Production of Sophorolipid Biosurfactant by Insect Derived Novel Yeast Metschnikowia churdharensis f.a., sp. nov., and Its Antifungal Activity Against Plant and Human Pathogens

Biosurfactants are potential biomolecules that have extensive utilization in cosmetics, medicines, bioremediation and processed foods. Yeast produced biosurfactants offer thermal resistance, antioxidant activity, and no risk of pathogenicity, illustrating their promising use in food formulations. The present study is aimed to assess potential of biosurfactant screened from a novel yeast and their inhibition against food spoilage fungi. A novel asexual ascomycetes yeast strain CIG-6A^T producing biosurfactant, was isolated from the gut of stingless bee from Churdhar, HP, India. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the strain CIG-6A^T was closely related to Metschnikowia koreensis, showing 94.38% sequence similarity in the D1D2 region for which the name Metschnikowia churdharensis f.a., sp. nov., is proposed. The strain CIG-6A^T was able to produce sophorolipid biosurfactant under optimum conditions. Sophorolipid biosurfactant from strain CIG-6A^T effectively reduced the surface tension from 72.8 to 35 mN/m. Sophorolipid biosurfactant was characterized using TLC, FTIR, GC-MS and LC-MS techniques and was a mixture of both acidic and lactonic forms. Sophorolipid assessed promising activity against pathogenic fungi viz. Fusarium oxysporum (MTCC 9913), Fusarium solani (MTCC 350), and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (MTCC 2190). The inhibitory effect of biosurfactant CIG-6A^T against F. solani was studied and MIC was 49 μgm/ml, further confirmed through confocal laser scanning microscopy. We illustrated the antifungal activity of sophorolipid biosurfactant from Metschnikowia genus for the first time and suggested a novel antifungal compound against food spoilage and human fungal pathogen.

Effect of an Oral Health Preventive Protocol on Salivary Parameters and Gingival Health of Children with Type 1 Diabetes

Context

Type 1 diabetic children exhibit poorer oral health than general population. However, no oral health preventive protocol exists for attending to the oral health needs of such children.

Aim

To evaluate the effect of an oral health preventive protocol on salivary parameters and gingival health of children with type 1 diabetes mellitus over a period of 6 months.

Materials and methods

Fifty diabetic children, aged 6–12 years were selected and divided into two groups. Children in group I received a comprehensive oral health preventive protocol. The parameters recorded were oral hygiene practices, salivary flow rate, pH, buffer capacity, viscosity, electrolytes, and plaque and gingival indices. These were compared at baseline, 3-, and 6-month intervals.

Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis was done using IBM SPSS STATISTICS (version 22.0). Tests were based on the type of data.

Results

The intervention group (group I) showed favorable improvements in the parameters assessed. A greater number of participants adopted the correct oral hygiene methods. Unstimulated salivary flow rate increased from 0.36 ± 0.21 to 0.82 ± 0.16 mL/minute in group I and from 0.32 ± 0.24 to 0.58 ± 0.16 mL/minute in group II after 6 months (p = 0.001). Salivary buffer capacity increased from 3.07 ± 2.64 to 10.40 ± 0.82 in group I while in group II, it improved from 3.20 ± 1.47 to 9.33 ± 1.44 (p = 0.02). Salivary viscosity decreased in group I from 1.97 ± 0.42 to 1.15 ± 0.06 and from 1.97 ± 0.35 to 1.23 ± 0.11 in group II after 6 months (p = 0.02). Gingival scores changed from 1.07 ± 0.35 to 0.20 ± 0.23 in group I and from 1.04 ± 0.28 to 0.85 ± 0.25 in group II (p = 0.001).

Conclusion

The preventive protocol used in the present study showed a significant (p < 0.05) improvement in the parameters assessed.

How to cite this article

Singh V, Gauba K, Goyal A, et al. Effect of an Oral Health Preventive Protocol on Salivary Parameters and Gingival Health of Children with Type 1 Diabetes. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(1):109–114.

In silico and in vitro antioxidant and anticancer activity profiles of urea and thiourea derivatives of 2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-amine

Synthesis of a series of new urea and thiourea compounds have been accomplished by the reaction of 2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-amine with various phenyl isocyanates and isothiocyanates. These compounds were evaluated for their antioxidant activity by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and nitric oxide (NO) radical scavenging assay methods including IC₅₀ values. Some of the compounds exhibited potential activity in the two tested methods. Among the series of compounds, urea derivative linked with 4-bromo phenyl ring (4b), and thiourea derivatives bonded with phenyl ring (4e), 4-fluoro phenyl ring (4f) and 4-nitro pheyl ring (4h) were found to exhibit promising anti oxidant activity with low IC₅₀ values. Where four of the title comounds exhibited higher bindig energies than the reference compound (Imatinib) in in silico molecular docking studies with Aromatase. All the synthesized compounds were characterized by IR, ¹H, ¹³C NMR and mass spectral data.

Synthesis of Novel Macroheterocycles containing Phosphorus and Nitrogen

Syntheses of novel 3-[1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethyl]-1(indol-1-yl-methylphenyl-phosphinoyl/thiophosphinoyl/selenophosphinoyl methyl)-1 H-indole derivatives were accomplished in two steps. The synthetic route involves the cyclisation of equimolar quantities of 3-[4-chlorophenyl(1 H-3-indolyl)methyl]-1 H-indole (1) with bis(iodomethyl)phenylphosphine, bis(2-bromoethyl)phenylphosphine and tris-2-chloroethylphosphite (2a–c) in the presence of NaH under nitrogen atmosphere in dry THF to get P(III) intermediates (3a–c). These were further converted into the corresponding oxides, sulfides and selenides (4a–i) by reacting them with hydrogen peroxide, sulfur and selenium respectively.

Complete genome sequence and comparative genomics of the probiotic yeast Saccharomyces boulardii

The probiotic yeast, Saccharomyces boulardii (Sb) is known to be effective against many gastrointestinal disorders and antibiotic-associated diarrhea. To understand molecular basis of probiotic-properties ascribed to Sb we determined the complete genomes of two strains of Sb i.e. Biocodex and unique28 and the draft genomes for three other Sb strains that are marketed as probiotics in India. We compared these genomes with 145 strains of S. cerevisiae (Sc) to understand genome-level similarities and differences between these yeasts. A distinctive feature of Sb from other Sc is absence of Ty elements Ty1, Ty3, Ty4 and associated LTR. However, we could identify complete Ty2 and Ty5 elements in Sb. The genes for hexose transporters HXT11 and HXT9, and asparagine-utilization are absent in all Sb strains. We find differences in repeat periods and copy numbers of repeats in flocculin genes that are likely related to the differential adhesion of Sb as compared to Sc. Core-proteome based taxonomy places Sb strains along with wine strains of Sc. We find the introgression of five genes from Z. bailii into the chromosome IV of Sb and wine strains of Sc. Intriguingly, genes involved in conferring known probiotic properties to Sb are conserved in most Sc strains.

Phase-transfer catalytic dichlorocyclopropanation of styrene under the influence of ultrasound conditions - A kinetic study

The kinetics for dichlorocyclopropanation of styrene with an excess of chloroform were studied under phase-transfer catalysis and ultrasound irradiation conditions using aqueous sodium hydroxide as the base and benzyltriethylammonium bromide as a catalyst. The reaction was carried out at 35°C under pseudo-first order conditions by keeping aqueous sodium hydroxide and chloroform in excess and was monitored by gas chromatography (GC). The effects of agitation speed, quaternary ammonium salts, amount of catalyst, amount of sodium hydroxide and temperature on the kinetics of the conversion were investigated.

Deoiledjatropha seed cake is a useful nutrient for pullulan production

Background

Ever increasing demand for fossil fuels is a major factor for rapid depletion of these non-renewable energy resources, which has enhanced the interest of finding out alternative sources of energy. In recent years jatropha seed oil has been used extensively for production of bio-diesel and has shown significant potential to replace petroleum fuels at least partially. De-oiled jatropha seed cake (DOJSC) which comprises of approximately 55 to 65% of the biomass is a byproduct of bio-diesel industry. DOJSC contains toxic components like phorbol esters which restricts its utilization as animal feed. Thus along with the enhancement of biodiesel production from jatropha, there is an associated problem of handling this toxic byproduct. Utilization of DOJSC as a feed stock for production of biochemicals may be an attractive solution to the problem.

Pullulan is an industrially important polysaccharide with several potential applications in food, pharmaceuticals and cosmetic industries. However, the major bottleneck for commercial utilization of pullulan is its high cost. A cost effective process for pullulan production may be developed using DOJSC as sole nutrient source which will in turn also help in utilization of the byproduct of bio-diesel industry.

Results

In the present study, DOJSC has been used as a nutrient for production of pullulan, in place of conventional nutrients like yeast extract and peptone. Process optimization was done in shake flasks, and under optimized conditions (8% DOJSC, 15% dextrose, 28°C temperature, 200 rpm, 5% inoculum, 6.0 pH) 83.98 g/L pullulan was obtained. The process was further validated in a 5 L laboratory scale fermenter.

Conclusion

This is the first report of using DOJSC as nutrient for production of an exopolysaccharide. Successful use of DOJSC as nutrient will help in finding significant application of this toxic byproduct of biodiesel industry. This in turn also have a significant impact on cost reduction and may lead to development of a cost effective green technology for pullulan production.

Torulaspora indica a novel yeast species isolated from coal mine soils

Four yeast strains (APSS 805, APSS 806, APSS 815 and AP-18) belonging to a novel Torulaspora species were isolated from coal mine soils of Singareni in Andhra Pradesh state, India. Another strain (PBA-22) was isolated from agricultural field soil from Gujarat state, India. The vegetative cells of all these strains were round, haploid and produced asci by conjugation between independent cells or mother cell and bud, with rough ascospores, suggesting their possible relation to ascomycetous yeast genus Torulaspora. Phylogenetic analysis of the D1/D2 domain of the large subunit (LSU) rRNA gene and Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) regions revealed that, among the five strains, three viz. APSS 805, APSS 806 and APSS 815 have identical sequences. The other two strains (AP-18 and PBA-22) differed from the other three strains in less than 1% nucleotide substitutions in the combined D1/D2 domain and ITS sequences, indicating that all of them (five strains) may belong to the same species. These five strains were closely related to Torulaspora globosa, but showed more than 3-7% sequence divergence from T. globosa and all other species in the genus Torulaspora in the combined sequence analysis of D1/D2 domain and ITS region of rRNA gene. In addition, these strains also showed distinct microsatellite finger-printing pattern from related species and differed in several physiological responses suggesting that these strains belong to a novel species of Torulaspora. We propose to name these strains as Torulaspora indica sp. nov., and designate APSS 805(T) = MTCC 9772 (T) = CBS 12408 (T) as the type strain of this novel species. The Mycobank number of the novel species is MB 563738.

Cryptococcus rajasthanensis sp. nov., an anamorphic yeast species related to Cryptococcus laurentii, isolated from Rajasthan, India

Two novel anamorphic yeast strains (S-15LT and 3-C1) were isolated from the inflorescences of plants collected in two different towns in Rajasthan State, India. Sequencing of the D1/D2 domains of the large-subunit (LSU) rDNA and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions suggested they are strains of the same species. Phenotypic characteristics such as the absence of fermentation, the absence of sexual structures and ballistoconidia, the assimilation of myo-inositol and d-glucuronate, and positive Diazonium blue B and urease reactions indicated that these strains belong to the genus Cryptococcus. The novel strains differed from Cryptococcus laurentii in six physiological tests and differed from other related species in more than six tests. A phylogenetic analysis of the sequences of the D1/D2 domains of the LSU rDNA and the ITS regions placed these strains in the Bulleromyces clade within the order Tremellales, with C. laurentii as their closest described relative. The novel strains showed 1.6 and 7.5 % divergence in the D1/D2 domain of the LSU rDNA and ITS regions, respectively, with respect to C. laurentii. The divergence from other species was more than 3 % for the D1/D2 domain and more than 9 % for the ITS region. On the basis of the phenotypic and molecular data, strains S-15LT and 3-C1 represent a novel species within the genus Cryptococcus, for which the name Cryptococcus rajasthanensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is S-15LT (=MTCC 7075T=CBS 10406T).

Actinoalloteichus spitiensis sp. nov., a novel actinobacterium isolated from a cold desert of the Indian Himalayas

An actinobacterial strain, RMV-1378T, isolated from a cold desert of the Indian Himalayas, was subjected to polyphasic taxonomic characterization. The strain formed branching, non-fragmenting vegetative hyphae and did not produce diffusible pigments. Neither aerial mycelium nor spore formation was observed. The G+C content of the DNA was 72.0 mol%. The strain had chemotaxonomic characteristics typical of the genus Actinoalloteichus and was closely related (99.3 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity) to Actinoalloteichus cyanogriseus, currently the only Actinoalloteichus species with a validly published name. However, the results of DNA-DNA hybridization experiments showed 51.9 % relatedness with the type strain of A. cyanogriseus. On the basis of the above data and the physiological and biochemical distinctiveness of RMV-1378T (=MTCC 6194T=JCM 12472T=DSM 44848T), this strain should be classified as the type strain of a novel species of Actinoalloteichus, for which the name Actinoalloteichus spitiensis sp. nov. is proposed.

Aquimonas voraii gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel gammaproteobacterium isolated from a warm spring of Assam, India

A bacterial strain designated GPTSA 20(T), which was isolated from a warm spring in Assam, India, was characterized by using a polyphasic approach. The cells were Gram-negative, aerobic rods, which could not utilize or produce acid from most of the carbohydrates tested. The predominant fatty acids were C(15:0) iso (25.04%), C(17:1) iso omega9c (19.28%), C(16:0) iso (17.73%) and C(11:0) iso 3-OH (9.34%). The G+C content was 75 mol%. From 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis (1433 nucleotides, continuous stretch), it was confirmed that strain GPTSA 20(T) belonged to the class 'Gammaproteobacteria'. The closest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity found (98.2%) was with an uncultured bacterium clone, NB-03 (accession no. AB117707), from an autotrophic nitrifying biofilm. Among culturable bacteria, the closest sequence similarities were with Fulvimonas soli (93.0%), Silanimonas lenta (92.8%), Thermomonas hydrothermalis (92.4%), Frateuria aurantia (91.9%), Rhodanobacter lindaniclasticus (91.9%), Thermomonas haemolytica (91.9%) and Pseudoxanthomonas taiwanensis (91.8%); similarities of less than 91.8% were obtained with other members of the class 'Gammaproteobacteria'. From the biochemical, physiological, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic analysis, it was clear that strain GPTSA 20(T) was quite different from members of known genera of the class 'Gammaproteobacteria'. Therefore, it is proposed that strain GPTSA 20(T) represents a novel species within a new genus, with the name Aquimonas voraii gen. nov., sp. nov. The type strain is GPTSA 20(T) (=MTCC 6713(T)=JCM 12896(T)).

Geotrichum silvicola sp. nov., a novel asexual arthroconidial yeast species related to the genus Galactomyces

Four strains of an asexual arthroconidial yeast species were isolated from Drosophila flies in two Atlantic rain forest sites in Brazil and two strains from oak tasar silkworm larvae (Antheraea proylei) in India. Analysis of the sequences of the D1/D2 large subunit rRNA gene showed that this yeast represented a novel species of the genus Geotrichum, described as Geotrichum silvicola sp. nov. The novel species was related to the ascogenous genus Galactomyces. The closest relatives of Geotrichum silvicola were Galactomyces sp. strain NRRL Y-6418 and Galactomyces geotrichum. The type culture of Geotrichum silvicola is UFMG-354-2T (=CBS 9194T=NRRL Y-27641T).

Candida digboiensis sp. nov., a novel anamorphic yeast species from an acidic tar sludge-contaminated oilfield

Two strains (TERI-6T and TERI-7) of a novel yeast species were isolated from acidic tar sludge-contaminated soil samples collected from Digboi Refinery, Assam, India. These two yeast strains were morphologically, physiologically and phylogenetically identical to each other. No sexual reproduction was observed on corn meal, malt, Gorodkowa, YM or V8 agars. Physiologically, the novel isolates were most closely related to Candida blankii, but differed in eight physiological tests. The prominent differences were the ability of the isolates to assimilate melibiose and inulin and their inability to assimilate d-glucuronate, succinate and citrate. Phylogenetic analysis using the D1/D2 variable domain showed that the closest relative of these strains is C. blankii (2·8 % divergence). Other related species are Zygoascus hellenicus and Candida bituminiphila. The isolates differed from C. blankii by 11 base substitutions in the 18S rRNA gene sequence and by 58 base substitutions in the internal transcribed spacer sequences. The physiological, biochemical and molecular data support the contention that strains TERI-6T and TERI-7 represent a novel species, for which the name Candida digboiensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is TERI-6T (=MTCC 4371T=CBS 9800T=JCM 12300T).

Planococcus stackebrandtii sp. nov., isolated from a cold desert of the Himalayas, India

The taxonomic position of a bacterium isolated from a cold desert of the Himalayas, India, was analysed by using a polyphasic approach. The isolated strain, designated K22-03T, had phenotypic characteristics that matched those of the genus Planococcus and it represents a novel species. The almost-complete 16S rRNA gene sequence (1464 bases) of the novel strain was compared with those of previously studied Planococcus type strains and confirmed that the strain belongs to the genus Planococcus. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that strain K22-03T differs from all other species of Planococcus by at least 2·5 %. DNA–DNA hybridization showed that it had low genomic relatedness with Planomicrobium mcmeekinii (MTCC 3704T, 23 %), Planococcus psychrophilus (MTCC 3812T, 61 %), Planococcus antarcticus (MTCC 3854T, 45 %) and Planomicrobium okeanokoites (MTCC 3703T, 51 %), the four species with which it was most closely related based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis (97–97·5 % similarity). Therefore, strain K22-03T should be recognized as a novel species, for which the name Planococcus stackebrandtii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is K22-03T (=MTCC 6226T=DSM 16419T=JCM 12481T).

The D1/D2 domain of the large-subunit rDNA of the yeast species is unusually polymorphic

Ten different versions of the D1/D2 divergent domain of the large-subunit ribosomal DNA were identified among interbreeding members of the yeast species Clavispora lusitaniae. One major polymorphism, located in a 90-bp structural motif of the D2 domain, exists in two versions that differ by 32 base substitutions. Three other polymorphisms consist of a two-base substitution, a two-base deletion, and a single-base deletion, respectively. The polymorphisms are independent of one another and of the two mating types, indicating that the strains studied belong to a single, sexually active Mendelian population. Several strains were heterogeneous for one or more of the polymorphisms, and one strain was found to be automictic and capable of producing asci on its own by isogamous conjugation or by bud-parent autogamy. These observations suggest circumspection in the use of sequence divergence as the principal criterion for delimiting yeast species.

Combinatorial crystallization of an RNA-protein complex

One of the most difficult steps in X-ray crystallography of a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex is obtaining crystals that diffract to high resolution. This paper describes a procedure for identifying the optimal lengths of the nucleic acid components that provide high-quality crystals of the RNP. Both strands of an RNA duplex were varied in a systematic manner to generate a large number of unique RNPs that were screened for crystallization behavior. As observed in the crystallization of other nucleic acids and their complexes, the exact length of the RNA chains was found to be critical in obtaining diffraction-quality crystals, even though the relative molecular weights of the protein and RNA components were approximately 50 and approximately 10 kDa, respectively. In particular, the helix-loop-helix structure in the mRNA for the Saccharomyces cerevisiae ribosomal protein L30, which functions as an autoregulatory element for L30 expression, was synthesized as two separate RNA chains of variable length (12-14 and 15-17 nucletides). Duplex formation of these RNAs formed the asymmetric, internal loop-binding site for L30. 16 such RNA duplexes, varying by +/-1 residue at the 5' or 3' end of either chain, were used to prepare 16 unique complexes with a maltose-binding protein-L30 fusion protein. The complexes were screened against 48 standard crystallization conditions in 2304 experiments, yielding 30 conditions with single crystals in the initial screen. The most promising of these is being used for structure determination.

Inherent protein structural flexibility at the RNA-binding interface of L30e

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae ribosomal protein L30 autoregulates its own expression by binding to a purine-rich internal loop in its pre-mRNA and mRNA. NMR studies of L30 and its RNA complex showed that both the internal loop of the RNA as well as a region of the protein become substantially more ordered upon binding. A crystal structure of a maltose binding protein (MBP)-L30 fusion protein with two copies in the asymmetric unit has been determined. The flexible RNA-binding region in the L30 copies has two distinct conformations, one resembles the RNA bound form solved by NMR and the other is unique. Structure prediction algorithms also had difficulty accurately predicting this region, which is consistent with conformational flexibility seen in the NMR and X-ray crystallography studies. Inherent conformational flexibility may be a hallmark of regions involved in intermolecular interactions.

Apophysomyces elegans: an emerging zygomycete in India

Apophysomyces elegans was considered a rare but medically important zygomycete. We analyzed the clinical records of eight patients from a single center in whom zygomycosis due to A. elegans was diagnosed over a span of 25 months. We also attempted a DNA-based method for rapid identification of the fungi and looked for interstrain polymorphism using microsattelite primers. Three patients had cutaneous and subcutaneous infections, three had isolated renal involvement, one had rhino-orbital tissue infection, and the final patient had a disseminated infection involving the spleen and kidney. Underlying illnesses were found in two patients, one with diabetes mellitus and the other with chronic alcoholism. A history of traumatic implantation was available for three patients. All except two of the patients responded to surgical and/or medical therapy; the diagnosis for the two exceptions was made at the terminal stage of infection. Restriction enzyme (MboI, MspI, HinfI) digestion of the PCR-amplified internal transcribed spacer region helped with the rapid and specific identification of A. elegans. The strains could be divided into two groups according to their patterns, with clustering into one pattern obtained by using microsatellite [(GTG)(5) and (GAC)(5)] PCR fingerprinting. The study highlights the epidemiology, clinical spectrum, and diagnosis of emerging A. elegans infections.

Glycine rich P-loop motif in deoxyuridine pyrophosphatase

Deoxyuridine pyrophosphatase (dUTPase) cleaves the alpha-beta phosphodiester bond of dUTP to form pyrophosphate and dUMP, preventing incorporation of uracil into DNA and providing the substrate for dTTP synthesis. Similar to other nucleotide binding proteins, dUTPase also consists of a sequence motif rich in glycine residues known as P-loop motif. The P-loop motif of the nucleotide binding proteins are involved in substrate binding, catalysis, recognition and regulation of activity. In dUTPase the function of the P-loop motif is not well understood. One of the main reasons for this limited information is the lack of the three-dimensional structure of a dUTPase enzyme with an ordered Gly-rich P-loop motif with a bound substrate and Mg(2+) ion. This review presents an insight into the role of Gly-rich P-loop motif in the function of dUTPase as revealed from the crystal structure. The analysis reveals the Gly-rich P-loop motif of dUTPase to be the longest in terms of its amino-acid composition as compared to other nucleotide binding proteins and exhibit a high-degree of sequence conservation among spectrum of species. The enzyme utilizes adaptive recognition to bind to the phosphate groups of the nucleotide. In particular, the alpha-beta phosphodiester bond adopts an unfavorable eclipsed conformation in the presence of the Gly-rich P-loop motif. This conformation may be relevant to the mechanism of alpha-beta phosphodiester bond cleavage.

Crystallization and preliminary crystallographic characterization of recombinant L-methionine-alpha-deamino-gamma-mercaptomethane lyase (methioninase)

L-Methionine-alpha-deamino-gamma-mercaptomethane lyase (rMETase) is involved in the alpha,gamma-elimination of methionine to alpha-ketobutyrate, methanethiol and ammonia. The reaction catalyzed by rMETase reduces the methionine concentration of methionine-dependent tumor cells, arresting their growth. Towards the goal of developing rMETase into an effective antitumor therapeutic and also to understand the catalytic mechanism of this enzyme, rMETase from Pseudomonas putida has been expressed, purified and crystallized. The crystals belong to space group P2(1)2(1)2 and diffract X-rays to at least 2.68 A resolution at 100 K using synchrotron radiation. The unit cell has parameters a = 152.8, b = 154.6, c = 80.8 A and contains four molecules in the asymmetric unit.

Structures of feline immunodeficiency virus dUTP pyrophosphatase and its nucleotide complexes in three crystal forms

dUTP pyrophosphatase (dUTPase) cleaves the alpha-beta phosphodiester of dUTP to form pyrophosphate and dUMP, preventing incorporation of uracil into DNA and providing the substrate for thymine synthesis. Seven crystal structures of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) dUTPase in three crystal forms have been determined, including complexes with substrate (dUTP), product (dUMP) or inhibitor (dUDP) bound. The native enzyme has been refined at 1.40 A resolution in a hexagonal crystal form and at 2.3 A resolution in an orthorhombic crystal form. In the dUDP complex in a cubic crystal form refined at 2.5 A resolution, the C-terminal conserved P-loop motif is fully ordered. The analysis defines the roles of five sequence motifs in interaction with uracil, deoxyribose and the alpha-, beta- and gamma-phosphates. The enzyme utilizes adaptive recognition to bind the alpha- and beta-phosphates. In particular, the alpha-beta phosphodiester adopts an unfavorable eclipsed conformation in the presence of the P-loop. This conformation may be relevant to the mechanism of alpha-beta phosphodiester bond cleavage.

Alteration of the reduction potential of the [4Fe-4S](2+/+) cluster of Azotobacter vinelandii ferredoxin I

The [4Fe-4S](2+/+) cluster of Azotobacter vinelandii ferredoxin I (FdI) has an unusually low reduction potential (E(0')) relative to other structurally similar ferredoxins. Previous attempts to raise that E(0') by modification of surface charged residues were unsuccessful. In this study mutants were designed to alter the E(0') by substitution of polar residues for nonpolar residues near the cluster and by modification of backbone amides. Three FdI variants, P21G, I40N, and I40Q, were purified and characterized, and electrochemical E(0') measurements show that all had altered E(0') relative to native FdI. For P21G FdI and I40Q FdI, the E(0') increased by +42 and +53 mV, respectively validating the importance of dipole orientation in control of E(0'). Protein Dipole Langevin Dipole calculations based on models for those variants accurately predicted the direction of the change in E(0') while overestimating the magnitude. For I40N FdI, initial calculations based on the model predicted a +168 mV change in E(0') while a -33 mV change was observed. The x-ray structure of that variant, which was determined to 2.8 A, revealed a number of changes in backbone and side chain dipole orientation and in solvent accessibility, that were not predicted by the model and that were likely to influence E(0'). Subsequent Protein Dipole Langevin Dipole calculations (using the actual I40N x-ray structures) did quite accurately predict the observed change in E(0').

The mechanism of aconitase: 1.8 A resolution crystal structure of the S642a:citrate complex

The crystal structure of the S642A mutant of mitochondrial aconitase (mAc) with citrate bound has been determined at 1.8 A resolution and 100 K to capture this binding mode of substrates to the native enzyme. The 2.0 A resolution, 100 K crystal structure of the S642A mutant with isocitrate binding provides a control, showing that the Ser --> Ala replacement does not alter the binding of substrates in the active site. The aconitase mechanism requires that the intermediate product, cis-aconitate, flip over by 180 degrees about the C alpha-C beta double bond. Only one of these two alternative modes of binding, that of the isocitrate mode, has been previously visualized. Now, however, the structure revealing the citrate mode of binding provides direct support for the proposed enzyme mechanism.

Crystal structure of transhydrogenase domain III at 1.2 A resolution

The nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenases (TH) of mitochondria and bacteria are membrane-intercalated proton pumps that transduce substrate binding energy and protonmotive force via protein conformational changes. In mitochondria, TH utilizes protonmotive force to promote direct hydride ion transfer from NADH to NADP, which are bound at the distinct extramembranous domains I and III, respectively. Domain II is the membrane-intercalated domain and contains the enzyme's proton channel. This paper describes the crystal structure of the NADP(H) binding domain III of bovine TH at 1.2 A resolution. The structure reveals that NADP is bound in a manner inverted from that previously observed for nucleotide binding folds. The non-classical binding mode exposes the NADP(H) nicotinamide ring for direct contact with NAD(H) in domain I, in accord with biochemical data. The surface of domain III surrounding the exposed nicotinamide is comprised of conserved residues presumed to form the interface with domain I during hydride ion transfer. Further, an adjacent region contains a number of acidic residues, forming a surface with negative electrostatic potential which may interact with extramembranous loops of domain II. Together, the distinctive surface features allow mechanistic considerations regarding the NADP(H)-promoted conformation changes that are involved in the interactions of domain III with domains I and II for hydride ion transfer and proton translocation.

Crystal structure of an 82-nucleotide RNA-DNA complex formed by the 10-23 DNA enzyme

The structure of a large nucleic acid complex formed by the 10-23 DNA enzyme bound to an RNA substrate was determined by X-ray diffraction at 3.0 A resolution. The 82-nucleotide complex contains two strands of DNA and two strands of RNA that form five double-helical domains. The spatial arrangement of these helices is maintained by two four-way junctions that exhibit extensive base-stacking interactions and sharp turns of the phosphodiester backbone stabilized by metal ions coordinated to nucleotides at these junctions. Although it is unlikely that the structure corresponds to the catalytically active conformation of the enzyme, it represents a novel nucleic acid fold with implications for the Holliday junction structure.

A T14C variant of Azotobacter vinelandii ferredoxin I undergoes facile [3Fe-4S]0 to [4Fe-4S]2+ conversion in vitro but not in vivo

[4Fe-4S]2+/+ clusters that are ligated by Cys-X-X-Cys-X-X-Cys sequence motifs share the general feature of being hard to convert to [3Fe-4S]+/0 clusters, whereas those that contain a Cys-X-X-Asp-X-X-Cys motif undergo facile and reversible cluster interconversion. Little is known about the factors that control the in vivo assembly and conversion of these clusters. In this study we have designed and constructed a 3Fe to 4Fe cluster conversion variant of Azotobacter vinelandii ferredoxin I (FdI) in which the sequence that ligates the [3Fe-4S] cluster in native FdI was altered by converting a nearby residue, Thr-14, to Cys. Spectroscopic and electrochemical characterization shows that when purified in the presence of dithionite, T14C FdI is an O2-sensitive 8Fe protein. Both the new and the indigenous clusters have reduction potentials that are significantly shifted compared with those in native FdI, strongly suggesting a significantly altered environment around the clusters. Interestingly, whole cell EPR have revealed that T14C FdI exists as a 7Fe protein in vivo. This 7Fe form of T14C FdI is extremely similar to native FdI in its spectroscopic, electrochemical, and structural features. However, unlike native FdI which does not undergo facile cluster conversion, the 7Fe form T14C FdI quickly converts to the 8Fe form with a high efficiency under reducing conditions.

Y13C Azotobacter vinelandii ferredoxin I. A designed [Fe-S] ligand motif contains a cysteine persulfide

Ferredoxins that contain [4Fe-4S]2+/+ clusters often obtain three of their four cysteine ligands from a highly conserved CysXXCysXXCys sequence motif. Little is known about the in vivo assembly of these clusters and the role that this sequence motif plays in that process. In this study, we have used structure as a guide in attempts to direct the formation of a [4Fe-4S]2+/+ in the [3Fe-4S]+/0 location of native (7Fe) Azotobacter vinelandii ferredoxin I (AvFdI) by providing the correct three-dimensional orientation of cysteine ligands without introducing a CysXXCysXXCys motif. Tyr13 of AvFdI occupies the position of the fourth ligating cysteine in the homologous and structurally characterized 8Fe ferredoxin from Peptococcus aerogenes and a Y13C variant of AvFdI could be easily modeled as an 8Fe protein. However, characterization of purified Y13C FdI by UV-visible spectra, circular dichroism, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopies, and by x-ray crystallography revealed that the protein failed to use the introduced cysteine as a ligand and retained its [3Fe-4S]+/0 cluster. Further, electrochemical characterization showed that the redox potential and pH behavior of the cluster were unaffected by the substitution of Tyr by Cys. Although Y13C FdI is functional in vivo it does differ significantly from native FdI in that it is extremely unstable in the reduced state possibly due to increased solvent exposure of the [3Fe-4S]0 cluster. Surprisingly, the x-ray structure showed that the introduced cysteine was modified to become a persulfide. This modification may have occurred in vivo via the action of NifS, which is known to be expressed under the growth conditions used. It is interesting to note that neither of the two free cysteines present in FdI was modified. Thus, if NifS is involved in modifying the introduced cysteine there must be specificity to the reaction.

Refined structures of three crystal forms of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 and of a tetramutant with reduced activity

The structure of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1), the causative agent in toxic shock syndrome, has been determined in three crystal forms. The three structural models have been refined to R-factors of 0.154, 0.150, and 0.198 at resolutions of 2.05 A, 2.90 A, and 2.75 A, respectively. One crystal form of TSST-1 contains a zinc ion bound between two symmetry-related molecules. Although not required for biological activity, zinc dramatically potentiates the mitogenicity of TSST-1 at very low concentrations. In addition, the structure of the tetramutant TSST-1H [T69I, Y80W, E132K, I140T], which is nonmitogenic and does not amplify endotoxin shock, has been determined and refined in a fourth crystal form (R-factor = 0.173 to 1.9 A resolution).

Crystal structure of dUTP pyrophosphatase from feline immunodeficiency virus

We have determined the crystal structure of dUTP pyrophosphatase (dUTPase) from feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) at 1.9 A resolution. The structure has been solved by the multiple isomorphous replacement (MIR) method using a P6(3) crystal form. The results show that the enzyme is a trimer of 14.3 kDa subunits with marked structural similarity to E. coli dUTPase. In both enzymes the C-terminal strand of an anti-parallel beta-barrel participates in the beta-sheet of an adjacent subunit to form an interdigitated, biologically functional trimer. In the P6(3) crystal form one trimer packs on the 6(3) screw-axis and another on the threefold axis so that there are two independent monomers per asymmetric unit. A Mg2+ ion is coordinated by three asparate residues on the threefold axis of each trimer. Alignment of 17 viral, prokaryotic, and eukaryotic dUTPase sequences reveals five conserved motifs. Four of these map onto the interface between pairs of subunits, defining a putative active site region; the fifth resides in the C-terminal 16 residues, which is disordered in the crystals. Conserved motifs from all three subunits are required to create a given active site. With respect to viral protein expression, it is particularly interesting that the gene for dUTPase (DU) resides in the middle of the Pol gene, the enzyme cassette of the retroviral genome. Other enzymes encoded in the Pol polyprotein, including protease (PR), reverse transcriptase (RT), and most likely integrase (IN), are dimeric enzymes, which implies that the stoichiometry of expression of active trimeric dUTPase is distinct from the other Pol-encoded enzymes. Additionally, due to structural constraints, it is unlikely that dUTPase can attain an active form prior to cleavage from the polyprotein.

Crystal structure of Aplysia ADP ribosyl cyclase, a homologue of the bifunctional ectozyme CD38

ADP ribosyl cyclase synthesizes the novel secondary messenger cyclic ADP ribose (cADPR) utilizing NAD as a substrate. The enzyme shares extensive sequence similarity with two lymphocyte antigens, CD38 and BST-1, which hydrolyse as well as synthesize cADPR. The crystal structure provides a model for these cell surface enzymes. Cyclase contains two spatially separated pockets composed of sequence conserved residues, suggesting that the cyclization reaction may entail use of distinct sites. The enzyme dimer encloses a cavity which may entrap the intermediate, ADP ribose.

Molecular structure of staphylococcus and streptococcus superantigens

Staphylococcus aureus and streptococci, notably those belonging to group A, make up a large family of true exotoxins referred to as pyrogenic toxin superantigens. These toxins cause toxic shock-like syndromes and have been implicated in several allergic and autoimmune diseases. Included within this group of proteins are the staphylococcal enterotoxins, designated serotypes A, B, Cn, D, E, and G; two forms of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 also made by Staphylococcus aureus; the group A streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins, serotypes A, B, and C; and recently described toxins associated with groups B, C, F, and G streptococci. The nucleotide sequences of the genes for all of the toxins except those from the groups B, C, F, and G streptococcal strains have been sequenced. The sequencing studies indicate that staphylococcal enterotoxins B and C and streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A share highly significant sequence similarity; staphylococcal enterotoxins A, D, and E share highly significant sequence similarity; and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 and streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin B and C share little, if any, sequence similarity with any of the toxins. Despite the dissimilarities seen in primary amino acid sequence among some members of the toxin family, it was hypothesized that there was likely to be significant three-dimensional structure similarity among all the toxins. The three-dimensional structures of three of the pyrogenic toxin superantigens have been determined recently. The structural features of two of these, toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 and enterotoxin C3, are presented. Toxic shock syndrome-1 exists as a protein with two major domains, referred to as A and B. The molecule begins with a short N-terminal alpha-helix that then leads into a clawshaped structure in domain B that is made up of beta strands.

Prolactin and cortisol levels in seizure disorders

Levels of prolactin (PRL) and cortisol were estimated to find out the acute effects of generalised tonic clonic seizures (GTCS), partial seizures and pseudoseizures in 60, 18 and 9 patients respectively. Prolactin levels were estimated at 20, 60 and 120 minutes whereas, cortisol was estimated at 20, 60, and 120 minutes postictally. Cortisol and PRL estimation was also done in 10 healthy controls and 11 patients of epilepsy during interictal phase. Serum PRL levels were elevated (> 25 ng/ml) in 68.33% of GTCS and 11.11% of partial seizure cases. The peak levels were achieved in first 30 minutes after the seizures with a gradual return to base line during subsequent one hour. None of the patients with pseudoseizure showed any rise in serum PRL levels. The interictal PRL levels were normal in all the epileptics. Plasma cortisol levels were elevated during 60 to 120 minute postictal period in 45% of GTCS, 55.55% of partial seizures and 66.66% of pseudoseizure patients. Cortisol appears to be non-selectively triggered by all stressful events but postictal PRL estimation can help in differentiating pseudoseizures from GTCS. While an elevated PRL indicates the occurrence of grandmal seizure, a normal postictal PRL level does not always exclude epileptic seizure, specially a partial seizure.

X-ray studies on crystalline complexes involving amino acids and peptides. XXVI. Crystal structures of two forms of L-histidine acetate and a comparative study of the amino acid complexes of acetic acid

L-Histidine acetate crystallizes in two forms: (I) orthorhombic; P2(1)2(1)2(1); a = 5.027, b = 11.126, c = 17.473 A; Z = 4; (II) monoclinic; C2; a = 15.649, b = 9.276, c = 8.566 A; beta = 94.65 degrees; Z = 4. The structures were solved by direct methods and refined to R-values of 0.056 and 0.089 for 1131 and 1330 observed reflections, respectively. The conformations of the histidine molecule in the two forms are different. However, both are such that they facilitate the occurrence of a specific interaction of the histidine molecule with a carboxylate group. The basic elements of aggregation are hydrogen-bonded histidine ribbons, but they are of different types in the two structures. The ribbons are interconnected by acetate ions to form the crystals. The structures contain two characteristic interaction patterns involving amino and carboxylate groups, one of which is observed for the first time. The two water molecules in form II and their symmetry equivalents form an uninterrupted hydrogen-bonded chain running through the crystal. They also present an interesting case of disorder in hydrogen bonds. A comparative study involving amino acid complexes of acetic acid shows that the presence of acetate ion could lead to new aggregation patterns, specific interactions and characteristic interaction patterns with varying degrees of similarity with those observed in other structures containing amino acids.

Immunobiologic and biochemical properties of mutants of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1

Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is a multisystem illness caused mainly by Staphylococcus aureus producing TSS toxin-1 (TSST-1). A variant of TSST-1 has been isolated from ovine mastitis S. aureus. This toxin, TSST-ovine (TSST-O) is only weakly T cell mitogenic, is nonpyrogenic, does not enhance endotoxin shock, and does not cause TSS in the miniosmotic pump model. The sequence of the ovine gene (tstO) differs from the TSST-1 gene (tstH) by 14 nucleotides that change seven amino acids in the mature protein of which two are in the C-terminal half. A gene fusion containing half of both tstH and tstO was made and cloned into S. aureus. The fusion protein contained the two C-terminal amino acid differences that are in TSST-O at residues 132 and 140. The fusion protein was not T cell mitogenic and did not elicit TSS in two rabbit models. Additional experiments used mutagenesis to change the lysine residue at position 132 of TSST-O to glutamate (TSST-OK132E), as exists in TSST-1, and to change the lysine residue of the human-ovine fusion at position 132 to glutamate (TSST-11140T). Both mutants were pyrogenic, enhanced endotoxin shock, and caused TSS in the miniosmotic pump model. However, the proteins were only partially T cell mitogenic. The restoration of lethality of TSST-O and the human-ovine fusion by changing the lysine to glutamate, as exists in TSST-1, indicates that residue 132 is important in lethality. The failure to regenerate complete T cell mitogenicity of the same mutants indicates that residues 132 and 140 are important for that activity.

Immunobiologic and biochemical properties of mutants of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1

Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is a multisystem illness caused mainly by Staphylococcus aureus producing TSS toxin-1 (TSST-1). A variant of TSST-1 has been isolated from ovine mastitis S. aureus. This toxin, TSST-ovine (TSST-O) is only weakly T cell mitogenic, is nonpyrogenic, does not enhance endotoxin shock, and does not cause TSS in the miniosmotic pump model. The sequence of the ovine gene (tstO) differs from the TSST-1 gene (tstH) by 14 nucleotides that change seven amino acids in the mature protein of which two are in the C-terminal half. A gene fusion containing half of both tstH and tstO was made and cloned into S. aureus. The fusion protein contained the two C-terminal amino acid differences that are in TSST-O at residues 132 and 140. The fusion protein was not T cell mitogenic and did not elicit TSS in two rabbit models. Additional experiments used mutagenesis to change the lysine residue at position 132 of TSST-O to glutamate (TSST-OK132E), as exists in TSST-1, and to change the lysine residue of the human-ovine fusion at position 132 to glutamate (TSST-11140T). Both mutants were pyrogenic, enhanced endotoxin shock, and caused TSS in the miniosmotic pump model. However, the proteins were only partially T cell mitogenic. The restoration of lethality of TSST-O and the human-ovine fusion by changing the lysine to glutamate, as exists in TSST-1, indicates that residue 132 is important in lethality. The failure to regenerate complete T cell mitogenicity of the same mutants indicates that residues 132 and 140 are important for that activity.

Structure of toxic shock syndrome toxin 1

The three-dimensional structure of toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1) from Staphylococcus aureus has been determined and refined to an R value of 0.226 for data between 8- and 2.5-A resolution. Overall, the structure of TSST-1 is similar to that of another superantigen, staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB). The key differences between these molecules are in the amino termini and in the degree to which a long central helix is covered by surface loops. The region around the carboxyl end of this central helix is proposed to govern the superantigenic properties of TSST-1. An adjacent region along this helix is proposed to be critical in the ability of TSST-1 to induce toxic shock syndrome.

Growth and analysis of crystal forms of toxic shock syndrome toxin 1

Native toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1) purified from Staphylococcus aureus has been crystallized in four different forms. The highest resolution data (2.05 A) was collected from orthorhombic crystals belonging to the space group C222(1). The unit cell dimensions are a = 108.7 A, b = 177.5 A, c = 97.6 A. Rotation function analysis of this form indicates that there is trimer of toxin molecules in the asymmetric unit with a local 3-fold axis parallel to the crystallographic c axis. Crystals of a double mutant of TSST-1 have been grown which has a single molecule in the asymmetric unit and diffract to 1.9 A. The space group is P2(1) with unit cell parameters of a = 44.4 A, b = 34.0 A, c = 55.2 A, beta = 93.0 degrees.

Structure and conformation of the calcium complex of cyclo(Ala-Leu-Pro-Gly)2 in two crystal forms

Crystal structures of two different forms of the calcium perchlorate complex of cyclo(Ala-Leu-Pro-Gly)2 have been determined and refined using X-ray crystallographic techniques. Orthorhombic form: C32H52N8O8.Ca(ClO4)2.7H2O.2CH3OH, space group C222(1), a = 14.366, b = 18.653, c = 19.824 A, Z = 4, R = 0.068 for 2208 observed reflections. Monoclinic form: C32H52N8O8.Ca(ClO4)2.4H2O, space group C2, a = 21.096, b = 10.182, c = 11.256 A, beta = 103.33 degrees, Z = 2, R = 0.075 for 2165 observed reflections. The cyclic peptide molecule in both the structures has the form of a twofold symmetric, slightly elongated bowl. Type II' beta-turns, involving Gly and Ala at the corners, exist at the two ends of the molecule. The interior of the molecule is substantially hydrophilic, and the external surface of the bowl is largely hydrophobic. The calcium ion is located at the centre of the mouth of the bowl-like molecule. In both crystal forms, four peptide carbonyl oxygens from the cyclic peptide and two solvent oxygens coordinate to the metal ion. The mode of complexation may be described as incomplete encapsulation as, for example, in the case of metal complexes of antamanide. In the crystal structures the complex ions are held together by hydrogen bonds involving perchlorate ions and water molecules. The molecular structure observed in the crystals is entirely consistent with the results of solution studies, which also indicate the conformation of the cyclic peptide in the complex to be similar to that of the uncomplexed molecule.

Analysis of ECG from pole-zero models

A complete solution to the fundamental problem of ECG analysis, viz., delineation of the signal into its component waves, is proposed from a system theoretic point of view. The discrete cosine transform of a bell shaped biphasic function is approximated mathematically by a system function with two poles and two zeros, i.e., of order (2, 2). Using this concept as the basis, a pole-zero model of suitable order is derived from the discrete cosine transform (DCT) of the given signal using Steiglitz-McBride method. This model is expanded into a unique set of partial fractions each of order (2, 2), and a biphasic function is recovered from each one of these fractions in the inverse process. Each of the P and T waves usually requires only one biphasic function, while the QRS complex needs two or at most three such fractions. A one-to-one relationship between the pole pattern in the z-plane and component wave pattern in the time signal is established. Results of analysis of continuous strips of ECG show that the delineated component waves are in excellent agreement with the original waves both qualitatively and quantitatively. The method is robust for the analysis of signals with artifacts of various kinds, independent of the sampling rate used, and is free from ad hoc back and forth search procedures.

Field Level Evaluation of Aflatoxin Detection Kit

An aflatoxin detection kit was evaluated at the field level for groundnut and groundnut meal. A total of 88 groundnut samples and 20 groundnut meal were analyzed with the help of the kit in the field. Aliquots of same samples were analyzed in the laboratory by the conventional BF-thin layer chromatographic method. In 89% of the groundnut samples and 100% groundnut meal, results of the both methods were comparable. Aflatoxins were overestimated in 5% of the groundnut samples, and in 6% of the samples, aflatoxins were underestimated.

X-ray studies on crystalline complexes involving amino acids and peptides. XXIII. Variability in ionization state, conformation and molecular aggregation in the complexes of succinic acid with DL- and L-lysine

Crystalline complexes of succinic acid with DL- and L-lysine have been prepared and analysed by X-ray diffraction. DL-Lysine complex: C6H15N2O2+.-1/2C4H4O4(2-).1/2C4H6O4, Mr = 264.2, P1, a = 5.506 (4), b = 8.070 (2), c = 14.089 (2) A, alpha = 92.02 (1), beta = 100.69 (3), gamma = 95.85 (3) degrees, Z = 2, Dx = 1.44 g cm-3, R = 0.059 for 2546 observed reflections. Form I of the L-lysine complex: C6H15N2O2+.C4H5O4-, Mr = 264.2, P1, a = 5.125 (2), b = 8.087 (1), c = 8.689 (1) A, alpha = 112.06 (1), beta = 99.08 (2), gamma = 93.77 (2) degrees, Z = 1, Dm = 1.34 (3), Dx = 1.34 g cm-3, R = 0.033 for 1475 observed reflections. Form II of the L-lysine complex: C6H15N2O2+.1/4C4H4O4(2-).-1/4C4H6O4.1/4(C4H5O4.. .H...C4H4O4)2-, Mr = 264.2, P1, a = 10.143 (4), b = 10.256 (2), c = 12.916 (3) A, alpha = 105.00 (2), beta = 99.09 (3), gamma = 92.78 (3) degrees, Z = 4, Dm = 1.37 (4), Dx = 1.38 g cm-3, R = 0.067 for 2809 observed reflections. The succinic acid molecules in the structures exhibit a variety of ionization states. Two of the lysine conformations found in the complexes have been observed for the first time in crystals containing lysine. Form II of the L-lysine complex is highly pseudosymmetric. In all the complexes, unlike molecules aggregate into separate alternating layers. The basic element of aggregation in the lysine layer in the complexes is an S2-type head-to-tail sequence.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Left ventricular mass in normal adult Indians & its correlation with anthropometric parameters

Important differences were found to exist between male and non-pregnant female Indian adults in the echocardiographically determined left ventricular mass (170.58 +/- 51.91 g vs 131.14 +/- 42.84 g, P less than 0.001) and relationship of left ventricular mass (LVM) to age, body weight, height, body surface area (BSA) and body mass index (BMI). In males, LVM has a fair to good correlation with age, body weight, height, BSA and BMI (P less than 0.001). However, in female subjects, LVM correlates modestly with age, weight, BSA, BMI (P less than 0.01) but not with height. LVM can be best expressed by indexing to body weight in both sexes, but differences persist when other anthropometric parameters are used as denominators.