1
|
Hertig C, Rutten T, Melzer M, Schippers JHM, Thiel J. Dissection of Developmental Programs and Regulatory Modules Directing Endosperm Transfer Cell and Aleurone Identity in the Syncytial Endosperm of Barley. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:1594. [PMID: 37111818 PMCID: PMC10142620 DOI: 10.3390/plants12081594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Endosperm development in barley starts with the formation of a multinucleate syncytium, followed by cellularization in the ventral part of the syncytium generating endosperm transfer cells (ETCs) as first differentiating subdomain, whereas aleurone (AL) cells will originate from the periphery of the enclosing syncytium. Positional signaling in the syncytial stage determines cell identity in the cereal endosperm. Here, we performed a morphological analysis and employed laser capture microdissection (LCM)-based RNA-seq of the ETC region and the peripheral syncytium at the onset of cellularization to dissect developmental and regulatory programs directing cell specification in the early endosperm. Transcriptome data revealed domain-specific characteristics and identified two-component signaling (TCS) and hormone activities (auxin, ABA, ethylene) with associated transcription factors (TFs) as the main regulatory links for ETC specification. On the contrary, differential hormone signaling (canonical auxin, gibberellins, cytokinin) and interacting TFs control the duration of the syncytial phase and timing of cellularization of AL initials. Domain-specific expression of candidate genes was validated by in situ hybridization and putative protein-protein interactions were confirmed by split-YFP assays. This is the first transcriptome analysis dissecting syncytial subdomains of cereal seeds and provides an essential framework for initial endosperm differentiation in barley, which is likely also valuable for comparative studies with other cereal crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hertig
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), D-06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - Twan Rutten
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), D-06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - Michael Melzer
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), D-06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - Jos H. M. Schippers
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), D-06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - Johannes Thiel
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), D-06466 Seeland, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ascierto PA, Stroyakovskiy D, Gogas H, Robert C, Lewis K, Protsenko S, Pereira RP, Eigentler T, Rutkowski P, Demidov L, Zhukova N, Schachter J, Yan Y, Caro I, Hertig C, Xue C, Kusters L, McArthur GA, Gutzmer R. Overall survival with first-line atezolizumab in combination with vemurafenib and cobimetinib in BRAF V600 mutation-positive advanced melanoma (IMspire150): second interim analysis of a multicentre, randomised, phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol 2023; 24:33-44. [PMID: 36460017 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(22)00687-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary analysis of the phase 3 IMspire150 study showed improved investigator-assessed progression-free survival with first-line atezolizumab, vemurafenib, and cobimetinib (atezolizumab group) versus placebo, vemurafenib, and cobimetinib (control group) in patients with BRAFV600 mutation-positive melanoma. With a median follow-up of 18·9 months (IQR 10·4-23·8) at the primary analysis, overall survival data were immature. Here, we report the results from the second, prespecified, interim overall survival analysis. METHODS The multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised, phase 3 IMspire150 study was done at 108 academic and community hospitals in 20 countries. Patients aged 18 years or older with previously untreated unresectable stage IIIc or stage IV melanoma and an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0 or 1 were eligible for inclusion. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive either atezolizumab (840 mg intravenously on day 1 and 15) or placebo plus vemurafenib (960 mg or 720 mg twice daily orally) and cobimetinib (60 mg once daily orally; 21 days on and 7 days off) in 28-day cycles. Atezolizumab and placebo were added to treatment regimens from cycle two onwards. Randomisation was done centrally (Durham, NC, USA) based on a permuted block randomisation scheme (block size of 4) using an interactive web-based response system and was stratified by geographical region and baseline lactate dehydrogenase concentration. Overall survival was analysed in the intention-to-treat population and safety was analysed in all patients who received at least one dose of study drug according to actual treatment received. The primary endpoint was investigator-assessed progression-free survival, which was previously reported. Here, we report the second, prespecified, interim overall survival analysis, which was planned after about 270 overall survival events had occurred. The trial is ongoing, but is no longer enrolling patients, and it is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02908672. FINDINGS Between Jan 13, 2017, and April 26, 2018, 514 patients (median age 54 years [IQR 43-63]; 299 [58%] men and 215 [42%] women) were enrolled in the trial and randomly assigned to the atezolizumab group (256 [50%] patients) or the control group (258 [50%] patients). At the data cutoff (Sept 8, 2021), 273 patients had died (126 in the atezolizumab group and 147 in the control group). Median follow-up was 29·1 months (IQR 10·1-45·4) for the atezolizumab group versus 22·8 months (10·6-44·1) for the control group. Median overall survival was 39·0 months (95% CI 29·9-not estimable) in the atezolizumab group versus 25·8 months (22·0-34·6) in the control group (HR 0·84 [95% CI 0·66-1·06]; p=0·14). The most common adverse events of any grade in the atezolizumab group were blood creatine phosphokinase increased (123 [53%] of 231 patients), diarrhoea (116 [50%]), and pyrexia (115 [50%]). The most common adverse events of any grade in the control group were diarrhoea (157 [56%] of 280 patients), blood creatine phosphokinase increased (135 [48%]), and rash (119 [43%]). The most common grade 3-4 adverse events were increased lipase (54 [23%] of 231 patients in the atezolizumab group vs 62 [22%] of 280 patients in the control group), increased blood creatine phosphokinase (51 [22%] vs 50 [18%]), and increased alanine aminotransferase (32 [14%] vs 26 [9%]). Serious adverse events were reported in 112 (48%) patients in the atezolizumab group and 117 (42%) patients in the control group. Grade 5 adverse events were reported in eight (3%) patients in the atezolizumab group versus six (2%) patients in the control group. Two grade 5 adverse events (hepatitis fulminant and hepatic failure) in the atezolizumab group were considered to be associated with the triplet combination, and one event in the control group (pulmonary haemorrhage) was considered to be associated with cobimetinib. INTERPRETATION Additional follow-up of the IMspire150 trial showed that overall survival was not significantly improved with atezolizumab, vemurafenib, and cobimetinib compared with placebo, vemurafenib, and cobimetinib in patients with BRAFV600 mutation-positive advanced melanoma. Results of the final analysis are awaited to establish whether a significant improvement in overall survival can be achieved with long-term treatment with this triplet combination versus vemurafenib plus cobimetinib. FUNDING F Hoffmann-La Roche.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo A Ascierto
- Melanoma, Cancer Immunotherapy and Development Therapeutics, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Fondazione Pascale, Naples, Italy.
| | - Daniil Stroyakovskiy
- Healthcare Department, Moscow City Oncology Hospital Number 62 of Moscow, Moscow, Russia
| | - Helen Gogas
- First Department of Medicine, National and Kapodistian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Caroline Robert
- Department of Dermatology, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif-Grand Paris, France; Department of Dermatology, Paris Saclay University, Villejuif-Grand Paris, France
| | - Karl Lewis
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Svetlana Protsenko
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, N N Petrov Institute of Oncology, St Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Thomas Eigentler
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Piotr Rutkowski
- Department of Soft Tissue and Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lev Demidov
- N N Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia Zhukova
- Department of Oncology, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Jacob Schachter
- Division of Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | | | - Ivor Caro
- Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Cloris Xue
- F Hoffmann-La Roche, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | | | - Grant A McArthur
- Melanoma and Skin Service and Cancer Biology and Therapeutics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ralf Gutzmer
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Allergologie und Venerologie, Haut-Tumour-Zentrum Hannover, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany; Department of Dermatology, Johannes Wesling Medical Center, Ruhr University Bochum, Minden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lewis K, Robert C, Ramella Munhoz R, Liszkay G, de la Cruz Merino L, Olah J, Queirolo P, Mackiewicz J, Li H, Zhu Q, Hertig C, Paranthaman N, McKenna E, Gutzmer R, McArthur G, Ascierto P. 813P Time to development of central nervous system (CNS) metastases (mets) with atezolizumab (A) or placebo (P) combined with vemurafenib (V) + cobimetinib (C): Updated results from the phase III IMspire150 study. Ann Oncol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2022.07.939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
|
4
|
McArthur GA, Gutzmer R, Stroyakovskiy D, Gogas H, Robert C, Protsenko S, Pereira RP, Eigentler T, Rutkowski P, Demidov LV, Zhukova NV, Schachter J, Yan Y, Caro I, Hertig C, Xue C, Kusters L, Ascierto PA, Lewis KD. Overall survival (OS) with first-line atezolizumab (A) or placebo (P) in combination with vemurafenib (V) and cobimetinib (C) in BRAFV600 mutation-positive advanced melanoma: Second interim OS analysis of the phase 3 IMspire150 study. J Clin Oncol 2022. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2022.40.16_suppl.9547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
9547 Background: Primary analysis of the phase 3 IMspire150 study (NCT02908672) demonstrated improved investigator-assessed progression-free survival (PFS) with first-line A + V + C vs P + V + C in patients (pts) with BRAFV600 mutation–positive advanced melanoma (hazard ratio [HR] 0.78; 95% CI, 0.63-0.97; P= 0.025). With median follow-up of 18.9 months at primary analysis, OS data were immature; interim analysis of OS at the time of the primary analysis demonstrated a trend in favor of A + V + C over P + V + C (estimated 2-year OS rate, 60.4% vs 53.1%) (Gutzmer et al. Lancet 2020;395:1835-1844). Herein, we present results from the second interim OS analysis of the IMspire150 study. Methods: IMspire150 enrolled previously untreated pts with stage IV or unresectable stage IIIc BRAFV600 mutation-positive melanoma (n = 514). Pts were randomized 1:1 to receive 28-day cycles of A + V + C (n = 256) or P + V + C (n = 258). Pts received V + C in cycle 1; A or P was added on days 1 and 15 from cycle 2 onwards. The second interim OS analysis was planned after ̃270 OS events were recorded, and was projected to have a minimally detectable difference of HR of 0.74 with a P value boundary of 0.0140. OS was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results: At data cutoff (Sept 8, 2021), 273 OS events had occurred. Median follow-up was 29.1 months (range, 1-54) for A + V + C and 22.8 months (range, 0-54) for P + V + C. A continued trend toward OS benefit in favor of A + V + C over P + V + C was observed with median OS of 39.0 vs 25.8 months, but the difference did not reach statistical significance (HR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.66-1.06; P= 0.1432). A delayed treatment effect was observed, with landmark OS rates for A + V + C vs P + V + C of 76.1% vs 76.5% at 12 months and 61.5% vs 53.3% at 24 months. With additional follow-up, A + V + C continued to show PFS benefit over P + V + C (HR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.64-0.97; P= 0.0224); overall response rates (66.7% vs 65.0%) and median duration of response (21.0 vs 12.6 months) remained consistent with those reported at primary analysis. No new safety signals were observed with additional follow-up. Conclusions: With further follow-up, A + V + C demonstrated a consistent, but not statistically significant, improvement in OS and continued benefit in duration of response versus P + V + C in previously untreated pts with BRAFV600 mutation–positive advanced melanoma. Clinical trial information: NCT02908672.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grant A. McArthur
- Melanoma and Skin Service and Cancer Biology and Therapeutics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ralf Gutzmer
- Department of Dermatology, Mühlenkreiskliniken, Ruhr University Bochum Campus, Minden, Germany
| | - Daniil Stroyakovskiy
- Moscow City Oncology Hospital #62 of Moscow Healthcare Department, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Helen Gogas
- First Department of Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Caroline Robert
- Gustave Roussy and Paris-Saclay University, Villejuif-Paris, France
| | - Svetlana Protsenko
- Department of Chemotherapy and Innovative Technologies, N. N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, St Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | | | - Thomas Eigentler
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Piotr Rutkowski
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lev V. Demidov
- N.N.Blokhin NMRC of Oncology MoH of Russia, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | - Jacob Schachter
- Ella Lemelbaum Institute for Melanoma, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Yibing Yan
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Ivor Caro
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Cloris Xue
- Hoffmann-La Roche Canada Ltd., Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Karl D. Lewis
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Aurora, CO
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Michalski K, Hertig C, Mańkowski DR, Kumlehn J, Zimny J, Linkiewicz AM. Functional Validation of cas9/guideRNA Constructs for Site-Directed Mutagenesis of Triticale ABA8'OH1 loci. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7038. [PMID: 34210100 PMCID: PMC8269138 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cas endonuclease-mediated genome editing provides a long-awaited molecular biological approach to the modification of predefined genomic target sequences in living organisms. Although cas9/guide (g)RNA constructs are straightforward to assemble and can be customized to target virtually any site in the plant genome, the implementation of this technology can be cumbersome, especially in species like triticale that are difficult to transform, for which only limited genome information is available and/or which carry comparatively large genomes. To cope with these challenges, we have pre-validated cas9/gRNA constructs (1) by frameshift restitution of a reporter gene co-introduced by ballistic DNA transfer to barley epidermis cells, and (2) via transfection in triticale protoplasts followed by either a T7E1-based cleavage assay or by deep-sequencing of target-specific PCR amplicons. For exemplification, we addressed the triticale ABA 8'-hydroxylase 1 gene, one of the putative determinants of pre-harvest sprouting of grains. We further show that in-del induction frequency in triticalecan beincreased by TREX2 nuclease activity, which holds true for both well- and poorly performing gRNAs. The presented results constitute a sound basis for the targeted induction of heritable modifications in triticale genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Michalski
- GMO Controlling Laboratory, Plant Biotechnology and Cytogenetics Department, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute—National Research Institute, Radzików, 05-870 Błonie, Poland; (K.M.); (J.Z.)
| | - Christian Hertig
- Plant Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Seeland, Germany; (J.K.); (C.H.)
| | - Dariusz R. Mańkowski
- Laboratory of Seed Production and Plant Breeding Economics, Department of Seed Science and Technology, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute—National Research Institute, Radzików, 05-870 Błonie, Poland;
| | - Jochen Kumlehn
- Plant Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Seeland, Germany; (J.K.); (C.H.)
| | - Janusz Zimny
- GMO Controlling Laboratory, Plant Biotechnology and Cytogenetics Department, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute—National Research Institute, Radzików, 05-870 Błonie, Poland; (K.M.); (J.Z.)
| | - Anna M. Linkiewicz
- GMO Controlling Laboratory, Plant Biotechnology and Cytogenetics Department, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute—National Research Institute, Radzików, 05-870 Błonie, Poland; (K.M.); (J.Z.)
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, Wóycickiego 1/3 Street, 01-938 Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Robert C, Lewis KD, Ascierto PA, Munhoz RR, Liszkay G, de la Cruz-Merino L, Olah J, Queirolo P, Mackiewicz J, Caro I, Shah K, Forbes H, Li H, Hertig C, Yan Y, Mckenna EF, Gutzmer R, McArthur GA. Effects of baseline lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), interferon gamma (IFN-g) expression, and tumor mutational burden (TMB) on treatment response to first-line atezolizumab (A) + vemurafenib (V) and cobimetinib (C) in BRAFV600 mutation–positive advanced melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2021. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2021.39.15_suppl.9523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
9523 Background: The phase 3 IMspire150 study showed that first-line A+V+C improved investigator-assessed PFS vs placebo (P)+V+C in BRAFV600E/K mutation–positive advanced melanoma (hazard ratio 0.78; P=.0249). Prior biomarker analyses showed that IFN-g or TMB > 10 mut/Mb were associated with greater PFS benefits with A+V+C (Lewis et al. J ImmunoTher Cancer 2020;8:A188-A189). We further evaluated the association of these biomarkers with outcomes. Methods: Exploratory recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) was used to model associations between PFS and age ( < 65 vs ≥65 y), Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (0 vs 1), liver metastases (yes vs no), metastatic sites (≤3 vs > 3), sum of longest tumor diameters ( < 44 mm vs ≥44 mm), baseline LDH (normal [n] vs elevated [e]), TMB ( < 10 vs ≥10 mut/Mb), PD-L1 (negative vs positive), and IFN-g (high [h; > Quartile 3; Q3] vs intermediate [ > Q1 and ≤Q3] vs low [≤Q1]). Time-to-event analyses were summarized using Kaplan-Meier estimates. Results: The RPA analysis included 208/256 (81.3%) patients (pts) from the A+V+C arm of IMspire150 for whom LDH, TMB, IFN-g, and PD-L1 data were available. RPA showed that LDH was associated with PFS. In pts treated with A+V+C and n-LDH, h-IFN-g signature was associated with longer PFS and higher rates of objective response (OR) and complete response (CR) vs low/intermediate (l/i) IFN-g (2-y PFS: 59% vs 38%; ORR: 77% vs 69%; CR: 38% vs 15%, respectively); TMB ≥10 mut/Mb was associated with more favorable outcomes in pts with e-LDH (Table). In contrast, neither IFN-g nor TMB discriminated PFS outcomes in n-LDH or e-LDH pt subgroups receiving P+V+C. Pts with e-LDH and TMB < 10 mut/Mb had poor PFS outcomes, with 2-y PFS rates of 9% and 3% and lower rates of OR (51% and 62%) and CR (5% and 9%) in the A+V+C and P+V+C arms, respectively. Similar trends were observed for duration of response (DOR), and for the subset of pts with BRAFV600E mutation–positive melanoma. A+V+C improved PFS vs P+V+C across all subgroups with the exception of e-LDH and TMB < 10. Conclusions: IFN-g and TMB discriminated PFS benefit in pts receiving A+V+C but not for those receiving P+V+C. Durable responses were observed for pts treated with A+V+C in the n-LDH + h-IFNg subgroups.[Table: see text]
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Robert
- Gustave Roussy and Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif-Paris, France
| | - Karl D. Lewis
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Aurora, CO
| | | | | | | | | | - Judit Olah
- University of Szeged Szent-Györgyi Medical University, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - Jacek Mackiewicz
- Department of Diagnostics and Cancer Immunology, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland
| | - Ivor Caro
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | | | | | | | | | - Yibing Yan
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Ralf Gutzmer
- Haut-Tumour-Zentrum Hannover (HTZH), Klinik für Dermatologie, Allergologie und Venerologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Grant A. McArthur
- Melanoma and Skin Service and Cancer Therapeutics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Thiel J, Koppolu R, Trautewig C, Hertig C, Kale SM, Erbe S, Mascher M, Himmelbach A, Rutten T, Esteban E, Pasha A, Kumlehn J, Provart NJ, Vanderauwera S, Frohberg C, Schnurbusch T. Transcriptional landscapes of floral meristems in barley. Sci Adv 2021; 7:eabf0832. [PMID: 33910893 PMCID: PMC8081368 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf0832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Organ development in plants predominantly occurs postembryonically through combinatorial activity of meristems; therefore, meristem and organ fate are intimately connected. Inflorescence morphogenesis in grasses (Poaceae) is complex and relies on a specialized floral meristem, called spikelet meristem, that gives rise to all other floral organs and ultimately the grain. The fate of the spikelet determines reproductive success and contributes toward yield-related traits in cereal crops. Here, we examined the transcriptional landscapes of floral meristems in the temperate crop barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) using RNA-seq of laser capture microdissected tissues from immature, developing floral structures. Our unbiased, high-resolution approach revealed fundamental regulatory networks, previously unknown pathways, and key regulators of barley floral fate and will equally be indispensable for comparative transcriptional studies of grass meristems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Thiel
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, OT Gatersleben, 06466 Seeland, Germany.
| | - R Koppolu
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, OT Gatersleben, 06466 Seeland, Germany.
| | - C Trautewig
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, OT Gatersleben, 06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - C Hertig
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, OT Gatersleben, 06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - S M Kale
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, OT Gatersleben, 06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - S Erbe
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, OT Gatersleben, 06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - M Mascher
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, OT Gatersleben, 06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - A Himmelbach
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, OT Gatersleben, 06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - T Rutten
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, OT Gatersleben, 06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - E Esteban
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology/Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St., Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - A Pasha
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology/Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St., Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - J Kumlehn
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, OT Gatersleben, 06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - N J Provart
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology/Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St., Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - S Vanderauwera
- BASF Belgium Coordination Center CommV, Innovation Center Gent, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 101, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - C Frohberg
- BASF Belgium Coordination Center CommV, Innovation Center Gent, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 101, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - T Schnurbusch
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, OT Gatersleben, 06466 Seeland, Germany.
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, 06120 Halle, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gerasimova SV, Hertig C, Korotkova AM, Kolosovskaya EV, Otto I, Hiekel S, Kochetov AV, Khlestkina EK, Kumlehn J. Conversion of hulled into naked barley by Cas endonuclease-mediated knockout of the NUD gene. BMC Plant Biol 2020; 20:255. [PMID: 33050877 PMCID: PMC7556925 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02454-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The naked caryopsis character in barley is a domestication-associated trait defined by loss-of-function of the NUD gene. The functional NUD gene encodes an Apetala 2/Ethylene-Response Factor (AP2/ERF) controlling the formation of a cementing layer between pericarp and both lemma and palea. The downstream genes regulated by the NUD transcription factor and molecular mechanism of a cementing layer formation are still not sufficiently described. A naturally occurring 17-kb deletion in the nud locus is associated with the emergence of naked barley. Naked barley has been traditionally used for food and nowadays is considered as a dietary component for functional nutrition. RESULTS In the present study, we demonstrate that targeted knockout of the NUD gene using RNA-guided Cas9 endonuclease leads to the phenotype conversion from hulled to naked barley. Using in vivo pre-testing systems, highly effective guide RNAs targeting the first exon of the NUD gene were selected. Expression cassettes harboring the cas9 and guide RNA genes were used to transform barley cv. Golden Promise via Agrobacterium-mediated DNA transfer. The recessive naked grain phenotype was observed in 57% of primary transformants, which indicates a frequent occurrence of homozygous or biallelic mutations. T-DNA-free homozygous lines with independently generated mutations in the NUD gene were obtained in the T1 generation. At homozygous state, all obtained mutations including one- and two-amino acid losses with the translational reading frame being retained invariably caused the naked grain phenotype. CONCLUSIONS The hulled and naked barley isogenic lines generated are a perfect experimental model for further studies on pleiotropic consequences of nud mutations on overall plant performance under particular consideration of yield-determining traits. Due to the high β-glucan content of its grains, naked barley is considered as being of particular dietary value. The possibility to convert hulled into naked barley cultivars by targeted mutagenesis allows breeders to extend the potential utilization of barley by the provision of functional food.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophia V. Gerasimova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
- Kurchatov Genomics Center, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
| | - Christian Hertig
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Anna M. Korotkova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
| | | | - Ingrid Otto
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Stefan Hiekel
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Alex V. Kochetov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
| | - Elena K. Khlestkina
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
- Vavilov Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR), Saint Petersburg, 190000 Russia
| | - Jochen Kumlehn
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hertig C, Melzer M, Rutten T, Erbe S, Hensel G, Kumlehn J, Weschke W, Weber H, Thiel J. Barley HISTIDINE KINASE 1 (HvHK1) coordinates transfer cell specification in the young endosperm. Plant J 2020; 103:1869-1884. [PMID: 32530511 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cereal endosperm represents the most important source of the world's food; nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms underlying cell and tissue differentiation in cereal grains remain poorly understood. Endosperm cellularization commences at the maternal-filial intersection of grains and generates endosperm transfer cells (ETCs), a cell type with a prominent anatomy optimized for efficient nutrient transport. Barley HISTIDINE KINASE1 (HvHK1) was identified as a receptor component with spatially restricted expression in the syncytial endosperm where ETCs emerge. Here, we demonstrate its function in ETC fate acquisition using RNA interference-mediated downregulation of HvHK1. Repression of HvHK1 impairs cell specification in the central ETC region and the development of transfer cell morphology, and consecutively defects differentiation of adjacent endosperm tissues. Coinciding with reduced expression of HvHK1, disturbed cell plate formation and fusion were observed at the initiation of endosperm cellularization, revealing that HvHK1 triggers initial cytokinesis of ETCs. Cell-type-specific RNA sequencing confirmed loss of transfer cell identity, compromised cell wall biogenesis and reduced transport capacities in aberrant cells and elucidated two-component signaling and hormone pathways that are mediated by HvHK1. Gene regulatory network modeling was used to specify the direct targets of HvHK1; this predicted non-canonical auxin signaling elements as the main regulatory links governing cellularization of ETCs, potentially through interaction with type-B response regulators. This work provides clues to previously unknown molecular mechanisms directing ETC specification, a process with fundamental impact on grain yield in cereals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hertig
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Seeland/OT Gatersleben, D-06466, Germany
| | - Michael Melzer
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Seeland/OT Gatersleben, D-06466, Germany
| | - Twan Rutten
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Seeland/OT Gatersleben, D-06466, Germany
| | - Stephan Erbe
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Seeland/OT Gatersleben, D-06466, Germany
| | - Götz Hensel
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Seeland/OT Gatersleben, D-06466, Germany
| | - Jochen Kumlehn
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Seeland/OT Gatersleben, D-06466, Germany
| | - Winfriede Weschke
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Seeland/OT Gatersleben, D-06466, Germany
| | - Hans Weber
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Seeland/OT Gatersleben, D-06466, Germany
| | - Johannes Thiel
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Seeland/OT Gatersleben, D-06466, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Beier S, Ulpinnis C, Schwalbe M, Münch T, Hoffie R, Koeppel I, Hertig C, Budhagatapalli N, Hiekel S, Pathi KM, Hensel G, Grosse M, Chamas S, Gerasimova S, Kumlehn J, Scholz U, Schmutzer T. Kmasker plants - a tool for assessing complex sequence space in plant species. Plant J 2020; 102:631-642. [PMID: 31823436 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Many plant genomes display high levels of repetitive sequences. The assembly of these complex genomes using short high-throughput sequence reads is still a challenging task. Underestimation or disregard of repeat complexity in these datasets can easily misguide downstream analysis. Detection of repetitive regions by k-mer counting methods has proved to be reliable. Easy-to-use applications utilizing k-mer counting are in high demand, especially in the domain of plants. We present Kmasker plants, a tool that uses k-mer count information as an assistant throughout the analytical workflow of genome data that is provided as a command-line and web-based solution. Beside its core competence to screen and mask repetitive sequences, we have integrated features that enable comparative studies between different cultivars or closely related species and methods that estimate target specificity of guide RNAs for application of site-directed mutagenesis using Cas9 endonuclease. In addition, we have set up a web service for Kmasker plants that maintains pre-computed indices for 10 of the economically most important cultivated plants. Source code for Kmasker plants has been made publically available at https://github.com/tschmutzer/kmasker. The web service is accessible at https://kmasker.ipk-gatersleben.de.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Beier
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, 06466, Seeland, Germany
| | - Chris Ulpinnis
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Bioinformatics and Scientific Data, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Markus Schwalbe
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, 06466, Seeland, Germany
| | - Thomas Münch
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, 06466, Seeland, Germany
| | - Robert Hoffie
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, 06466, Seeland, Germany
| | - Iris Koeppel
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, 06466, Seeland, Germany
| | - Christian Hertig
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, 06466, Seeland, Germany
| | - Nagaveni Budhagatapalli
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, 06466, Seeland, Germany
| | - Stefan Hiekel
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, 06466, Seeland, Germany
| | - Krishna M Pathi
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, 06466, Seeland, Germany
| | - Goetz Hensel
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, 06466, Seeland, Germany
| | - Martin Grosse
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, 06466, Seeland, Germany
| | - Sindy Chamas
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, 06466, Seeland, Germany
| | - Sophia Gerasimova
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, 06466, Seeland, Germany
| | - Jochen Kumlehn
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, 06466, Seeland, Germany
| | - Uwe Scholz
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, 06466, Seeland, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmutzer
- Department of Natural Sciences III, Institute for Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Koeppel I, Hertig C, Hoffie R, Kumlehn J. Cas Endonuclease Technology-A Quantum Leap in the Advancement of Barley and Wheat Genetic Engineering. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20112647. [PMID: 31146387 PMCID: PMC6600890 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Domestication and breeding have created productive crops that are adapted to the climatic conditions of their growing regions. Initially, this process solely relied on the frequent occurrence of spontaneous mutations and the recombination of resultant gene variants. Later, treatments with ionizing radiation or mutagenic chemicals facilitated dramatically increased mutation rates, which remarkably extended the genetic diversity of crop plants. However, a major drawback of conventionally induced mutagenesis is that genetic alterations occur simultaneously across the whole genome and at very high numbers per individual plant. By contrast, the newly emerging Cas endonuclease technology allows for the induction of mutations at user-defined positions in the plant genome. In fundamental and breeding-oriented research, this opens up unprecedented opportunities for the elucidation of gene functions and the targeted improvement of plant performance. This review covers historical aspects of the development of customizable endonucleases, information on the mechanisms of targeted genome modification, as well as hitherto reported applications of Cas endonuclease technology in barley and wheat that are the agronomically most important members of the temperate cereals. Finally, current trends in the further development of this technology and some ensuing future opportunities for research and biotechnological application are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iris Koeppel
- Plant Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, 06466 Seeland, Germany.
| | - Christian Hertig
- Plant Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, 06466 Seeland, Germany.
| | - Robert Hoffie
- Plant Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, 06466 Seeland, Germany.
| | - Jochen Kumlehn
- Plant Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, 06466 Seeland, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gerasimova SV, Korotkova AM, Hertig C, Hiekel S, Hofe R, Budhagatapalli N, Otto I, Hensel G, Shumny VK, Kochetov AV, Kumlehn J, Khlestkina EK. Targeted genome modifcation in protoplasts of a highly regenerable Siberian barley cultivar using RNA-guided Cas9 endonuclease. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2019. [DOI: 10.18699/vj18.447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The modifcation of crop genomes employing functional components of the microbial CRISPR/Cas immune system is a rapidly developing area of applied research. Site-directed plant genome modifcation by this technology involves the construction of Cas endonuclease- and guide-RNA-encoding vectors, delivery of the plasmid DNA into plant cells, processing of the chosen genomic target site by the corresponding gene products and regeneration of plants from modifed cells. The utilization of this technology in local breeding programs is mainly limited by the typically strong genotype dependence of gene transfer andin vitroregeneration procedures, which holds particularly true in cereals. In the present study, an evaluation ofin vitroregeneration efciency of immature embryos of ten Siberian barley cultivars revealed that only one of these is on a par with the experimental standard cultivar Golden Promise. This cultivar, namely cv. Aley, was consequently chosen for further experiments on site-directed mutagenesis in leaf mesophyll protoplasts. Two genes controlling hulledvsnaked (Nud) and two-rowedvssix-rowed barley (Vrs1) were used as targets to be modifed via polyethyleneglycol-mediated cellular uptake of guide-RNA/Cas9-encoding plasmid DNA. Deep-sequencing of amplicons obtained from protoplast genomic DNA revealed that 6 to 22 percent of the target sites were mutated. The detected modifcations comprised deletions in all three target sites and of various sizes, whereas insertions were observed in only one of the target genes (Vrs1) and were confned to the size of 1 nucleotide. This study demonstrates the possibility of site-directed genome modifcation in Siberian barley. Further steps in technology advancement will require the development of protocols with reduced genotype dependence in terms of both the gene transfer to totipotent cells and the subsequent plant regeneration originating from such cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S. V. Gerasimova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS; Novosibirsk State University
| | | | - C. Hertig
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK)
| | - S. Hiekel
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK)
| | - R. Hofe
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK)
| | - N. Budhagatapalli
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK)
| | - I. Otto
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK)
| | - G. Hensel
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK)
| | | | - A. V. Kochetov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS; Novosibirsk State University
| | - J. Kumlehn
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK)
| | - E. K. Khlestkina
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS; Novosibirsk State University; N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Research Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Couban S, Benevolo G, Donnellan W, Cultrera J, Koschmieder S, Verstovsek S, Hooper G, Hertig C, Tandon M, Dimier N, Malhi V, Passamonti F. A phase Ib study to assess the efficacy and safety of vismodegib in combination with ruxolitinib in patients with intermediate- or high-risk myelofibrosis. J Hematol Oncol 2018; 11:122. [PMID: 30249277 PMCID: PMC6154811 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-018-0661-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The JAK inhibitor (JAKi) ruxolitinib is standard treatment for myelofibrosis (MF), but some patients are unresponsive. Pre-clinical and clinical data suggest that addition of a Hedgehog pathway inhibitor (HPI) to ruxolitinib might improve response. Vismodegib is an HPI approved for treatment of locally advanced and metastatic basal cell carcinoma. The MYLIE study assessed the safety and efficacy of combining ruxolitinib with vismodegib in ruxolitinib-naive patients with MF and characterized the pharmacokinetics (PK) of vismodegib in this setting. METHODS In this phase Ib study, ten patients with intermediate- or high-risk primary or secondary MF received open-label vismodegib (150 mg/day orally) and ruxolitinib (15 or 20 mg orally twice daily, depending on baseline platelet count) for up to 48 weeks, or until withdrawal or discontinuation. PK samples were collected throughout the study for comparison with other patient populations. Efficacy outcomes at week 24 included spleen response (≥ 35% reduction in volume by imaging) and improvement in bone marrow fibrosis by central and investigator assessment, symptom response (≥ 50% reduction in Myeloproliferative Neoplasm Symptom Assessment Form Total Symptom score), and anemia response (per International Working Group for Myeloproliferative Neoplasms Research and Treatment revised response criteria). RESULTS As of November 17, 2017, eight patients had completed 48 weeks of treatment with vismodegib and ruxolitinib; two discontinued treatment early. At week 24 (± 1 week), three patients experienced a spleen response by central review and no patients showed a 1-grade improvement in bone marrow fibrosis by central review. Five patients experienced symptom response at week 24, and no patients experienced an anemia response. The most common adverse events were muscle spasm (100% of patients), alopecia (70%), dysgeusia (50%), thrombocytopenia (50%), and nausea (40%); these events were predominantly grade 1/2. Three patients experienced a total of six serious adverse events. CONCLUSIONS The combination of vismodegib and ruxolitinib was tolerable and no new safety signals were seen, but there was no evidence that the addition of vismodegib to ruxolitinib improved any of the efficacy outcome measures assessed. Further evaluation of this combination will not be pursued. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02593760 . Registered November 2, 2015.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Couban
- Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, 1278 Tower Road, Room 420, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 2V7 Canada
- Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Room 430, Bethune Building, VG Site, 126 South Park Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 2V9 Canada
| | - Giulia Benevolo
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, San Giovanni Battista, Corso Bramante 88/90, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - William Donnellan
- Sarah Cannon Research Institute, 250 25th Ave North, Suite 412, Nashville, TN 37203 USA
| | - Jennifer Cultrera
- Florida Cancer Specialists, 1400 North US Highway 441, Suite 540, The Villages, FL 32159 USA
| | - Steffen Koschmieder
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology, and SCT, Faculty of Medicine, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Srdan Verstovsek
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcomb Blvd., Unit 428, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Gregory Hooper
- Roche Products Ltd, 6 Falcon Way, Shire Park, Welwyn Garden City, AL7 1TW UK
| | - Christian Hertig
- Roche Clinical Science, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Bldg. 001, Room 07.S373, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maneesh Tandon
- Roche Products Ltd, 6 Falcon Way, Shire Park, Welwyn Garden City, AL7 1TW UK
| | - Natalie Dimier
- Roche Products Ltd, 6 Falcon Way, Shire Park, Welwyn Garden City, AL7 1TW UK
| | - Vikram Malhi
- Genentech Research and Early Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
| | - Francesco Passamonti
- Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, Viale Luigi Borri, 57, 21100 Varese, VA Italy
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Eppenberger HM, Hertig C, Eppenberger-Eberhardt M. Adult rat cardiomyocytes in culture A model system to study the plasticity of the differentiated cardiac phenotype at the molecular and cellular levels. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2012; 4:187-93. [PMID: 21244885 DOI: 10.1016/1050-1738(94)90056-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Adult rat cardiomyocytes (ARCs) in long-term culture, which show a distinct adaptive flexibility, are presented as a system to study cardiac cell hypertrophy in vitro. In the first 1-2 weeks after isolation, ARCs undergo a process of de- and redifferentiation during which the cell morphology is remodeled and the myofibrillar apparatus is restructured, accompanied by a cell enlargement. The growing cells spread and eventually establish new cell-cell contacts, which display newly formed intercalated discs; synchronous cell beating is resumed in the resulting tissuelike sheet. During myofibrillogenesis, the early fetal program of gene expression is reactivated for several genes, as is observed during hemodynamic overload hypertrophy. The cells resume hormonal activity and express atrial natriuretic factor (ANF); the expression pattern of ANF is also reminiscent of that seen in hypertrophy. In cells grown in a medium conditioned by 12-day ARCs, though, myofibrillogenesis is accelerated and accompanied by a downregulation of ANF. In a creatine-deficient medium, on the other hand, the ARCs display giant mitochondria with paracrystalline inclusions imitating a situation found, for example, in mitochondrial myopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H M Eppenberger
- Institute of Cell Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bertoni G, Hertig C, Zahno ML, Vogt HR, Dufour S, Cordano P, Peterhans E, Cheevers WP, Sonigo P, Pancino G. B-cell epitopes of the envelope glycoprotein of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus and antibody response in infected goats. J Gen Virol 2000; 81:2929-2940. [PMID: 11086124 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-81-12-2929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Goats infected with caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) develop high titres of antibodies to Env. Not only is no consistent neutralizing response found but anti-Env antibodies have even been associated with disease in infected goats. To identify the continuous antigenic determinants involved in this atypical anti-Env response, we mapped CAEV-CO Env by screening an epitope expression library with infected goat sera. In addition to the four previously described epitopes, seven novel antigenic sites were identified, of which five were located on the surface (SU) and two in the transmembrane (TM) subunits of Env. The SU antibody-binding domains located in the variable regions of the C-terminal part of the molecule (SU3 to SU5) showed the strongest reactivity and induced a rapid seroconversion in six experimentally infected goats. However, the response to these immunodominant epitopes did not appear to be associated with any neutralizing activity. The pattern of serum reactivity of naturally infected goats with these epitopes was restricted, suggesting a type-specific reaction. Interestingly, the reactivity of peptides representing SU5 sequences derived from CAEV field isolates varied with the geographical and/or breeding origin of the animals. This suggests that peptides corresponding to the immunodominant SU epitopes may well be useful in the serotyping of CAEV isolates. Furthermore, the identification of the CAEV Env epitopes will permit us to functionally dissect the antibody response and to address the role of anti-Env antibodies either in the protection from or in the pathogenesis of CAEV infection.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibody Specificity
- Antigens, Viral/chemistry
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Arthritis-Encephalitis Virus, Caprine/chemistry
- Arthritis-Encephalitis Virus, Caprine/genetics
- Arthritis-Encephalitis Virus, Caprine/immunology
- Arthritis-Encephalitis Virus, Caprine/physiology
- Binding Sites
- Blotting, Western
- Cloning, Molecular
- Epitope Mapping
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/chemistry
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Gene Products, env/chemistry
- Gene Products, env/genetics
- Gene Products, env/immunology
- Glycoproteins
- Goats/immunology
- Goats/virology
- Immune Sera/biosynthesis
- Immune Sera/immunology
- Immunodominant Epitopes/chemistry
- Immunodominant Epitopes/genetics
- Immunodominant Epitopes/immunology
- Lentivirus Infections/immunology
- Lentivirus Infections/veterinary
- Membrane Proteins
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neutralization Tests
- Peptide Library
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Sequence Alignment
- Time Factors
- Viral Proteins
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Bertoni
- Institute of Veterinary Virology, University of Berne, Länggass-Str. 122, CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland1
| | - Christian Hertig
- Institute of Veterinary Virology, University of Berne, Länggass-Str. 122, CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland1
| | - Marie-Luise Zahno
- Institute of Veterinary Virology, University of Berne, Länggass-Str. 122, CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland1
| | - Hans-Rudolf Vogt
- Institute of Veterinary Virology, University of Berne, Länggass-Str. 122, CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland1
| | - Sophie Dufour
- Institute of Veterinary Virology, University of Berne, Länggass-Str. 122, CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland1
| | - Pablo Cordano
- Institute of Veterinary Virology, University of Berne, Länggass-Str. 122, CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland1
| | - Ernst Peterhans
- Institute of Veterinary Virology, University of Berne, Länggass-Str. 122, CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland1
| | - William P Cheevers
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-7040, USA2
| | - Pierre Sonigo
- Génétique des Virus (ICGM-CNRS UPR 0415), Institut Cochin de Génétique moléculaire, 75014 Paris, France3
| | - Gianfranco Pancino
- Génétique des Virus (ICGM-CNRS UPR 0415), Institut Cochin de Génétique moléculaire, 75014 Paris, France3
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Canal CW, Strasser M, Hertig C, Masuda A, Peterhans E. Detection of antibodies to bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) and characterization of genomes of BVDV from Brazil. Vet Microbiol 1998; 63:85-97. [PMID: 9850989 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(98)00232-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
An ELISA for the detection of antibodies to bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) was developed based on antigens derived from a genotype I BVDV strain isolated in Switzerland. Using monoclonal antibodies we showed that this antigen contained the conserved non-structural protein NS3 whereas it essentially lacked the more strain-specific E2 surface glycoprotein. This ELISA has a sensitivity of 97.5% and a specificity of 99.2% as compared to the serum neutralization test (SNT). Preliminary experiments showed that this ELISA reliably detects antibodies to BVDV strains circulating in Brazil. Serum samples obtained from 430 adult cattle on 19 farms of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) and one farm from Corrientes (Argentina) were tested for antibodies by means of this ELISA. We found antibodies in 56% +/- 15.1% of the cattle sera tested, which indicates that, in Brazil, the prevalence of infection with BVDV is similar to that found in Europe and the USA. Our sequence analysis of two BVDV isolates showed that BVDV of both genotypes I and II circulate in Brazil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C W Canal
- Institute of Veterinary Virology, University of Berne, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hertig C, Coupar BE, Gould AR, Boyle DB. Field and vaccine strains of fowlpox virus carry integrated sequences from the avian retrovirus, reticuloendotheliosis virus. Virology 1997; 235:367-76. [PMID: 9281517 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1997.8691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
For baculoviruses and herpesviruses, integration of transposons or retroviruses into the virus genome has been documented. We report here that field and vaccine strains of fowlpox virus (FPV) carry integrated sequences from the avian retrovirus, reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV). Using PCR and hybridization analysis we observed that vaccine and field strains of FPV carry REV sequences integrated into a previously uncharacterized region of the right 1/3 of the FPV genome. Long-range PCR, hybridization, and nucleotide sequence determination demonstrated that one vaccine strain (FPV S) and recently isolated field strains carry a near-full-length REV provirus. For another vaccine strain (FPV M) a rearranged remnant of the LTR was found at the same insertion site. By Western blotting and reverse transcriptase assays we were unable to demonstrate free REV in supernatants of FPV S cultures. The near-full-length REV provirus integrated into the FPV genome is infectious since FPV S DNA gave rise to REV upon transfection into chicken embryo fibroblasts. Upon infection of chickens with FPV S, all chickens developed high-titered antibodies to REV, and REV was isolated from the blood of half of the inoculated chickens. Our observations add to the list of targets for retrovirus integration into DNA virus genomes. The integration of a near-full-length, and apparently infectious, REV provirus into FPV provides additional transmission routes for the retrovirus by way of the infectious cycle of FPV, including the possibility of mechanical transmission by biting insects since FPV is believed to be transmitted by this route. For large DNA viruses, including the poxviruses, retrovirus integration with attendant possibilities of gene transduction may be an important mechanism for virus evolution, including the acquisition of cellular genes with the potential to modify virus virulence and pathogenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Hertig
- Institute of Veterinary Virology, University of Bern, Langgass-Strasse 122, Bern, 3001, Switzerland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hertig C, Pye AD, Hyatt AD, Davis SS, McWilliam SM, Heine HG, Walker PJ, Boyle DB. Vaccinia virus-expressed bovine ephemeral fever virus G but not G(NS) glycoprotein induces neutralizing antibodies and protects against experimental infection. J Gen Virol 1996; 77 ( Pt 4):631-40. [PMID: 8627251 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-77-4-631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Two related glycoproteins (G and G(NS)) encoded in the bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV) genome were expressed from recombinant vaccinia viruses (rVV). Both proteins were detected in lysates of rVV-infected cells by labelling with D-[6-3H]glucosamine or by immuno-blotting. The recombinant G protein (mol. mass 79 kDa) appeared slightly smaller than the native G protein but reacted with monoclonal antibodies directed against all defined neutralizing antigenic sites (G1, G2, G3a, G3b and G4). The recombinant G(NS) protein (mol. mass 90kDa) was identical in size to the native G(NS) protein and failed to react by immuno-fluorescence with anti-G protein monoclonal or poly-clonal antibodies. Antisera raised in rabbits against rVV-G or rVV-G(NS) both reacted strongly by immuno-fluorescence and immuno-electron microscopy with BEFV-infected cells. The G protein was localized intracellularly in the endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi complex and at the cell surface associated with budding and mature virus particles. The G(NS) protein also localized intracellularly in the endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi complex; however, at the cell surface it was associated with amorphous structures and not with budding or mature virions. Rabbits vaccinated with rVV-G developed high levels of antibodies which neutralized BEFV grown in either mammalian or insect cells. Cattle vaccinated with rVV-G also produced neutralizing antibodies and were protected against experimental BEFV infection. In contrast, rVV-G(NS) vaccinated rabbits and cattle failed to produce neutralizing antibodies and, after challenge, BEFV was isolated from two-thirds of the vaccinated cattle.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Aedes/cytology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/metabolism
- Base Sequence
- Cattle
- Cell Line
- Cricetinae
- DNA, Viral
- Ephemeral Fever/immunology
- Ephemeral Fever/prevention & control
- Ephemeral Fever Virus, Bovine/genetics
- Ephemeral Fever Virus, Bovine/immunology
- Ephemeral Fever Virus, Bovine/ultrastructure
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Genetic Vectors/immunology
- Glycoproteins/genetics
- Glycoproteins/immunology
- Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neutralization Tests
- Rabbits
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/metabolism
- Vaccinia virus/genetics
- Vaccinia virus/immunology
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins/genetics
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins/immunology
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins/metabolism
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Viral Proteins/immunology
- Viral Proteins/metabolism
- Viral Vaccines/genetics
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Hertig
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
|
20
|
Abstract
We have amplified and sequenced parts of the genomes of eleven laboratory strains of bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) virus originating from North America, New Zealand and Europe. The cumulative nucleotide (nt) sequence heterogeneity of the amplified fragments located in the analysed region of the gene encoding the nonstructural protein NS3 (P80) was 24% as compared to 47% for E2 (Gp53). The nt substitutions in the E2 region resulted in replacements in 42% of amino acid (aa) positions, while the deduced aa sequence of all BVD virus strains remained identical in NS3 and differed from the corresponding region of classical swine fever viruses. This makes possible the differentiation of bovine and porcine pestiviruses. It is suggested that genetic heterogeneity results from passage in transiently infected animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Hertig
- Institute of Veterinary Virology, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hertig C, Pye AD, Hyatt AD, Boyle DB. Retrovirus-like particles produced by vaccinia viruses expressing gag-pro-pol region genes of bovine leukaemia virus. J Gen Virol 1994; 75 ( Pt 9):2213-21. [PMID: 8077921 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-75-9-2213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Processing and assembly of bovine leukaemia virus-like particles were studied in African green monkey kidney cells using recombinant vaccinia viruses (rVVs) expressing regions of the bovine leukaemia virus genome. Unprocessed gag precursor protein (Pr44) was detected in immunoblot analysis of lysed cells and particles sedimented from culture supernatants after infection with a rVV carrying the gag and truncated protease (pro) gene. Processing of Pr44 was observed after infection of cells with a rVV carrying the gag and pro gene or a rVV expressing the gag, pro and polymerase (pol) gene. Reverse transcriptase activity was detected only in association with particles produced by gag-, pro- and pol-expressing recombinants. Thin section electron microscopic analysis of infected cells and pelleted particles revealed that Pr44 and processed gag proteins assembled at the cell membrane. Pr44 was released into the cell culture media as immature virus-like particles, whereas processed gag proteins from rVVs expressing gag and pro or gag, pro and pol formed mature particles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Hertig
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Von Niederhäusern B, Bertoni G, Hertig C, Pfister H, Peterhans E, Pauli U. Cloning and expression in mammalian cells of porcine tumor necrosis factor alpha: examination of biological properties. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1993; 38:57-74. [PMID: 8256438 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2427(93)90113-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We have cloned a full length complementary DNA (cDNA) of the porcine tumor necrosis factor alpha (pTNF-alpha) gene and expressed it in porcine and murine cells. Total RNA obtained from lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells was reverse transcribed with a specific antisense pTNF-alpha primer to generate a single stranded cDNA which was subsequently amplified by the polymerase chain reaction utilizing an additional pTNF-alpha specific sense primer. The resulting double stranded cDNA was introduced into the pBMGNeo expression vector and transfected by electroporation in porcine (PK(15)) and murine (L929) cell lines. TNF-alpha bioactivity was detected in the supernatant of the transfected cells using a standard L929 bioassay or a PK(15) bioassay. The activity was zinc inducible as expected for a gene controlled by a metallothionein promoter. The bioactivity was not lowered by an anti-mouse TNF-alpha antiserum neutralizing murine, but not human TNF-alpha and a broad immunoreactive band of 17-19 kD was detected using an anti-mouse TNF-alpha serum suitable for immunoblotting. This newly developed tool will allow us to investigate the role of TNF-alpha in pathogenesis of viral infections and gram-negative sepsis.
Collapse
|
23
|
Dudler R, Hertig C. Structure of an mdr-like gene from Arabidopsis thaliana. Evolutionary implications. J Biol Chem 1992; 267:5882-8. [PMID: 1372894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance of mammalian tumor cells is caused by the enhanced expression of P-glycoproteins. These proteins are encoded by mdr genes and mediate the energy-dependent efflux of a variety of lipophilic drugs from cells. To test whether in plants mdr-like genes might be involved in certain cases of cross-resistance to different herbicides, we have cloned and characterized a gene from Arabidopsis thaliana, atpgp1, encoding a putative P-glycoprotein homologue. Like the mammalian P-glycoproteins, with which it shares extensive sequence homology and a similar organization in structural domains, this protein is internally duplicated. Seven of the nine introns in the atpgp1 gene match introns in the mammalian mdr genes to within a few nucleotides, and the positions of these suggest that P-glycoprotein genes evolved by duplication and subsequent fusion of an intron-containing primordial gene prior to the evolutionary separation of plants and mammals. The atpgp1 gene gives rise to transcripts present in all plant parts but particularly abundant in inflorescence axes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Dudler
- Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
|
25
|
Abstract
The approach of reverse transcription (RT) followed by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify three different fragments of the bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) genome. Two sets of primers framed two different regions within the gene coding for protein p80, the third set of primers was selected to amplify cDNA within the envelope glycoprotein (gp53) region. All three sequences could be detected in the homologous strain (NADL), whereas only some of the fragments could be amplified in heterologous strains of BVDV. RNA extracted from infected cells as well as RNA extracted from viral particles could be detected using RT-PCR. The detection limit was 10(-1)-10(-2) TCID50 in ethidium bromide stained gels and could be further enhanced to 10(-2)-10(-4) TCID50 by hybridization after Southern transfer. The speed and the sensitivity of this method might be of relevance for diagnostic purposes as well as for studies on epidemiology and pathogenesis of infection with BVD virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Hertig
- Institute of Veterinary Virology, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Dudler R, Hertig C, Rebmann G, Bull J, Mauch F. A pathogen-induced wheat gene encodes a protein homologous to glutathione-S-transferases. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 1991; 4:14-18. [PMID: 1799693 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-4-014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) shows local, induced resistance against the plant-pathogenic fungus Erysiphe graminis f. sp. tritici following exposure to the nonpathogen E. g. f. sp. hordei. The onset of this resistance has been shown to be correlated with the activation of putative defense genes, and cDNA clones representing transcripts of induced genes have been obtained (P. Schweizer, W. Hunziker, and E. Mösinger, Plant Molecular Biology 12:643-654, 1989). We have cloned and sequenced a gene corresponding to one of these cDNAs, WIR5. Sequence analysis indicated that this gene contains three exons and encodes a protein of 229 amino acids. S1 mapping showed that transcripts homologous to this gene are at least 20 times more abundant in leaves infected 14 hr earlier with E. g. f. sp. hordei than in control leaves. Sequence comparison showed that the WIR5 gene product is highly homologous to glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs; EC 25.1.18) of maize. This, together with the fact that the intron positions of both the wheat gene and the maize GSTI gene are conserved, suggests that the cloned pathogen-induced gene, named GstA1, encodes a wheat glutathione-S-transferase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Dudler
- Institute for Plant Biology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Hertig C, Li RY, Louarn AM, Garnerone AM, David M, Batut J, Kahn D, Boistard P. Rhizobium meliloti regulatory gene fixJ activates transcription of R. meliloti nifA and fixK genes in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 1989; 171:1736-8. [PMID: 2646295 PMCID: PMC209806 DOI: 10.1128/jb.171.3.1736-1738.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
When present in Escherichia coli on the multicopy expression vector pUC19, a Rhizobium meliloti regulatory gene, fixJ, belonging to a two-component regulatory system, activated the expression of two R. meliloti symbiotic genes, nifA and fixK. Primer extension by reverse transcription showed that FixJ stimulates nifA expression in E. coli by activating pnifA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Hertig
- Centre National de la Recherche, Scientifique-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
We report the discovery of two genes from Rhizobium meliloti, fixL and fixJ, which are positive regulators of symbiotic expression of diverse nitrogen fixation (nif and fix) genes. nif gene regulation is shown to consist of a cascade: the fixLJ genes activate nifA, which in turn activates nifHDK and fixABCX. Like nifA, fixN can be induced in free-living microaerobic cultures of R. meliloti, indicating a major physiological role for oxygen in nif and fix gene regulation. Microaerobic expression of fixN and nifA depends on fixL and fixJ. The FixL and FixJ proteins belong to a family of two-component regulatory systems widely spread among prokaryotes and responsive to the cell environment. We propose that FixL, which has features of a transmembrane protein, senses an environmental signal and transduces it to FixJ, a transcriptional activator of nif and fix genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M David
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire des Relations Plantes-Microorganismes CNRS-INRA, BP27, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
|