1
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Tampé JF, Monni E, Palma-Tortosa S, Brogårdh E, Böiers C, Lindgren AG, Kokaia Z. Human monocyte subtype expression of neuroinflammation and regeneration-related genes is linked to age and sex. bioRxiv 2024:2024.03.10.584323. [PMID: 38559207 PMCID: PMC10979900 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.10.584323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of disability and the third cause of death. The immune system plays an essential role in post-stroke recovery. After an ischemic stroke, monocytes infiltrate the injured brain tissue and can exacerbate or mitigate the damage. Ischemic stroke is more prevalent in the aged population, and the aging brain exhibits an altered immune response. There are also sex disparities in ischemic stroke incidence, outcomes, and recovery, and these differences may be hormone-driven and determined by genetic and epigenetic factors. Here, we studied whether human peripheral blood monocyte subtype (classical, intermediate, and non-classical) expression of neuronal inflammation- and regeneration-related genes depends on age and sex. A FACS analysis of blood samples from 44 volunteers (male and female, aged 28 to 98) showed that in contrast to other immune cells, the proportion of natural killer cells increased in females. The proportion of B-cells decreased in both sexes with age, and subtypes of monocytes were not linked to age or sex. Gene expression analysis by qPCR identified several genes differentially correlating with age and sex within different monocyte subtypes. Interestingly, ANXA1 and CD36 showed a consistent increase with aging in all monocytes, specifically in intermediate (CD36) and intermediate and non-classical (ANXA1) subtypes. Other genes (IL-1β, S100A8, TNFα, CD64, CD33, TGFβ1, TLR8, CD91) were differentially changed in monocyte subtypes with increased aging. Most age-dependent gene changes were differentially expressed in female monocytes. Our data shed light on the nuanced interplay of age and sex in shaping the expression of inflammation- and regeneration-related genes within distinct monocyte subtypes. Understanding these dynamics could pave the way for targeted interventions and personalized approaches in post-stroke care, particularly for the aging population and individuals of different sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane F. Tampé
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Emanuela Monni
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sara Palma-Tortosa
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Emil Brogårdh
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Charlotta Böiers
- Division of Molecular Hematology, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Arne G. Lindgren
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Zaal Kokaia
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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2
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Garza R, Atacho DA, Adami A, Gerdes P, Vinod M, Hsieh P, Karlsson O, Horvath V, Johansson PA, Pandiloski N, Matas-Fuentes J, Quaegebeur A, Kouli A, Sharma Y, Jönsson ME, Monni E, Englund E, Eichler EE, Gale Hammell M, Barker RA, Kokaia Z, Douse CH, Jakobsson J. LINE-1 retrotransposons drive human neuronal transcriptome complexity and functional diversification. Sci Adv 2023; 9:eadh9543. [PMID: 37910626 PMCID: PMC10619931 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh9543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
The genetic mechanisms underlying the expansion in size and complexity of the human brain remain poorly understood. Long interspersed nuclear element-1 (L1) retrotransposons are a source of divergent genetic information in hominoid genomes, but their importance in physiological functions and their contribution to human brain evolution are largely unknown. Using multiomics profiling, we here demonstrate that L1 promoters are dynamically active in the developing and the adult human brain. L1s generate hundreds of developmentally regulated and cell type-specific transcripts, many that are co-opted as chimeric transcripts or regulatory RNAs. One L1-derived long noncoding RNA, LINC01876, is a human-specific transcript expressed exclusively during brain development. CRISPR interference silencing of LINC01876 results in reduced size of cerebral organoids and premature differentiation of neural progenitors, implicating L1s in human-specific developmental processes. In summary, our results demonstrate that L1-derived transcripts provide a previously undescribed layer of primate- and human-specific transcriptome complexity that contributes to the functional diversification of the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Garza
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurogenetics, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center and Lund Stem Cell Center, BMC A11, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
| | - Diahann A. M. Atacho
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurogenetics, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center and Lund Stem Cell Center, BMC A11, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
| | - Anita Adami
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurogenetics, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center and Lund Stem Cell Center, BMC A11, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
| | - Patricia Gerdes
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurogenetics, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center and Lund Stem Cell Center, BMC A11, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Meghna Vinod
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurogenetics, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center and Lund Stem Cell Center, BMC A11, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - PingHsun Hsieh
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Ofelia Karlsson
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurogenetics, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center and Lund Stem Cell Center, BMC A11, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Vivien Horvath
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurogenetics, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center and Lund Stem Cell Center, BMC A11, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Pia A. Johansson
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurogenetics, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center and Lund Stem Cell Center, BMC A11, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ninoslav Pandiloski
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurogenetics, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center and Lund Stem Cell Center, BMC A11, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
- Epigenetics and Chromatin Dynamics, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center and Lund Stem Cell Center, BMC B11, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jon Matas-Fuentes
- Epigenetics and Chromatin Dynamics, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center and Lund Stem Cell Center, BMC B11, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Annelies Quaegebeur
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge and Department of Pathology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Antonina Kouli
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Yogita Sharma
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurogenetics, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center and Lund Stem Cell Center, BMC A11, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Marie E. Jönsson
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurogenetics, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center and Lund Stem Cell Center, BMC A11, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Emanuela Monni
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Elisabet Englund
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Division of Pathology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Evan E. Eichler
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Molly Gale Hammell
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
- Institute for Systems Genetics, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Roger A. Barker
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Zaal Kokaia
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Christopher H. Douse
- Epigenetics and Chromatin Dynamics, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center and Lund Stem Cell Center, BMC B11, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Jakobsson
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurogenetics, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center and Lund Stem Cell Center, BMC A11, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
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3
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Martinez-Curiel R, Jansson L, Tsupykov O, Avaliani N, Aretio-Medina C, Hidalgo I, Monni E, Bengzon J, Skibo G, Lindvall O, Kokaia Z, Palma-Tortosa S. Oligodendrocytes in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cortical grafts remyelinate adult rat and human cortical neurons. Stem Cell Reports 2023; 18:1643-1656. [PMID: 37236198 PMCID: PMC10444570 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2023.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal loss and axonal demyelination underlie long-term functional impairments in patients affected by brain disorders such as ischemic stroke. Stem cell-based approaches reconstructing and remyelinating brain neural circuitry, leading to recovery, are highly warranted. Here, we demonstrate the in vitro and in vivo production of myelinating oligodendrocytes from a human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived long-term neuroepithelial stem (lt-NES) cell line, which also gives rise to neurons with the capacity to integrate into stroke-injured, adult rat cortical networks. Most importantly, the generated oligodendrocytes survive and form myelin-ensheathing human axons in the host tissue after grafting onto adult human cortical organotypic cultures. This lt-NES cell line is the first human stem cell source that, after intracerebral delivery, can repair both injured neural circuitries and demyelinated axons. Our findings provide supportive evidence for the potential future use of human iPSC-derived cell lines to promote effective clinical recovery following brain injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Martinez-Curiel
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Linda Jansson
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Oleg Tsupykov
- Department of Cytology, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology; Institute of Genetic and Regenerative Medicine, Strazhesko National Scientific Center of Cardiology, Clinical and Regenerative Medicine, 01024 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | | | - Constanza Aretio-Medina
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Isabel Hidalgo
- Division of Molecular Hematology, Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Emanuela Monni
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Bengzon
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, University Hospital, 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Galyna Skibo
- Department of Cytology, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology; Institute of Genetic and Regenerative Medicine, Strazhesko National Scientific Center of Cardiology, Clinical and Regenerative Medicine, 01024 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Olle Lindvall
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Zaal Kokaia
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Sara Palma-Tortosa
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden
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4
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Bsharat S, Monni E, Singh T, Johansson JK, Achanta K, Bertonnier-Brouty L, Schmidt-Christensen A, Holmberg D, Kokaia Z, Prasad RB, Artner I. MafB-dependent neurotransmitter signaling promotes β cell migration in the developing pancreas. Development 2023; 150:297329. [PMID: 36897571 PMCID: PMC10112931 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Hormone secretion from pancreatic islets is essential for glucose homeostasis and loss or dysfunction of islet cells is a hallmark of type 2 diabetes. Maf transcription factors are critical for establishing and maintaining adult endocrine cell function. However, during pancreas development, MafB is not only expressed in insulin- and glucagon-producing cells, but also Neurog3+ endocrine progenitor cells suggesting additional functions in cell differentiation and islet formation. Here we report that MafB deficiency impairs β cell clustering and islet formation, but also coincides with loss of neurotransmitter and axon guidance receptor gene expression. Moreover, the observed loss of nicotinic receptor gene expression in human and mouse β cells implied that signaling through these receptors contributes to islet cell migration/formation. Inhibition of nicotinic receptor activity resulted in reduced β cell migration towards autonomic nerves and impaired β cell clustering. These findings highlight a novel function of MafB in controlling neuronal-directed signaling events required for islet formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bsharat
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Klinikgatan 26 22184, Lund, Sweden.,Lund University Diabetes Center, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, 214 28, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Emanuela Monni
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Klinikgatan 26 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tania Singh
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Klinikgatan 26 22184, Lund, Sweden.,Lund University Diabetes Center, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, 214 28, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jenny K Johansson
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Klinikgatan 26 22184, Lund, Sweden.,Lund University Diabetes Center, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, 214 28, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Kavya Achanta
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Klinikgatan 26 22184, Lund, Sweden.,Lund University Diabetes Center, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, 214 28, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ludivine Bertonnier-Brouty
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Klinikgatan 26 22184, Lund, Sweden.,Lund University Diabetes Center, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, 214 28, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - Dan Holmberg
- Lund University Diabetes Center, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, 214 28, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Zaal Kokaia
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Klinikgatan 26 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Rashmi B Prasad
- Lund University Diabetes Center, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, 214 28, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Isabella Artner
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Klinikgatan 26 22184, Lund, Sweden.,Lund University Diabetes Center, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, 214 28, Malmö, Sweden
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5
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Memanishvili T, Monni E, Tatarishivili J, Lindvall O, Tsiskaridze A, Kokaia Z, Tornero D. Poly(ester amide) microspheres are efficient vehicles for long-term intracerebral growth factor delivery and improve functional recovery after stroke. Biomed Mater 2020; 15:065020. [DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/aba4f6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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6
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Niklasson CU, Fredlund E, Monni E, Lindvall JM, Kokaia Z, Hammarlund EU, Bronner ME, Mohlin S. Hypoxia inducible factor-2α importance for migration, proliferation, and self-renewal of trunk neural crest cells. Dev Dyn 2020; 250:191-236. [PMID: 32940375 PMCID: PMC7891386 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The neural crest is a transient embryonic stem cell population. Hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)‐2α is associated with neural crest stem cell appearance and aggressiveness in tumors. However, little is known about its role in normal neural crest development. Results Here, we show that HIF‐2α is expressed in trunk neural crest cells of human, murine, and avian embryos. Knockdown as well as overexpression of HIF‐2α in vivo causes developmental delays, induces proliferation, and self‐renewal capacity of neural crest cells while decreasing the proportion of neural crest cells that migrate ventrally to sympathoadrenal sites. Reflecting the in vivo phenotype, transcriptome changes after loss of HIF‐2α reveal enrichment of genes associated with cancer, invasion, epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition, and growth arrest. Conclusions Taken together, these results suggest that expression levels of HIF‐2α must be strictly controlled during normal trunk neural crest development and that dysregulated levels affects several important features connected to stemness, migration, and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla U Niklasson
- Translational Cancer Research, Lund University Cancer Center at Medicon Village, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Elina Fredlund
- Translational Cancer Research, Lund University Cancer Center at Medicon Village, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Emanuela Monni
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jessica M Lindvall
- National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden (NBIS), Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zaal Kokaia
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Emma U Hammarlund
- Translational Cancer Research, Lund University Cancer Center at Medicon Village, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Marianne E Bronner
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Sofie Mohlin
- Translational Cancer Research, Lund University Cancer Center at Medicon Village, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
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7
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Grønning Hansen M, Laterza C, Palma-Tortosa S, Kvist G, Monni E, Tsupykov O, Tornero D, Uoshima N, Soriano J, Bengzon J, Martino G, Skibo G, Lindvall O, Kokaia Z. Grafted human pluripotent stem cell-derived cortical neurons integrate into adult human cortical neural circuitry. Stem Cells Transl Med 2020; 9:1365-1377. [PMID: 32602201 PMCID: PMC7581452 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.20-0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several neurodegenerative diseases cause loss of cortical neurons, leading to sensory, motor, and cognitive impairments. Studies in different animal models have raised the possibility that transplantation of human cortical neuronal progenitors, generated from pluripotent stem cells, might be developed into a novel therapeutic strategy for disorders affecting cerebral cortex. For example, we have shown that human long‐term neuroepithelial‐like stem (lt‐NES) cell‐derived cortical neurons, produced from induced pluripotent stem cells and transplanted into stroke‐injured adult rat cortex, improve neurological deficits and establish both afferent and efferent morphological and functional connections with host cortical neurons. So far, all studies with human pluripotent stem cell‐derived neurons have been carried out using xenotransplantation in animal models. Whether these neurons can integrate also into adult human brain circuitry is unknown. Here, we show that cortically fated lt‐NES cells, which are able to form functional synaptic networks in cell culture, differentiate to mature, layer‐specific cortical neurons when transplanted ex vivo onto organotypic cultures of adult human cortex. The grafted neurons are functional and establish both afferent and efferent synapses with adult human cortical neurons in the slices as evidenced by immuno‐electron microscopy, rabies virus retrograde monosynaptic tracing, and whole‐cell patch‐clamp recordings. Our findings provide the first evidence that pluripotent stem cell‐derived neurons can integrate into adult host neural networks also in a human‐to‐human grafting situation, thereby supporting their potential future clinical use to promote recovery by neuronal replacement in the patient's diseased brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cecilia Laterza
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sara Palma-Tortosa
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Giedre Kvist
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Emanuela Monni
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Oleg Tsupykov
- Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology and State Institute of Genetic and Regenerative Medicine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Daniel Tornero
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Naomi Uoshima
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jordi Soriano
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Institute of Complex Systems (UBICS), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Johan Bengzon
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Gianvito Martino
- Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Galyna Skibo
- Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology and State Institute of Genetic and Regenerative Medicine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Olle Lindvall
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Zaal Kokaia
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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8
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Fritze J, Ginisty A, McDonald R, Quist E, Stamp E, Monni E, Dhapola P, Lang S, Ahlenius H. Loss of Cxcr5 alters neuroblast proliferation and migration in the aged brain. Stem Cells 2020; 38:1175-1187. [PMID: 32469107 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Neurogenesis, the production of new neurons from neural stem cells, dramatically decreases during aging concomitantly with increased inflammation both systemically and in the brain. However, the precise role of inflammation and whether local or systemic factors drive the neurogenic decline during aging is poorly understood. Here, we identify CXCR5/5/CXCL13 signaling as a novel regulator of neurogenesis in the aged brain. The chemokine Cxcl13 was found to be upregulated in the brain during aging. Loss of its receptor, Cxcr5, led to increased proliferation and decreased numbers of neuroblasts in the aged subventricular zone (SVZ), together with accumulation of neuroblasts in the rostral migratory stream and olfactory bulb (OB), without increasing the amount of new mature neurons in the OB. The effect on proliferation and migration was specific to neuroblasts and likely mediated through increased levels of systemic IL-6 and local Cxcl12 expression in the SVZ. Our study raises the possibility of a new mechanism by which interplay between systemic and local alterations in inflammation regulates neurogenesis during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Fritze
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences and Neurology, Stem Cells, Aging and Neurodegeneration Group, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund, Sweden
| | - Aurélie Ginisty
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences and Neurology, Stem Cells, Aging and Neurodegeneration Group, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund, Sweden
| | - Rebecca McDonald
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences and Neurology, Stem Cells, Aging and Neurodegeneration Group, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ella Quist
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences and Neurology, Stem Cells, Aging and Neurodegeneration Group, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund, Sweden
| | - Eleanor Stamp
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences and Neurology, Stem Cells, Aging and Neurodegeneration Group, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund, Sweden
| | - Emanuela Monni
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund, Sweden.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences and Neurology, Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Parashar Dhapola
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund, Sweden.,Faculty of Medicine, Division of Molecular Hematology, Stem Cells and Leukemia Group, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Stefan Lang
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund, Sweden.,Faculty of Medicine, Division of Molecular Hematology, Computational Genomics Group, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Henrik Ahlenius
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences and Neurology, Stem Cells, Aging and Neurodegeneration Group, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund, Sweden
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9
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Canals I, Ginisty A, Quist E, Timmerman R, Fritze J, Miskinyte G, Monni E, Hansen MG, Hidalgo I, Bryder D, Bengzon J, Ahlenius H. Author Correction: Rapid and efficient induction of functional astrocytes from human pluripotent stem cells. Nat Methods 2018; 16:134. [PMID: 30514884 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-018-0264-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In the version of Supplementary Fig. 1 originally published with this paper, some images in panel e were accidental duplicates of images in panel b. This error has been corrected in the online integrated supplementary information and in the Supplementary Information PDF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Canals
- Stem Cells, Aging and Neurodegeneration Group, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund, Sweden
| | - Aurélie Ginisty
- Stem Cells, Aging and Neurodegeneration Group, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ella Quist
- Stem Cells, Aging and Neurodegeneration Group, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund, Sweden
| | - Raissa Timmerman
- Stem Cells, Aging and Neurodegeneration Group, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jonas Fritze
- Stem Cells, Aging and Neurodegeneration Group, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund, Sweden
| | - Giedre Miskinyte
- Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund, Sweden.,Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Emanuela Monni
- Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund, Sweden.,Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Isabel Hidalgo
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund, Sweden.,Institution for Laboratory Medicine, Division of Molecular Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - David Bryder
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund, Sweden.,Institution for Laboratory Medicine, Division of Molecular Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Bengzon
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund, Sweden.,Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Henrik Ahlenius
- Stem Cells, Aging and Neurodegeneration Group, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. .,Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. .,Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund, Sweden.
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10
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Miskinyte G, Grønning Hansen M, Monni E, Lam M, Bengzon J, Lindvall O, Ahlenius H, Kokaia Z. Transcription factor programming of human ES cells generates functional neurons expressing both upper and deep layer cortical markers. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204688. [PMID: 30307948 PMCID: PMC6181302 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human neurodegenerative disorders affect specific types of cortical neurons. Efficient protocols for the generation of such neurons for cell replacement, disease modeling and drug screening are highly warranted. Current methods for the production of cortical neurons from human embryonic stem (ES) cells are often time-consuming and inefficient, and the functional properties of the generated cells have been incompletely characterized. Here we have used transcription factor (TF) programming with the aim to induce rapid differentiation of human ES cells to layer-specific cortical neurons (hES-iNs). Three different combinations of TFs, NEUROGENIN 2 (NGN2) only, NGN2 plus Forebrain Embryonic Zinc Finger-Like Protein 2 (FEZF2), and NGN2 plus Special AT-Rich Sequence-Binding Protein 2 (SATB2), were delivered to human ES cells by lentiviral vectors. We observed only subtle differences between the TF combinations, which all gave rise to the formation of pyramidal-shaped cells, morphologically resembling adult human cortical neurons expressing cortical projection neuron (PN) markers and with mature electrophysiological properties. Using ex vivo transplantation to human organotypic cultures, we found that the hES-iNs could integrate into adult human cortical networks. We obtained no evidence that the hES-iNs had acquired a distinct cortical layer phenotype. Instead, our single-cell data showed that the hES-iNs, similar to fetal human cortical neurons, expressed both upper and deep layer cortical neuronal markers. Taken together, our findings provide evidence that TF programming can direct human ES cells towards cortical neurons but that the generated cells are transcriptionally profiled to generate both upper and deep layer cortical neurons. Therefore, most likely additional cues will be needed if these cells should adopt a specific cortical layer and area identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giedre Miskinyte
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Emanuela Monni
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Matti Lam
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Stem Cells, Aging and Neurodegeneration Group, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Bengzon
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Olle Lindvall
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Henrik Ahlenius
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Stem Cells, Aging and Neurodegeneration Group, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Zaal Kokaia
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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11
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Canals I, Canals I, Ginisty A, Quist E, Timmerman R, Fritze J, Miskinyte G, Monni E, GrØnning Hansen M, Hidalgo I, Bryder D, Bengzon J, Ahlenius H. Rapid and Efficient Induction of Functional Astrocytes from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1038/protex.2018.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Canals I, Ginisty A, Quist E, Timmerman R, Fritze J, Miskinyte G, Monni E, Hansen MG, Hidalgo I, Bryder D, Bengzon J, Ahlenius H. Rapid and efficient induction of functional astrocytes from human pluripotent stem cells. Nat Methods 2018; 15:693-696. [PMID: 30127505 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-018-0103-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The derivation of astrocytes from human pluripotent stem cells is currently slow and inefficient. We demonstrate that overexpression of the transcription factors SOX9 and NFIB in human pluripotent stem cells rapidly and efficiently yields homogeneous populations of induced astrocytes. In our study these cells exhibited molecular and functional properties resembling those of adult human astrocytes and were deemed suitable for disease modeling. Our method provides new possibilities for the study of human astrocytes in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Canals
- Stem Cells, Aging and Neurodegeneration Group, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund, Sweden
| | - Aurélie Ginisty
- Stem Cells, Aging and Neurodegeneration Group, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ella Quist
- Stem Cells, Aging and Neurodegeneration Group, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund, Sweden
| | - Raissa Timmerman
- Stem Cells, Aging and Neurodegeneration Group, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jonas Fritze
- Stem Cells, Aging and Neurodegeneration Group, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund, Sweden
| | - Giedre Miskinyte
- Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund, Sweden.,Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Emanuela Monni
- Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund, Sweden.,Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Isabel Hidalgo
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund, Sweden.,Institution for Laboratory Medicine, Division of Molecular Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - David Bryder
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund, Sweden.,Institution for Laboratory Medicine, Division of Molecular Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Bengzon
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund, Sweden.,Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Henrik Ahlenius
- Stem Cells, Aging and Neurodegeneration Group, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. .,Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. .,Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund, Sweden.
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13
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Miskinyte G, Devaraju K, Grønning Hansen M, Monni E, Tornero D, Woods NB, Bengzon J, Ahlenius H, Lindvall O, Kokaia Z. Direct conversion of human fibroblasts to functional excitatory cortical neurons integrating into human neural networks. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017; 8:207. [PMID: 28962665 PMCID: PMC5622454 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-017-0658-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human fibroblasts can be directly converted to several subtypes of neurons, but cortical projection neurons have not been generated. Methods Here we screened for transcription factor combinations that could potentially convert human fibroblasts to functional excitatory cortical neurons. The induced cortical (iCtx) cells were analyzed for cortical neuronal identity using immunocytochemistry, single-cell quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), electrophysiology, and their ability to integrate into human neural networks in vitro and ex vivo using electrophysiology and rabies virus tracing. Results We show that a combination of three transcription factors, BRN2, MYT1L, and FEZF2, have the ability to directly convert human fibroblasts to functional excitatory cortical neurons. The conversion efficiency was increased to about 16% by treatment with small molecules and microRNAs. The iCtx cells exhibited electrophysiological properties of functional neurons, had pyramidal-like cell morphology, and expressed key cortical projection neuronal markers. Single-cell analysis of iCtx cells revealed a complex gene expression profile, a subpopulation of them displaying a molecular signature closely resembling that of human fetal primary cortical neurons. The iCtx cells received synaptic inputs from co-cultured human fetal primary cortical neurons, contained spines, and expressed the postsynaptic excitatory scaffold protein PSD95. When transplanted ex vivo to organotypic cultures of adult human cerebral cortex, the iCtx cells exhibited morphological and electrophysiological properties of mature neurons, integrated structurally into the cortical tissue, and received synaptic inputs from adult human neurons. Conclusions Our findings indicate that functional excitatory cortical neurons, generated here for the first time by direct conversion of human somatic cells, have the capacity for synaptic integration into adult human cortex. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-017-0658-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giedre Miskinyte
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden. .,Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital BMC B10, Lund University, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Karthikeyan Devaraju
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital BMC B10, Lund University, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Marita Grønning Hansen
- Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital BMC B10, Lund University, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Emanuela Monni
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital BMC B10, Lund University, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Daniel Tornero
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital BMC B10, Lund University, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Niels Bjarne Woods
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital BMC B10, Lund University, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Bengzon
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital BMC B10, Lund University, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Henrik Ahlenius
- Stem Cells, Aging and Neurodegeneration Group, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital BMC B10, Lund University, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Olle Lindvall
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital BMC B10, Lund University, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Zaal Kokaia
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital BMC B10, Lund University, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden
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14
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Ge R, Tornero D, Hirota M, Monni E, Laterza C, Lindvall O, Kokaia Z. Choroid plexus-cerebrospinal fluid route for monocyte-derived macrophages after stroke. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:153. [PMID: 28754163 PMCID: PMC5534106 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0909-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Choroid plexus (CP) supports the entry of monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) to the central nervous system in animal models of traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, and Alzheimer’s disease. Whether the CP is involved in the recruitment of MDMs to the injured brain after ischemic stroke is unknown. Methods Adult male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to focal cortical ischemia by permanent occlusion of the distal branch of the right middle cerebral artery. Choroid plexus tissues were collected and analyzed for Vcam1, Madcam1, Cx3cl1, Ccl2, Nt5e, and Ifnγ expression at different timepoints after stroke using qPCR. Changes of MDMs in CP and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) at 1 day and 3 days after stroke were analyzed using flow cytometry. Infiltration of MDMs into CP and CSF were validated using β-actin-GFP chimeric mice and Fgd5-CreERT2 x Lox-stop-lox-Tomato mice. CD115+ monocytes were isolated using a magnetic cell separation system from bone marrow of Cx3cr1-GFP or wild-type C57BL/6 donor mice. The freshly isolated monocytes or M2-like MDMs primed in vitro with IL4 and IL13 were stereotaxically injected into the lateral ventricle of stroke-affected mice to trace for their migration into ischemic hemisphere or to assess their effect on post-stroke recovery using open field, corridor, and active avoidance behavioral tests. Results We found that CP responded to cortical stroke by upregulation of gene expression for several possible mediators of MDM trafficking and, concomitantly, MDMs increased in CP and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). We then confirmed that MDMs infiltrated from blood into CP and CSF after the insult using β-actin-GFP chimeric mice and Fgd5-CreERT2 x Lox-stop-lox-Tomato mice. When MDMs were directly administered into CSF following stroke, they homed to the ischemic hemisphere. If they had been primed in vitro prior to their administration to become M2-like macrophages, they promoted post-stroke recovery of motor and cognitive function without influencing infarct volume. Conclusions Our findings suggest the possibility that autologous transplantation of M2-like MDMs into CSF might be developed into a new strategy for promoting recovery also in patients with stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruimin Ge
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Daniel Tornero
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Masao Hirota
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Emanuela Monni
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Laterza
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Olle Lindvall
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Zaal Kokaia
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden.
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15
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Laterza C, Wattananit S, Uoshima N, Ge R, Pekny R, Tornero D, Monni E, Lindvall O, Kokaia Z. Monocyte depletion early after stroke promotes neurogenesis from endogenous neural stem cells in adult brain. Exp Neurol 2017; 297:129-137. [PMID: 28746827 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke, caused by middle cerebral artery occlusion, leads to long-lasting formation of new striatal neurons from neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of adult rodents. Concomitantly with this neurogenic response, SVZ exhibits activation of resident microglia and infiltrating monocytes. Here we show that depletion of circulating monocytes, using the anti-CCR2 antibody MC-21 during the first week after stroke, enhances striatal neurogenesis at one week post-insult, most likely by increasing short-term survival of the newly formed neuroblasts in the SVZ and adjacent striatum. Blocking monocyte recruitment did not alter the volume of the ischemic lesion but gave rise to reduced astrocyte activation in SVZ and adjacent striatum, which could contribute to the improved neuroblast survival. A similar decrease of astrocyte activation was found in and around human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived NSPCs transplanted into striatum at one week after stroke in monocyte-depleted mice. However, there was no effect on neurogenesis in the graft as determined 8weeks after implantation. Our findings demonstrate, for the first time, that a specific cellular component of the early inflammatory reaction in SVZ and adjacent striatum following stroke, i.e., infiltrating monocytes, compromises the short-term neurogenic response neurogenesis from endogenous NSPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Laterza
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Somsak Wattananit
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Naomi Uoshima
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden; Department of Anesthesiology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
| | - Ruimin Ge
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Roy Pekny
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Daniel Tornero
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Emanuela Monni
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Olle Lindvall
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Zaal Kokaia
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden.
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16
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Chapman KZ, Ge R, Monni E, Tatarishvili J, Ahlenius H, Arvidsson A, Ekdahl CT, Lindvall O, Kokaia Z. Inflammation without neuronal death triggers striatal neurogenesis comparable to stroke. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 83:1-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Tatarishvili J, Oki K, Monni E, Koch P, Memanishvili T, Buga AM, Verma V, Popa-Wagner A, Brüstle O, Lindvall O, Kokaia Z. Human induced pluripotent stem cells improve recovery in stroke-injured aged rats. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2015; 32:547-58. [PMID: 24916776 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-140404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) improve behavior and form neurons after implantation into the stroke-injured adult rodent brain. How the aged brain responds to grafted iPSCs is unknown. We determined survival and differentiation of grafted human fibroblast-derived iPSCs and their ability to improve recovery in aged rats after stroke. METHODS Twenty-four months old rats were subjected to 30 min distal middle cerebral artery occlusion causing neocortical damage. After 48 h, animals were transplanted intracortically with human iPSC-derived long-term neuroepithelial-like stem (hiPSC-lt-NES) cells. Controls were subjected to stroke and were vehicle-injected. RESULTS Cell-grafted animals performed better than vehicle-injected recipients in cylinder test at 4 and 7 weeks. At 8 weeks, cell proliferation was low (0.7 %) and number of hiPSC-lt-NES cells corresponded to 49.2% of that of implanted cells. Transplanted cells expressed markers of neuroblasts and mature and GABAergic neurons. Cell-grafted rats exhibited less activated microglia/macrophages in injured cortex and neuronal loss was mitigated. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides the first evidence that grafted human iPSCs survive, differentiate to neurons and ameliorate functional deficits in stroke-injured aged brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemal Tatarishvili
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Koichi Oki
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Emanuela Monni
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Philipp Koch
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn and Hertie Fundation, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tamar Memanishvili
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden I. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Ana-Maria Buga
- Department of Psychiatry and Molecular Psychiatry, Rostock University Medical School, Rostock, Germany
| | - Vivek Verma
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Aurel Popa-Wagner
- Department of Psychiatry and Molecular Psychiatry, Rostock University Medical School, Rostock, Germany
| | - Oliver Brüstle
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn and Hertie Fundation, Bonn, Germany
| | - Olle Lindvall
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Zaal Kokaia
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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18
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Guibentif C, Rönn R, Moraghebi R, Monni E, Madsen M, Leeb-Lundberg LF, Kokaia Z, Lindvall O, Woods NB. Norepinephrine improves de novo emergence of hematopoietic cells in human pluripotent stem cell differentiation cultures. Exp Hematol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2014.07.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Monni E, Cusulin C, Cavallaro M, Lindvall O, Kokaia Z. Human Fetal Striatum-Derived Neural Stem (NS) Cells Differentiate to Mature Neurons In Vitro and In Vivo. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2014; 9:338-46. [DOI: 10.2174/1574888x09666140321115803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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20
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Tornero D, Wattananit S, Grønning Madsen M, Koch P, Wood J, Tatarishvili J, Mine Y, Ge R, Monni E, Devaraju K, Hevner RF, Brüstle O, Lindvall O, Kokaia Z. Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cortical neurons integrate in stroke-injured cortex and improve functional recovery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 136:3561-77. [PMID: 24148272 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awt278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell-based approaches to restore function after stroke through replacement of dead neurons require the generation of specific neuronal subtypes. Loss of neurons in the cerebral cortex is a major cause of stroke-induced neurological deficits in adult humans. Reprogramming of adult human somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells is a novel approach to produce patient-specific cells for autologous transplantation. Whether such cells can be converted to functional cortical neurons that survive and give rise to behavioural recovery after transplantation in the stroke-injured cerebral cortex is not known. We have generated progenitors in vitro, expressing specific cortical markers and giving rise to functional neurons, from long-term self-renewing neuroepithelial-like stem cells, produced from adult human fibroblast-derived induced pluripotent stem cells. At 2 months after transplantation into the stroke-damaged rat cortex, the cortically fated cells showed less proliferation and more efficient conversion to mature neurons with morphological and immunohistochemical characteristics of a cortical phenotype and higher axonal projection density as compared with non-fated cells. Pyramidal morphology and localization of the cells expressing the cortex-specific marker TBR1 in a certain layered pattern provided further evidence supporting the cortical phenotype of the fated, grafted cells, and electrophysiological recordings demonstrated their functionality. Both fated and non-fated cell-transplanted groups showed bilateral recovery of the impaired function in the stepping test compared with vehicle-injected animals. The behavioural improvement at this early time point was most likely not due to neuronal replacement and reconstruction of circuitry. At 5 months after stroke in immunocompromised rats, there was no tumour formation and the grafted cells exhibited electrophysiological properties of mature neurons with evidence of integration in host circuitry. Our findings show, for the first time, that human skin-derived induced pluripotent stem cells can be differentiated to cortical neuronal progenitors, which survive, differentiate to functional neurons and improve neurological outcome after intracortical implantation in a rat stroke model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Tornero
- 1 Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Centre, University Hospital, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
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Cusulin C, Monni E, Ahlenius H, Wood J, Brune JC, Lindvall O, Kokaia Z. Embryonic stem cell-derived neural stem cells fuse with microglia and mature neurons. Stem Cells 2013; 30:2657-71. [PMID: 22961761 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Transplantation of neural stem cells (NSCs) is a novel strategy to restore function in the diseased brain, acting through multiple mechanisms, for example, neuronal replacement, neuroprotection, and modulation of inflammation. Whether transplanted NSCs can operate by fusing with microglial cells or mature neurons is largely unknown. Here, we have studied the interaction of a mouse embryonic stem cell-derived neural stem (NS) cell line with rat and mouse microglia and neurons in vitro and in vivo. We show that NS cells spontaneously fuse with cocultured cortical neurons, and that this process requires the presence of microglia. Our in vitro data indicate that the NS cells can first fuse with microglia and then with neurons. The fused NS/microglial cells express markers and retain genetic and functional characteristics of both parental cell types, being able to respond to microglia-specific stimuli (LPS and IL-4/IL-13) and to differentiate to neurons and astrocytes. The NS cells fuse with microglia, at least partly, through interaction between phosphatidylserine exposed on the surface of NS cells and CD36 receptor on microglia. Transplantation of NS cells into rodent cortex results in fusion with mature pyramidal neurons, which often carry two nuclei, a process probably mediated by microglia. The fusogenic role of microglia could be even more important after NSC transplantation into brains affected by neurodegenerative diseases associated with microglia activation. It remains to be elucidated how the occurrence of the fused cells will influence the functional outcome after NSC transplantation in the diseased brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Cusulin
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden
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Guibentif C, Rönn R, Moraghebi R, Monni E, Madsen M, Kokaia Z, Lindvall O, Woods NB. Norepinephrine improves the generation of hematopoietic cells from human pluripotent stem cells. Exp Hematol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2013.05.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Mine Y, Tatarishvili J, Oki K, Monni E, Kokaia Z, Lindvall O. Grafted human neural stem cells enhance several steps of endogenous neurogenesis and improve behavioral recovery after middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Neurobiol Dis 2012; 52:191-203. [PMID: 23276704 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) in subventricular zone (SVZ) produce new striatal neurons during several months after stroke, which may contribute to recovery. Intracerebral grafts of NSPCs can exert beneficial effects after stroke through neuronal replacement, trophic actions, neuroprotection, and modulation of inflammation. Here we have explored whether human fetal striatum-derived NSPC-grafts influence striatal neurogenesis and promote recovery in stroke-damaged brain. T cell-deficient rats were subjected to 1h middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Human fetal NSPCs or vehicle were implanted into ipsilateral striatum 48 h after MCAO, animals were assessed behaviorally, and perfused at 6 or 14 weeks. Grafted human NSPCs survived in all rats, and a subpopulation had differentiated to neuroblasts or mature neurons at 6 and 14 weeks. Numbers of proliferating cells in SVZ and new migrating neuroblasts and mature neurons were higher, and numbers of activated microglia/macrophages were lower in the ischemic striatum of NSPC-grafted compared to vehicle-injected group both at 6 and 14 weeks. A fraction of grafted NSPCs projected axons from striatum to globus pallidus. The NSPC-grafted rats showed improved functional recovery in stepping and cylinder tests from 6 and 12 weeks, respectively. Our data show, for the first time, that intrastriatal implants of human fetal NSPCs exert a long-term enhancement of several steps of striatal neurogensis after stroke. The grafts also suppress striatal inflammation and ameliorate neurological deficits. Our findings support the idea that combination of NSPC transplantation and stimulation of neurogenesis from endogenous NSPCs may become a valuable strategy for functional restoration after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Mine
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, University Hospital, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
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Oki K, Tatarishvili J, Wood J, Koch P, Wattananit S, Mine Y, Monni E, Tornero D, Ahlenius H, Ladewig J, Brüstle O, Lindvall O, Kokaia Z. Human-induced pluripotent stem cells form functional neurons and improve recovery after grafting in stroke-damaged brain. Stem Cells 2012; 30:1120-33. [PMID: 22495829 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Reprogramming of adult human somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is a novel approach to produce patient-specific cells for autologous transplantation. Whether such cells survive long-term, differentiate to functional neurons, and induce recovery in the stroke-injured brain are unclear. We have transplanted long-term self-renewing neuroepithelial-like stem cells, generated from adult human fibroblast-derived iPSCs, into the stroke-damaged mouse and rat striatum or cortex. Recovery of forepaw movements was observed already at 1 week after transplantation. Improvement was most likely not due to neuronal replacement but was associated with increased vascular endothelial growth factor levels, probably enhancing endogenous plasticity. Transplanted cells stopped proliferating, could survive without forming tumors for at least 4 months, and differentiated to morphologically mature neurons of different subtypes. Neurons in intrastriatal grafts sent axonal projections to the globus pallidus. Grafted cells exhibited electrophysiological properties of mature neurons and received synaptic input from host neurons. Our study provides the first evidence that transplantation of human iPSC-derived cells is a safe and efficient approach to promote recovery after stroke and can be used to supply the injured brain with new neurons for replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Oki
- Laboratory of Neural Stem Cell Biology and Therapy, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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Darsalia V, Allison SJ, Cusulin C, Monni E, Kuzdas D, Kallur T, Lindvall O, Kokaia Z. Cell number and timing of transplantation determine survival of human neural stem cell grafts in stroke-damaged rat brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2011; 31:235-42. [PMID: 20531461 PMCID: PMC3049487 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2010.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2010] [Revised: 04/28/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) derived from human fetal striatum and transplanted as neurospheres survive in stroke-damaged striatum, migrate from the implantation site, and differentiate into mature neurons. Here, we investigated how various steps of neurogenesis are affected by intrastriatal transplantation of human NSCs at different time points after stroke and with different numbers of cells in each implant. Rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion and then received intrastriatal transplants of NSCs. Transplantation shortly after stroke (48 hours) resulted in better cell survival than did transplantation 6 weeks after stroke, but the delayed transplantation did not influence the magnitude of migration, neuronal differentiation, and cell proliferation in the grafts. Transplanting greater numbers of grafted NSCs did not result in a greater number of surviving cells or increased neuronal differentiation. A substantial number of activated microglia was observed at 48 hours after the insult in the injured striatum, but reached maximum levels 1 to 6 weeks after stroke. Our findings show that the best survival of grafted human NSCs in stroke-damaged brain requires optimum numbers of cells to be transplanted in the early poststroke phase, before the inflammatory response is established. These findings, therefore, have direct clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimer Darsalia
- Laboratory of Neural Stem Cell Biology and Therapy, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund, Sweden
| | - Susan J Allison
- Laboratory of Neural Stem Cell Biology and Therapy, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund, Sweden
| | - Carlo Cusulin
- Laboratory of Neural Stem Cell Biology and Therapy, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund, Sweden
| | - Emanuela Monni
- Laboratory of Neural Stem Cell Biology and Therapy, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund, Sweden
| | - Daniela Kuzdas
- Laboratory of Neural Stem Cell Biology and Therapy, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund, Sweden
| | - Therése Kallur
- Laboratory of Neural Stem Cell Biology and Therapy, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund, Sweden
| | - Olle Lindvall
- Laboratory of Neurogenesis and Cell Therapy, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund, Sweden
| | - Zaal Kokaia
- Laboratory of Neural Stem Cell Biology and Therapy, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund, Sweden
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