand E, Bowman C, Merchant JL, Todisco A, Wang L, Del Valle J. TNF-alpha and interleukin 1 activate gastrin gene expression via MAPK- and PKC-dependent mechanisms. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2001; 281:G1405-12. [PMID: 11705745 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.2001.281.6.g1405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori and proinflammatory cytokines have a direct stimulatory effect on gastrin release from isolated G cells, but little is known about the mechanism by which these factors regulate gastrin gene expression. We explored whether tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-1 directly regulate gastrin gene expression and, if so, by what mechanism. TNF-alpha and IL-1 significantly increased gastrin mRNA in canine G cells to 181 +/- 18% and 187 +/- 28% of control, respectively, after 24 h of treatment. TNF-alpha and IL-1 stimulated gastrin promoter activity to a maximal level of 285 +/- 12% and 415 +/- 26% of control. PD-98059 (a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitor), SB-202190 (a p38 kinase inhibitor), and GF-109203 (a protein kinase C inhibitor) inhibited the stimulatory action of both cytokines on the gastrin promoter. In conclusion, both cytokines can directly regulate gastrin gene expression via a mitogen-activated protein kinase- and protein kinase C-dependent mechanism. These data suggest that TNF-alpha and IL-1 may play a direct role in Helicobacter pylori-induced hypergastrinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Suzuki
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Morris J, Bowman C, Carr D. Discriminating for the ageing population--the positive approach. J R Coll Physicians Lond 2000; 34:353-4. [PMID: 11005071 PMCID: PMC9665489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Morris
- Royal Free Hospital, Health Service for Elderly People, London
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Folmar LC, Hemmer M, Hemmer R, Bowman C, Kroll K, Denslow ND. Comparative estrogenicity of estradiol, ethynyl estradiol and diethylstilbestrol in an in vivo, male sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus), vitellogenin bioassay. Aquat Toxicol 2000; 49:77-88. [PMID: 10814808 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-445x(99)00076-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
An in vivo bioasssay for vitellogenin (VTG) synthesis was developed to screen individual chemicals or mixtures of chemicals for potentially estrogenic effects in a marine teleost model. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to quantitate VTG synthesis in male sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus) exposed to five concentrations of the natural estrogen (17beta-estradiol), a synthetic, steroidal pharmaceutical estrogen (17alpha-ethynyl estradiol), or a synthetic, non-steroidal, pharmaceutical estrogen (diethystilbestrol) for 16 days. At an exposure concentration of 20 ng/l, only diethystilbestrol elicited a vitellogenic response. At all test concentrations greater than 100 ng/l, VTG appeared in the plasma in a dose-dependent manner for the three estrogen treatments. Liver VTG mRNA measurements were also made, exhibiting no clear correlations between quantities, nor temporal appearance of the message and mature protein were apparent. This assay is short-term, relatively inexpensive, shows a direct response, and easily quantitated.
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Affiliation(s)
- LC Folmar
- US Environmental Protection Agency, 1 Sabine Island Dr., Gulf Breeze, FL, USA
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Read TD, Brunham RC, Shen C, Gill SR, Heidelberg JF, White O, Hickey EK, Peterson J, Utterback T, Berry K, Bass S, Linher K, Weidman J, Khouri H, Craven B, Bowman C, Dodson R, Gwinn M, Nelson W, DeBoy R, Kolonay J, McClarty G, Salzberg SL, Eisen J, Fraser CM. Genome sequences of Chlamydia trachomatis MoPn and Chlamydia pneumoniae AR39. Nucleic Acids Res 2000; 28:1397-406. [PMID: 10684935 PMCID: PMC111046 DOI: 10.1093/nar/28.6.1397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 580] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The genome sequences of Chlamydia trachomatis mouse pneumonitis (MoPn) strain Nigg (1 069 412 nt) and Chlamydia pneumoniae strain AR39 (1 229 853 nt) were determined using a random shotgun strategy. The MoPn genome exhibited a general conservation of gene order and content with the previously sequenced C.trachomatis serovar D. Differences between C.trachomatis strains were focused on an approximately 50 kb 'plasticity zone' near the termination origins. In this region MoPn contained three copies of a novel gene encoding a >3000 amino acid toxin homologous to a predicted toxin from Escherichia coli O157:H7 but had apparently lost the tryptophan biosyntheis genes found in serovar D in this region. The C. pneumoniae AR39 chromosome was >99.9% identical to the previously sequenced C.pneumoniae CWL029 genome, however, comparative analysis identified an invertible DNA segment upstream of the uridine kinase gene which was in different orientations in the two genomes. AR39 also contained a novel 4524 nt circular single-stranded (ss)DNA bacteriophage, the first time a virus has been reported infecting C. pneumoniae. Although the chlamydial genomes were highly conserved, there were intriguing differences in key nucleotide salvage pathways: C.pneumoniae has a uridine kinase gene for dUTP production, MoPn has a uracil phosphororibosyl transferase, while C.trachomatis serovar D contains neither gene. Chromosomal comparison revealed that there had been multiple large inversion events since the species divergence of C.trachomatis and C.pneumoniae, apparently oriented around the axis of the origin of replication and the termination region. The striking synteny of the Chlamydia genomes and prevalence of tandemly duplicated genes are evidence of minimal chromosome rearrangement and foreign gene uptake, presumably owing to the ecological isolation of the obligate intracellular parasites. In the absence of genetic analysis, comparative genomics will continue to provide insight into the virulence mechanisms of these important human pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Read
- The Institute for Genomic Research, 9712 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
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Bowman C, Johnson M, Venables D, Foote C, Kane RL. Geriatric care in the United Kingdom: aligning services to needs. BMJ 1999; 319:1119-22. [PMID: 10531110 PMCID: PMC1116908 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.319.7217.1119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/1999] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Bowman
- International Institute on Health and Ageing, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TX.
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Morris J, Bowman C. Community institutional healthcare: emergence from refugee status. J R Soc Med 1999; 92:271-2. [PMID: 10472277 PMCID: PMC1297202 DOI: 10.1177/014107689909200601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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34
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Bowman C, Kempers K, Quinn P. Topical ketamine ointment in managing facial pain. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0901-5027(99)80960-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Bowman C. Looking after the kids. Body Posit 1999; 12:33-4. [PMID: 11366106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C Bowman
- South Brooklyn Legal Services, HIV Project
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Bowman C, Black D. Intermediate not indeterminate care. Hosp Med 1998; 59:877-9. [PMID: 10197122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Increasing demands, limited resources and an aging population are driving the development of alternatives to the full acute hospital bed. This review considers some opportunities and pitfalls, and proposes some principles for practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bowman
- Institute on Health and Ageing, University of Bristol
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Fraser CM, Norris SJ, Weinstock GM, White O, Sutton GG, Dodson R, Gwinn M, Hickey EK, Clayton R, Ketchum KA, Sodergren E, Hardham JM, McLeod MP, Salzberg S, Peterson J, Khalak H, Richardson D, Howell JK, Chidambaram M, Utterback T, McDonald L, Artiach P, Bowman C, Cotton MD, Fujii C, Garland S, Hatch B, Horst K, Roberts K, Sandusky M, Weidman J, Smith HO, Venter JC. Complete genome sequence of Treponema pallidum, the syphilis spirochete. Science 1998; 281:375-88. [PMID: 9665876 DOI: 10.1126/science.281.5375.375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 695] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The complete genome sequence of Treponema pallidum was determined and shown to be 1,138,006 base pairs containing 1041 predicted coding sequences (open reading frames). Systems for DNA replication, transcription, translation, and repair are intact, but catabolic and biosynthetic activities are minimized. The number of identifiable transporters is small, and no phosphoenolpyruvate:phosphotransferase carbohydrate transporters were found. Potential virulence factors include a family of 12 potential membrane proteins and several putative hemolysins. Comparison of the T. pallidum genome sequence with that of another pathogenic spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi, the agent of Lyme disease, identified unique and common genes and substantiates the considerable diversity observed among pathogenic spirochetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Fraser
- Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
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Fraser CM, Casjens S, Huang WM, Sutton GG, Clayton R, Lathigra R, White O, Ketchum KA, Dodson R, Hickey EK, Gwinn M, Dougherty B, Tomb JF, Fleischmann RD, Richardson D, Peterson J, Kerlavage AR, Quackenbush J, Salzberg S, Hanson M, van Vugt R, Palmer N, Adams MD, Gocayne J, Weidman J, Utterback T, Watthey L, McDonald L, Artiach P, Bowman C, Garland S, Fuji C, Cotton MD, Horst K, Roberts K, Hatch B, Smith HO, Venter JC. Genomic sequence of a Lyme disease spirochaete, Borrelia burgdorferi. Nature 1997; 390:580-6. [PMID: 9403685 DOI: 10.1038/37551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1498] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The genome of the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi B31, the aetiologic agent of Lyme disease, contains a linear chromosome of 910,725 base pairs and at least 17 linear and circular plasmids with a combined size of more than 533,000 base pairs. The chromosome contains 853 genes encoding a basic set of proteins for DNA replication, transcription, translation, solute transport and energy metabolism, but, like Mycoplasma genitalium, it contains no genes for cellular biosynthetic reactions. Because B. burgdorferi and M. genitalium are distantly related eubacteria, we suggest that their limited metabolic capacities reflect convergent evolution by gene loss from more metabolically competent progenitors. Of 430 genes on 11 plasmids, most have no known biological function; 39% of plasmid genes are paralogues that form 47 gene families. The biological significance of the multiple plasmid-encoded genes is not clear, although they may be involved in antigenic variation or immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Fraser
- Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
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Klenk HP, Clayton RA, Tomb JF, White O, Nelson KE, Ketchum KA, Dodson RJ, Gwinn M, Hickey EK, Peterson JD, Richardson DL, Kerlavage AR, Graham DE, Kyrpides NC, Fleischmann RD, Quackenbush J, Lee NH, Sutton GG, Gill S, Kirkness EF, Dougherty BA, McKenney K, Adams MD, Loftus B, Peterson S, Reich CI, McNeil LK, Badger JH, Glodek A, Zhou L, Overbeek R, Gocayne JD, Weidman JF, McDonald L, Utterback T, Cotton MD, Spriggs T, Artiach P, Kaine BP, Sykes SM, Sadow PW, D'Andrea KP, Bowman C, Fujii C, Garland SA, Mason TM, Olsen GJ, Fraser CM, Smith HO, Woese CR, Venter JC. The complete genome sequence of the hyperthermophilic, sulphate-reducing archaeon Archaeoglobus fulgidus. Nature 1997; 390:364-70. [PMID: 9389475 DOI: 10.1038/37052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 990] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Archaeoglobus fulgidus is the first sulphur-metabolizing organism to have its genome sequence determined. Its genome of 2,178,400 base pairs contains 2,436 open reading frames (ORFs). The information processing systems and the biosynthetic pathways for essential components (nucleotides, amino acids and cofactors) have extensive correlation with their counterparts in the archaeon Methanococcus jannaschii. The genomes of these two Archaea indicate dramatic differences in the way these organisms sense their environment, perform regulatory and transport functions, and gain energy. In contrast to M. jannaschii, A. fulgidus has fewer restriction-modification systems, and none of its genes appears to contain inteins. A quarter (651 ORFs) of the A. fulgidus genome encodes functionally uncharacterized yet conserved proteins, two-thirds of which are shared with M. jannaschii (428 ORFs). Another quarter of the genome encodes new proteins indicating substantial archaeal gene diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H P Klenk
- Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
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Tomb JF, White O, Kerlavage AR, Clayton RA, Sutton GG, Fleischmann RD, Ketchum KA, Klenk HP, Gill S, Dougherty BA, Nelson K, Quackenbush J, Zhou L, Kirkness EF, Peterson S, Loftus B, Richardson D, Dodson R, Khalak HG, Glodek A, McKenney K, Fitzegerald LM, Lee N, Adams MD, Hickey EK, Berg DE, Gocayne JD, Utterback TR, Peterson JD, Kelley JM, Cotton MD, Weidman JM, Fujii C, Bowman C, Watthey L, Wallin E, Hayes WS, Borodovsky M, Karp PD, Smith HO, Fraser CM, Venter JC. The complete genome sequence of the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. Nature 1997; 388:539-47. [PMID: 9252185 DOI: 10.1038/41483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2543] [Impact Index Per Article: 94.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori, strain 26695, has a circular genome of 1,667,867 base pairs and 1,590 predicted coding sequences. Sequence analysis indicates that H. pylori has well-developed systems for motility, for scavenging iron, and for DNA restriction and modification. Many putative adhesins, lipoproteins and other outer membrane proteins were identified, underscoring the potential complexity of host-pathogen interaction. Based on the large number of sequence-related genes encoding outer membrane proteins and the presence of homopolymeric tracts and dinucleotide repeats in coding sequences, H. pylori, like several other mucosal pathogens, probably uses recombination and slipped-strand mispairing within repeats as mechanisms for antigenic variation and adaptive evolution. Consistent with its restricted niche, H. pylori has a few regulatory networks, and a limited metabolic repertoire and biosynthetic capacity. Its survival in acid conditions depends, in part, on its ability to establish a positive inside-membrane potential in low pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Tomb
- Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare stressful events, including violent episodes, experienced by pregnant Salvadoran women with those experienced by two other groups of low-income, pregnant women living in the United States (non-Salvadoran Hispanics and non-Hispanics) and to examine the association between episodes of violence and drug or alcohol use among the three groups. DESIGN Comparative, descriptive study. SETTING Public health prenatal clinics. PARTICIPANTS One hundred four Salvadoran, 69 non-Salvadoran Hispanic, and 187 non-Hispanic pregnant women. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Difficult Life Circumstances (DLC) scale and psychosocial history assessment. RESULTS Statistically significant differences were found among the three groups in total DLC scores, F(2, 357) = 14.98, p < .001; reported episodes of violence, F(2, 357 = 17.82, p < .001; and drug or alcohol use, F(2, 357) = 6.33, p < .001. A significant difference was found to the extent that alcohol or drug use accounted for the variance in violence among the three groups, F(3, 360) = 6.28, p < .001. CONCLUSIONS Cross-cultural comparisons revealed group differences in the number of stressful events, including episodes of violence and alcohol or drug use.
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Affiliation(s)
- K F Gaffney
- College of Nursing and Health Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
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Weber J, Bowman C, Senior AE. Specific tryptophan substitution in catalytic sites of Escherichia coli F1-ATPase allows differentiation between bound substrate ATP and product ADP in steady-state catalysis. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:18711-8. [PMID: 8702526 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.31.18711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan was specifically inserted as the residue immediately preceding the P-loop sequence in F1-ATPase catalytic sites. The mutant enzyme (betaF148W) showed normal enzymatic characteristics. The fluorescence responses of beta-tryptophan 148 enabled us to differentiate between nucleoside di- and triphosphate bound in catalytic sites; MgADP quenched at 350 nm, whereas MgAMPPNP and MgADP.BeFx complex enhanced the fluorescence at 325 nm. With MgATP, both effects were seen simultaneously. This allowed analysis of bound catalytic site nucleotides directly under steady-state MgATP hydrolysis conditions. At mM concentration of MgATP (Vmax conditions) one of the three catalytic sites was filled with substrate MgATP and the other two sites were filled with product MgADP. A model for F1-ATPase steady-state turnover is presented that encompasses these findings. Given the structural similarity of the P-loop in nucleotide-binding proteins, this approach may prove widely useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Weber
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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Abstract
X-ray structure analysis of the noncatalytic sites of F1-ATPase revealed that residue alpha-Asp261 lies close to the Mg of bound Mg-5'-adenylyl-beta,gamma-imidodiphosphate. Here, the mutation alpha D261N was generated in Escherichia coli and combined with the alpha R365W mutation, allowing nucleotide binding at F1 noncatalytic sites to be specifically monitored by tryptophan fluorescence spectroscopy. Purified alpha D261N/alpha R365W F1-ATPase showed catalytic activity similar to wild-type. An important feature was that, without any resort to nucleotide-depletion procedures, the noncatalytic sites in purified native enzyme were already empty. Binding studies with MgATP, MgADP, and the corresponding free nucleotides led to the following conclusions. Residue alpha-Asp261 interacts with the Mg of Mg-nucleotide in noncatalytic sites and provides a large component of the binding energy (approximately 3 kcal/mol). It is the primary determinant of the preference of noncatalytic sites for Mg-nucleotide. The natural ligands at these sites in wild-type enzyme are the Mg-nucleotides and free nucleotides bind poorly. Under conditions where noncatalytic sites were empty, alpha D261N/alpha R365W F1 showed significant hydrolysis of MgATP. This established unequivocally that occupancy of noncatalytic sites by nucleotide is not required for catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Weber
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, New York 14642, USA
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Bowman C, Mitchell J, Tillotson G. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the community. Lancet 1995; 346:513-4. [PMID: 7637516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Blendon
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115
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Bowman C. Community and medical staff collaborate in needs assessment. Health Prog 1992; 73:72-3, 75. [PMID: 10121483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C Bowman
- Saint Therese Medical Center, Waukegan, IL
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