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Margery-Muir AA, Bundell C, Wetherall JD, Whidborne R, Martinez P, Groth DM. Insights on the relationship between complement component C4 serum concentrations and C4 gene copy numbers in a Western Australian systemic lupus erythematosus cohort. Lupus 2018; 27:1687-1696. [PMID: 30041577 DOI: 10.1177/0961203318787039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between serum concentration of complement C4 ([C4]) and C4 gene copy number (GCN) was investigated in 56 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients and 33 age and sex-matched controls in a Western Australian population. C4A and C4B gene copy numbers (C4A & B GCN) together with the presence or absence of the ≈6.4-kb human endogenous retroviral element type K (hereafter HERV-K) in intron 9 were estimated by two TaqMan™ real-time PCR (RT-PCR) assays that measured total C4 and HERV-K GCNs, respectively. There was good correlation between the two methods; however, the HERV-K GCN method showed a positive bias (≈6%) relative to the C4A & B total GCN. Despite individual variation, excellent correlation between total C4 GCN and mean [C4] per GCN was observed for both the SLE and control cohorts ( R2 = 88% and R2 = 99%, respectively). It was noted that serum [C4] was significantly lower in the SLE patients than the controls ( p = 0.006) despite there being no difference between C4A and C4B GCN in both cohorts. The data therefore confirm previous reports that the C4A genes are preferentially associated with the presence of the HERV-K insertion relative to C4B genes and does not support the hypothesis that low [C4] in SLE is explained by low C4A GCNs. There was no evidence also that the presence of the HERV-K insertion in C4 genes influenced [C4]. This study supports the view that low [C4] in SLE patients is due to consumption rather than deficient synthesis related to lower C4A & B GCN.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Margery-Muir
- 1 School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
| | - C Bundell
- 2 PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Nedlands, Australia
| | - J D Wetherall
- 1 School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
| | - R Whidborne
- 3 PathWest Fiona Stanley Hospital (FSH) Network, Clinical Immunology Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Australia
| | - P Martinez
- 3 PathWest Fiona Stanley Hospital (FSH) Network, Clinical Immunology Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Australia.,4 School of Medicine, Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - D M Groth
- 1 School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
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Margery-Muir AA, Bundell C, Nelson D, Groth DM, Wetherall JD. Gender balance in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Autoimmun Rev 2017; 16:258-268. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Yaro M, Munyard KA, Stear MJ, Groth DM. Combatting African Animal Trypanosomiasis (AAT) in livestock: The potential role of trypanotolerance. Vet Parasitol 2016; 225:43-52. [PMID: 27369574 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
African Animal Trypanosomiasis (AAT) is endemic in at least 37 of the 54 countries in Africa. It is estimated to cause direct and indirect losses to the livestock production industry in excess of US$ 4.5 billion per annum. A century of intervention has yielded limited success, owing largely to the extraordinary complexity of the host-parasite interaction. Trypanotolerance, which refers to the inherent ability of some African livestock breeds, notably Djallonke sheep, N'Dama cattle and West African Dwarf goats, to withstand a trypanosomiasis challenge and still remain productive without any form of therapy, is an economically sustainable option for combatting this disease. Yet trypanotolerance has not been adequately exploited in the fight against AAT. In this review, we describe new insights into the genetic basis of trypanotolerance and discuss the potential of exploring this phenomenon as an integral part of the solution for AAT, particularly, in the context of African animal production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yaro
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - K A Munyard
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - M J Stear
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, Glasgow University, Garscube Estate, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - D M Groth
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia.
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Yaro M, Munyard KA, Stear MJ, Groth DM. Molecular identification of livestock breeds: a tool for modern conservation biology. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2016; 92:993-1010. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Yaro
- School of Biomedical Sciences, CHIRI Biosciences Research Precinct, Faculty of Health Sciences; Curtin University; GPO Box U1987 Perth WA 6845 Australia
| | - Kylie A. Munyard
- School of Biomedical Sciences, CHIRI Biosciences Research Precinct, Faculty of Health Sciences; Curtin University; GPO Box U1987 Perth WA 6845 Australia
| | - Michael J. Stear
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine; University of Glasgow; Bearsden Road Glasgow G61 1QH U.K
| | - David M. Groth
- School of Biomedical Sciences, CHIRI Biosciences Research Precinct, Faculty of Health Sciences; Curtin University; GPO Box U1987 Perth WA 6845 Australia
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Siva Subramaniam N, Morgan EF, Wetherall JD, Stear MJ, Groth DM. A comprehensive mapping of the structure and gene organisation in the sheep MHC class I region. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:810. [PMID: 26480943 PMCID: PMC4613773 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1992-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a chromosomal region that regulates immune responsiveness in vertebrates. This region is one of the most important for disease resistance because it has been associated with resistance or susceptibility to a wide variety of diseases and because the MHC often accounts for more of the variance than other loci. Selective breeding for disease resistance is becoming increasingly common in livestock industries, and it is important to determine how this will influence MHC polymorphism and resistance to diseases that are not targeted for selection. However, in sheep the order and sequence of the protein coding genes is controversial. Yet this information is needed to determine precisely how the MHC influences resistance and susceptibility to disease. Methods CHORI bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) known to contain sequences from the sheep MHC class I region were sub-cloned, and the clones partially sequenced. The resulting sequences were analysed and re-assembled to identify gene content and organisation within each BAC. The low resolution MHC class I physical map was then compared to the cattle reference genome, the Chinese Merino sheep MHC map published by Gao, et al. (2010) and the recently available sheep reference genome. Results Immune related class I genes are clustered into 3 blocks; beta, kappa and a novel block not previously identified in other organisms. The revised map is more similar to Bovidae maps than the previous sheep maps and also includes several genes previously not annotated in the Chinese Merino BAC assembly and others not currently annotated in the sheep reference chromosome 20. In particular, the organisation of nonclassical MHC class I genes is similar to that present in the cattle MHC. Sequence analysis and prediction of amino acid sequences of MHC class I classical and nonclassical genes was performed and it was observed that the map contained one classical and eight nonclassical genes together with three possible pseudogenes. Conclusions The comprehensive physical map of the sheep MHC class I region enhances our understanding of the genetic architecture of the class I MHC region in sheep and will facilitate future studies of MHC function. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1992-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Siva Subramaniam
- School of Biomedical Sciences, CHIRI Biosciences Research Precinct, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, 6845, WA, Australia.
| | - E F Morgan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, CHIRI Biosciences Research Precinct, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, 6845, WA, Australia.
| | - J D Wetherall
- School of Biomedical Sciences, CHIRI Biosciences Research Precinct, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, 6845, WA, Australia.
| | - M J Stear
- Department of Animal Production and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK. .,Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, Garscube Estate, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK.
| | - D M Groth
- School of Biomedical Sciences, CHIRI Biosciences Research Precinct, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, 6845, WA, Australia.
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Laws SM, Porter T, Creegan R, Florence Lim WL, Verdile G, Groth DM, Villemagne V, Wilson AC, Ames D, Bush AI, Ellis KA, Macaulay L, Masters CL, Rainey‐Smith SL, Rembach A, Rowe CC, Taddei K, Martins RN, AIBL Research Group. P3‐023: GENETIC VARIATION WITHIN GENES OF THE SPHINGOLIPID METABOLISM PATHWAY AND THEIR ASSOCIATION WITH ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE RISK AND RELATED PHENOTYPES. Alzheimers Dement 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2014.05.1110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - David Ames
- National Ageing Research Institute Inc. (NARI)ParkvilleAustralia
| | - Ashley I. Bush
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience & Mental HealthParkvilleAustralia
| | | | | | | | | | - Alan Rembach
- Mental Health Research InstituteMelbourneAustralia
| | | | | | | | - AIBL Research Group
- Mental Health Research Institute/Edith Cowan UniversityParkville/JoondalupAustralia
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Avdesh A, Chen M, Martin-Iverson MT, Mondal A, Ong D, Rainey-Smith S, Taddei K, Lardelli M, Groth DM, Verdile G, Martins RN. Regular care and maintenance of a zebrafish (Danio rerio) laboratory: an introduction. J Vis Exp 2012. [PMID: 23183629 PMCID: PMC3916945 DOI: 10.3791/4196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This protocol describes regular care and maintenance of a zebrafish laboratory. Zebrafish are now gaining popularity in genetics, pharmacological and behavioural research. As a vertebrate, zebrafish share considerable genetic sequence similarity with humans and are being used as an animal model for various human disease conditions. The advantages of zebrafish in comparison to other common vertebrate models include high fecundity, low maintenance cost, transparent embryos, and rapid development. Due to the spur of interest in zebrafish research, the need to establish and maintain a productive zebrafish housing facility is also increasing. Although literature is available for the maintenance of a zebrafish laboratory, a concise video protocol is lacking. This video illustrates the protocol for regular housing, feeding, breeding and raising of zebrafish larvae. This process will help researchers to understand the natural behaviour and optimal conditions of zebrafish husbandry and hence troubleshoot experimental issues that originate from the fish husbandry conditions. This protocol will be of immense help to researchers planning to establish a zebrafish laboratory, and also to graduate students who are intending to use zebrafish as an animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avdesh Avdesh
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical sciences, Edith Cowan University.
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Abstract
1. Eleven polymorphic tetra-nucleotide microsatellite loci were identified in the ostrich (Struthio camelus) using a selective enrichment protocol. 2. The average number of alleles observed was 6·6 with an average heterozygosity of 0·4. 3. The population was found to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and two of the loci had a greater than 95% probability of having null alleles. 4. These microsatellite loci will add to the existing pool of markers available for the ostrich and help to facilitate analysis of population structure and pedigree determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Ledger
- School of Animal Biology, University of Western Australia, Hackett Drive, Crawley, Western Australia 6009.
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Castalanelli MA, Baker AM, Munyard KA, Grimm M, Groth DM. Molecular phylogeny supports the paraphyletic nature of the genus Trogoderma (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) collected in the Australasian ecozone. Bull Entomol Res 2012; 102:17-28. [PMID: 21749736 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485311000319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
To date, a molecular phylogenetic approach has not been used to investigate the evolutionary structure of Trogoderma and closely related genera. Using two mitochondrial genes, Cytochrome Oxidase I and Cytochrome B, and the nuclear gene, 18S, the reported polyphyletic positioning of Trogoderma was examined. Paraphyly in Trogoderma was observed, with one Australian Trogoderma species reconciled as sister to all Dermestidae and the Anthrenocerus genus deeply nested within the Australian Trogoderma clade. In addition, time to most recent common ancestor for a number of Dermestidae was calculated. Based on these estimations, the Dermestidae origin exceeded 175 million years, placing the origins of this family in Pangaea.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Castalanelli
- Cooperative Research Centre for National Plant Biosecurity, Deakin, ACT, Australia.
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Avdesh A, Martin-Iverson MT, Mondal A, Chen M, Askraba S, Morgan N, Lardelli M, Groth DM, Verdile G, Martins RN. Evaluation of Color Preference in Zebrafish for Learning and Memory. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 28:459-69. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-2011-110704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Avdesh Avdesh
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Centre for Clinical Research in Neuropsychiatry, Graylands Hospital, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- McCusker Foundation for Alzheimer's Disease Research, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Mathew T. Martin-Iverson
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Centre for Clinical Research in Neuropsychiatry, Graylands Hospital, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Alinda Mondal
- McCusker Foundation for Alzheimer's Disease Research, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Mengqi Chen
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
- McCusker Foundation for Alzheimer's Disease Research, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Sreten Askraba
- Electron Science Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Newman Morgan
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, WA, Australia
| | - Michael Lardelli
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, WA, Australia
| | - David M. Groth
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Giuseppe Verdile
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Centre for Clinical Research in Neuropsychiatry, Graylands Hospital, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Ralph N. Martins
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Centre for Clinical Research in Neuropsychiatry, Graylands Hospital, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- McCusker Foundation for Alzheimer's Disease Research, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Medical sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
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Lee CY, Qin J, Munyard KA, Siva Subramaniam N, Wetherall JD, Stear MJ, Groth DM. Conserved haplotype blocks within the sheep MHC and low SNP heterozygosity in the Class IIa subregion. Anim Genet 2011; 43:429-37. [PMID: 22497756 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2011.02268.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This report describes single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the sheep major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II and class III regions and provides insights into the internal structure of this important genomic complex. MHC haplotypes were deduced from sheep family trios based on genotypes from 20 novel SNPs representative of the class II region and 10 previously described SNPs spanning the class III region. All 30 SNPs exhibited Hardy-Weinberg proportions in the sheep population studied. Recombination within an extended sire haplotype was observed within the class II region for 4 of 20 sheep chromosomes, thereby supporting the presence of separated IIa and IIb subregions similar to those present in cattle. SNP heterozygosity varied across the class II and III regions. One segment of the class IIa subregion manifested very low heterozygosity for several SNPs spanning approximately 120 Kbp. This feature corresponds to a subregion within the human MHC class II region previously described as a 'SNP desert' because of its paucity of SNPs. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) was reduced at the junction separating the putative class IIb and IIa subregions and also between the class IIa and the class III subregions. The latter observation is consistent with either an unmapped physical separation at this location or more likely a boundary characterized by more frequent recombination between two conserved subregions, each manifesting high within-block LD. These results identify internal blocks of loci in the sheep MHC, within which recombination is relatively rare.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Y Lee
- Western Australian Biomedical Research Institute, School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
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Castalanelli MA, Mikac KM, Baker AM, Munyard K, Grimm M, Groth DM. Multiple incursions and putative species revealed using a mitochondrial and nuclear phylogenetic approach to the Trogoderma variabile (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) trapping program in Australia. Bull Entomol Res 2011; 101:333-343. [PMID: 21226978 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485310000544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The Warehouse beetle, Trogoderma variabile (Coleoptera: Dermestidae), is an internationally significant invasive pest of packed goods and stored grain. When it was first documented in Australia at Griffith, New South Wales, in 1977, an eradication campaign was initiated. After several years and considerable effort, the eradication campaign was abandoned. To monitor the presence and spread of T. variabile, surveys were carried out by government agencies in 1992 and 2002. When survey data was compared, it was concluded that the distribution of morphologically identified T. variabile had doubled in most Australian states. Here, we used samples from the 2002 survey to conduct a phylogenetic study using partial sequences of mitochondrial genes Cytochrome oxidase I and Cytochrome B, and the nuclear gene 18S, to examine the distribution and dispersal of T. variabile and detect the presence of misidentified species. Based on our molecular results, we show that only 47% of the samples analysed were T. variabile, and the remaining were a mixture of six putative species. In addition, T. variabile was found in only 78% of the trapping sites. We discuss the importance of correct diagnosis in relation to the eradication campaign.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Castalanelli
- Cooperative Research Centre for National Plant Biosecurity, Deakin, ACT, Australia.
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Qin J, Munyard K, Lee CY, Wetherall JD, Groth DM. Characterization of the sheep Complement Factor B gene (CFB). Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 140:170-4. [PMID: 21163535 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Revised: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The Complement Factor B gene (CFB) of the alternative complement pathway has been identified in the sheep Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) and its genomic sequence determined. CFB is located approximately 600 bp upstream of the complement C2 gene, contains 18 exons, and manifests the domain signature characteristic of CFB protein. Thirteen single nucleotide polymorphisms were identified in merino sheep and interbreed variation was identified by comparison with International Sheep Genomics Consortium data. Two predicted non synonymous substitutions were observed and in-silico analysis indicates that these are likely to have a destabilizing effect on the protein structure. Sheep and cattle CFB were compared and shown to contain a common nine nucleotide deletion in exon 18 relative to human CFB. Predicted CFB amino acid sequences for these two species contain 761 aa relative to 764 aa in the human orthologue. Sequencing of the cosmid and BAC clones used in this study permitted the relative positions of three adjacent loci to be determined and showed that the previously described microsatellite locus (BfMs) is located within SKIV2L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyi Qin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Western Australian Biomedical Research Institute, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, 6845 Western Australia, Australia
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Subramaniam NS, Morgan EF, Lee CY, Wetherall JD, Groth DM. Polymorphism of sheep MHC Class IIb gene TAPASIN. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2010; 137:176-80. [PMID: 20605221 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Revised: 04/06/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) is one of the most gene dense regions in the genome and studies in several species have shown significant associations between the MHC and disease. The endoplasmic reticular glycoprotein, tapasin, is involved in the MHC class I antigen presentation pathway. Sheep TAPASIN is located in the class IIb region of the MHC. Sheep TAPASIN was subcloned from BAC and cosmid genomic clones and DNA sequenced. TAPASIN is 9549bp in length and encodes a protein of 447 amino acids. The structure of sheep TAPASIN was similar to other mammals and consisted of eight exons with a distinctively larger intron between exon three and four. Sheep TAPASIN gene had high sequence identity with other mammalian TAPASINs. The TAPASIN gene sequence is conserved across many mammalian species and is possibly maintained through purifying selection with the average ratio of ds/dn of 3.9. Twenty-six SNPs in sheep TAPASIN were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Siva Subramaniam
- Western Australian Biomedical Research Institute (WABRI) & Centre for Health Innovation Research Institute, School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
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Groth DM, Wetherall JD, Carrick MJ, Townend D, Lee IR. Distribution of complement protein C4 concentrations in bovine plasma. Anim Blood Groups Biochem Genet 2009; 16:193-203. [PMID: 4073593 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.1985.tb01470.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Complement component C4 concentrations were measured in 40 pure bred Hereford cattle and 40 cattle from a mixed breed herd. Significant differences were not observed between the two groups studied nor between bulls and cows. However, the distribution of C4 concentrations was relatively disperse and appeared polymodal suggesting the presence of two isotypes of C4. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of immunoprecipitated bovine C4 showed many samples to have two C4 alpha chains differing in relative molecular mass by about 1800. Isoelectric focusing of bovine plasma in agarose gels followed by immunofixation with specific anti-C4 antisera revealed two populations of native C4 differing in pI by about 0.3 pH unit. An association between the type of C4 alpha chain present and the pI of the native C4 molecule was observed. Collectively these findings indicate the presence of two structural C4 genetic loci in cattle.
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Abstract
Data are presented demonstrating that high concentrations of complement protein C4 in sheep plasma are associated with a particular class I OLA specificity. By way of contrast, a similar association could not be demonstrated between C3 plasma concentrations and OLA specificities. These data support the hypothesis that gene(s) determining C4 plasma concentrations are linked to the ovine MHC.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Groth
- School of Medical Technology, Western Australia Institute of Technology
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Qin J, Mamotte C, Cockett NE, Wetherall JD, Groth DM. A map of the class III region of the sheep major histocompatibilty complex. BMC Genomics 2008; 9:409. [PMID: 18786271 PMCID: PMC2566321 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-9-409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2008] [Accepted: 09/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The central, or class III, region of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is an important gene rich sub-region of the MHC of mammals and contains many loci implicated in disease processes and potential productivity traits. As a prelude to identifying MHC loci associated with productivity traits in sheep, we have used BAC and cosmid libraries of genomic DNA to generate a physical map of the sheep MHC class III region. This map will facilitate association studies and provide insights into the distribution of recombination events in this chromosomal segment. Results Twenty eight sheep genes were identified in 10 BAC clones which spanned approximately 700 kbp of a chromosomal region adjacent to the class I region of the sheep MHC and which therefore covers most, if not all, of the class III of the sheep MHC. The relative positions of 17 of these genes was established as well as two additional groups of genes for which the intragroup order was not known. Cosmid mapping permitted a more detailed mapping of the complement genes present in the class III and showed a local inversion (relative to humans) of one pair of the duplicated complement C4 and CYP21 loci. A panel of 26 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was identified in 10 loci, covering ≈600 kbp of the mapped region. Conclusion This report provides a physical map covering ≈700 kbp of the class III of the sheep MHC together with a SNP panel which will facilitate disease and productivity association studies. The presence of a local inversion (relative to humans) of one pair of the duplicated C4 and CYP21 loci and a previously described dinucleotide tandem repeat locus (BfMs) has been located within an intron of the SK12VL gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Qin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, 6845, Western Australia.
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Urwin DL, Schwenger GTF, Groth DM, Sanderson CJ. Distal regulatory elements play an important role in regulation of the human IL-5 gene. Eur J Immunol 2005; 34:3633-43. [PMID: 15549733 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200425279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophil infiltration of the lung is a feature of both allergic and nonallergic asthma, and IL-5 is the key cytokine regulating the production and activation of these cells. Despite many studies focusing on the IL-5 promoter in both humans and mice there is as yet no clear picture of how the IL-5 gene is regulated. The aim of this study was to determine if distal regulatory elements contribute to appropriate regulation of the human IL-5 (hIL-5) gene. Activity of the -507/+44 hIL-5 promoter was compared to expression of the endogenous IL-5 gene in PER-117 T cells. The IL-5 promoter was not sufficient to reproduce a physiological pattern of IL-5 expression. Further, functional analysis of the 5' and 3' intergenic regions revealed a number of novel regulatory elements. We have identified a conserved enhancer located approximately 6.2 kb upstream of the hIL-5 gene. This region contains two potential GATA-3-binding sites and increases expression from the hIL-5 promoter by up to ninefold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra L Urwin
- Western Australian Biomedical Research Institute and the School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Australia.
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Carvalho F, Dadour IR, Groth DM, Harvey ML. Isolation and Detection of Ingested DNA From the Immature Stages of Calliphora dubia (Diptera: Calliphoridae): A Forensically Important Blowfly. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2005; 1:261-5. [DOI: 10.1385/fsmp:1:4:261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Veurink G, Liu D, Taddei K, Perry G, Smith MA, Robertson TA, Hone E, Groth DM, Atwood CS, Martins RN. Reduction of inclusion body pathology in ApoE-deficient mice fed a combination of antioxidants. Free Radic Biol Med 2003; 34:1070-7. [PMID: 12684092 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(03)00042-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Clinical studies have shown that the antioxidant vitamin E can slow the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Other antioxidants reported to affect cognitive function include ginkgo biloba, vitamin C, and lipoic acid. To examine the effects of combination antioxidant therapy (CAT) on longevity and neuropathology in mice, we supplemented the diet of ApoE-deficient mice with vitamin E, ginkgo biloba, pycnogenol, and ascorbyl palmitate. ApoE-deficient mice normally exhibit increased numbers of PAS-positive inclusion bodies with aging. However, supplementation with CAT resulted in a significant increase in life span and a marked reduction of inclusion body histopathology in the hippocampus. In addition, while untreated apoE-deficient mice exhibited increased levels of TUNEL staining, a marker of DNA fragmentation, supplementation with CAT resulted in a significant reduction in the levels of TUNEL staining. These findings suggest that oxidative mechanisms, perhaps related to neuronal apoptosis, are integral to inclusion body formation in aging mice. The association between the reduced number of apoptotic cells and the reduction in inclusion bodies may explain in part the increased longevity of mice fed CAT, and supports the contention that the combined actions of selected antioxidants may be therapeutically effective against neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Veurink
- Department of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Laws SM, Clarnette RM, Taddei K, Martins G, Paton A, Hallmayer J, Almeida OP, Groth DM, Gandy SE, Förstl H, Martins RN. APOE-epsilon4 and APOE -491A polymorphisms in individuals with subjective memory loss. Mol Psychiatry 2003; 7:768-75. [PMID: 12192621 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2001] [Revised: 12/13/2001] [Accepted: 01/16/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The accurate clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease can only be made with a high degree of certainty in specialized centres. The identification of predictive or diagnostic genetic factors may improve accuracy of disease prediction or diagnosis. One major genetic risk factor, the epsilon4 allele of the apolipoprotein E gene, is universally recognised. We have recently shown that the A allele of the apolipoprotein E, -491A/T promoter polymorphism is also an important risk factor for Alzheimer's disease in an Australian population. We designed the present study to investigate the association between apolipoprotein E genotype, -491A/T polymorphism, plasma apoE levels and the subjective experience of memory decline among 98 subjects and 49 age, gender and education-matched normal controls. An increased frequency of the epsilon4 allele of apolipoprotein E was significantly associated with the 'memory complainers' group (OR = 2.35, P = 0.02) as was the A allele of the -491A/T polymorphism (OR = 2, P = 0.02). Among all subjects, only seven individuals were homozygous for both of these alleles, and six of these seven individuals belonged to the 'memory complainers' group. This sub-group also had relatively elevated plasma apolipoprotein E levels (P < 0.01) and tended to score lower on the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Cambridge Cognition Test. These data suggest that the epsilon4 allele of apolipoprotein E and the -491A allele are over-represented among individuals who complain of memory difficulties. Follow-up studies should clarify whether these genotypes and phenotypes are useful in the prediction and/or diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Laws
- Sir James McCusker Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Department of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Hollywood Private Hospital, Perth, Western Australia
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Hedley R, Hallmayer J, Groth DM, Brooks WS, Gandy SE, Martins RN. Association of interleukin-1 polymorphisms with Alzheimer's disease in Australia. Ann Neurol 2002; 51:795-7. [PMID: 12112093 DOI: 10.1002/ana.10196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Hopkins RM, Meloni BP, Groth DM, Wetherall JD, Reynoldson JA, Thompson RC. Ribosomal RNA sequencing reveals differences between the genotypes of Giardia isolates recovered from humans and dogs living in the same locality. J Parasitol 1997; 83:44-51. [PMID: 9057695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A polymerase chain reaction-based method for genotyping Giardia duodenalis isolates using a polymorphic region near the 5' end of the small subunit ribosomal (SSU) RNA gene is described. Analysis was performed using Giardia cysts purified directly from feces. Isolates were collected from humans and dogs living in isolated Aboriginal communities where Giardia infections are highly endemic. This is the first report of the genetic characterization of Giardia from dogs and humans living in the same locality. Comparison of the SSU-rRNA sequences from 13 human and 9 dog isolates revealed 4 different genetic groups. Groups 1 and 2 contained all of the human isolates, whereas groups 3 and 4 consisted entirely of Giardia samples recovered from dogs. One dog sample contained templates from both groups 2 and 3. These results suggest that zoonotic transmission of Giardia infections between humans and dogs does not occur frequently in these communities. The dog-associated SSU-rRNA sequences have not been reported before, suggesting a new G. duodenalis subgroup. A genetic basis for the differences observed between the groups was supported by sequence analysis of 9 in vitro cultured isolates that were placed into the same genetic groups established by enzyme electrophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Hopkins
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for the Molecular Epidemiology of Parasitic Infections, School of Veterinary Studies, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia
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Hopkins RM, Meloni BP, Groth DM, Wetherall JD, Reynoldson JA, Thompson RCA. Ribosomal RNA Sequencing Reveals Differences between the Genotypes of Giardia Isolates Recovered from Humans and Dogs Living in the Same Locality. J Parasitol 1997. [DOI: 10.2307/3284315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Groth
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Western Australia
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Groth DM, Wetherall JD. Dinucleotide repeat polymorphism within the ovine major histocompatibility complex class I region. Anim Genet 1994; 25:61. [PMID: 8161033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D M Groth
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Western Australia
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Abstract
A bacteriophage M13 tandem repeat has been used to probe EcoRI digested genomic DNA of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The patterns generated were found to be useful in typing MRSA and generally confirmed the relationships that had previously been recognized in other studies based on antimicrobial resistance and plasmid profiles. The epidemic MRSA of London hospitals (EMRSA) and the majority of the epidemic MRSA of eastern Australian hospitals (EA MRSA) gave the same pattern. However, two isolates previously classified as EA MRSA gave a different pattern and a third another pattern. One isolate from Dublin, two isolates from Nuneaton and two isolates from Singapore gave the same pattern as the two EA MRSA. With the exception of the early or classic MRSA all the other isolates examined gave their own distinctive patterns. With one exception the classic MRSA belonged to a separate group. The exception was of particular interest because it gave the same pattern as the majority of the EA MRSA. This suggests that there may be an evolutionary relationship between some of the classic MRSA and the EMRSA of London and the EA MRSA of Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Q Wei
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Australia
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Groth DM, Lintorn-Terry E, Taylor L, Carrick M, Wetherall JD. EcoRI and BamHI RFLP polymorphism of bovine complement C4 gene. Nucleic Acids Res 1990; 18:3107. [PMID: 1971932 PMCID: PMC330895 DOI: 10.1093/nar/18.10.3107-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D M Groth
- School of Medical Technology, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Western Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Groth
- School of Medical Technology, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Western Australia
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Abstract
A relatively rapid procedure is described for the isolation of the fourth component of complement (C4) from ovine plasma. The method, which recovers approximately 30% C4, is based upon DEAE Sephacel anion exchange chromatography of PEG precipitated plasminogen depleted plasma followed by cation exchange chromatography on CM Sepharose and finally gel filtration. SDS-PAGE of purified ovine C4 under reducing conditions revealed a complex pattern of bands which was interpreted on the basis of a three polypeptide chain structure for each of two distinct species, or isotypes, of C4 molecule herein termed C4A and C4B. Each isotype differs in the mol. wt of the alpha chain--108 and 95 K respectively. Nucleophilic substitution of immunoprecipitated ovine C4 with radiolabelled methylamine revealed that both C4 species contained a reactive thiol ester site and that each could be cleaved into an activated form (presumably C4b) characterised by a truncated alpha' chain some 8 K lower in mol. wt. A comparison of the isotype composition of purified C4 with that of immunoprecipitated C4 from the same animal indicated that the purification procedure favoured isolation of the C4B isotype. The mol. wts of both the alpha and beta chains were lowered following digestion of ovine C4 with neuraminidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Groth
- School of Medical Technology, Curtin University of Technology, Bentley, Western Australia
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Groth DM, Wetherall JD, Umotong BA, Sparrow P, Lee IR, Carrick MJ. Purification and characterisation of the fourth component of bovine complement. Complement 1987; 4:1-11. [PMID: 3568627 DOI: 10.1159/000463002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A relatively rapid method for the isolation of complement protein C4 from bovine plasma is described. The method consists of DEAE Sephacel anion exchange chromatography of plasminogen-depleted bovine plasma followed by cation exchange chromatography on CM Sepharose and finally gel filtration on a TSK G3000 SW column. A yield of approximately 20% was obtained. Conventional SDS-PAGE of purified bovine C4 showed the presence of alpha, beta and gamma polypeptide chains, the molecular weights of which were determined from Ferguson plots to be 95,000 +/- 2,500, 80,500 +/- 2,000 and 30,000 +/- 500 daltons, respectively. SDS-PAGE of C4 immunoprecipitated from the plasma of individual cattle in gels with a reduced proportion of crosslinker showed size polymorphism of the alpha chain. The presence of dual alpha chains was confirmed by radiolabelling their reactive thiol ester moiety with 14C methylamine. The difference in size of the two bovine alpha chains is approximately 1,800 daltons. On activation of bovine C4 both alpha chains were cleaved into alpha' chains (87,000 and 85,000 daltons) characteristic of C4b.
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Abstract
The distributions of plasma concentrations of complement proteins C3 and C4 were studied in sample populations of merino and Suffolk sheep. No differences between the breeds or the sexes were observed. The distribution for ovine C4 was polymodal and very disperse relative to that for C3. It was found, however, that C3 concentrations were elevated in specimens from 20 merino sheep bred as high responders to a Trichostrongylus vaccine. Significantly decreased plasma C4 concentrations were observed in representatives of both merino and merino X Border Leicester cross-bred sheep affected with congenital progressive ovine muscular dystrophy. Agarose gel electrophoretic variants of ovine C3 were not detected. Evidence for electrophoretic variants of ovine C4 in agarose gels was found although individual allotypes could not be reliably identified. Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) did not reveal size heterogeneity for the alpha and beta chains of immunoprecipitated ovine C3. Analysis of reduced immunoprecipitated ovine C4 by SDS-PAGE revealed considerable size heterogeneity in the alpha chain consistent with isotypic and/or allotypic variability. The data presented strongly suggest the presence of two C4 loci in sheep, each of which exhibits polymorphism.
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Kloster BE, Tomar RH, Stockman JA, Lamberson HV, Merl SA, John PA, Groth DM, Poiesz BJ. Antibodies to human T-cell lymphotropic virus-I membrane antigens and inverted T4/T8 ratios in hemophiliacs. Am J Clin Pathol 1985; 83:450-6. [PMID: 2984918 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/83.4.450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies to the membrane antigens of human T-cell lymphotropic virus-I (anti-HTLV-MA) have been detected in patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and in patients with hemophilia. The authors examined sera from 71 AIDS patients and 46 hemophiliac children for the presence of anti-HTLV-MA using an indirect membrane immunofluorescence assay with flow cytometry analysis. Thirty-seven of the 71 (52%) AIDS patients and 7 of the 46 (15%) hemophiliac patients had high titered anti-HTLV-MA, using a T-lymphoid cell line infected with the leukemia virus. None of the 78 control subjects had high titered antibody. All seven hemophiliac patients with elevated anti-HTLV-MA used Factor VIII concentrates, and all had inverted T-lymphocyte helper-suppressor (T4 [Leu-3]/T8 [Leu 2]) ratios. No correlations were found between inverted T4/T8 ratios and antibody to cytomegalovirus, Toxoplasma gondii, or hepatitis B. This work supports contentions that HTLV-like organisms cause AIDS and that these organisms are transmitted by blood products such as Factor VIII concentrate.
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