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Bibbal D, Ruiz P, Sapountzis P, Mazuy-Cruchaudet C, Loukiadis E, Auvray F, Forano E, Brugère H. Persistent Circulation of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 in Cattle Farms: Characterization of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 Strains and Fecal Microbial Communities of Bovine Shedders and Non-shedders. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:852475. [PMID: 35411306 PMCID: PMC8994043 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.852475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cattle are carriers, without clinical manifestations, of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 responsible for life-threatening infections in humans. A better identification of factors playing a role in maintaining persistence of such strains in cattle is required to develop more effective control measures. Hence, we conducted a study to identify farms with a persistent circulation of EHEC O157:H7. The EHEC O157:H7 herd status of 13 farms, which had previously provided bovine EHEC O157:H7 carriers at slaughter was investigated. Two farms were still housing positive young bulls, and this was true over a 1-year period. Only one fecal sample could be considered from a supershedder, and 60% of the carriers shed concentrations below 10 MPN/g. Moreover, EHEC O157:H7 represented minor subpopulations of E. coli. PFGE analysis of the EHEC O157:H7 strains showed that persistent circulation was due either to the persistence of a few predominant strains or to the repeated exposure of cattle to various strains. Finally, we compared fecal microbial communities of shedders (S) (n = 24) and non-shedders (NS) (n = 28), including 43 young bulls and nine cows, from one farm. Regarding alpha diversity, no significant difference between S vs. NS young bulls (n = 43) was observed. At the genus level, we identified 10 amplicon sequence variant (ASV) indicators of the S or NS groups. The bacterial indicators of S belonged to the family XIII UCG-001, Slackia, and Campylobacter genera, and Ruminococcaceae NK4A21A, Lachnospiraceae-UGC-010, and Lachnospiraceae-GCA-900066575 groups. The NS group indicator ASVs were affiliated to Pirellulaceae-1088-a5 gut group, Anaerovibrio, Victivallis, and Sellimonas genera. In conclusion, the characteristics enhancing the persistence of some predominant strains observed here should be explored further, and studies focused on mechanisms of competition among E. coli strains are also needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Bibbal
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Philippe Ruiz
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UMR 454 MEDIS, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Christine Mazuy-Cruchaudet
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, National Reference Laboratory for E. coli (including VTEC), Marcy l'Etoile, France.,Université de Lyon, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne de Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, Université de Lyon 1, VetAgro Sup, Microbial Ecology Laboratory, Research Group on Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Estelle Loukiadis
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, National Reference Laboratory for E. coli (including VTEC), Marcy l'Etoile, France.,Université de Lyon, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne de Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, Université de Lyon 1, VetAgro Sup, Microbial Ecology Laboratory, Research Group on Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Frédéric Auvray
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Evelyne Forano
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UMR 454 MEDIS, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Hubert Brugère
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
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Naïli I, Gardette M, Garrivier A, Daniel J, Desvaux M, Pizza M, Gobert A, Marchal T, Loukiadis E, Jubelin G. Interplay between enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli and nitric oxide during the infectious process. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 9:1065-1076. [PMID: 32459575 PMCID: PMC7336997 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1768804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) are bacterial pathogens responsible for life-threatening diseases in humans such as bloody diarrhoea and the hemolytic and uremic syndrome. To date, no specific therapy is available and treatments remain essentially symptomatic. In recent years, we demonstrated in vitro that nitric oxide (NO), a major mediator of the intestinal immune response, strongly represses the synthesis of the two cardinal virulence factors in EHEC, namely Shiga toxins (Stx) and the type III secretion system, suggesting NO has a great potential to protect against EHEC infection. In this study, we investigated the interplay between NO and EHEC in vivo using mouse models of infection. Using a NO-sensing reporter strain, we determined that EHEC sense NO in the gut of infected mice. Treatment of infected mice with a specific NOS inhibitor increased EHEC adhesion to the colonic mucosa but unexpectedly decreased Stx activity in the gastrointestinal tract, protecting mice from renal failure. Taken together, our data indicate that NO can have both beneficial and detrimental consequences on the outcome of an EHEC infection, and underline the importance of in vivo studies to increase our knowledge in host–pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilham Naïli
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDiS, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.,GSK, Siena, Italy
| | - Marion Gardette
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDiS, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Université de Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, VetAgro Sup, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, F-63280 Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Annie Garrivier
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDiS, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Julien Daniel
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDiS, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Mickaël Desvaux
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDiS, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Alain Gobert
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDiS, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Thierry Marchal
- VetAgro Sup, Laboratoire vétérinaire d'histopathologie, F-63280 Marcy-l'Etoile, France
| | - Estelle Loukiadis
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, VetAgro Sup, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, F-63280 Marcy l'Etoile, France.,VetAgro Sup, Laboratoire national de référence des E. coli, F-63280 Marcy-l'Etoile, France
| | - Grégory Jubelin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDiS, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Gardette M, Le Hello S, Mariani-Kurkdjian P, Fabre L, Gravey F, Garrivier A, Loukiadis E, Jubelin G. Identification and prevalence of in vivo-induced genes in enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Virulence 2019; 10:180-193. [PMID: 30806162 PMCID: PMC6550539 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2019.1582976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) are food-borne pathogens responsible for bloody diarrhoea and renal failure in humans. While Shiga toxin (Stx) is the cardinal virulence factor of EHEC, its production by E. coli is not sufficient to cause disease and many Shiga-toxin producing E. coli (STEC) strains have never been implicated in human infection. So far, the pathophysiology of EHEC infection is not fully understood and more knowledge is needed to characterize the "auxiliary" factors that enable a STEC strain to cause disease in humans. In this study, we applied a recombinase-based in vivo expression technology (RIVET) to the EHEC reference strain EDL933 in order to identify genes specifically induced during the infectious process, using mouse as an infection model. We identified 31 in vivo-induced (ivi) genes having functions related to metabolism, stress adaptive response and bacterial virulence or fitness. Eight of the 31 ivi genes were found to be heterogeneously distributed in EHEC strains circulating in France these last years. In addition, they are more prevalent in strains from the TOP seven priority serotypes and particularly strains carrying significant virulence determinants such as Stx2 and intimin adhesin. This work sheds further light on bacterial determinants over-expressed in vivo during infection that may contribute to the potential of STEC strains to cause disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Gardette
- UCA, INRA, UMR454 MEDIS, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Laboratoire d’écologie microbienne de Lyon, Université de Lyon, CNRS, INRA, UCBL, VetAgro Sup, Marcy l’Etoile, France
| | - Simon Le Hello
- Centre de Référence National des Escherichia coli, Shigella et Salmonella, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Université de Normandie, EA 2656 GRAM 2.0, UNICAEN, Caen, France
| | - Patricia Mariani-Kurkdjian
- Service de Microbiologie, Centre National de Référence associé Escherichia coli, Hôpital Robert-Debré, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Laetitia Fabre
- Centre de Référence National des Escherichia coli, Shigella et Salmonella, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - François Gravey
- Centre de Référence National des Escherichia coli, Shigella et Salmonella, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Université de Normandie, EA 2656 GRAM 2.0, UNICAEN, Caen, France
| | | | - Estelle Loukiadis
- Laboratoire d’écologie microbienne de Lyon, Université de Lyon, CNRS, INRA, UCBL, VetAgro Sup, Marcy l’Etoile, France
- Laboratoire national de référence des E. coli, Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Marcy l’Etoile, France
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Cointe A, Birgy A, Mariani-Kurkdjian P, Liguori S, Courroux C, Blanco J, Delannoy S, Fach P, Loukiadis E, Bidet P, Bonacorsi S. Emerging Multidrug-Resistant Hybrid Pathotype Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O80 and Related Strains of Clonal Complex 165, Europe. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 24:2262-2269. [PMID: 30457551 PMCID: PMC6256387 DOI: 10.3201/eid2412.180272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli serogroup O80, involved in hemolytic uremic syndrome associated with extraintestinal infections, has emerged in France. We obtained circularized sequences of the O80 strain RDEx444, responsible for hemolytic uremic syndrome with bacteremia, and noncircularized sequences of 35 O80 E. coli isolated from humans and animals in Europe with or without Shiga toxin genes. RDEx444 harbored a mosaic plasmid, pR444_A, combining extraintestinal virulence determinants and a multidrug resistance-encoding island. All strains belonged to clonal complex 165, which is distantly related to other major enterohemorrhagic E. coli lineages. All stx-positive strains contained eae-ξ, ehxA, and genes characteristic of pR444_A. Among stx-negative strains, 1 produced extended-spectrum β-lactamase, 1 harbored the colistin-resistance gene mcr1, and 2 possessed genes characteristic of enteropathogenic and pyelonephritis E. coli. Because O80-clonal complex 165 strains can integrate intestinal and extraintestinal virulence factors in combination with diverse drug-resistance genes, they constitute dangerous and versatile multidrug-resistant pathogens.
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Bruyand M, Mariani-Kurkdjian P, Le Hello S, King LA, Van Cauteren D, Lefevre S, Gouali M, Jourdan-da Silva N, Mailles A, Donguy MP, Loukiadis E, Sergentet-Thevenot D, Loirat C, Bonacorsi S, Weill FX, De Valk H. Paediatric haemolytic uraemic syndrome related to Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, an overview of 10 years of surveillance in France, 2007 to 2016. Euro Surveill 2019; 24:1800068. [PMID: 30808442 PMCID: PMC6446949 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2019.24.8.1800068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionHaemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) related to Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is the leading cause of acute renal failure in young children. In France, HUS surveillance in children aged < 15 years was implemented starting from 1996.AimWe present the results of this surveillance between 2007 and 2016.MethodsA voluntary nationwide network of 32 paediatric departments notifies cases. Two national reference centres perform microbiological STEC confirmation.ResultsOver the study period, the paediatric HUS incidence rate (IR) was 1.0 per 100,000 children-years, with a median of 116 cases/year. In 2011, IR peaked at 1.3 per 100,000 children-years, and decreased to 1.0 per 100,000 children-years in 2016. STEC O157 associated HUS peaked at 37 cases in 2011 and decreased to seven cases in 2016. Cases of STEC O26-associated HUS have increased since 2010 and STEC O80 associated HUS has emerged since 2012, with 28 and 18 cases respectively reported in 2016. Four STEC-HUS food-borne outbreaks were detected (three STEC O157 linked to ground beef and raw-milk cheese and one STEC O104 linked to fenugreek sprouts). In addition, two outbreaks related to person-to-person transmission occurred in distinct kindergartens (STEC O111 and O26).ConclusionsNo major changes in HUS IRs were observed over the study period of 10 years. However, changes in the STEC serogroups over time and the outbreaks detected argue for continuing epidemiological and microbiological surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Simon Le Hello
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, Centre National de Référence des E. coli, Shigella et Salmonella, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Sophie Lefevre
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, Centre National de Référence des E. coli, Shigella et Salmonella, Paris, France
| | - Malika Gouali
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, Centre National de Référence des E. coli, Shigella et Salmonella, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Estelle Loukiadis
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Laboratoire National de Référence pour les Escherichia coli, Marcy l'Etoile, France
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, INRA, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, VetAgro Sup, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Delphine Sergentet-Thevenot
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Laboratoire National de Référence pour les Escherichia coli, Marcy l'Etoile, France
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, INRA, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, VetAgro Sup, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Chantal Loirat
- Pediatric Nephrology Department, University Hospital Robert Debré, Paris, France
| | | | - François-Xavier Weill
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, Centre National de Référence des E. coli, Shigella et Salmonella, Paris, France
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Soysal N, Mariani-Kurkdjian P, Smail Y, Liguori S, Gouali M, Loukiadis E, Fach P, Bruyand M, Blanco J, Bidet P, Bonacorsi S. Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli Hybrid Pathotype O80:H2 as a New Therapeutic Challenge. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 22:1604-12. [PMID: 27533474 PMCID: PMC4994344 DOI: 10.3201/eid2209.160304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This emerging clonal group harbors the extraintestinal virulence–associated
plasmid pS88 and can induce invasive infections and death. We describe the epidemiology, clinical features, and molecular characterization of
enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) infections caused by
the singular hybrid pathotype O80:H2, and we examine the influence of antibiotics on
Shiga toxin production. In France, during 2005–2014, a total of 54 patients
were infected with EHEC O80:H2; 91% had hemolytic uremic syndrome. Two patients had
invasive infections, and 2 died. All strains carried stx2 (variants
stx2a, 2c, or 2d); the rare intimin gene
(eae-ξ); and at least 4 genes characteristic of pS88, a
plasmid associated with extraintestinal virulence. Similar strains were found in
Spain. All isolates belonged to the same clonal group. At subinhibitory
concentrations, azithromycin decreased Shiga toxin production significantly,
ciprofloxacin increased it substantially, and ceftriaxone had no major effect.
Antibiotic combinations that included azithromycin also were tested. EHEC O80:H2,
which can induce hemolytic uremic syndrome complicated by bacteremia, is emerging in
France. However, azithromycin might effectively combat these infections.
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Kerangart S, Cournoyer B, Loukiadis E. C-source metabolic profilings of foodborne Shiga-toxin producing E. coli match serogroup differentiations and highlight functional adaptations. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 266:324-336. [PMID: 29217302 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The tropism of pathogenic STEC for foodstuffs and cattle reservoir is related to functional specializations. An investigation of C-source utilization patterns among and between STEC serogroups was performed using omnilog phenotypic microarrays (OM). OM functional groupings were compared with STEC phylogroups, seropathotypes, EFSA's molecular risk assessment groups and serogroups. OM INT reduction activities of 37 STEC strains growing on 190 C-substrates were compared. Each strain had its own specific C-utilization profile but 23% of the substrates was used by all strains, 47% by none, and 30% was variably metabolized. Galactose, mannose, N-acetyl-glucosamine (GlcNAc), and N-acetyl neuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) found in the mucus layer of the bovine small intestine were metabolized by all strains. The 56 most informative substrates divided the C-utilization patterns (CP) into three clusters with: (A) harboring all O157 and O145 strains; (B) all O26 strains, and (C) strains of the other serogroups. Significant correlations between INT reduction values of pair of strains per CP group supported these differentiations. CP of group A and B strains were respectively defective in the use of galactonic acid-γ-lactone and rhamnose. Most CP group C strains grew with l-lyxose. Adjusted Wallace coefficients analyses of the datasets indicated high probabilities for the prediction of the use of glycolic acid, β-hydroxybutyric acid, l-lyxose and d-galactonic acid-γ-lactone and 5-keto-d-gluconic acid by a serogroup. The use of a C-substrate could be predicted from the classification of a strain into a phylogroup or seropathotype. Significantly lower numbers of C-substrates were used by seropathotype A strains like O157 ones. Improvements of STEC identification keys were proposed using the most discriminant C-substrates found in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Kerangart
- University of Lyon, Research group on "Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment", UMR Ecologie Microbienne, CNRS 5557, INRA 1418, University Lyon 1, VetAgro Sup, 69280 Marcy L'Etoile, France
| | - Benoit Cournoyer
- University of Lyon, Research group on "Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment", UMR Ecologie Microbienne, CNRS 5557, INRA 1418, University Lyon 1, VetAgro Sup, 69280 Marcy L'Etoile, France.
| | - Estelle Loukiadis
- University of Lyon, Research group on "Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment", UMR Ecologie Microbienne, CNRS 5557, INRA 1418, University Lyon 1, VetAgro Sup, 69280 Marcy L'Etoile, France; University of Lyon, VetAgro Sup, LMAP, National Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli (including VTEC), Marcy L'Etoile, France
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8
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Loukiadis E, Bièche-Terrier C, Malayrat C, Ferré F, Cartier P, Augustin JC. Distribution of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in ground beef: Assessing the clustering intensity for an industrial-scale grinder and a low and localized initial contamination. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 250:75-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Douëllou T, Delannoy S, Ganet S, Fach P, Loukiadis E, Montel MC, Sergentet-Thevenot D. Molecular characterization of O157:H7, O26:H11 and O103:H2 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolated from dairy products. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 253:59-65. [PMID: 28499121 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) are recognized worldwide as environment and foodborne pathogens which can be transmitted by ingestion of ready-to-eat food such as raw milk-derived products. STEC show a prevalence rate in dairy products of 0.9%, yet comparably few outbreaks have been related to dairy products consumption. In this study, we used rt-qPCR to identify the virulence potential of O157, O26 and O103 STEC strains isolated from raw-milk dairy products by analyzing virulence-related gene frequencies and associations with O-island (OI) 44, OI-48, OI-50, OI-57, OI-71 and OI-122. Results showed that 100% of STEC strains investigated harbored genes associated with EHEC-related virulence profile patterns (eae and stx, with either espK, espV, ureD and/or Z2098). We also found similarities in virulence-related gene content between O157:H7 and O103:H2 dairy and non-dairy STEC strains, especially isolates from human cases. The O26:H11-serotype STEC strains investigated harbor the arcA-allele 2 gene associated with specific genetic markers. These profiles are associated with high-virulence seropathotype-A STEC. However, the low frequency of stx2 gene associated with absence of other virulence genes in dairy isolates of O26:H11 remains a promising avenue of investigation to estimate their real pathogenicity. All O26:H11 attaching-effacing E. coli (AEEC) strains carried CRISPRO26:H11SP_O26_E but not genetic markers espK, espV, ureD and/or Z2098 associated with the emerging potentially high-virulence "new French clone". These strains are potentially as "EHEC-like" strains because they may acquire (or have lost) stx gene. In this study, O157:H7, O103:H2 and O26:H11 STEC strains isolated from dairy products were assigned as potential pathogens. However, research now needs to investigate the impact of dairy product environment and dairy processing on the expression of their pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Douëllou
- Institute National de Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Recherches Fromagères, 15000 Aurillac, France; Université de Lyon, Research Group "Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment", UMR5557 Ecologie Microbienne Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, VetAgro Sup, 69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France.
| | - S Delannoy
- Université Paris-Est, ANSES, Laboratoire de Sécurité des Aliments, Plateforme IdentyPath, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - S Ganet
- Université de Lyon, Research Group "Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment", UMR5557 Ecologie Microbienne Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, VetAgro Sup, 69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France; Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup Campus Vétérinaire, Laboratoire d'Etudes des Microorganismes Alimentaires Pathogènes-French National Reference laboratory for Escherichia coli including Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (NRL-STEC), 69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - P Fach
- Université Paris-Est, ANSES, Laboratoire de Sécurité des Aliments, Plateforme IdentyPath, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - E Loukiadis
- Université de Lyon, Research Group "Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment", UMR5557 Ecologie Microbienne Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, VetAgro Sup, 69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France; Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup Campus Vétérinaire, Laboratoire d'Etudes des Microorganismes Alimentaires Pathogènes-French National Reference laboratory for Escherichia coli including Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (NRL-STEC), 69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - M-C Montel
- Institute National de Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Recherches Fromagères, 15000 Aurillac, France
| | - D Sergentet-Thevenot
- Université de Lyon, Research Group "Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment", UMR5557 Ecologie Microbienne Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, VetAgro Sup, 69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France; Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup Campus Vétérinaire, Laboratoire d'Etudes des Microorganismes Alimentaires Pathogènes-French National Reference laboratory for Escherichia coli including Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (NRL-STEC), 69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France
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10
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Kerangart S, Douëllou T, Delannoy S, Fach P, Beutin L, Sergentet-Thévenot D, Cournoyer B, Loukiadis E. Variable tellurite resistance profiles of clinically-relevant Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) influence their recovery from foodstuffs. Food Microbiol 2016; 59:32-42. [PMID: 27375242 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tellurite (Tel)-amended selective media and resistance (Tel-R) are widely used for detecting Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) from foodstuffs. Tel-R of 81 O157 and non-O157 STEC strains isolated from animal, food and human was thus investigated. Variations of STEC tellurite minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values have been observed and suggest a multifactorial and variable tellurite resistome between strains. Some clinically-relevant STEC were found highly susceptible and could not be recovered using a tellurite-based detection scheme. The ter operon was highly prevalent among highly Tel-R STEC but was not always detected among intermediately-resistant strains. Many STEC serogroup strains were found to harbor sublines showing a gradient of MIC values. These Tel-R sublines showed statistically significant log negative correlations with increasing tellurite concentration. Whatever the tellurite concentration, the highest number of resistant sublines was observed for STEC belonging to the O26 serogroup. Variations in the number of these Tel-R sublines could explain the poor recovery of some STEC serogroups on tellurite-amended media especially from food products with low levels of contamination. Comparison of tellurite MIC values and distribution of virulence-related genes showed Tel-R and virulence to be related.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Kerangart
- University of Lyon, Research Group on «Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment», UMR5557 Microbial Ecology, University Lyon 1, CNRS, VetAgro Sup, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Thomas Douëllou
- University of Lyon, Research Group on «Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment», UMR5557 Microbial Ecology, University Lyon 1, CNRS, VetAgro Sup, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; Institut National de Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Recherches Fromagères, 15000 Aurillac, France
| | - Sabine Delannoy
- Université Paris-Est, ANSES, Laboratoire de Sécurité des Aliments, Plateforme IdentyPath, 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Patrick Fach
- Université Paris-Est, ANSES, Laboratoire de Sécurité des Aliments, Plateforme IdentyPath, 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Lothar Beutin
- National Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli (Including VTEC), Department of Biological Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), D-12277 Berlin, Germany
| | - Delphine Sergentet-Thévenot
- University of Lyon, Research Group on «Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment», UMR5557 Microbial Ecology, University Lyon 1, CNRS, VetAgro Sup, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; University of Lyon, VetAgro Sup, LMAP Laboratory, National Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli (Including VTEC), Marcy L'Etoile, France
| | - Benoit Cournoyer
- University of Lyon, Research Group on «Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment», UMR5557 Microbial Ecology, University Lyon 1, CNRS, VetAgro Sup, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Estelle Loukiadis
- University of Lyon, Research Group on «Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment», UMR5557 Microbial Ecology, University Lyon 1, CNRS, VetAgro Sup, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; University of Lyon, VetAgro Sup, LMAP Laboratory, National Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli (Including VTEC), Marcy L'Etoile, France.
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11
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Douëllou T, Delannoy S, Ganet S, Mariani-Kurkdjian P, Fach P, Loukiadis E, Montel M, Thevenot-Sergentet D. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains isolated from dairy products - Genetic diversity and virulence gene profiles. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 232:52-62. [PMID: 27257743 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are widely recognized as pathogens causing food borne disease. Here we evaluate the genetic diversity of 197 strains, mainly STEC, from serotypes O157:H7, O26:H11, O103:H2, O111:H8 and O145:28 and compared strains recovered in dairy products against strains from human, meat and environment cases. For this purpose, we characterized a set of reference-collection STEC isolates from dairy products by PFGE DNA fingerprinting and a subset of these by virulence-gene profiling. PFGE profiles of restricted STEC total DNA showed high genomic variability (0.9976 on Simpson's discriminatory index), enabling all dairy isolates to be differentiated. High-throughput real-time PCR screening of STEC virulence genes were applied on the O157:H7 and O26:H11 STEC isolates from dairy products and human cases. The virulence gene profiles of dairy and human STEC strains were similar. Nevertheless, frequency-wise, stx1 was more prevalent among dairy O26:H11 isolates than in human cases ones (87% vs. 44%) while stx2 was more prevalent among O26:H11 human isolates (23% vs. 81%). For O157:H7 isolates, stx1 (0% vs. 39%), nleF (40% vs 94%) and Z6065 (40% vs 100%) were more prevalent among human than dairy strains. Our data point to differences between human and dairy strains but these differences were not sufficient to associate PFGE and virulence gene profiles to a putative lower pathogenicity of dairy strains based on their lower incidence in disease. Further comparison of whole-genome expression and virulence gene profiles should be investigated in cheese and intestinal tract samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Douëllou
- INRA UR Fromagères 545, 20 Cote de Reyne, 15000 Aurillac, France; Université de Lyon, "Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment" Research Group, UMR5557 Ecologie Microbienne Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, VetAgro Sup, 69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - S Delannoy
- Université Paris-Est, ANSES, Laboratoire de Sécurité des Aliments, Plateforme IdentyPath, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - S Ganet
- Université de Lyon, "Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment" Research Group, UMR5557 Ecologie Microbienne Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, VetAgro Sup, 69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France; Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup Campus Vétérinaire, Laboratoire d'études des Microorganismes Alimentaires Pathogènes, French National Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli including Shiga-like toxin-producing E. coli (NRL-STEC), 69280 Marcy-l'Etoile, France
| | - P Mariani-Kurkdjian
- Centre National de Référence Associé des Escherichia coli, AP-HP, Service de Microbiologie, Hôpital Robert-Debré, 75019 Paris, France
| | - P Fach
- Université Paris-Est, ANSES, Laboratoire de Sécurité des Aliments, Plateforme IdentyPath, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - E Loukiadis
- Université de Lyon, "Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment" Research Group, UMR5557 Ecologie Microbienne Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, VetAgro Sup, 69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France; Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup Campus Vétérinaire, Laboratoire d'études des Microorganismes Alimentaires Pathogènes, French National Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli including Shiga-like toxin-producing E. coli (NRL-STEC), 69280 Marcy-l'Etoile, France
| | - Mc Montel
- INRA UR Fromagères 545, 20 Cote de Reyne, 15000 Aurillac, France
| | - D Thevenot-Sergentet
- Université de Lyon, "Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment" Research Group, UMR5557 Ecologie Microbienne Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, VetAgro Sup, 69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France; Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup Campus Vétérinaire, Laboratoire d'études des Microorganismes Alimentaires Pathogènes, French National Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli including Shiga-like toxin-producing E. coli (NRL-STEC), 69280 Marcy-l'Etoile, France.
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12
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Bonanno L, Petit MA, Loukiadis E, Michel V, Auvray F. Heterogeneity in Induction Level, Infection Ability, and Morphology of Shiga Toxin-Encoding Phages (Stx Phages) from Dairy and Human Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O26:H11 Isolates. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:2177-2186. [PMID: 26826235 PMCID: PMC4807521 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03463-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) bacteria are foodborne pathogens responsible for diarrhea and hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). Shiga toxin, the main STEC virulence factor, is encoded by the stx gene located in the genome of a bacteriophage inserted into the bacterial chromosome. The O26:H11 serotype is considered to be the second-most-significant HUS-causing serotype worldwide after O157:H7. STEC O26:H11 bacteria and their stx-negative counterparts have been detected in dairy products. They may convert from the one form to the other by loss or acquisition of Stx phages, potentially confounding food microbiological diagnostic methods based on stx gene detection. Here we investigated the diversity and mobility of Stx phages from human and dairy STEC O26:H11 strains. Evaluation of their rate of in vitro induction, occurring either spontaneously or in the presence of mitomycin C, showed that the Stx2 phages were more inducible overall than Stx1 phages. However, no correlation was found between the Stx phage levels produced and the origin of the strains tested or the phage insertion sites. Morphological analysis by electron microscopy showed that Stx phages from STEC O26:H11 displayed various shapes that were unrelated to Stx1 or Stx2 types. Finally, the levels of sensitivity of stx-negative E. coli O26:H11 to six Stx phages differed among the 17 strains tested and our attempts to convert them into STEC were unsuccessful, indicating that their lysogenization was a rare event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludivine Bonanno
- Université Paris-Est, Anses, Laboratory for Food Safety, Maisons-Alfort, France
- Actalia Produits Laitiers, Laboratoire de Microbiologie d'Intérêt Laitier, La Roche sur Foron, France
| | | | - Estelle Loukiadis
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Laboratoire d'Études des Microorganismes Alimentaires Pathogènes/Laboratoire National de Référence pour les Escherichia coli y Compris les E. coli Producteurs de Shiga-Toxines, Marcy l'Etoile, France
- Université de Lyon, UMR 5557 Ecologie Microbienne, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, VetAgro Sup, Equipe Bactéries Pathogènes et Opportunistes, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Valérie Michel
- Actalia Produits Laitiers, Laboratoire de Microbiologie d'Intérêt Laitier, La Roche sur Foron, France
| | - Frédéric Auvray
- Université Paris-Est, Anses, Laboratory for Food Safety, Maisons-Alfort, France
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Commereuc M, Weill FX, Loukiadis E, Gouali M, Gleizal A, Kormann R, Ridel C, Frémeaux-Bacchi V, Rondeau E, Hertig A. Recurrent Hemolytic and Uremic Syndrome Induced by Escherichia Coli. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e2050. [PMID: 26735524 PMCID: PMC4706244 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000002050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A widespread belief is that typical hemolytic and uremic syndrome (HUS) does not recur. We report the case of a patient infected twice with raw milk taken from his own cow and containing a Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O174:H21 that induced recurrent HUS causing severe renal and cerebral disorders. A genomic comparison of the human and bovine Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O174:H21 isolates revealed that they were identical. Typical HUS may recur. Since milk from this animal was occasionally distributed locally, thereby posing a serious threat for the whole village, this particular cow was destroyed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Commereuc
- From the APHP, Hôpital Tenon (MC, RK, CR, ER, AH), Urgences Néphrologiques et Transplantation Rénale, Institut Pasteur (F-XW, MG), Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, Centre National de Référence des E coli et Shigella, Paris, VetAgro Sup (EL, AG), Campus vétérinaire de Lyon, Laboratoire d'études des microorganismes alimentaires pathogènes (LMAP), Laboratoire National de Référence pour les E coli y compris les E coli producteurs de Shiga-toxines (LNR STEC), Marcy L'Etoile, Service d'Immunologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou (VF-B); and UPMC Sorbonne Université Paris 06 (ER, AH), Paris, France
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14
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Bibbal D, Loukiadis E, Kérourédan M, Ferré F, Dilasser F, Peytavin de Garam C, Cartier P, Oswald E, Gay E, Auvray F, Brugère H. Prevalence of carriage of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli serotypes O157:H7, O26:H11, O103:H2, O111:H8, and O145:H28 among slaughtered adult cattle in France. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:1397-1405. [PMID: 25527532 PMCID: PMC4309698 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03315-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The main pathogenic enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) strains are defined as Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing E. coli (STEC) belonging to one of the following serotypes: O157:H7, O26:H11, O103:H2, O111:H8, and O145:H28. Each of these five serotypes is known to be associated with a specific subtype of the intimin-encoding gene (eae). The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of bovine carriers of these “top five” STEC in the four adult cattle categories slaughtered in France. Fecal samples were collected from 1,318 cattle, including 291 young dairy bulls, 296 young beef bulls, 337 dairy cows, and 394 beef cows. A total of 96 E. coli isolates, including 33 top five STEC and 63 atypical enteropathogenic E. coli (aEPEC) isolates, with the same genetic characteristics as the top five STEC strains except that they lacked an stx gene, were recovered from these samples.O157:H7 was the most frequently isolated STEC serotype. The prevalence of top five STEC (all serotypes included) was 4.5% in young dairy bulls, 2.4% in young beef bulls, 1.8% in dairy cows, and 1.0% in beef cows. It was significantly higher in young dairy bulls (P<0.05) than in the other 3 categories. The basis for these differences between categories remains to be elucidated. Moreover,simultaneous carriage of STEC O26:H11 and STEC O103:H2 was detected in one young dairy bull. Lastly, the prevalence of bovine carriers of the top five STEC, evaluated through a weighted arithmetic mean of the prevalence by categories, was estimated to 1.8% in slaughtered adult cattle in France.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Bibbal
- INSERM UMR1043, INRA USC1360, INP-ENVT ESC, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Estelle Loukiadis
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, LMAP Laboratory, National Reference Laboratory for E. coli (Including VTEC), Marcy l'Etoile, France
- Université de Lyon, UMR 5557 Microbial Ecology, Université de Lyon 1, CNRS, VetAgro Sup, Research Group on Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Monique Kérourédan
- INSERM UMR1043, INRA USC1360, INP-ENVT ESC, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Franck Ferré
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, LMAP Laboratory, National Reference Laboratory for E. coli (Including VTEC), Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Françoise Dilasser
- Université Paris-Est, Anses, Laboratory for Food Safety, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | | | - Eric Oswald
- INSERM UMR1043, INRA USC1360, CHU de Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Emilie Gay
- Anses, Lyon Laboratory, Epidemiology Unit, Lyon, France
| | - Frédéric Auvray
- Université Paris-Est, Anses, Laboratory for Food Safety, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Hubert Brugère
- INSERM UMR1043, INRA USC1360, INP-ENVT ESC, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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15
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Wheeler SR, Heard P, Dufour C, Thevenot-Sergentet D, Loukiadis E, Flowers RS, McMahon W. Detection of non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in 375 grams of beef trim enrichments across multiple commercial PCR detection platforms. J Food Prot 2015; 78:196-202. [PMID: 25581196 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Although serotype O157:H7 remains the pathogenic Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) of primary concern worldwide, some focus in the United States has shifted to six particular non-O157 STEC serogroups (O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, and O145). Some of these serogroups have also emerged as concerns elsewhere around the world, including Europe. The objective of this work was to compare commercial detection methods with the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) reference method for detection of non-O157 STEC in 375 g of beef trim using a limit of detection study design. Overall, the commercial platforms performed well, showing similar levels of sensitivity for detection of presumptive positives for O45, O26, O103, and O121 (PCR screen results only). For O111, one method that utilizes an integrated immunomagnetic separation and PCR approach was more sensitive than a PCR-only screen approach. Additionally, one commercial method showed more presumptive and confirmed positives overall. Use of an immunomagnetic separation tool, such as antibody-coated beads, aided considerably with the confirmation procedures and is an important step when confirming suspect samples. A secondary goal of this study was to evaluate isolation and International Organization for Standardization confirmation protocols used in Europe compared with strategies provided by the USDA Microbiology Laboratory Guidebook (MLG). Generally, results from the USDA confirmation plates (modified Rainbow agar) were better than the European Union confirmation plates (MacConkey agar with or without rhamnose). In summary, detection of non-O157 STEC in 375 g of beef trim can be performed by any of the three methods on the market evaluated in the study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Preciaus Heard
- Silliker Food Science Center, 3600 Eagle Nest Drive, Crete, Illinois 60417, USA
| | - Christophe Dufour
- Silliker France, 1 rue de la Croix des Maheux, 95031 Cergy-Pontoise cedex, France
| | - Delphine Thevenot-Sergentet
- University of Lyon, VetAgro Sup, French National Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli, 1 avenue Bourgelat, 69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France; University of Lyon, Research Group on Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment, UMR 5557 Microbial Ecology, University Lyon 1, National Center for Scientific Research, VetAgro Sup, 69622 Villeurbanne cedex, France
| | - Estelle Loukiadis
- University of Lyon, VetAgro Sup, French National Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli, 1 avenue Bourgelat, 69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France; University of Lyon, Research Group on Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment, UMR 5557 Microbial Ecology, University Lyon 1, National Center for Scientific Research, VetAgro Sup, 69622 Villeurbanne cedex, France
| | - Russell S Flowers
- Mérieux NutriSciences, 111 East Wacker Drive, Suite 2300, Chicago, Illinois 60601, USA
| | - Wendy McMahon
- Silliker Food Science Center, 3600 Eagle Nest Drive, Crete, Illinois 60417, USA.
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King L, Loukiadis E, Mariani-Kurkdjian P, Haeghebaert S, Weill FX, Baliere C, Ganet S, Gouali M, Vaillant V, Pihier N, Callon H, Novo R, Gaillot O, Thevenot-Sergentet D, Bingen E, Chaud P, de Valk H. Foodborne transmission of sorbitol-fermenting Escherichia coli O157:[H7] via ground beef: an outbreak in northern France, 2011. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014; 20:O1136-44. [DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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17
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Chagnot C, Caccia N, Loukiadis E, Ganet S, Durand A, Bertin Y, Talon R, Astruc T, Desvaux M. Colonization of the meat extracellular matrix proteins by O157 and non-O157 enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Int J Food Microbiol 2014; 188:92-8. [PMID: 25090606 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) are anthropozoonotic agents that range third among food-borne pathogens respective to their incidence and dangerousness in the European Union. EHEC are Shiga-toxin producing E. coli (STEC) responsible for foodborne poisoning mainly incriminated to the consumption of contaminated beef meat. Among the hundreds of STEC serotypes identified, EHEC mainly belong to O157:H7 but non-O157 can represent 20 to 70% of EHEC infections per year. Seven of those serogroups are especially of high-risk for human health, i.e. O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, O145 and O104. While meat can be contaminated all along the food processing chain, EHEC contamination essentially occurs at the dehiding stage of slaughtering. Investigating bacterial colonization to the skeletal-muscle extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, it appeared that environmental factors influenced specific and non-specific bacterial adhesion of O157 and non-O157 EHEC as well as biofilm formation. Importantly, mechanical treatment (i.e. shaking, centrifugation, pipetting and vortexing) inhibited and biased the results of bacterial adhesion assay. Besides stressing the importance of the protocol to investigate bacterial adhesion to ECM proteins, this study demonstrated that the colonization abilities to ECM proteins vary among EHEC serogroups and should ultimately be taken into consideration to evaluate the risk of contamination for different types of food matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Chagnot
- INRA, UR454 Microbiologie, F-63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France; INRA, UR370 Qualité des Produits Animaux, F-63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France
| | - Nelly Caccia
- INRA, UR454 Microbiologie, F-63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France
| | - Estelle Loukiadis
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, LMAP Laboratory, National Reference Laboratory for E. coli (including STEC), F-69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France; Université de Lyon, UMR 5557 Ecologie Microbienne, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, VetAgro Sup, Research Group on Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sarah Ganet
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, LMAP Laboratory, National Reference Laboratory for E. coli (including STEC), F-69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France; Université de Lyon, UMR 5557 Ecologie Microbienne, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, VetAgro Sup, Research Group on Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Alexandra Durand
- INRA, UR454 Microbiologie, F-63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France
| | - Yolande Bertin
- INRA, UR454 Microbiologie, F-63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France
| | - Régine Talon
- INRA, UR454 Microbiologie, F-63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France
| | - Thierry Astruc
- INRA, UR370 Qualité des Produits Animaux, F-63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France
| | - Mickaël Desvaux
- INRA, UR454 Microbiologie, F-63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France.
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Bibbal D, Kérourédan M, Loukiadis E, Scheutz F, Oswald E, Brugère H. Slaughterhouse effluent discharges into rivers not responsible for environmental occurrence of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli. Vet Microbiol 2013; 168:451-4. [PMID: 24388632 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Enteroaggregative Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains were responsible for a massive outbreak in Europe in 2011, and had been previously isolated from French patients. The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) in slaughterhouse effluents (wastewater, slurry, sludge and effluents), and in river waters near these slaughterhouses. A total of 10,618 E. coli isolates were screened by PCR for the presence of EAEC-associated genetic markers (aggR, aap and aatA). None of these markers was detected in E. coli isolated from slaughterhouse samples. A unique enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) O126:H8 was detected in river water sampled upstream from slaughterhouse effluent discharge. These results confirmed that animals might not be reservoirs of EAEC, and that further studies are required to evaluate the role of the environment in the transmission of EAEC to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Bibbal
- INSERM UMR1043, INRA USC1360, Université de Toulouse, INPT, ENVT, Toulouse, France.
| | - Monique Kérourédan
- INSERM UMR1043, INRA USC1360, Université de Toulouse, INPT, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Estelle Loukiadis
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, LMAP Laboratory, National Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli including VTEC, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Flemming Scheutz
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Escherichia and Klebsiella, Statens Serum Institut (SSI), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eric Oswald
- INSERM UMR1043, INRA USC1360, CHU de Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Hubert Brugère
- INSERM UMR1043, INRA USC1360, Université de Toulouse, INPT, ENVT, Toulouse, France
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Charron M, Loukiadis E, Mariani-Kurkdjian P, Gouali M, Poignet-Leroux B, Barret AS. Utilité des cartes de fidélité dans l’investigation d’une épidémie d’infections à Escherichia coli O157:H7. Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.respe.2013.07.677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Barret AS, Charron M, Mariani-Kurkdjian P, Gouali M, Loukiadis E, Poignet-Leroux B, Godron A, Gault G, Faure M, Mailles A. Shopper cards data and storage practices for the investigation of an outbreak of Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli O157 infections. Med Mal Infect 2013; 43:368-73. [PMID: 23910937 DOI: 10.1016/j.medmal.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION An outbreak of shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli infections occurred in southwest France in June 2012. The outbreak was investigated to identify the source of infection, and guide control measures. METHODS Confirmed outbreak cases were patients who developed bloody diarrhoea or haemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) between 28 May and 6 July 2012, with E. coli O157 isolates showing indistinguishable patterns on pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). A standardized questionnaire was administered to patients to document food consumption and other risk exposures. Their purchase was checked through their supermarket shopper card data. RESULTS Six patients (four with HUS and two with bloody diarrhea) were confirmed outbreak cases. Fresh ground beef burgers from one supermarket were the only common food exposure, identified by interviews and shopper card data. The PFGE profile of shiga toxin-producing E. coli O157 isolated from the suspected beef burgers was identical to those from the human cases. The suspected beef burgers were no longer on sale at the time of investigation but three patients confirmed as outbreak cases had deep-frozen some at home. CONCLUSION Shopper card data was particularly useful to obtain precise and reliable information on the traceability of consumed food. Despite the expired use-by date, a recall was issued for the beef burgers. This contributed to preventing other cases among consumers who had deep-frozen the beef burgers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-S Barret
- Institut de veille sanitaire, département des maladies infectieuses, 12, rue du Val-d'Osne, 94415 Saint-Maurice cedex, France.
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Haeghebaert S, Chaud P, Billaut C, Mariani P, Weill FX, Loukiadis E, Pihier N, King L. Épidémie d’infections à Escherichia coli producteurs de shiga-toxines (STEC). Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.respe.2012.06.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Miszczycha SD, Ganet S, Duniere L, Rozand C, Loukiadis E, Thevenot-Sergentet D. Novel real-time PCR method to detect Escherichia coli O157:H7 in raw milk cheese and raw ground meat. J Food Prot 2012; 75:1373-81. [PMID: 22856560 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Raw milk, raw milk cheeses, and raw ground meat have been implicated in Escherichia coli O157:H7 outbreaks. Developing methods to detect these bacteria in raw milk and meat products is a major challenge for food safety. The aim of our study was to develop a real-time PCR assay to detect E. coli O157:H7 in raw milk cheeses and raw ground meat. Well-known primers targeting a mutation at position +93 of the uidA gene in E. coli O157:H7 were chosen, and a specific TaqMan-minor groove binder probe was designed. This probe targets another mutation, at position +191 of the uidA gene in E. coli O157:H7. The first step in the study was to evaluate the specificity of this probe with 156 different O157:H7/NM strains and 48 non-O157:H7/NM strains of E. coli. The sensitivity of the method was evaluated by pre- and postinoculation of cheeses and meat enrichments with different E. coli O157:H7 strains. All the E. coli O157:H7 isolates tested were positive, and none of the other bacteria were detected. Our results indicate that this method is sensitive enough to detect 10(2) E. coli O157:H7 isolates per ml of cheese or meat enrichment broth (24 h at 41.5° C) and is more sensitive than the International Organization for Standardization reference method. We can conclude that this new real-time PCR protocol is a useful tool for rapid, specific, and sensitive detection of E. coli O157:H7 in raw milk and raw ground meat products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane D Miszczycha
- Unité de Recherche CALITYSS/Equipe EMSA, VetAgro Sup, Université de Lyon, 1 avenue Claude Bourgelat, Marcy l'Etoile, France.
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King LA, Nogareda F, Weill FX, Mariani-Kurkdjian P, Loukiadis E, Gault G, Jourdan-DaSilva N, Bingen E, Macé M, Thevenot D, Ong N, Castor C, Noël H, Van Cauteren D, Charron M, Vaillant V, Aldabe B, Goulet V, Delmas G, Couturier E, Le Strat Y, Combe C, Delmas Y, Terrier F, Vendrely B, Rolland P, de Valk H. Outbreak of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O104:H4 associated with organic fenugreek sprouts, France, June 2011. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 54:1588-94. [PMID: 22460976 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cis255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND On 22 June 2011, 8 patients with hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) or bloody diarrhea were reported in France. All 8 were attendees of a community center event on 8 June near Bordeaux. Three Escherichia coli cases were confirmed by isolation of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli O104:H4 stx2 aggR producing a cefotaximase (CTX-M) β-lactamase (STEC O104:H4); the same rare serotype caused the outbreak in Germany in May-July 2011. An investigation was initiated to describe the outbreak, identify the vehicle for infection, and guide control measures. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study among all adults attending the event, including food handlers. A standardized questionnaire was administered to participants. A case was an attendee who developed HUS or diarrhea between 8 and 24 June. Cases were confirmed by isolation of STEC O104:H4 or O104 serology. Relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) by exposure were calculated using a Poisson regression model. RESULTS Twenty-four cases were identified (14% attack rate). Of these, 18 (75%) were women, 22 (92%) were adults, 7 (29%) developed HUS, 5 (21%) developed bloody diarrhea, and 12 (50%) developed diarrhea. Ten (42%) cases were confirmed. Fenugreek was the only sprout type with an independent association to illness (RR, 5.1; 95% CI, 2.3-11.1) in multivariable analysis. CONCLUSIONS This investigation identified a point-source STEC O104:H4 outbreak associated with consumption of fenugreek sprouts. Comparison of results from French and German STEC O104:H4 outbreak investigations enabled identification of a common food vehicle, fenugreek sprouts, and resulted in implementation of Europe-wide control measures in July 2011.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A King
- Department of Infectious Disease, Institut de Veille Sanitaire, Saint Maurice, France.
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Madic J, de Garam CP, Brugère H, Loukiadis E, Fach P, Jamet E, Auvray F. Duplex real-time PCR detection of type III effector tccP and tccP2 genes in pathogenic Escherichia coli and prevalence in raw milk cheeses. Lett Appl Microbiol 2011; 52:538-45. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2011.03038.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Loukiadis E, Nobe R, Herold S, Tramuta C, Ogura Y, Ooka T, Morabito S, Kérourédan M, Brugère H, Schmidt H, Hayashi T, Oswald E. Distribution, functional expression, and genetic organization of Cif, a phage-encoded type III-secreted effector from enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 2007; 190:275-85. [PMID: 17873042 PMCID: PMC2223761 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00844-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) inject effector proteins into host cells via a type III secretion system encoded by the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE). One of these effectors is Cif, encoded outside the LEE by a lambdoid prophage. In this study, we demonstrated that the Cif-encoding prophage of EPEC strain E22 is inducible and produces infectious phage particles. We investigated the distribution and functional expression of Cif in 5,049 E. coli strains of human, animal, and environmental origins. A total of 115 E. coli isolates from diverse origins and geographic locations carried cif. The presence of cif was tightly associated with the LEE, since all the cif-positive isolates were positive for the LEE. These results suggested that the Cif-encoding prophages have been widely disseminated within the natural population of E. coli but positively selected within the population of LEE-positive strains. Nonetheless, 66% of cif-positive E. coli strains did not induce a typical Cif-related phenotype in eukaryotic cells due to frameshift mutations or insertion of an IS element in the cif gene. The passenger region of the prophages carrying cif was highly variable and showed various combinations of IS elements and genes coding for other effectors such as nleB, nleC, nleH, nleG, espJ, and nleA/espI (some of which were also truncated). This diversity and the presence of nonfunctional effectors should be taken into account to assess EPEC and EHEC pathogenicity and tropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Loukiadis
- INRA, UMR 1225, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Toulouse 31076, France
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Loukiadis E, Kerouredan M, Oswald E, Brugere H. Virulence Factors of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia Coli (EHEC) in Sewage of French Slaughterhouses and Environmental Risk for Public Health. Epidemiology 2006. [DOI: 10.1097/00001648-200611001-00608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Loukiadis E, Kérourédan M, Beutin L, Oswald E, Brugère H. Characterization of Shiga toxin gene (stx)-positive and intimin gene (eae)-positive Escherichia coli isolates from wastewater of slaughterhouses in France. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:3245-51. [PMID: 16672463 PMCID: PMC1472399 DOI: 10.1128/aem.72.5.3245-3251.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Wastewater samples from 12 slaughterhouses located in different regions in France were tested for the presence of stx-positive and eae-positive Escherichia coli isolates, and characteristics of the isolates obtained were determined. A total of 224 wastewater samples were collected in wastewater treatment plants at different stages of wastewater processing. Altogether, 5,001 E. coli isolates were obtained by colony counting and screened for the presence of stx and eae genes by multiplex PCR. stx-positive and eae-positive E. coli isolates were detected in 25% of the samples collected; they were found in 13% and 3% of the samples obtained from treated effluent and sludge, respectively, suggesting that they could be spread into the environment. Screening of the samples collected by immunomagnetic separation allowed us to isolate 31 additional E. coli serogroup O157 isolates. Four of these isolates harbored stx and eae genes. All stx-positive and eae-positive E. coli isolates were analyzed for eae and stx genetic variants, as well as for additional virulence factors and serotypes. Our results suggest that the majority of the stx- and eae-positive E. coli isolates from wastewater have low virulence for humans. However, the diversity of the enterohemorrhagic E. coli-associated virulence factors in the strains indicates that the environment may play an important role in the emergence of new pathogenic enterohemorrhagic E. coli strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Loukiadis
- UMR 1225 INRA-ENVT Interactions Hôtes-Agents Pathogènes, Equipe Pathogénie moléculaire et cellulaire des Escherichia coli, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, BP 87 614, 31076 Toulouse Cedex 3, France
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