[HCV antigen detection method and clinical application]

Hepatitis C is distributed worldwide and possesses a hidden characteristic. The traditional methods of screening and diagnosis of hepatitis C infection commonly used in clinics are based on anti-HCV antibody and HCV RNA detection. Advances in HCV antigen detection technologies can apparently reduce the window period for anti-HCV antibodies, providing new clinical evidence for the early detection, diagnosis, and treatment of HCV infection. This article is a current review of HCV antigen detection methodologies, clinical applications, and detection strategies.

[Efficacy of different doses of magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate in the treatment of chronic liver disease with elevated ALT: a meta-analysis]

Objective: To investigate the efficacy and safety profile of different doses of magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate in the treatment of chronic liver disease with elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Methods: Computer retrieval of literature was conducted in the CNKI, Wanfang, and PubMed databases from the establishment of the databases until February 2023. The Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool was used to evaluate the quality of the included literature after screening the literature and extracting the data. RevMan 5.4 and Stata 15.0 software were used to analyze the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total bilirubin (TBil), total effective rate, and incidence of adverse events. Results: Finally, 10 articles were selected, including a total of 1 522 cases. All the included studies were of good quality and at low risk of bias. Meta-analysis results showed that compared with 100 mg/d magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate injection, 200 mg/d magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate injection had significantly reduced patients' ALT [MD = -30.73, 95% confidence interval (CI): -52.52 ~ -8.94, Z = 2.76, P = 0.006; I (2) = 98%, P < 0.001], AST (MD = -34.30, 95% CI: -57.78 ~ -10.82, Z = 2.86, P = 0.004; I (2) = 99%, P < 0.001) and TBil (MD = -15.37, 95% CI: -27.66 ~ -3.09), Z = 2.45, P = 0.01; I (2) = 98%, P < 0.001) levels. The total effective rate reported in seven articles showed no heterogeneity among the studies (I (2) = 0.0%, P = 0.98). The total effective rate was higher in 200 mg/d magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate injection than that of 100 mg/d magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate injection (OR = 3.49, 95% CI: 2.05 ~ 5.95, Z = 4.59, P < 0.001), and there was no statistically significant difference in adverse reactions. Conclusion: 200 mg/d magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate injection can more rapidly and effectively improve the levels of ALT, AST, and TBil in patients with chronic liver disease, with an increased total effective rate and a good safety profile.

Impact of treatments on fecal microbiota and fecal metabolome in symptomatic uncomplicated diverticular disease of the colon: a pilot study

Symptomatic uncomplicated diverticular disease (SUDD) affects 50% of people having diverticulosis. We performed a pilot study assessing the effect of current treatments on fecal microbiota and metabolome in SUDD. Thirteen consecutive females with SUDD were treated with a 2-week therapeutic trial of 30 g/day fiber supplementation (3 patients), 1.6 g/day of mesalazine (3 patients), 900 billion/day of probiotic mixture VivoMixx® (3 patients), or 800 mg/day of rifaximin (4 patients). Stool samples were collected at entry (T0), at the end of the 2-week therapeutic course (T1), and 30 (T2) and 60 days (T3) after the end of the therapeutic course. Real-time PCR quantified targeted microorganisms. Fecal metabolome patterns were studied by high-resolution proton NMR spectroscopy. At cumulative analysis, symptoms significantly decreased at each time point during follow-up (p less than 0.0001), and only left-lower quadrant pain increased again at T3. The overall bacterial quantity was not altered by the treatments. The amount of Akkermansia muciniphila species was significantly reduced at T1 (p=0.017) and at T2 (p=0.026), while at T3 the reduction was not significant in comparison to enrollment (p=0.090). Fecal molecular profile showed significant changes at T1 and T2, while at T3 it became similar to that of T0. Differences were found for 18 of the quantified molecules (tryptophan, phenylalanine, tyrosine, 4-hydroxyphenylacetate, urocanate, X-6.363, X-5.779, uridylate, galactose, X-4.197, threonine, sarcosine, methionine, 2-oxoisocaproate, 5-aminolevulinate, alanine, leucine, valerate). Metabolome and microbiota changed in patients with SUDD under treatment, confirming a possible role of dysbiosis/dysmetabolome in the pathology.

Effect of supplemental dietary leucine and immune system stimulation on whole-body nitrogen utilization in starter pigs

The increase in circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines following an immune challenge (e.g., with bacterial lipopolysaccharide [LPS]) causes a disruption in normal AA metabolism and increases visceral protein synthesis at the expense of muscle protein synthesis. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of supplemental dietary Leu on the dynamics of whole body nitrogen (N) retention in starter pigs before and after immune system stimulation (ISS) induced by LPS. A total of 28 starter pigs (14.46 ± 0.73 kg BW) were assigned to isoenergetic and isonitrogenous diets formulated to supply essential AA 10% above estimated requirements for maximum whole-body protein deposition (PD) and to contain increasing amounts of Leu: CON (1.36% SID Leu); LEU-M (2.04% SID Leu); and LEU-H (2.72% SID Leu). Pigs were housed in metabolic crates, scale-fed every 4 h based on BW, and adjusted to dietary treatments for 5 d. The 108-h N-balance experiment was divided into two periods: prechallenge (before LPS challenge; six 12-h collections) and challenge (after LPS challenge; three 12-h collections) periods. In both periods, blood was collected to determine plasma AA and urea N concentrations. At the start of the challenge period, one-half of the pigs fed CON and all pigs fed LEU-M and LEU-H were challenged with LPS (ISS+; 30 µg/kg injected intramuscularly); the remaining pigs fed CON were injected with saline (ISS-). Whole-body N retention was determined during subsequent 12-h collections. Plasma free Leu concentration increased linearly with increasing Leu content in the diet before LPS was administered (CON, 124 µmol/L; LEU-M, 185 µmol/L; LEU-H, 227 µmol/L; < 0.01). During the prechallenge period, N retention was lower in pigs fed LEU-M ( < 0.01) and there was no difference between pigs fed CON and LEU-H (7.91, 7.18, and 7.71 g/12 h for CON, LEU-M, and LEU-H, respectively). During the challenge period, N retention in pigs fed CON was higher in ISS- than ISS+ (5.37 vs. 3.83 g/12 h; < 0.01) but was not affected by diet in ISS+ pigs (3.83, 3.21, and 3.45 g/12 h for CON, LEU-M, and LEU-H, respectively; > 0.10). In healthy pigs, feeding a high excess of dietary Leu induced an anabolic response to compensate for reduced N retention that occurred in pigs fed an intermediate excess of dietary Leu. There was no effect of supplemental Leu on N retention in pigs after an LPS challenge.

Identification of protease m1 zinc metalloprotease conferring resistance to deltamethrin by characterization of an AFLP marker in Culex pipiens pallens

BACKGROUND

Continuous and excessive application of deltamethrin (DM) has resulted in the rapid development of insecticide resistance in Culex pipiens pallens. The quantitative trait loci (QTL) responsible for resistance to DM had previously been detected in Cx. pipiens pallens. But locating the QTLs on the chromosomes remained difficult. An available approach is to first characterize DNA molecular markers linked with the phenotype, and then identify candidate genes.

METHODS

In this study, the amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) marker L3A8.177 associated with the QTL, was characterized. We searched for potential candidate genes in the flank region of L3A8.177 in the genome sequence of the closely related Cx. pipiens quinquefasciatus and conducted mRNA expression analysis of the candidate gene via quantitative real-time PCR. Then the relationship between DM resistance and the candidate gene was identified using RNAi and American CDC Bottle Bioassay in vivo. We also cloned the ORF sequences of the candidate gene from both susceptible and resistant mosquitoes.

RESULTS

The genes CYP6CP1 and protease m1 zinc metalloprotease were in the flank region of L3A8.177 and had significantly different expression levels between susceptible and resistant strains. Protease m1 zinc metalloprotease was significantly up-regulated in the susceptible strains compared with the resistant and remained over-expressed in the susceptible field-collected strains. For deduced amino acid sequences of protease m1 zinc metalloprotease, there was no difference between susceptible and resistant mosquitoes. Knockdown of protease m1 zinc metalloprotease not only decreased the sensitivity of mosquitoes to DM in the susceptible strain but also increased the expression of CYP6CP1, suggesting the role of protease m1 zinc metalloprotease in resistance may be involved in the regulation of the P450 gene expression.

CONCLUSION

Our study represents an example of candidate genes derived from the AFLP marker associated with the QTL and provides the first evidence that protease m1 zinc metalloprotease may play a role in the regulation of DM resistance in Cx. pipiens pallens.

Determining the optimal isoleucine:lysine ratio for ten- to twenty-two-kilogram and twenty-four- to thirty-nine-kilogram pigs fed diets containing nonexcess levels of leucine

Three 21-d experiments were conducted to determine the optimum standardized ileal digestible (SID) Ile:Lys ratio in 10- to 22-kg and 24- to 39-kg pigs. In Exp. 1, 144 Yorkshire pigs (initial BW = 10.2 kg) were assigned to 6 diets with 6 pens per treatment. Diets 1 to 5 were formulated to contain 5 graded SID Ile:Lys (44, 51, 57, 63, and 70%), 1.18% SID Leu, and 0.90% SID Lys (second limiting). Diet 6 (diet 5 with added Lys) was formulated (1.06% SID Lys) as a positive control. Pigs fed diet 6 had higher (P < 0.05) ADG and G:F and lower (P < 0.05) plasma urea N (PUN) than pigs fed diet 5 (P < 0.02), indicating that Lys was limiting in diets 1 to 5. Final BW, ADG, and ADFI increased (linear and quadratic, P < 0.05) while G:F and PUN at d 21 were not affected (P > 0.10) by dietary Ile:Lys. Overall, ADG and ADFI were highest for pigs fed diet 2 (51% SID Ile:Lys). In Exp. 2, 216 Yorkshire pigs (initial BW = 9.6 kg) were assigned to 9 diets with 6 pens per treatment. Diets 1 to 4 contained 0.40, 0.47, 0.54, and 0.61% SID Ile, respectively, and 1.21% SID Lys; diets 5 to 8 contained 0.72, 0.84, 0.96, and 1.08% SID Lys, respectively, and 0.68% SID Ile. Diet 9 was high in both Ile and Lys (0.68% SID Ile and 1.21% SID Lys). All diets contained 1.21% SID Leu. The ADG and G:F increased (linear and quadratic, P < 0.05) as SID Ile:Lys increased (diets 1 to 4 and 9). The ADG and G:F increased (linear, P < 0.05) as SID Lys increased (diets 5 to 9). The PUN at d 21 decreased (linear, P < 0.05) by increasing dietary Ile:Lys. The SID Ile:Lys to optimize ADG was 46% by curvilinear plateau or exponential regression. For G:F, the optimal SID Ile:Lys was 47 and 51% by curvilinear plateau and exponential regressions, respectively. In Exp. 3, 80 pigs (PIC 327 × C23; initial BW = 24.0 kg) were allotted to 5 treatments with 4 pigs per pen. Diets 1 to 5 were formulated to contain 5 graded SID Ile:Lys (39, 46, 53, 61, and 68%), 1.17% SID Leu, and 0.91% SID Lys (second limiting). Final BW and ADG increased (linear and quadratic, P < 0.05) and ADFI increased (linear, P = 0.047) as SID Ile:Lys increased. Using ADG and G:F, the optimum SID Ile:Lys was 54 and 53%, respectively, by curvilinear plateau and exponential regression. The PUN was minimized at 53 and 59% SID Ile:Lys by curvilinear plateau and broken line regression. Overall, the average optimum SID Ile:Lys was approximately 51% for 10- to 22-kg pigs and 54% for 24- to 39-kg pigs fed diets containing nonexcess levels of Leu.

Serum levels of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 are correlated with liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the relationship between tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) expression and the severity of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients, and to explore the diagnostic value of serum TIMP-1.

METHODS

A total of 159 CHB patients underwent liver biopsy for the analysis of liver fibrosis stages and inflammation. Serum TIMP-1 was determined by ELISA. Hyaluronic acid (HA), procollagen type III (PCIII), collagen type IV (CIV), laminin (LN), and FIB-4 index were determined and calculated, and diagnostic accuracy was analyzed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.

RESULTS

Serum levels of TIMP-1 were associated with the grade of liver inflammation in CHB patients (r = 0.695, P < 0.01), especially in those without fibrosis or with stage 1 fibrosis, and were also positively correlated with liver fibrosis in CHB patients (r = 0.854, P < 0.01), particularly in those with inflammation at grade 1, 2 and 3. The area under the ROC curve (AUROC) of serum TIMP-1 was 0.918 for significant liver fibrosis (≥stage 2), and a sensitivity of 89.4% and specificity of 83.6% were obtained with a cut-off value of ≥174.5 ng/mL of serum TIMP-1, which were higher than that of HA, CIV and FIB-4 index.

CONCLUSION

TIMP-1 is a valuable single biomarker for the evaluation of significant fibrosis in CHB patients.

Stimulatory effect of LPS and feedback effect of PGE2 on IL-27 production

Interleukin (IL)-27 is a new member of the IL-6/IL-12 family, composed of two subunits, the Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 3 (EBI3) and p28 chains (p28), and produced by activated monocytes and dendritic cells. IL-27 plays an important role in the regulation of differentiation of naive T helper cells and has diverse effects on innate immune cells. However, the pro-inflammatory mechanisms of IL-27 are still not well known. In this study, we investigated the effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the production of IL-27. We found that LPS-stimulated IL-27 production was in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner in THP-1 cells. We have also shown that IL-27 induced PGE2 production and COX-2 gene expression at the level of mRNA as well as protein. Moreover, we found feed back effect of PGE2 on the production of IL-27 in THP-1 cells. The results suggest that PGE2 significantly inhibits LPS-induced IL-27 production, without affecting basal IL-27 expression. Further experiment suggests that PGE2 and LPS regulate IL-27 through NF-κB pathway. Our findings may have wide implication for IL-27 in inflammatory diseases.

Body weight gain and nutrient utilization in starter pigs that are liquid-fed high-moisture corn-based diets supplemented with phytase

A total of 384 starter pigs were used to examine the application of exogenous phytase in high-moisture corn (HMC)-based liquid diets. Pigs were randomly assigned to 24 pens in six blocks. Pens were randomly assigned one of four HMC-based diets formulated to vary in total phosphorus (P) content (Low, Medium and High), with phytase added to only the Low P diet (Phy). Body weight gain and feed intake were monitored until body weight exceeded 20 kg. Apparent total tract digestibility of crude protein and P were measured on day 21 (Phase II) and day 42 (Phase III). At the end of the trial, two pigs from each pen were sacrificed for analysis of carcass composition and evaluation of metacarpals. Pigs fed the Phy treatment had increased digestibility of crude protein (P < 0.05) and P (P = 0.062) in Phase III, and increased metacarpal breaking strength (P < 0.01) and P content (P < 0.05). Average daily gain, feed intake, and carcass composition were not affected by treatment (P > 0.05). In conclusion, performance of starter pigs fed liquid HMC-based diets was maintained at dietary P levels below established requirements, but addition of phytase improved bone strength and mineralization. This study provides evidence for the effectiveness of phytase, and that P requirement for maximum rate of weight gain in pigs is not sufficient for maximum skeletal development.Key words: High-moisture corn, liquid feed, phosphorus, phytase, starter pigs

Increasing dietary pectin level reduces utilization of digestible threonine intake, but not lysine intake, for body protein deposition in growing pigs

Two N balance studies were conducted to investigate the effects of feeding graded levels of pectin (a soluble nonstarch polysaccharide, NSP) on the utilization of ileal digestible threonine (Thr; Thr study) and lysine (Lys; Lys study) intake for body protein deposition (PD) in growing pigs. In each study, eight Yorkshire barrows with an average initial BW of 17.2 +/- 1.3 (Thr study) and 14.3 +/- 1.4 kg (Lys study) were fed each of five experimental diets during five subsequent experimental periods, according to a crossover design. Pigs were fed twice daily at 2.6 times maintenance energy requirements. The soybean- and cornstarch-based diets, in which either Thr or Lys was the first-limiting nutrient, were formulated to contain (as-fed basis) 0, 4, 8, or 12% pectin or 8% cellulose (water-insoluble NSP), respectively, and with NSP substituting cornstarch. Across treatments, the mean daily Thr and Lys intake were 5.42 +/- 0.04 g/d (Thr study) and 7.98 +/- 0.12 g/d (Lys study), respectively. Apparent and standardized ileal digestibilities of Thr and Lys were determined in a separate study. Mean PD was 93.4, 90.2, 82.1, 76.7, and 87.9 g/d (SEM = 1.3; Thr study) and 90.7, 88.6, 87.8, 85.3, and 88.1 g/d (SEM = 1.1; Lys study) for the five respective treatments. Utilization of ileal digestible Thr intake, but not of ileal digestible Lys intake, for PD decreased linearly with dietary pectin level, and was not influenced by diet cellulose level. The current study indicates that apparent and standardized ileal digestibility values do not provide an accurate predictor of dietary effects on the utilization of ileal digestible Thr intake for protein deposition in growing pigs fed diets containing soluble NSP.

Reduced-temperature ethanol sensing characteristics of flower-like ZnO nanorods synthesized by a sonochemical method

Flower-like ZnO nanorods with diameters less than 15 nm were synthesized by a sonochemical method. The sensors fabricated from the nanorods exhibited excellent ethanol sensing properties. At the working temperature of 300 °C, their sensitivity was 176.8-100 ppm ethanol vapour. While the working temperature was reduced to 140 °C, they were still able to detect ethanol vapour at the ppm level. The reduced working temperature may be attributed to the small sizes of the nanorods.

[Cloning and identification of deltamethrin-resistance or susceptibility associated genes of Culex pipiens pallens]

OBJECTIVE

To obtain deltamethrin-resistance or susceptibility associated genes of Culex pipiens pallens.

METHODS

The differentially expressed genes were obtained by suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH), and identified by cDNA microarray and reverse Northern blotting.

RESULTS

523 and 286 clones were selected respectively in the two directional SSH. 155 and 42 genes were respectively expressed 2-3 and > 3 times higher in the insecticide-resistant strain than in the susceptible strain; 15 and 9 genes were respectively expressed 2-3 and > 3 times higher in the susceptible strain than in the resistant strain. There were 2 genes only expressed in the insecticide-resistant strain. 51 three times differentially expressed clones and 2 specially expressed clones were sequenced. 44 sequences were obtained which belong to 13 new genes. There were 8 over-expressed genes in resistant strain, 7 of which were similar respectively to mitochondrion rRNA gene, 60S ribosomal protein gene, 40S ribosomal protein S4 gene, trypsin gene, chymotrypsin A gene, ospin gene, and 16S ribosomal RNA gene. There were 5 over-expressed genes in susceptible strain, 2 of them being similar with 40S ribosomal protein S29 gene and myosin regulatory light chain 2 gene. In addition, 2 genes specially expressed in resistant strain were similar respectively to glycogen branching enzyme gene and ribosomal protein 46 gene.

CONCLUSION

The differentially expressed genes may be associated with deltamethrin-resistance or susceptibility of Culex pipiens pallens.

[Cloning and identification of cytochrome P450 resistance related genes in the mosquito, Culex pipiens pallens]

OBJECTIVE

To inquire into the relationship between cytochrome P450 and deltamethrin resistance.

METHODS

24 new cDNA sequences encoding cytochrome P450 were amplified respectively from deltamethrin-susceptible and -resistant strains of Culex pipiens pallens with a pair of degenerate primers according to the conservative amino acid sequences of CYP4 in insects by RT-PCR and the Direct Cloning Method, and then were identified by cDNA chip and reverse Northern.

RESULTS

112 positive clones were obtained, of which 24 were shown to be new sequences encoded for cytochrome P450. They have been lodged in GenBank and were appraised by the Nomenclature Committee of Cytochrome P450, belonging to the subfamily CYP4C, CYP4D, CYP4H and CYP4J in CYP4 family. The hybrid signal values of 6 P450 sequences (NYDS3, NYDS5, NYDR6, NYDR9, NYDR15 and NYDR17) were 3.1-9.7 times higher in the resistance probe than in the susceptible probe, and NYDR17 only reacted with the resistance probe. The result of reverse Northern in NYDR15 was similar to that of cDNA chip.

CONCLUSION

CYP4 is related to deltamethrin resistance and the specific expression caused by point mutation of cytochrome P450 gene may exist in deltamethrin-resistant Cx. pipiens pallens.

Dysfunction of peripheral blood dendritic cells from patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection

AIM: To identify the property of dendritic cells (DCs) of peripheral blood monocytes (PBMC) in patients with chronic HBV infection.

METHODS: Twenty patients with persistent HBV infection were included in this study, 10 healthy subjects being used as a control group. The peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of T cell-depleted populations were incubated and induced into mature dendritic cells in the RPMI-1640 medium in the presence of cytokines GM-CSF, IL-4, FLt-3, TNF-α and 100 mL·L^-1 of fetal calf serum for a total of 10-12 d. The expressions of surface markers on DCs were evaluated using flow cytometric analysis. ELISA method was used to determine the cytokine levels of interleukin-12 (IL-12) and IL-10 in the supernatant produced by DCs. For detection of the stimulatory capacity of DCs to T cell proliferation, mytomycin C-treated DC were incubated with allogenic T cells.

RESULTS: A typical morphology of mature DCs from healthy subjects and HBV-infected patients was induced in in vitro incubation, but the proliferation ability and cellular number of DCs from HBV-infected patients significantly decreased compared with healthy individuals. In particular, the expression levels of HLA-DR, CD80 (B7-1) and CD86 (B7-2) on DC surface from patients were also lower than that from healthy individuals (0.46 vs 0.92 for HLA-DR, 0.44 vs 0.88 for CD80 and 0.44 vs 0.84 for CD86, P < 0.05). The stimulatory capacity and production of IL-12 of DCs from patients in allogenic mixed lymphocyte reaction (AMLR) significantly decreased, but the production level of nitric oxide (NO) by DCs simultaneously increased compared with healthy subjects (86 ± 15 vs 170 ± 22 μmol·L^-1, P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION: The patients with chronic HBV infection have the defective function and immature phenotype of dendritic cells, which may be associated with the inability of efficient presentation of HBV antigens to host immune system for the clearance of HBV.

[Studies of the genetic polymorphism of Schistosoma japonicum (Chinese mainland strains)]

In order to analyze the interspecies diversity and the extent of diversity among Schistosoma japonicum Chinese mainland strains, the genetic variation on gene level among 6 isolates collected from Jiangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Anhui, Sichuan, Yunnan and a cultured isolate from a laboratory were studied using molecular biological technique. There were only two different bases at position 112 and 143 in 536 bp sequence of 28S rDNA-D2 domain between Anhui and Yunnan isolates, the homology was 99.6%. The result could be explained the reason of why the migration rates of single chain 28S rDNA-D2 domain among the above 7 isolates were the same completely in PCR-SSCP. However, comparing with the sequences of the Philippine isolate of S. japonicum, S. mansoni and S. aematobium, there were 6, 94 and 93 different bases and the homologies were 98.9, 82.5 and 82.7 per cent separately. With 8 restriction endonucleases to analyze the ITS of rDNA obtained by PCR from the 7 isolates, the results showed that only 3 minor bands were different, e.g. 5.3% of total 58 fragments. It was suggested that the ITS of rDNA among 7 isolates were highly conserved. Using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) to analyze the genetic diversity of the genomes of the 7 isolates, the average genetic distance (D) calculated from total 284 amplified fragments was 0.22. The maximum D was 0.30 and existed between Anhui and Yunnan isolates. The minimum D was 0.13 and existed between Sichuan and Yunnan isolates. The clustering analysis of genetic distances showed that the 7 isolates could be gathered in one group. From above three results, it could be considered that the genetic diversity on gene level among S. japonicum Chinese mainland strains was very low.

Genetic diversity in crucian carp (Carassius auratus)

A survey of restriction fragment polymorphism in mitochondrial DNA of three subspecies of Carassius auratus throughout four provinces in China was undertaken using 17 restriction enzymes. Two carp, Cyprinus carpio rubbrofuscus and Cyprinus carpio carpio, were included as the outgroup. A total of 16 haplotypes was observed: 5 in tetraploids of C. auratus auratus; 8 in hexaploids of C. auratus auratus; and 2 in C. auratus gibelio and C. auratus cuvieri, respectively. The tetraploids and hexaploids share three common haplotypes as I, V, and VI. C. a. Cuvieri may have diverged first among the three subspecies. Interestingly, C. a. auratus and C. a. cuvieri did not form monophyletic clades, which indicated that the classification of Carassius auratus required further studies. The current hypothesis, that hexaploids originated from tetraploids by a polyploidy event, is less favorable, based on the distribution of haplotypes and the lower diversity in tetraploids than in hexaploids. Our data also indicate that divergence of hexaploids and tetraploids might be recent and mtDNA polymorphism existed before the divergence. Meanwhile, genetic isolation exists between the hexaploids and the tetraploids.

[Effect on intratumoral T lymphocyte and its subset in oral squamous cell carcinoma following immumnochemotherapy]

The relative numbers of CD(3)(+),CD(3)(+),CD(8)(+) and HLA-RD(+) cells in the tumor tissue before and after inductive therapy was counted using immunohistochemical technique of Avidin Biotin-Peroxidase Complex(ABC),and then the effect on local immune cell following two different inductive therapies was comparatively analysed.The results showed that S-PVP therapy could result in significant increasing in numbers of CD(3)(+)and CD(4)(+) cells intratumorally as compared with pre-therapy(P<0.05),and in slignt increasing in numbers of CD(8)(+) and HLA-DR(+) cell,which is no significant difference between pre-and post-therapy.In the PVP group,there was no significant difference in numbers of CD(3)(+),CD(4)(+),CD(8)(+) and HLA-DR(+) cells between pre-and post-treatment.The results suggested that T lymphocyte in the tumor site could significantly increase in numbers following the S-PVP therapy,and PVP chemotherapy did not obviously affect the local cellular immunity.

Polyamine-linked sepharoses: preparation and application to mammalian spermine synthase

Seven different polyamine-linked Sepharose derivatives were prepared for the affinity chromatography of spermidine and spermine binding macromolecules: Spermine synthase from rat and hog brain was used as a model protein with a spermidine binding site. Comparative studies of the affinities of the enzymes for the seven matrixes suggested that two negative charges, three to four methylene groups apart, should be present at the decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine binding site and should improve the binding of the enzyme to the Sepharose derivative. Two negative charges at the spermidine binding site would be expected to do the same. Three affinity matrixes linked with 1,17-diamino-4,9,14-triazaheptadecane, 1,21-diamino-4,9,13,18-tetraazaheneicosane, and 5-spermine carboxylic acid, respectively, had an affinity for spermine synthases higher than that of spermine-Sepharose, which has been used for the purification of spermine synthase. The first of these matrixes was used and proved to be effective for the purification.

[The significance and state of pre-S2 and antibodies to pre-S2 in 30 cases of acute viral hepatitis type B]

Determination of time sequence of pre-S2 and its antibody response during the symptomatic phase of acute viral hepatitis type B, as well as their relationship to the HBV-markers, was carried out in 30 subjects after the onset of liver damage by means of monoclone antibody-captured enzyme immunoassay were analysed. The results showed that anti-pre-S2 were positive in 80.3% of patients recovering from acute viral hepatitis type B, being higher than the percentage during maximal liver damage (P less than 0.001). Such antibodies were absent in cases showing chronic evolution and were found in less than 8% of chronic hepatitis B cases, with no relation to liver damage. Anti-pre-S2 were detected after the immune clearance of HBsAg and HBV-DNA, and thereafter the anti-HBs were present in 80% of patients after recovery (P less than 0.001). Our observations significantly suggest that anti-pre-S2 may be valuable as a marker of the favourable prognosis of acute viral hepatitis type B and of HBV clearance. They did not play any role in the pathogenesis of HBV-related liver damage. The continuous presence of pre-S2 with the absence of anti-pre-S2, on the contrary, is considered as a characteristic sign and a new information of chronic viral hepatitis type B.

Pharmacological study of an irreversible partial agonist of opiate receptors, A-alpha-CAO

A-alpha-CAO induces weak analgesia with very short duration in mice and is able to antagonize the analgesic effect of morphine (Mor) up to 3-4 days after a single injection. No tendency of dependence has been observed. It acts as a partial agonist on MVD with Ke value of 9 X 10(-9) mol/L. Its antagonist effect remains after several washes and its agonist effect cannot be reversed by naloxone (Nx), provided the incubation time or the concentration of the agent is sufficient. On isolated GPI, A-alpha-CAO is a pure agonist with IC50 of 5.7 X 10(-10) mol/L; this agonist effect cannot be removed by washing but can be reversed by Nx. On RVD and RbVD, it has antagonist effect against beta-endorphine (beta-end) and U50488H, which cannot be washed out easily, and the pA2 are 7.5 and 7.6 respectively. A-alpha-CAO also inhibits the specific binding of 3H-etorphine (3H-Etor) to the P2 fraction of the mouse brain membrane with an IC50 of 3.2 X 10(-9) mol/L. The inhibition on the high affinity binding sites of 3H-Etor remains 95% even after 6 washes.