Rete middle cerebral artery presenting with a ruptured aneurysm

ABSTRACT

The developmental anomaly of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) is a rare occurrence. Rete MCA, also known as "unfused," "twig-like," and aplastic MCA, is an even rarer anomaly. These immature rete vessels are prone to flow-related aneurysms which rupture themselves presenting with intraparenchymal hematoma. We here with present a case of rete MCA with a ruptured aneurysm and discuss its pathophysiology and management.

Rapid and reliable assaying of Tc-99 in sediment samples with novel MTPN polymeric resin

The paper describes a new method for the rapid determination of Technetium (Tc) in sediment samples using solid-phase extraction chromatography (SPEC) with a novel methyl triphenyl phosphoniumnitrate (MTPN) resin. The effectiveness of the resin in selectively recovering Tc was evaluated in both batch and column mode and exploited for rapid analysis of 'Tc'. The procedure involves the acid digestion of samples, pre-concentration of fission products in supernatant and co-precipitation of actinides with Fe(OH)3, followed by selective recovery of Tc by SPEC using a column filled with MTPN resin. The recovered Tc was then radiometrically assayed using beta counting. The method was validated using IAEA certified reference materials and was found to provide reliable and reproducible results for the activity concentration of Tc-99 in sediment samples within 24 h.

Persistent dynamic magnetic state in artificial honeycomb spin ice

Topological magnetic charges, arising due to the non-vanishing magnetic flux on spin ice vertices, serve as the origin of magnetic monopoles that traverse the underlying lattice effortlessly. Unlike spin ice materials of atomic origin, the dynamic state in artificial honeycomb spin ice is conventionally described in terms of finite size domain wall kinetics that require magnetic field or current application. Contrary to this common understanding, here we show that a thermally tunable artificial permalloy honeycomb lattice exhibits a perpetual dynamic state due to self-propelled magnetic charge defect relaxation in the absence of any external tuning agent. Quantitative investigation of magnetic charge defect dynamics using neutron spin echo spectroscopy reveals sub-ns relaxation times that are comparable to the relaxation of monopoles in bulk spin ices. Most importantly, the kinetic process remains unabated at low temperature where thermal fluctuation is negligible. This suggests that dynamic phenomena in honeycomb spin ice are mediated by quasi-particle type entities, also confirmed by dynamic Monte-Carlo simulations that replicate the kinetic behavior. Our research unveils a macroscopic magnetic particle that shares many known traits of quantum particles, namely magnetic monopole and magnon.

Advanced machine learning-based kharif maize evapotranspiration estimation in semi-arid climate

Accurate Crop Evapotranspiration (ETc) estimation is crucial for understanding hydrological and agrometeorological processes, yet it's challenged by multiple parameters, data variations, and lack of continuity. These limitations restrict numerical methods application. To address this, the study aims to develop and assess ML models for daily maize ETc in semi-arid areas, utilizing varied weather inputs. Five ML models viz., Category Boosting (CB), Linear Regression (LR), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), and Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) were developed and validated for the ICAR-IARI, New Delhi, Research Station. Penman-Monteith (PM) model estimated ETc values are used as the standard for comparing the performance of the ML model values. Results revealed that the SVM model achieved the highest coefficient of determination (R2) among all models, with a value of 0.987. Furthermore, the SVM model exhibited the lowest model errors (MAE = 0.121 mm day-1, RMSE = 0.172 mm day-1, and MAPE = 4.37%) compared to other models. The ANN model also demonstrated promising results, comparable to the SVM model. Notably, the wind speed parameter was found most influential input parameter. In conclusion, SVM or ANN could be considered reliable alternative methods for the accurate estimation of kharif maize crop ETc in the semi-arid climate.

NiSi: New Venue for Antiferromagnetic Spintronics

Envisaging antiferromagnetic spintronics pivots on two key criteria of high transition temperature and tuning of underlying magnetic order using straightforward application of magnetic field or electric current. Here, we show that NiSi metal can provide suitable new platform in this quest. First, our study unveils high temperature antiferromagnetism in single crystal NiSi with T_N ⩾ 700 K. Antiferromagnetic order in NiSi is accompanied by the non-centrosymmetric magnetic character with small ferromagnetic component in a-c plane. Second, we find that NiSi manifests distinct magnetic and electronic hysteresis responses to field applications due to the disparity in two moment directions. While magnetic hysteresis is characterized by one-step switching between ferromagnetic states of uncompensated moment, electronic behavior is ascribed to metamagnetic switching phenomena between non-collinear spin configurations. Importantly, the switching behaviors persist to high temperature. The properties underscore the importance of NiSi in the pursuit of antiferromagnetic spintronics. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

A prospective study to assess and quantify the setup errors with cone-beam computed tomography in head-and-neck cancer image-guided radiotherapy treatment

Introduction

This study was done to quantify the translational setup errors with cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in the image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT) treatment of head-and-neck cancer (HNC) patients.

Aims

The objective was to quantify the setup errors by CBCT.

Methodology

One hundred patients of HNC were enrolled from March 2020 to March 2021 for IGRT treatment. Pretreatment kV-CBCT images were obtained at the first 3 days of irradiations, and setup error corrections were done in the mediolateral (ML), superior-inferior (SI), and anterior-posterior (AP) directions. Subsequently, a weekly kV-CBCT was repeated for whole duration of radiotherapy for the next 6-7 weeks. Adequacy of planning target volume (PTV) margins was assessed by van Herk's formula.

Results

Total 630 CBCT scans of 100 patients were analyzed. Setup errors greater than 3 mm and 5 mm were seen in 11.4% and 0.31% of the patients, respectively. Systematic errors and random errors before correction in ML, SI, and AP directions were 0.10 cm, 0.11 cm, and 0.12 cm and 0.24 cm, 0.20 cm, and 0.21 cm, respectively. Systematic errors and random errors after correction in ML, SI, and AP directions were 0.06 cm, 0.07 cm, and 0.07 cm and 0.13 cm, 0.10 cm, and 0.12 cm, respectively.

Conclusion

CBCT at the first 3 fractions and then weekly during radiotherapy is effective to detect the setup errors. An isotropic PTV margin of 5 mm over clinical target volume is safe to account for setup errors, however, in the case of close organ at risk, or with IGRT, a PTV margin of 3 mm can be considered.

Chemically induced ferromagnetism near room temperature in single crystal (Zn1-x Cr x )Te half-metal

Magnetic semiconductors are at the core of recent spintronics research endeavors. Chemically doped II-VI diluted magnetic semiconductors, such as (Zn_1-x Cr _x )Te, provide a promising platform in this quest. However, a detailed knowledge of the microscopic nature of magnetic ground state is necessary for any practical application. Here, we report on the synergistic study of (Zn_1-x Cr _x )Te single crystals using elastic neutron scattering measurements and density functional calculations. For the first time, our research unveils the intrinsic properties of ferromagnetic state in a macroscopic specimen of (Zn_0.8Cr_0.2)Te. The ferromagnetism is onset at T _C ∼ 290 K and remains somewhat independent to modest change in the substitution coefficient x. We show that magnetic moments on Zn/Cr sites develop ferromagnetic correlation in the a-c plane with a large ordered moment of μ = 3.08 μ _B. Magnetic moment across the lattice is induced via the mediation of Te sites, uncoupled to the number of dopant carriers as inferred from the density functional calculation. Additionally, the ab initio calculations also reveal half-metallicity in x = 0.2 composition. These properties are highly desirable for future spintronic applications.

Identification of suitable zones and sites for rainwater harvesting using GIS and multicriteria decision analysis

Identifying suitable zones for surface water storage and groundwater recharge is needed to enhance irrigation water availability. This study was undertaken to map rainwater harvesting (RWH) potential zones using geospatial tools and analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The suitable locations for RWH were also mapped using the Boolean logic concept. The surface runoff is a vital factor to demarcate the appropriate zones for RWH. The curve number approach was used to estimate the surface runoff potential. The runoff coefficient (RC) map was generated based on rainfall and surface runoff depth. Weights have been allocated to selected themes of RC, drainage density, and slope. The themes were integrated using geographic information system (GIS) and AHP to demarcate the suitable zones for RWH. The derived RWH potential map was categorized into zones like "very good," "good," "moderate," "poor," and "very poor" with an aerial extent of 14.3%, 24.7%, 28.3%, 20.2%, and 12.6%, respectively. The area suitable for farm ponds was found to be about 9% (408 km²), 13% (329 km²), and 4% (244 km²) in Mirzapur, Chandauli, and Sonbhadra districts, respectively. Furthermore, 22, 15, and 21 locations were found suitable for check dams in Mirzapur, Chandauli, and Sonbhadra districts, respectively. At a large scale, effective planning of water management strategies based on multicriteria decision analysis and GIS offers increased availability of surface and groundwater resources and may help for enhancing the agricultural land use options. The higher resolution maps may be further utilized to plan RWH strategies at village level.

Study to Determine Role of Fungus in Cases of Chronic Rhinosinusitis with or without Nasal Polyps in Indian Population

Introduction   Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) with or without nasal polyps is a significant public health burden worldwide and owing to its multifactorial etiology, it is often encountered across various medical and surgical specialities. Role of fungus in etiology of CRS has been debated for decades altogether and there is plethora of researches on cellular, molecular and biochemical aspects of fungal presence in nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses and how it affects. Although, there is denial at large on fungal effects on development of CRS, but the question, that whether concomitant and demonstrable presence of fungus in cases of CRS aggravates classic symptoms and signs, largely remains unanswered.     Material and Methods   This cohort study includes 121 subjects, which were divided in CRS without nasal polyps (CRSsNP) and CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) on basis of rigid nasal endoscopic findings. Severity of disease symptoms, among these groups was corelated with Lund – Mackay (LM) symptom scores and extent of disease with LM endoscopic staging scores and LM radiology scores. Histopathology samples for demonstrating presence of fungus were taken and cohort was further subdivided into Fungi positive CRS and Fungi negative CRS, and, LM scores were compared.     Results   In fungi positive CRS group, mean LM symptoms score was 7.09 with standard deviation (SD) ±1.07; mean LM endoscopy score was 6.64 with SD ±1.94 and LM radiological score was 14.58 with SD ±2.96. In Fungi negative group, mean LM symptoms score was 3.58 with   SD ±1.30; mean LM endoscopy score was 4.47 with SD ±1.57 and LM radiological score was 12.20 with SD ±2.98.     Conclusion   Results of this study were statistically significant that fungi positive group was found to have more severe symptoms and larger extent of disease as compared to fungi negative group which indicate that fungal presence may have a role in escalation of symptoms, signs and radiological scores and it may aggravate pre-existing CRS.

Nebulized Salbutamol with or without Magnesium Sulphate in the Management of Acute Asthma in Children in India: A Randomized Controlled Trial

BACKGROUND

There is inconclusive evidence on the role of nebulized magnesium sulphate (MgSO4) in the management of acute asthma in paediatric population.

OBJECTIVES

Whether the use of nebulized salbutamol with or without MgSO4 in the management of acute asthma results in clinically significant improvement in lung function in Indian children? The primary outcome measure was to assess improvements in peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), heart rate, respiratory rate and SpO2.

METHODS

This was a single centre; prospective double-blind randomized control trial conducted in paediatric intensive care unit of a tertiary care centre. Ninety children of 6-14 years with acute exacerbations of bronchial asthma were enrolled to receive either inhaled magnesium sulphate (95 mg) with salbutamol (5 mg) or inhaled salbutamol (5 mg) alone. All patients got three nebulizations done during the first hour at 20 min intervals, two nebulizations during the second hour at 30 min intervals, hourly for the next 2 h and then at 24 and 48 h.

RESULTS

Eighty-five patients were finally analysed as per protocol analysis. The trial showed that PEFR increased gradually in both groups over the study duration, but it was statistically not significant. Heart rate decreased significantly in both groups over the study duration. Respiratory rate decreased significantly between the groups at 24 and 48 h only. SpO2 improved too in both groups but was not significant statistically.

CONCLUSION

The addition of nebulized MgSO4 to salbutamol does not seem to result in improvement in lung function in the management of acute asthma in Indian children.

Hypothyroxinemia in sick term neonates and its risk factors in an extramural neonatal intensive care unit: a prospective cohort study

Objective

Thyroid functions in the sick newborns may be altered in the first week of life. Transient hypothyroxinemia has been reported in these babies, which could be due to the immaturity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis or to acute illness. We conducted this study to estimate the incidence of hypothyroxinemia and determine its risk factors in sick term newborns.

Materials and methods

We analyzed free T4 (FT4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels in sick term neonates (≤7 days of life) admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit. FT4 and TSH levels were estimated in the first week of life in all the enrolled neonates (N = 98) and then repeated at 14-21 days of life in 46 babies. Risk analysis was conducted using univariate and multivariate logistic regression, and numerical data was compared using the Mann-Whitney U test and t-test.

Results

Hypothyroxinemia was seen in 10 (10.2%) of the admitted term babies. Male gender, vaginal delivery, presence of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, and need for mechanical ventilation (>24 hours) were identified as risk factors. There was a significant negative linear correlation between FT4 level in the first week of life and duration of hospital stay.

Conclusion

Hypothyroxinemia is common in sick term neonates.

Correlation of the Changing Trends of ScvO2, Serum Lactate, Standard Base Excess and Anion Gap in Patients with Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock Managed by Early Goal Directed Therapy (EGDT): A Prospective Observational Study

BACKGROUND

To observe the correlation of central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO₂), serum lactate, standard base excess (SBE), and anion gap (AG) in septic and septic shock patients resuscitated with early goal-directed therapy (EGDT).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A review was made of 130 severe septic shock patients (15-65 years) according to the consensus conference criteria admitted in intensive care unit. Blood samples were obtained from arterial and central venous line for ScvO_2, serum lactate, SBE, and AG on admission and after achieving all aims of EGDT i.e.; mean arterial pressure >65 mmHg, central venous pressure = 8-12 mmHg, ScvO₂ >70%, and urine output >0.5 mL.kg^-1.h^-1, and on 12 and 24 h. The statistical analysis was done using SPSS for windows version 16 software. For comparison, Pearson test was used. A P < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.

RESULTS

There were a positive correlation between ScvO₂ and SBE, a negative correlation between ScvO₂ and AG, a negative correlation between ScvO₂ and lactate, a negative correlation between SBE and AG, a negative correlation between AG and lactate, and a negative correlation between SBE and lactate. The ScvO₂ was initially low but was in an improving trend after a resuscitative period, SBE was initially low and correction of SBE was linear. AG was high in the beginning and goes on decreasing after resuscitation. Lactate level was also high initially and in decreasing trend after a resuscitative period.

CONCLUSIONS

ScvO₂ and SBE are correlated and can be used as a surrogate marker. ScvO₂ and AG are related but not absolutely codependent. ScvO₂ and lactate are correlated but they are not absolutely codependent. SBE and AG are correlated and can be used as a surrogate marker. AG and lactate are not related to each other. Hence, AG cannot be considered as a surrogate for lactate testing. SBE and lactate are related and can be used as a surrogate marker.

Efficacy of Gentamicin versus Chlorhexidine as a Sole Prophylactic Oral Decontaminant in Reducing the Incidence of Ventilator Associated Pneumonia: A Randomised Clinical Study

Introduction: Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP) is the second most common nosocomial infection. Aspiration of bacteria from the upper digestive tract is important in the pathogenesis of this infection. Oral decontamination using antiseptic like chlorhexidine reduces the incidence of VAP but not mortality. There is conflicting results about oral decontamination with antibiotics in preventing VAP, some suggesting benefit and others showing no benefit. Aim: To use two different prophylactic oral decontaminant, gentamicin and chlorhexidine, to compare the incidence of VAP, prevalence of bacterial flora, duration of Intensive Care Unit (ICU) stay, and mortality. Materials and Methods: The present study was a randomised, clinical study conducted at Sir Sunder Lal Hospital, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India from January 2017 to December 2018. Patients intubated within 24 hours of admission and who needed mechanical ventilation with an expected duration of more than 48 hours were included. All the adult patients between age group 18-50 years were included in study. Patients were randomised to receive either Topical Antimicrobial Prophylaxis (TAP) with 2% gentamicin (Group G) or to 2% chlorhexidine (Group C). Patients were followed until extubation or death. Sequential cultures from endotracheal tube were sent on days 3,7,14, and 21, and for oropharyngeal swab culture were sent on days 0, 3,7,14 and 21. VAP was diagnosed with the help of Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score (CPIS). Results: Out of 151 patients, 82 patients were placed in group G (2% gentamicin) and 69 in group C (2% chlorhexidine). On follow-up of various interval among both the groups, CPIS increased with ICU stay but incidence of VAP was comparable between the groups (50% vs 71%, p=0.009). Pseudomonas was found to be most prevalent bacteria among both the groups. Discharge rate from ICU was higher in group G (54.9%) than group C (52.2%) (p-value=0.744). The mortality rate was higher in the group C (43.9%) than group G (44.9%) (p-value=0.744). Conclusion: Prophylactic oral-decontamination with gentamicin or chlorhexidine does not reduce incidence of VAP and outcome among ICU patients. Gentamicin could be a better option for patients on ventilator because it may lead to less colonisation of Pseudomonas in oral cavity along with lower CPIS in the later stages of VAP.

Occurrence of Dirofilaria immitis in Stray Dogs from Nepal

BACKGROUND

Nematodes of the genus Dirofilaria are widespread vector-borne helminths (VBH) of veterinary relevance. Dirofilariosis caused by D. immitis is frequently diagnosed in dogs often showing a severe clinical condition known as heartworm disease. Assessing the distribution pattern of canine dirofilariosis is pivotal to undertake appropriate control measures and define the risk of infection in animals and humans. This study provides original data on the occurrence of D. immitis in naive stray dogs from Nepal.

METHODS

An epidemiological study was performed on stray dogs from Siddharthanagar, Lumbini region, Nepal. Alive animals were blood sampled and examined for microfilariae using direct microscopy, buffy coat centrifugation and modified Knott's method. In addition, hematobiochemical parameters, including packed cell volume (PCV), alanine aminotransferase (SGPT), aspartate aminotransferase (SGOT), alkaline phosphate (ALP), creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), urea and total protein were analysed, along with a clinical scoring (body temperature and respiratory rate). During the observation period, data on autopsies performed on stray dogs showing canine heartworm disease were also included.

RESULTS

The overall prevalence of D. immitis in both alive and necropsied dogs was 22.49% (38/169). Out of 150 alive dogs, 29 (19.3%) were positive for D. immitis microfilariae. The prevalence of the infection varied according to the technique used, ranging from 16.0 to 19.3% based on direct blood smear microscopy and modified Knott's technique, respectively. The infection rate was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in dogs aging more than 3 years. A positive correlation was observed between SGPT and SGOT and the presence of microfilariae (p < 0.05). Among the 19 dead stray dogs, 9 animals showed adult D. immitis nematodes.

CONCLUSION

Results of this survey account for the presence of D. immitis in stray dogs from Nepal, thus supporting the existence of a local transmission cycle of diroflariosis in the region. Further investigations are warranted to accurately define the prevalence of the infection in the canine population and to undertake appropriate control measures to reduce the burden on the infection in dogs and, accordingly, the risk of transmission to humans.

Tuberculosis seroprevalence and comparison of hematology and biochemistry parameters between seropositive and seronegative captive Asian elephants of Nepal

We conducted a tuberculosis (TB) serosurveillance program of captive elephants in Nepal and compared hematology and biochemistry parameters between seropositive and seronegative elephants. A total of 153 elephants (male=20, female=133) from four national parks were tested for TB using the ElephantTB STAT-PAK^® Assay (ChemBio Diagnostic Systems, Inc., Medford, NY, USA). The mean reported age for 138 elephants was 38.5 years (range 2-71 years). Seroprevalence for TB was 21.56% (33/153). The majority of seropositive elephants were female (n=30) and from Chitwan National Park (n=29). The occurrence of TB seropositive cases in other more remote national parks suggests TB may be widespread among the captive elephant population of Nepal. Hematology and biochemistry analyses were performed on 13 and 22 seropositive elephants, respectively and, nine elephants from a seronegative TB herd for comparison. Hematology parameters (hemoglobin, packed cell volume, platelet, white blood cells, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate) were comparable between the two groups. Total protein, globulin, and lactate dehydrogenase were significantly higher in seronegative elephants, and bilirubin was significantly higher in seropositive elephants whereas blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase/aspartate aminotransferase (GOT/AST), glutamic pyruvic transaminase/alanine aminotransferase (GPT/ALT), gamma glutamyl transferase (GT), and albumin were not significantly different. The range of biochemical parameters that were significantly different between seropositive and seronegative elephants had narrow ranges. Thus, the potential of these parameters as a direct biomarker for TB diagnosis is limited based on the findings in this study. We recommend including blood parameters in future TB surveillance studies.

A randomized prospective study comparing acute toxicity, compliance and objective response rate between simultaneous integrated boost and sequential intensity-modulated radiotherapy for locally advanced head and neck cancer

PURPOSE

Intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) provides higher dose to target volumes and limits the dose to normal tissues. IMRT may be applied using either simultaneous integrated boost (SIB-IMRT) or sequential boost (SEQ-IMRT) technique. The objectives of this study were to compare acute toxicity and objective response rates between SIB-IMRT and SEQ-IMRT in patients with locally advanced head and neck cancer.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Total 110 patients with locally advanced carcinoma of oropharynx, hypopharynx, and larynx were randomized equally into the two arms (SIB-IMRT vs. SEQ-IMRT). Patients in SIB-IMRT arm received dose of 66 Gy in 30 fractions, 5 days a week, over 6 weeks. SEQ-IMRT arm's patients received 70 Gy in 35 fractions over 7 weeks. Weekly concurrent cisplatin chemotherapy was given in both arms. Patients were assessed for acute toxicities during the treatment and for objective response at 3 months after the radiotherapy.

RESULTS

Grade 3 dysphagia was significantly more with SIB-IMRT compared to SEQ-IMRT (72% vs. 41.2%; p = 0.006) but other toxicities including mucositis, dermatitis, xerostomia, weight-loss, incidence of nasogastric tube intubation and hospitalization for supportive management were similar in both the arms. Patients in SIB-IMRT arm showed better treatment-compliance and had significantly less treatment-interruption compared to SEQ-IMRT arm (p = 0.028). Objective response rates were similar in both the arms (p = 0.783).

CONCLUSION

Concurrent chemoradiation with SIB-IMRT for locally advanced head and neck cancer is well-tolerated and results in better treatment-compliance, similar objective response rates, comparable incidence of mucositis and higher incidence of grade 3 dysphagia compared to SEQ-IMRT.

Clinical and microbial spectrum of community-acquired pneumonia in children of north India

We compared the clinical, radiological and microbial profile in children suffering from community-acquired pneumonia in rural populations of north India. A total of 125 such children were divided into two age groups of 2-12 months (Group A) and 13-60 months (Group B). After taking a history and clinical examination, routine investigations including full blood count, blood, urine, and nasopharyngeal swab culture and radiology were performed. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction for Streptococcus pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae was carried out. Failure to eat or drink was more common (40.9%) in Group A, than Group B (18.7%). Lung consolidation was more common in Group B. Blood and urine culture were found to be more positive in Group A while combined nasopharyngeal culture and multiplex polymerase chain reaction favoured more bacterial growth in Group B.

A comparative study between two doses of magnesium sulphate as sedative during awake fiberoptic intubation for patients undergoing maxillofacial surgery: A prospective RCT

Background and objectives: Awake fiberoptic intubation (AFI) is the technique of choice for anticipated difficult intubation via nasal/oral route depending on the type of surgery. Various anesthetic techniques have been used to facilitate AFI, including regional anesthesia, topical anesthesia and sedation. There are few studies regarding the use of magnesium sulphate for this purpose. The aim of our study was to find the efficacy of magnesium sulphate as sedative in patients with maxillofacial trauma undergoing AFI and to establish the dose that provides better sedation.

Comparative evaluation of 2D miniplates and 3D miniplates fixation in mandibular angle fracture - A clinical study

Introduction

Mandibular angle fracture is common in road traffic accidents. This study was conducted to compare 3D miniplate system with 2D plates for treatment of mandibular angle fractures.

Materials and Methods

The study was conducted on 120 patients with mandibular angle fracture of both genders. After selecting patients, patients were divided into 2 groups of 60 each. In group I, patients were treated with 3D, 2.0-mm titanium plates, and in group II, patients were treated with 2D, 2.0-mm titanium miniplate in mandibular angle fracture. Patients were evaluated regularly after 1, 3, and 6 months for outcome of treatment.

Results

In group I, males were 22 and females were 38. In group II, males were 40 and females were 20. Right angle fracture was seen in 32 patients in group I and 26 in group II. Left angle fracture was seen in 24 in group I and 28 in group II. Right angle and left parasymphysis fracture was seen in 3 in group I and 4 in group II. Left angle and right parasymphysis fracture was seen in 1 in group I and 2 in group II. [Table 3], [Graph 1] shows that in group I, after 1 month sensory deficit was present in 5 patients and in group II in 12 patients. After 3 months, there were no patients with sensory deficit in group I and 2 in group II. Preoperatively in group I, mouth opening was 24 mm and in group II patients was 25.80 mm, which increased to 31.20 mm in group I and 28.20 mm in group II at 1 month, 32 mm in group I and 30 mm in group II at 3 months, and 37.20 and 32.12 mm in groups I and II, respectively, at 6 months. The difference was significant (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

3D miniplate system is reliable and effective treatment modality for mandibular angle fractures as compared with traditional 2D miniplates.[INLINE:1].

HPLC characterization of molluscicidal component of Tamarindus indica and its mode of action on nervous tissue of Lymnaea acuminata

BACKGROUND

Fasciolosis is a water-borne disease with gastropods snail (Lymnaea acuminata) act as key-link is still burden for mankind especially in developing countries. Snail control is one of the important tools to trim down the frequency of fasciolosis.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the toxic effect and inhibitory potential of plant Tamarindus indica and their active constituent on the key enzyme of nervous tissue of snail L. acuminata.

METHOD

The present study deals with the chromatographic isolation and identification of molluscicidal component from Tamarindus indica bark and its effects on enzymes activities of vector snail L. acuminata.

RESULT

The toxicity study reveals that among all organic extract ethanol extract of T. indica bark (96 h LC50:127.4 mgL-1) was more effective than other organic extracts. The 96 h LC50 of column purified fraction of T. indica bark was 13.78 mgL-1 respectively. Saponin was isolated, characterized and identified as active molluscicidal component in the bark of T. indica by column chromatography, TLC and HPLC chromatographic methods. The in vivo and in vitro treatment of column purified fraction and saponin has significant inhibition in enzyme AChE, ACP and ALP activities. The study of inhibition kinetics indicates that inhibition of AChE and ALP is competitive, while ACP is uncompetitive in both the treatments.

CONCLUSION

Thus inhibition of these enzyme activities by T. indica bark column purified fraction and saponin in the snail L. acuminata may be the cause of its molluscicidal activity which leads snail death.

Curcumin Modulates Paraquat-Induced Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition by Regulating Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) in A549 Cells

Paraquat (PQ), a widely used potent herbicide, generates superoxide anions and other free radicals, leading to severe toxicity and acute lung injury. PQ induces pulmonary fibrosis through epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) characterized by increased number of myofibroblasts. Time-dependent PQ-induced EMT has been evaluated in present investigation where intracellular ROS levels were significantly enhanced after 24 h of PQ intoxication. Anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin have been studied where alveolar epithelial cells (A549 cells) were incubated with curcumin (30 μΜ) for 1 and 3 h before PQ intoxication (700 μM). Western blot and immunocytochemistry studies revealed that pretreatment of A549 cells with curcumin for 3 h before PQ exposure has maintained E-cadherin expression and inhibited PQ induced α-smooth-muscle actin (α-SMA) expression. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) that seems to be involved in PQ-induced EMT was enhanced after PQ intoxication, but curcumin pretreatment has effectively inhibited its expression. Immunostaining studies have shown that curcumin pretreatment has significantly reduced matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expressions, which were elevated after PQ intoxication. These results demonstrate that curcumin can regulate PQ-induced EMT by regulating the expression of TGF-β.

Cartridge Based Nucleic Acid Amplification Test: Utility as Diagnostic Modality in Clinically Diagnosed Childhood Tuberculosis

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the deadliest communicable diseases worldwide. The introduction of early and rapid diagnostic test such as Cartridge Based Nucleic Acid Amplification Test (CBNAAT) creates opportunities for improvement in early and fast detection of TB and drug-resistance. Aim: To determine the prevalence of Tubercular cases in clinically diagnosed TB patients and to determine the prevalence of Rifampicin resistance by CBNAAT. Materials and Methods: This prospective observational study involved a total of 107 children from January 2018 to June 2019, fulfilling the inclusion criteria who were clinically diagnosed and found positive in conventional tests for TB. CBNAAT was used to confirm Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) for the diagnosis of childhood TB and compare with other conventional methods. Chi-square test for the proportion was applied and p-value <0.05 taken as significant. Results: Of the 107 patients studied, 44.9% were female and 55.1% were male. The age range was 3 months to 12 years. The cases were confirmed by CBNAAT in clinically suspected case of TB was found to be 17.8% (19 cases out of 107 patients). CBNAAT was able to detect MTB in 14% (15 cases out of 107 patients) of the gastric aspirate/sputum sample. Out of 107 patients, 69 children were clinically diagnosed as Neurotuberculosis and 13% (9 out of 69 cases) cases were confirmed by CBNAAT in Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF). OF which 29 patients had CSF analysis suggestive of Tubercular Meningitis (TBM). Out of 29 patients, 10 (34.5%) cases were confirmed by CBNAAT. This test showed a significant association with positive Mantoux test (p-value 0.020) and CSF analysis (p-value 0.021) suggestive of TBM. Conclusion: CBNAAT should be used in preference to conventional methods as the initial diagnostic test for patients suspected of having TB. CBNAAT positivity shows significant association with positive Mantoux test and CSF analysis suggestive of TBM.

A hyperendemic focus of porcine cystic echinococcosis in the Banke District of Nepal

Detailed post mortem analyses of 68 free-ranging, slaughter-age pigs from two sites in the Banke District of Nepal identified 36% as being infected with Echinococcus granulosus. The cysts ranged from infertile, immature cysts a few millimetres in diameter to fertile cysts >10 cm in diameter. PCR RFLP and DNA sequencing identified the cysts as being E. granulosus sensu stricto. The Banke district has recently been identified as having a high prevalence of porcine cysticercosis. These data suggest that cestode zoonoses in this, and possibly other parts of Nepal may be a serious concern for human health. An assessment of the level of human cystic echinococcosis and neurocysticercosis, in the region is warranted and the introduction of control measures are required to limit the parasites' transmission.

Sero-prevalence of leptospirosis and differentiation in blood parameters between positive and negative cases in dogs of Kathmandu Valley

Background

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease with worldwide distribution. It affects both humans and animals. Dogs may serve as a sentinel as well as a potential carrier for Leptospira infection in human. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the sero-prevalence of leptospirosis, and differentiation in blood parameters in positive and negative cases of dogs.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was carried out from August 2016 to December 2016 in Kathmandu valley. A total of 70 blood samples were collected from street dogs and tested against Leptospira infection using Immunocomb Canine Leptospira Antibody Test Kit.

Results

Out of 70 blood samples tested, eight samples (11.4%) were positive. The average mean and SD of total leucocyte count of positive and negative cases were 79 750±12 090/mm3 and 11 026.98±4316.742/mm3, respectively. Levels of blood parameters (total leukocyte count (TLC), blood glucose, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), and calcium and phosphorus) were found to be increased, and significant between positive and negative cases p<0.05, where blood urea and protein remained constant and non-significant.

Conclusion

Detection of Leptospira antibody in non-vaccinated dogs indicates a significant threat to human population and demand unique strategic action plan for the control and prevention of disease.

The abundance of epiphytic liverworts on the bark of Cryptomeria japonica in relation to different physical and biochemical attributes, found in Senchal Wildlife Sanctuary, Darjeeling, Eastern Himalaya

BACKGROUND

Maintenance of biodiversity is an integral part of sustainable forest management. Epiphytic bryophytes are an important element of biodiversity. Thus, this work aims to study the role of different physical and biochemical factors in affecting the growth and proliferation of epiphytic liverworts. Fifty trees in three different plots, distributed in Senchal wildlife sanctuary, Darjeeling, were surveyed. Factors such as light intensity, moisture, and diameter at breast height (DBH) of the tree were studied to evaluate their possible role in affecting epiphytic liverworts. The effect of bark biochemical characteristics on the abundance of epiphytic liverworts was also studied by undertaking a quantitative test of pH, phenol, flavonoid, ortho-dihydric phenol, terpene, total sugar, and tannin. Multiple regression analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) were carried out to test the effects of these parameters.

RESULTS

Light intensity, moisture, and DBH highly influenced the abundance of liverworts. Old trees had higher epiphytic liverwort cover than younger ones. Bark biochemical properties like pH, phenol, flavonoid, ortho-dihydric phenol, tannin and sugar did not have a significant effect on the epiphytic liverwort cover, while the terpenoid content of the bark reduced liverworts cover.

CONCLUSION

To sustain the occurrence of epiphytic liverworts in ecosystems, forest management should ensure the presence of old trees. Light intensity and moisture had a large effect on the distribution and abundance of liverworts, so it is important to maintain tree cover, shrub layer, and tree density.

Development of a Composite Hydrologic Index for Semi-Arid Region of India

Rainfall is the major source for groundwater recharge in basins areas of central region of India. Now a day, the river basins are experiencing acute shortage of water which has resulted in lowering of groundwater level and drying up of water bodies. In order to maintain water sustainability; a composite hydrologic index was developed in the Betwa basin of Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh states, India. The index was developed using principal component analysis through hydrologic, topographic as well as geographic parameters derived from the Soil and Water Assessment Tool and MODFLOW model. The geomorphological parameters were categorized, on the basis of groundwater recharge potential and weight ranged from 1 to 4. The geomorphologic parameters, that is, soil type (T), slope (S), runoff ratio (R), and evapotranspiration (ET) were integrated into a single indicator of composite hydrologic index. Soil type and ET were the major factors that directly affected the groundwater recharge. These two parameters together explained 86% of total variability in the data. Based on the analysis of the four parameters that affected groundwater recharge, composite hydrologic index (CHI) was classified into very good, good, moderate, and low grade. The CHI was statistically validated using standardization methods. The index was developed as a water management tool to measure a sustainability state relative to a groundwater recharge potential, which allows for spatial and temporal comparison. This index will be helpful in natural resource management and will improve socioeconomic status of human population inhibiting in the semi-arid region.

Abacavir-based Regimen for HIV-infected Children and Adolescents

We studied 48 children receiving abacavir-based HAART regimen, over a period of one-year for side effects and failure rates. None of the children developed hypersensitivity reaction. The CD4 count significantly improved from the time of enrolment till 12 months of therapy while the failure rate was 14.5%.

Tracheostomy: Open Surgical or Percutaneous? An Effort to Solve the Continued Dilemma

Due to lack of globally standardized guidelines and clarity on indications, patient selection, intra-operative preparations, technique, complications, postoperative care and decannulation protocols, percutaneous tracheostomy (PT) has come in vogue as compared to standard open surgical tracheostomy (OST). PercuTwist and guide wire dilatational method (GWDF), techniques of PT, offer lesser operative time and ease of surgery being a bedside procedure. There seems to be paucity of Indian literature on rising trend of increasing indications, post-operative care, management of complications and outcomes of tracheostomy. And thus, there arises a felt need to envisage a study in tertiary care setup targeting these issues and to question the so far unchallenged acceptance of new techniques and technology. Our aim is to study the recent trend of indications, complications, and outcomes of both OST and PT in a cohort of Indian patients who underwent tracheostomy. 80 patients with mean age of 59.0 ± 15 years underwent tracheostomy (OST: 48 (60%), PT: 32 (40%), and among PT, PercuTwist: 16 (50%), GWDF: 16 (50%)) for various indications with objectives to compare operative time, complications and decannulation rates of tracheostomy surgery, within the follow up period of 3 months. Most common indication of elective tracheostomy was prolonged ventilation, and for emergency ones, upper airway obstruction. Mean operative time taken by all the three techniques was comparable, i.e., 16.3 v/s 15 v/s 15.3 min (Open v/s PT GWDF v/s PT PercuTwist). Most common intra-operative complication of OST was haemorrhage (16.3%) and that of PT was false passage (8.8%). Early post-operative complications were haemorrhage (OST: 3.75%, PT: 1.25%) and tube blockage and dislodgement (equal distribution among OST and PT). Late post-operative complications were stomal granulations in PT: 7.5%. Outcomes of tracheostomy were significantly better with OST (36 (45%)) than PT (14 (17.5%)). In PT group, PercuTwist fared better than GWDF in terms of lesser complications (PercuTwist: 10%, GWDF: 18.6%) and better decannulation rates (PercuTwist: 13.6%, GWDF: 3.75%). Most common indication for tracheostomy remains prolonged intubation; complication of OST is intra and early post-operative haemorrhage and that of PT being tube dislodgement and blockage. Outcomes in form of successful decannulation are with OST.

Numerical simulation to assess potential groundwater recharge and net groundwater use in a semi-arid region

Accurate assessment of deep percolation (potential groundwater recharge) under different field crops is essential for sustainable management of scarce water resources and proper planning of crop rotation in irrigated, semi-arid regions of the world. The potential recharge from commonly grown field crops in semi-arid Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) of India was estimated using HYDRUS-1D model, where, irrigation, evapotranspiration, and soil moisture dynamics were simulated. Simultaneously, net groundwater use by different cropping patterns was also calculated. Among the hydraulic parameters, n was found most sensitive for water percolation. During rainy season, 293.8 and 159.1 mm water was percolated below the root zone of cotton and soybean, respectively, which accounted for 39.4 and 32.9% of the water input. During winter season, 66.8 and 30.3 mm water was percolated below the root zone of winter maize and mustard, respectively, accounting for 20.5 and 10.6% of added water. It was observed that net groundwater use was positive for cotton, soybean, and summer maize with the values of 168.8, 159.1, and 18.0 mm year^-1, respectively, and negative for rice, wheat, winter maize, and mustard. For the eight most important cropping patterns of semi-arid IGP, the net groundwater use was negative and varied between - 4.4 mm year^-1 for cotton-maize and -423 mm year^-1 for rice-wheat. With these cropping patterns, the overall rate of decline of groundwater was 231 mm year^-1. It was found that maize-wheat and soybean-wheat cropping patterns consume much less water than rice-wheat cropping pattern and therefore are suitable to arrest the declining trend of groundwater in semi-arid IGP of India.

Clinical Study to Determine Occult Vestibular Dysfunction in Patients of Chronic Otitis Media using Computerized Static Posturography

Introduction Various studies have shown high incidence of subjective vestibular dysfunction in cases of chronic otitis media (COM). Evaluation of vestibular dysfunction in chronic otitis media patients is becoming an integral part of comprehensive management of COM. In our study, we have evaluated vestibular dysfunction in patients with COM, using computerized static posturography, an objective technique in contrast to other subjective tests of vestibular dysfunction. Materials and Methods In this prospective case control study done over a period of 1.5 years, 50 cases of COM and 50 healthy controls were included and they underwent Computerized Static Posturography. Parameters taken were Somaesthetic, visual and vestibular scores in both antero-posterior (AP) and medio-lateral (ML) axis; and in combined axis (Antero-posterior +Medio-lateral) and these scores were compared with those of healthy controls. Results Total 50 cases of COM (average disease period - 5.7 years), of both sexes, with age range of 15-60 years and mean age of 31.58 years were taken. On analyzing above mentioned parameters using SPSS software, we found no significant difference in vestibular function in cases of COM as compared with healthy individuals.  Discussion The outcome of computerized static posturography can be quantified with respect to changes in center-of-force sway amplitude, distance, or velocity, which, by virtue of not being burdened by subjective interpretation, its results can be, documented both graphically and numerically. Conclusion This study, further solidified with objective evidence, raises a question on COM without complications being directly responsible for vestibular dysfunction.

Implementation of a practical and effective pilot intervention against transmission of Taenia solium by pigs in the Banke district of Nepal

Taenia solium is a zoonotic cestode parasite which causes human neurocysticercosis. Pigs transmit the parasite by acting as the intermediate host. An intervention was implemented to control transmission of T. solium by pigs in Dalit communities of Banke District, Nepal. Every 3 months, pigs were vaccinated with the TSOL18 recombinant vaccine (Cysvax, IIL, India)) and, at the same time, given an oral treatment with 30mg/kg oxfendazole (Paranthic 10% MCI, Morocco). The prevalence of porcine cysticercosis was determined in both an intervention area as well as a similar no intervention control area, among randomly selected, slaughter-age pigs. Post mortem assessments were undertaken both at the start and at the end of the intervention. Participants conducting the post mortem assessments were blinded as to the source of the animals being assessed. At the start of the intervention the prevalence of porcine cysticercosis was 23.6% and 34.5% in the control and intervention areas, respectively. Following the intervention, the prevalence of cysticercosis in pigs from the control area was 16.7% (no significant change), whereas no infection was detected after complete slicing of all muscle tissue and brain in animals from the intervention area (P = 0.004). These findings are discussed in relation to the feasibility and sustainability of T. solium control. The 3-monthly vaccination and drug treatment intervention in pigs used here is suggested as an effective and practical method for reducing T. solium transmission by pigs. The results suggest that applying the intervention over a period of years may ultimately reduce the number of tapeworm carriers and thereby the incidence of NCC.

Neurocysticercosis is a disease caused by a parasitic infection of the brain. The parasite responsible, Taenia solium, is transmitted by pigs where human sanitation is poor and pigs roam freely. Neurocysticercosis is responsible for many cases of epilepsy in people living in poor, developing countries. The feasibility and sustainability of implementing control measures have been major impediments to reducing the incidence of neurocysticercosis. Recently, two new commercial products have become available which together offer the possibility of interrupting the parasite’s transmission by pigs–the TSOL18 vaccine (Cysvax, IIL, India) and an oxfendazole formulation (Paranthic 10%, MCI, Morocco) licensed for use in pigs for the treatment of cysticercosis. Here we describe the impact of implementing vaccination plus drug treatment of pigs in the Banke district of Nepal. The intervention eliminated the risk of transmission of T. solium by the animals vaccinated and treated during the trial. Application of the vaccination and drug treatment program used here, possibly with strategic use of anthelmintics also in the human population, is an effective option for reducing the incidence of neurocysticercosis in Nepal and elsewhere.

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is critical for suppression of cardiac hypertrophy by H2S

Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S), recently identified as the third endogenously produced gaseous messenger, is a promising therapeutic prospect for multiple cardio-pathological states, including myocardial hypertrophy. The molecular niche of H2S in normal or diseased cardiac cells is, however, sparsely understood. Here, we show that β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) overstimulation, known to produce hypertrophic effects in cardiomyocytes, rapidly decreased endogenous H2S levels. The preservation of intracellular H2S levels under these conditions strongly suppressed hypertrophic responses to adrenergic overstimulation, thus suggesting its intrinsic role in this process. Interestingly, unbiased global transcriptome sequencing analysis revealed an integrated metabolic circuitry, centrally linked by NADPH homeostasis, as the direct target of intracellular H2S augmentation. Within these gene networks, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), the first and rate-limiting enzyme (producing NADPH) in pentose phosphate pathway, emerged as the critical node regulating cellular effects of H2S. Utilizing both cellular and animal model systems, we show that H2S-induced elevated G6PD activity is critical for the suppression of cardiac hypertrophy in response to adrenergic overstimulation. We also describe experimental evidences suggesting multiple processes/pathways involved in regulation of G6PD activity, sustained over extended duration of time, in response to endogenous H2S augmentation. Our data, thus, revealed H2S as a critical endogenous regulator of cardiac metabolic circuitry, and also mechanistic basis for its anti-hypertrophic effects.

Intranasal curcumin regulates chronic asthma in mice by modulating NF-ĸB activation and MAPK signaling

BACKGROUND

Curcumin, a natural product found in the plant Curcuma longa, has been reported to have diverse range of molecular targets that influence numerous biochemical and molecular cascades including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.

PURPOSE

The aim of the study was to investigate the therapeutic potential of intranasal curcumin on ovalbumin (OVA)-induced chronic asthma and to elucidate underlying molecular mechanisms.

STUDY DESIGN/METHOD

Mice were sensitized and exposed to 2% OVA aerosol for 2 times in a week for five consecutive weeks to study effect of intranasal curcumin on various MAPK pathway enzymes involved in chronic asthma and its effect on the activation of nuclear factor kB (NF-kB).

RESULTS

Curcumin treatment decreased the ROS level in BALF and nitrite level in blood serum of chronic asthmatic mice. Curcumin treatment had significantly decreased the phosphorylation of JNK, ERK1/2, and p38 and COX-2 expression thereby nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activation and expression in lung tissues.

CONCLUSION

These results suggest that intranasal curcumin protects against asthma via action on mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/NF-κB signaling pathways.

Immunomodulatory effect of Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) and Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis) in broiler chickens

A study was conducted to identify the immunomodulatory effect of Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) and Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis) in broiler chicken. A total of 240 birds were divided into 4 treatment groups with 4 replications in each group, each replication containing 15 birds. Treatments were comprised of no Nettle and Aloe vera (T₀); Nettle 5% (T₁), Aloe vera @5 ml/lit drinking water (T₂) and Nettle 5% and Aloe vera @5 ml/lit drinking water (T₃). The study was conducted under a randomized design. The immunomodulating effect was evaluated by measuring antibody titer against NDV vaccine; and by estimating the albumin, globulin and total protein upto 40 days of age. The effect on liver was estimated by measuring liver enzymes alanine aminotransferase (ALT). The hypoglycemic effect was estimated by measuring glucose level in the serum, and morphological changes in the spleen and bursa were estimated by measuring the ratio score of the respective organs to the body weight. Throughout the experiment, the value for HI titer, albumin, globulin, total protein, spleen weight ratio score, bursa weight ratio score, liver function test and blood glucose of all treatment group were non significant (p > 0.05) except for albumin on 10th day, globulin on 0th day, total protein on 0th day and ratio score of spleen were found to be significant (p ≤ 0.05) at 30 days in all treatment compared to control group. Histopathology of spleen and bursa appeared normal in all treatment and control groups. Result thus suggests that nettle and Aloe vera have non-significant immunomodulatory effects.

From Ising Resonant Fluctuations to Static Uniaxial Order in Antiferromagnetic and Weakly Superconducting CeCo(In_{1-x}Hg_{x})_{5}(x=0.01)

CeCo(In_{0.990}Hg_{0.010})_{5} is a charge doped variant of the d-wave CoCoIn_{5} superconductor with coexistent antiferromagnetic and superconducting transitions occurring at T_{N}=3.4 and T_{c}=1.4  K, respectively. We use neutron diffraction and spectroscopy to show that the magnetic resonant fluctuations present in the parent superconducting phase are replaced by collinear c-axis magnetic order with three-dimensional Ising critical fluctuations. No low-energy transverse spin fluctuations are observable in this doping-induced antiferromagnetic phase and the dynamic resonant spectral weight predominately shifts to the elastic channel. Static (τ>0.2  ns) collinear Ising order is proximate to superconductivity in CeCoIn_{5} and is stabilized through hole doping with Hg.

Draft genome sequence of field isolate Brucella melitensis strain 2007BM/1 from India

OBJECTIVES

Brucellosis is among one of the most widespread important global zoonotic diseases that is endemic in many parts of India. Brucella melitensis is supposed to be the most pathogenic species for humans. Here we report the draft genome sequence of B. melitensis strain 2007BM/1 isolated from a human in India.

METHODS

Genomic DNA was extracted from Brucella culture and was sequenced using an Illumina MiSeq platform. The generated reads were assembled using three de novo assemblers and the draft genome was annotated.

RESULTS

This monoisolate, with a genome length of 3268756bp, was found to be resistant to azithromycin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole but susceptible to tetracycline, ofloxacin, rifampicin, ciprofloxacin and doxycycline. The presence of virulence genes in the strain was identified.

CONCLUSIONS

The results obtained will help in understanding drug resistance mechanisms and virulence factors in highly zoonotic B. melitensis and suggest the need for judicious use of antibiotics in livestock health and management practices.

Enhanced atrazine removal by hydrophyte-bacterium associations and in vitro screening of the isolates for their plant growth-promoting potential

Emergent hydrophytes Acorus calamus, Typha latifolia, and Phragmites karka and epiphytic root bacteria isolated from their rhizoplanes were exposed to atrazine (5 and 10 mg l^-1) individually and in plant-bacterium combination for 15 days hydroponically. It was observed that A. calamus-Pseudomonas sp. strain, the ACB combination, was best in decontamination, showing 91% and 87% removal of 5 and 10 mg l^-1 atrazine. Plant-bacterium association led to significant increase in atrazine decontamination as compared to decontamination by either plant or bacterium alone, indicating a synergistic action of the hydrophytes and isolates which led to enhanced atrazine removal. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report on the potential of plant-bacterium combinations for atrazine decontamination. The isolates showed augmented growth in the presence of plants and were able to alleviate atrazine stress in them. These isolates exhibited plant growth-promoting traits such as auxin, siderophore, Poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid)/succinogycan, ammonia, catalase production and solubilization of inorganic phosphate in vitro. The use of plant-bacterium mutualistic symbiosis for atrazine mitigation is a relatively simple, inexpensive, and clean technique and this phytoremediation-rhizoremediation combination is suggested to be tried on field to establish their potential for clean-up of contaminated sites.

Prevalence and risk factors associated with Giardia duodenalis infection in dairy cattle of Chitwan, Nepal

Livestock farming has been an integral part of Nepalese agriculture systems since time immemorial. Giardia duodenalis is a cosmopolitan intestinal parasite present in a wide range of hosts. Very little or no information is reported on the prevalence of giardiasis in livestock of Nepal. This study was done during Jan 18 to July 19, 2014 to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of Giardia duodenalis infection in dairy cattle of Chitwan, Nepal. A total of 96 fresh fecal samples were collected from various dairy pocket areas and were transferred to collection bottles with 10% formalin. Wet smears of the samples were prepared, stained with lugol's iodine and then viewed under microscope at 400× magnification. The overall prevalence was found to be 44.79% (43/96). Based on the risk factors assessment survey, age was found to be significantly associated with the prevalence of Giardia duodenalis. The prevalence was found significantly (P < 0.05) higher in 1-6 months age group compared to > 3 years. Similarly, higher prevalence was found in diarrheic animals compared to their counterparts (P < 0.05). Though higher prevalence was recorded in unhygienically housed animals, it was statistically non-significant (P < 0.05). Giardiasis should be considered as an important cause of diarrhea and further advanced diagnostic approaches should be employed for the confirmation of giardiasis in dairy cattle.

Hydrodynamic Signatures of Stationary Marangoni-Driven Surfactant Transport

We experimentally study steady Marangoni-driven surfactant transport on the interface of a deep water layer. Using hydrodynamic measurements, and without using any knowledge of the surfactant physicochemical properties, we show that sodium dodecyl sulphate and Tergitol 15-S-9 introduced in low concentrations result in a flow driven by adsorbed surfactant. At higher surfactant concentration, the flow is dominated by the dissolved surfactant. Using camphoric acid, whose properties are a priori unknown, we demonstrate this method's efficacy by showing its spreading is adsorption dominated.

New Description of Evolution of Magnetic Phases in Artificial Honeycomb Lattice

Artificial magnetic honeycomb lattice provides a two-dimensional archetypal system to explore novel phenomena of geometrically frustrated magnets. According to theoretical reports, an artificial magnetic honeycomb lattice is expected to exhibit several phase transitions to unique magnetic states as a function of reducing temperature. Experimental investigations of permalloy artificial honeycomb lattice of connected ultra-small elements, [Formula: see text] 12 nm, reveal a more complicated behavior. First, upon cooling the sample to intermediate temperature, [Formula: see text] 175 K, the system manifests a non-unique state where the long range order co-exists with short-range magnetic charge order and weak spin ice state. Second, at much lower temperature, [Formula: see text] 6 K, the long-range spin solid state exhibits a re-entrant behavior. Both observations are in direct contrast to the present understanding of this system. New theoretical approaches are needed to develop a comprehensive formulation of this two dimensional magnet.

Allelic and genotypic frequencies in polymorphic Booroola fecundity gene and their association with multiple birth and postnatal growth in Chhotanagpuri sheep

AIM

Chhotanagpuri breed of sheep reared for mutton in Jharkhand, India, having problem of low litter size and body weight. The response of genetic improvement for traits with low heritability through traditional selection method is time-consuming. Therefore, marker-assisted selection based on a polymorphism study of suitable candidate gene can response quickly. Thus, this study was aimed at identification of different allelic and genotypic frequencies of Booroola fecundity (FecB) gene and its association with multiple birth and postnatal growth in Chhotanagpuri sheep.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

DNA isolation and gene-specific amplification of FecB gene was performed from blood samples of from 92 Chhotanagpuri lambs maintained under similar feeding and management conditions. Custom nucleotide sequencing and single-strand conformational polymorphism analysis were performed to identify different genotypes with respect to the target gene. Statistical analysis was performed for determination of allelic and genotypic frequencies of FecB gene polymorphisms and its association with multiple birth and postnatal growth of lambs from birth to 52 weeks age.

RESULTS

"AA," "AB," and "BB" genotypes were found at locus-1 as it is polymorphic for FecB gene while locus-2 was found to be monomorphic for FecB gene. Higher frequency of "A" allele at locus-1 was found in single born lambs, whereas "B" allele was predominant among multiple born lambs. The lambs having "BB" genotype weighed significantly (p≤0.01) heavier than those of "AB" and "AA" genotype at 52 weeks of age.

CONCLUSION

"BB" genotype has emerged as favored genotype for multiple births and better growth indicator. Therefore, homozygous lambs for "B" allele should be selected and utilized in breeding program for better growth rate.

A Traditional NSAID Aspirin along with Clofazimine in Erythema Nodosum Leprosum Reaction: Study of Six Cases

Six male patients of lepromatous leprosy with erythema nodosum leprosum reaction (ENL) reactions diagnosed clinically and by slit skin smear were treated with aspirin and clofazimine. Aspirin was given in the daily dosage of 75mg/kg body weight up to a maximum of 2.8 grams in four divided doses, along with daily 300mg clofazimine in three divided doses and dapsone 100mg daily with rifampicin 600mg once a month. Aspirin was continued in the same dosage for a month before being tapered and stopped at the end of third month when clofazimine was also reduced to 50 mg daily. All the six cases had an excellent response in 15 days.

Comparative Effect of Insulin Sensitizers and Statin on Metabolic Profile and Ultrasonographical Score in Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

INTRODUCTION

Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is a metabolic disorder involving fat accumulation in the liver. The initial management for patients with NAFLD includes lifestyle modification and weight loss in overweight or obese patients.

AIM

The present study was conducted to compare the efficacy of insulin sensitizers and statin in the patients of NAFLD.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study included 98 patients diagnosed with NAFLD on USG (Ultrasonography) abdomen, divided into three Groups randomly and administered Metformin (Group I), Rosuvastatin (Group II) or Pioglitazone (Group III) along with dietary intervention and lifestyle modification. Their Body Mass Index (BMI), liver function tests, fasting lipid profile, USG scores for fatty liver were done and followed up at 4 weeks, 12 weeks and 24 week for change in above parameters.

RESULTS

Out of the three Groups, Group II showed a maximum improvements in usg scores for NAFLD (p<0.001) and fasting lipid profile. Group II also showed maximum derangement of liver enzymes at 24 weeks though none of the subjects had more than three times elevation of liver enzymes.

CONCLUSION

Rosuvastatin may be an effective therapy as add on treatment to dietary and lifestyle intervention in patients of NAFLD. As an add-on treatment Rosuvastatin was superior to Pioglitazone or Metformin and acute decompensation is unlikely with this drug. Metformin was not effective as add on therapy for NAFLD, rather rapid weight loss in short period of time resulted in worsening of hepatic steatosis.

Comparative Advantage of Keyhole Right Flank Laparotomy and Ventral Midline Celiotomy for Ovariohysterectomy in Bitches

The objective was to compare the relative advantage of adopting two ovariohysterectomy techniques: keyhole right flank laparotomy or ventral midline celiotomy, for ovariohysterectomy in bitches. Clinically healthy non pregnant bitches (n = 20; 2 ± 0.5 year age; 25 ± 5 kg weight) were used for the study. Bitches were randomly divided into two groups: group A (n = 10) bitches were ovariohysterectomized adopting keyhole right flank laparotomy, whereas in group B (n = 10) bitches were ovariohysterectomized adopting ventral midline celiotomy. Time required for completion of surgery, and length of suturing materials required was recorded, blood hematology and fibrinogen levels were analyzed, and post-operative wound healing was monitored. Length of chromic cat gut No. 1-0 (Ethicon; P < 0.01), and vicryl No. 3-0 (Ethicon; P < 0.001) used was more in ventral midline celiotomy compared with keyhole right flank laparotomy; however, similar length of chromic cat gut No. 2-0 (Ethicon; P = 0.47) was used in both the surgical techniques. Longer time (P < 0.001) was required to complete surgical procedure following ventral midline celiotomy compared with keyhole right flank laparotomy. Blood packed cell volume (PCV), total white blood cells (WBC), neutrophils, monocytes, and fibrinogen levels were statistically similar between the two surgical techniques. Wound healing was better in keyhole right flank laparotomy compared with ventral midline celiotomy.  Conclusion: Keyhole right flank laparotomy required less time for surgery, less suturing materials and better wound healing compared with ventral midline celiotomy for ovariohysterectomy in bitches. Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 4(2): 198-202 

ANTHELMINTIC ACTIVITY OF CHLOROPHYLLIN AGAINST DIFFERENT LARVAL STAGES OF Fasciola gigantica

Fasciolosis is a food borne zoonosis, caused by the digenetic trematode Fasciola. Freshwater lymnaeid snails are the intermediate host of the trematodes. Chlorophyllin, a semi-synthetic derivative of chlorophyll and its formulations obtained from freeze dried cow urine (FCU) had their toxicity tested against redia and cercaria larvae of F. gigantica. The larvicidal activity of chlorophyllin and its formulations were found to depend on both, time and concentration used against the larvae. Toxicity of chlorophyllin + FCU (1:1 ratio) in sunlight against redia larva (8 h LC₅₀: 0.03 mg/mL) was more pronounced than using just chlorophyllin (8 h LC₅₀: 0.06 mg/mL). Toxicity of chlorophyllin + FCU in sunlight against redia (8 h LC₅₀: 0.03 mg/mL) was higher than against cercaria (8 h LC₅₀: 0.06 mg/mL). The larvicidal activity of chlorophyllin in sunlight (redia/cercaria larvae: 8 h LC₅₀: 0.06 mg/mL) was more pronounced than under laboratory conditions (redia: 8 h LC₅₀: 22.21 mg/mL/, cercaria 8 h LC₅₀: 96.21 mg/mL). Toxicity of FCU against both larvae was lower than that of chlorophyllin and chlorophyllin + FCU. Chlorophyllin and its formulations + FCU were 357.4 to 1603.5 times more effective against redia/cercaria larvae in sunlight than under laboratory conditions. The present study has shown that chlorophyllin formulations may be used as potent larvicides against fasciolosis.