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Wagenaar GTM, Moll GN. Evolving views on the first two ligands of the angiotensin II type 2 receptor. From putative antagonists to potential agonists? Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 961:176189. [PMID: 37951489 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system is one of the most complex regulatory systems that controls multiple organ functions. One of its key components, angiotensin II (Ang II), stimulates two G-protein coupled class A receptors: the Ang II type 1 (AT1) receptor and the Ang II type 2 (AT2) receptor. While stimulation of the AT1 receptor causes G-protein-dependent signaling and arrestin recruitment, the AT2 receptor seems to have a constitutively active-like conformation and appears to act via G-protein-dependent and -independent pathways. Overstimulation of the AT1 receptor may lead to unwanted effects like inflammation and fibrosis. In contrast, stimulation of the AT2 receptor leads to opposite effects thus restoring the balance. However, the role of the AT2 receptor has become controversial due to beneficial effects of putative AT2 receptor antagonists. The two first synthetic AT2 receptor-selective ligands, peptide CGP42112 and small molecule PD123319, were initially both considered antagonists. CGP42112 was subsequently considered a partial agonist and it was recently demonstrated to be a full agonist. Based on the search-term PD123319 in Pubmed, 1652 studies have investigated putative AT2 receptor antagonist PD123319. Here, we put forward literature that shows beneficial effects of PD123319 alone, even at doses too low for antagonist efficacy. These beneficial effects appear compatible with agonist-like activity via the AT2 receptor. Taken together, a more consistent image of a therapeutic role of stimulated AT2 receptor emerges which may clarify current controversies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gert N Moll
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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2
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Villela DC, Namsolleck P, Reichetzeder C, Moll GN. AT 2 receptor agonist LP2 restores respiratory function in a rat model of bleomycin-induced lung remodelling. Peptides 2023; 170:171106. [PMID: 37742799 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2023.171106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the prophylactic and therapeutic potential of angiotensin II type 2 receptor peptide agonist LP2 in bleomycin-induced airway and cardiac remodeling in rats. Male Wistar rats were intratracheally instillated with bleomycin. Animals of a prophylactic arm received LP2 from day 0 at intraperitoneal doses of 1, 3 or 10 μg/kg/d, whereas animals from a therapeutic arm received this LP2 treatment from day 7. On day 28 direct lung mechanics were determined and cardiac and lung tissues were collected and (histo)morphologically assessed. Prophylactic LP2 at 1 µg/kg/d with bleomycin, versus bleomycin alone, significantly improved the airway pressure responses at fixed inflation of 4 ml (p < 0.05) and 7 ml volume (p < 0.05), static compliance (p < 0.01), inspiratory capacity (p < 0.05), lung tolerance of increased volume (p < 0.0001), right to left ventricular hypertrophy (p < 0.05). Therapeutic regime showed a similar trend as the prophylactic arm but was less effective, mostly lacking significance. However, and importantly, therapeutic LP2 at 1 µg/kg/d significantly decreased mRNA expression of collagen 1A1 (p < 0.01), of Connective Tissue Growth Factor 1 (p < 0.05) and of Tissue MetalloPeptidase inhibitor 1 (p < 0.05). In conclusion, a very low dose of 1 µg/kg/d LP2 has capacity to counter bleomycin-induced impairment of lung functioning and consequent cardiac remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Campos Villela
- Faculty of Medicine, University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys (UFVJM), Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Pawel Namsolleck
- PCDA Pharma Consulting & Data Analytics, Ten Boer, the Netherlands
| | | | - Gert N Moll
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Linnaeusborg, Nijenborg 7, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands.
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3
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Namsolleck P, Kofler B, Moll GN. Galanin 2 Receptor: A Novel Target for a Subset of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10193. [PMID: 37373336 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Galanin is a 30 amino acid peptide that stimulates three subtype receptors (GAL1-3R). M89b is a lanthionine-stabilized, C-terminally truncated galanin analog that specifically stimulates GAL2R. We investigated the potential of M89b as a therapeutic for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and assessed its safety. The anti-tumor activity of subcutaneously injected M89b on the growth of patient-derived xenografts of PDAC (PDAC-PDX) in mice was investigated. In addition, the safety of M89b was assessed in vitro using a multi-target panel to measure the off-target binding and modulation of enzyme activities. In a PDAC-PDX with a high GAL2R expression, M89b completely inhibited the growth of the tumor (p < 0.001), while in two PDAC-PDXs with low GAL2R expression, low or negligeable inhibition of tumor growth was measured, and in the PDX without GAL2R expression no influence on the tumor growth was observed. The M89b treatment of the GAL2R high-PDAC-PDX-bearing mice led to a reduction in the expression of RacGap1 (p < 0.05), PCNA (p < 0.01), and MMP13 (p < 0.05). In vitro studies involving a multi-target panel of pharmacologically relevant targets revealedexcellent safety of M89b. Our data indicated that GAL2R is a safe and valuable target for treating PDACs with high GAL2R expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Namsolleck
- Lanthio Pharma, 9727 DL Groningen, The Netherlands
- PCDA Pharma Consulting & Data Analytics, 9791 CH Ten Boer, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Kofler
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstr. 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Gert N Moll
- Lanthio Pharma, 9727 DL Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Linnaeusborg, Nijenborg 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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4
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Namsolleck P, de Vries L, Moll GN. LP2, a cyclic angiotensin-(1-7) analog extended with an N-terminal D-lysine, impairs growth of patient-derived xenografts of colorectal carcinoma in mice. Peptides 2023; 160:170920. [PMID: 36493954 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2022.170920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
LP2 is a 4, 7 D, L lanthionine-stabilized analog of angiotensin-(1-7), with an N-terminal D-lysine, resistant to breakdown by peptidases. It is a specific agonist of the angiotensin II type 2 receptor. Consistent with its high specificity and stability, LP2 has shown excellent safety and pharmacokinetics in a first-in-human clinical phase Ia trial. Here, based on strong rationales, we studied the capacity of LP2 to inhibit the growth of patient-derived xenografts of colorectal cancer in mice. Prior to efficacy studies, immunohistochemistry on an untreated tissue array demonstrated that the AT2R expression is reduced in human colorectal cancer and in stroma when compared to tumor adjacent tissue. Subsequent studies demonstrated that LP2 at a subcutaneously injected dose as low as 0.2 µg/kg/day inhibited patient-derived xenografts of colorectal carcinoma in mice. Kinome analyses and validation of elected kinase inhibition indicated that LP2-mediated AT2R stimulation inhibited PI3K/AKT/mTOR which resulted in apoptosis via CDKs. LP2 acted synergistically with 5-FU and the EGFR inhibitor erlotinib. Taken together, the extremely low dose of LP2 at which antitumor activity is exerted, the synergism with selected drugs and, together with its excellent specificity, safety and stability, warrant further evaluation of LP2's inhibitory potential of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Namsolleck
- Lanthio Pharma, Rozenburglaan 13B, 9727 DL Groningen, the Netherlands; PCDA Pharma Consulting & Data Analytics, 9311 RN, Nieuw-Roden, the Netherlands
| | - L de Vries
- Lanthio Pharma, Rozenburglaan 13B, 9727 DL Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - G N Moll
- Lanthio Pharma, Rozenburglaan 13B, 9727 DL Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Namsolleck P, Rodgers KE, Franklin R, Moll GN. LP2, a stable lanthipeptide derived from cAng-(1-7), exerts myeloprotective action in mice. Eur J Haematol Suppl 2023; 110:534-539. [PMID: 36656652 DOI: 10.1111/ejh.13927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Linear unstable angiotensins stimulate hematopoiesis. Here we address: (1) Is cyclic angiotensin-(1-7) myeloprotective in mice? (2) Is cyclic angiotensin-(1-7) stable in rat? (3) Does LP2, a cyclic angiotensin-(1-7) with an N-terminal d-lysine, exert myeloprotective action in tumor-bearing mice? MATERIALS AND METHODS Cyclic angiotensin-(1-7)'s capacity to restore levels of blood platelets and white blood cells was studied in gemcitabine-treated mice. The stability of cyclic angiotensin-(1-7) in rat was measured in blood samples taken after injection or infusion. The capacity of LP2 to restore total bone marrow cell levels in mice after treatment with 5-fluoruracil was measured. In addition, the capacity of LP2 to counter anemia in tumor-bearing mice treated with erlotinib was measured. RESULTS Cyclic angiotensin-(1-7) dose-dependently restored blood platelet levels in gemcitabine-treated mice, whereas its capacity to restore levels of white blood cells was less. In vivo aminoterminal breakdown of cyclic angiotensin-(1-7) yielded cyclic angiotensin-(2-7) and cyclic angiotensin-(3-7). LP2 significantly (p < .0001 at 100 μg/kg/day) restored bone marrow cell counts in mice after treatment with 5-fluoruracil. LP2 also significantly (p < .05) countered anemia in tumor-bearing mice treated with erlotinib. CONCLUSIONS LP2 exerts myeloprotective action with perspectives for continuation of its clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Namsolleck
- Lanthio Pharma, Groningen, The Netherlands.,PCDA Pharma Consulting and Data Analytics, Nieuw-Roden, The Netherlands
| | - K E Rodgers
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - R Franklin
- Constant Therapeutics LLC, C/O Casner & Edwards, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - G N Moll
- Lanthio Pharma, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Kuipers A, Balaskó M, Pétervári E, Koller A, Brunner SM, Moll GN, Kofler B. Intranasal Delivery of a Methyllanthionine-Stabilized Galanin Receptor-2-Selective Agonist Reduces Acute Food Intake. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:2737-2752. [PMID: 34859381 PMCID: PMC8804135 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-021-01155-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulatory (neuro)peptide galanin is widely distributed in the central and peripheral nervous systems, where it mediates its effects via three G protein-coupled receptors (GAL1-3R). Galanin has a vast diversity of biological functions, including modulation of feeding behavior. However, the clinical application of natural galanin is not practicable due to its rapid in vivo breakdown by peptidases and lack of receptor subtype specificity. Much effort has been put into the development of receptor-selective agonists and antagonists, and while receptor selectivity has been attained to some degree, most ligands show overlapping affinity. Therefore, we aimed to develop a novel ligand with specificity to a single galanin receptor subtype and increased stability. To achieve this, a lanthionine amino acid was enzymatically introduced into a galanin-related peptide. The residue's subsequent cyclization created a conformational constraint which increased the peptide's receptor specificity and proteolytic resistance. Further exchange of certain other amino acids resulted in a novel methyllanthionine-stabilized galanin receptor agonist, a G1pE-T3N-S6A-G12A-methyllanthionine[13-16]-galanin-(1-17) variant, termed M89b. M89b has exclusive specificity for GAL2R and a prolonged half-life in serum. Intranasal application of M89b to unfasted rats significantly reduced acute 24 h food intake inducing a drop in body weight. Combined administration of M89b and M871, a selective GAL2R antagonist, abolished the anorexigenic effect of M89b, indicating that the effect of M89b on food intake is indeed mediated by GAL2R. This is the first demonstration of in vivo activity of an intranasally administered lanthipeptide. Consequently, M89b is a promising candidate for clinical application as a galanin-related peptide-based therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneke Kuipers
- Lanthio Health B.V., Rozenburglaan 13B, 9727 DL, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Márta Balaskó
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, 12 Szigeti út, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Erika Pétervári
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, 12 Szigeti út, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Andreas Koller
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstr. 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
- Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Susanne M Brunner
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstr. 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
- Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Gert N Moll
- Lanthio Health B.V., Rozenburglaan 13B, 9727 DL, Groningen, Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Barbara Kofler
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstr. 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
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Namsolleck P, Richardson A, Moll GN, Mescheder A. LP2, the first lanthipeptide GPCR agonist in a human pharmacokinetics and safety study. Peptides 2021; 136:170468. [PMID: 33253776 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Introduction of a lanthionine into a peptide may enhance target affinity, target specificity and proteolytic resistance. This manuscript reports preclinical safety studies and the first-in-human study with the lanthipeptide AT2R agonist LP2, a structural analog of cAng-(1-7), whose N-terminus was protected against aminopeptidases by the presence of a d-lysine. None of the preclinical studies, including an in vitro multitarget panel, behavioral, respiratory and cardiovascular measurements, genotoxicity and toxicity studies in rat and dog, posed any safety concern. Due to lack of toxicity the maximum tolerated dose was not reached neither in rat nor in dog. In the human dose escalation study, healthy male volunteers received a single 1 mL subcutaneous injection (0.001 mg, 0.01 mg or 0.1 mg) of LP2 or matching placebo. In contrast to angiotensin II which has a T1/2 in plasma of < 1 min, LP2 has a T1/2 of approximately 2.1-2.6 hours. The fraction of the dose excreted unchanged in urine ranged from 84.73 ± 10.4 % at a dose of 0.001 mg to 66.4 ± 3.9 % at 0.1 mg. There were no deaths, serious adverse events or subject withdrawals as a result of an adverse event. The incidence of adverse events was 16.7 %; each was mild in severity. One adverse event, peripheral coldness, was considered to be possibly related to LP2 at 0.001 mg LP2. None of the results was considered to pose a clinically relevant safety concern. This study supports the potential for the therapeutic use of lanthipeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan Richardson
- AR Pharma Projects Ltd., Westside Cottage, Highfield Park, Marlow SL7 2DE, UK.
| | - Gert N Moll
- Lanthio Pharma, 9727 DL Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands.
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8
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Namsolleck P, Moll GN. Does activation of the protective Renin-Angiotensin System have therapeutic potential in COVID-19? Mol Med 2020; 26:80. [PMID: 32807075 PMCID: PMC7430134 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-020-00211-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of lung cells by the corona virus results in a loss of the balance between, on the one hand, angiotensin II-mediated stimulation of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor and, on the other hand, stimulation of the angiotensin II type 2 receptor and/or the Mas receptor. The unbalanced enhanced stimulation of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor causes inflammation, edema and contributes to the pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. Here we hypothesize that stable, receptor-specific agonists of the angiotensin II type 2 receptor and of the Mas receptor are molecular medicines to treat COVID-19 patients. These agonists have therapeutic potential in the acute disease but in addition may reduce COVID-19-associated long-term pulmonary dysfunction and overall end-organ damage of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Namsolleck
- Lanthio Pharma, a MorphoSys AG company, Rozenburglaan 13B, 9727 DL, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Gert N Moll
- Lanthio Pharma, a MorphoSys AG company, Rozenburglaan 13B, 9727 DL, Groningen, the Netherlands. .,Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Zhao X, Cebrián R, Fu Y, Rink R, Bosma T, Moll GN, Kuipers OP. High-Throughput Screening for Substrate Specificity-Adapted Mutants of the Nisin Dehydratase NisB. ACS Synth Biol 2020; 9:1468-1478. [PMID: 32374981 PMCID: PMC7309312 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Microbial
lanthipeptides are formed by a two-step enzymatic introduction
of (methyl)lanthionine rings. A dehydratase catalyzes the dehydration
of serine and threonine residues, yielding dehydroalanine and dehydrobutyrine,
respectively. Cyclase-catalyzed coupling of the formed dehydroresidues
to cysteines forms (methyl)lanthionine rings in a peptide. Lanthipeptide
biosynthetic systems allow discovery of target-specific, lanthionine-stabilized
therapeutic peptides. However, the substrate specificity of existing
modification enzymes impose limitations on installing lanthionines
in non-natural substrates. The goal of the present study was to obtain
a lanthipeptide dehydratase with the capacity to dehydrate substrates
that are unsuitable for the nisin dehydratase NisB. We report high-throughput
screening for tailored specificity of intracellular, genetically encoded
NisB dehydratases. The principle is based on the screening of bacterially
displayed lanthionine-constrained streptavidin ligands, which have
a much higher affinity for streptavidin than linear ligands. The designed
NisC-cyclizable high-affinity ligands can be formed via mutant NisB-catalyzed
dehydration but less effectively via wild-type NisB activity. In Lactococcus lactis, a cell surface display precursor was
designed comprising DSHPQFC. The Asp residue preceding the serine
in this sequence disfavors its dehydration by wild-type NisB. The
cell surface display vector was coexpressed with a mutant NisB library
and NisTC. Subsequently, mutant NisB-containing bacteria that display
cyclized strep ligands on the cell surface were selected via panning
rounds with streptavidin-coupled magnetic beads. In this way, a NisB
variant with a tailored capacity of dehydration was obtained, which
was further evaluated with respect to its capacity to dehydrate nisin
mutants. These results demonstrate a powerful method for selecting
lanthipeptide modification enzymes with adapted substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghong Zhao
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Rubén Cebrián
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Yuxin Fu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Rick Rink
- Lanthio Pharma, Rozenburglaan 13 B, Groningen 9727 DL, The Netherlands
| | - Tjibbe Bosma
- Lanthio Pharma, Rozenburglaan 13 B, Groningen 9727 DL, The Netherlands
| | - Gert N. Moll
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands
- Lanthio Pharma, Rozenburglaan 13 B, Groningen 9727 DL, The Netherlands
| | - Oscar P. Kuipers
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands
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Kuipers A, Moll GN, Levy A, Krakovsky M, Franklin R. Cyclic angiotensin-(1-7) contributes to rehabilitation of animal performance in a rat model of cerebral stroke. Peptides 2020; 123:170193. [PMID: 31704212 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2019.170193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Peptidase-resistant, lanthionine-stabilized angiotensin-(1-7), termed cAng-(1-7), has shown therapeutic efficacy in animal models of cardiovascular, metabolic, kidney and pulmonary disease. Goal of the present study was testing the capacity of subcutaneously administered cAng-(1-7) to induce rehabilitation of animal performance in the transient middle cerebral artery occlusion rat model of cerebral stroke. 24 h after ischemic stroke induction, cAng-(1-7) was administered for 28 days at a dose of 500 μg/kg/day, either daily via subcutaneous injection or continuously via an alzet pump. Both ways of administration of cAng-(1-7) were equally effective. Measurements were continued until day 50. Compared to vehicle, cAng-(1-7) clearly demonstrated significantly increased capillary density (p < 0.01) in the affected hemisphere and improved motor and somatosensory functioning. The modified neurological severity score (p < 0.001 at days 15 and 50), stepping test (p < 0.001 at days 36-50), forelimb placement test (p < 0.001 at day 50), body swing test (p < 0.001 at days 43 and 50) all demonstrated that cAng-(1-7) caused significantly improved animal performance. Taken together the data convincingly indicate rehabilitating capacity of subcutaneously injected cAng-(1-7) in cerebral ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneke Kuipers
- Lanthio Pharma, a MorphoSys AG company, 9727 DL, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Gert N Moll
- Lanthio Pharma, a MorphoSys AG company, 9727 DL, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Aharon Levy
- Pharmaseed Ltd, Hamazmera St 9, Ness-Ziona, 74047, Israel.
| | | | - Rick Franklin
- Constant Therapeutics LLC, C/O Casner & Edwards, 303 Congress St, Boston, MA, 02210, USA.
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Abstract
Many therapeutic peptides can still be improved with respect to target specificity, target affinity, resistance to peptidases/proteases, physical stability, and capacity to pass through membranes required for oral delivery. Several modifications can improve the peptides' properties, in particular those that impose (a) conformational constraint(s). Screening of constrained peptides and the identification of hits is greatly facilitated by the generation of genetically encoded libraries. Recent breakthrough bacterial, phage, and yeast display screening systems of ribosomally synthesized post-translationally constrained peptides, particularly those of lanthipeptides, are earning special attention. Here we provide an overview of display systems for constrained, genetically encoded peptides and indicate prospects of constrained peptide-displaying phage and bacterial systems as such in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjibbe Bosma
- Lanthio Pharma, a MorphoSys AG Company, Rozenburglaan 13B, 9727 DL, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rick Rink
- Lanthio Pharma, a MorphoSys AG Company, Rozenburglaan 13B, 9727 DL, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Gert N Moll
- Lanthio Pharma, a MorphoSys AG Company, Rozenburglaan 13B, 9727 DL, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Kuipers A, Moll GN, Wagner E, Franklin R. Efficacy of lanthionine-stabilized angiotensin-(1-7) in type I and type II diabetes mouse models. Peptides 2019; 112:78-84. [PMID: 30529303 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Native angiotensin-(1-7) exerts many therapeutic effects. However, it is rapidly degraded by ACE and other peptidases. This drawback is largely eliminated for lanthionine-stabilized angiotensin-(1-7), termed cAng-(1-7), which is fully resistant to ACE and has strongly increased resistance to other peptidases. Goal of the present study was to test whether cAng-(1-7) has therapeutic activity in diabetes mouse models: in a multiple low dose streptozotocin-induced model of type I diabetes and / or in a db/db model of type II diabetes. In the type I diabetes model cAng-(1-7) caused in an increase in the insulin level of 133% in week 4 (p < 0.001) compared to vehicle, and in the type II diabetes model an increase of 55% of the insulin level in week 8 (p < 0.05) compared to vehicle. cAng-(1-7) reduced blood glucose levels in the type I model by 37% at day 22 (p < 0.001) and in the type II diabetes model by 17% at day 63 of treatment (p < 0.001) and in an oral glucose tolerance test in a type II diabetes model, by 17% at week 4 (p < 0.01). cAng-(1-7) also caused a reduction of glycated hemoglobin levels in the type II diabetes model of 21% in week 6 (p < 0,001). These data are consistent with therapeutic potential of cAng-(1-7) in type I and II diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneke Kuipers
- Lanthio Pharma, a MorphoSys AG company, 9727 DL, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Gert N Moll
- Lanthio Pharma, a MorphoSys AG company, 9727 DL, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Elizabeth Wagner
- Constant Pharmaceuticals LLC, 398 Columbus Ave, PMB 507, Boston, MA, 02116, USA
| | - Rick Franklin
- Constant Pharmaceuticals LLC, 398 Columbus Ave, PMB 507, Boston, MA, 02116, USA
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Kuipers A, de Vries L, de Vries MP, Rink R, Bosma T, Moll GN. Semi-microbiological synthesis of an active lysinoalanine-bridged analog of glucagon-like-peptide-1. Peptides 2017; 91:33-39. [PMID: 28300673 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Some modified glucagon-like-peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogs are highly important for treating type 2 diabetes. Here we investigated whether GLP-1 analogs expressed in Lactococcus lactis could be substrates for modification and export by the nisin dehydratase and transporter enzyme. Subsequently we introduced a lysinoalanine by coupling a formed dehydroalanine with a lysine and investigated the structure and activity of the formed lysinoalanine-bridged GLP-1 analog. Our data show: (i) GLP-1 fused to the nisin leader peptide is very well exported via the nisin transporter NisT, (ii) production of leader-GLP-1 via NisT is higher than via the SEC system, (iii) leader-GLP-1 exported via NisT was more efficiently dehydrated by the nisin dehydratase NisB than when exported via the SEC system, (iv) individual serines and threonines in GLP-1 are dehydrated by NisB to a significantly different extent, (v) an introduced Ser30 is well dehydrated and can be coupled to Lys34 to form a lysinoalanine-bridged GLP-1 analog, (vi) a lysinoalanine(30-34) variant's conformation shifts in the presence of 25% trifluoroethanol towards a higher alpha helix content than observed for wild type GLP-1 under identical condition, (vii) a lysinoalanine(30-34) GLP-1 variant has retained significant activity. Taken together the data extend knowledge on the substrate specificities of NisT and NisB and their combined activity relative to export via the Sec system, and demonstrate that introducing a lysinoalanine bridge is an option for modifying therapeutic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneke Kuipers
- Lanthio Pharma, a MorphoSys AG company, 9727 DL Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Louwe de Vries
- Lanthio Pharma, a MorphoSys AG company, 9727 DL Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel P de Vries
- Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rick Rink
- Lanthio Pharma, a MorphoSys AG company, 9727 DL Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tjibbe Bosma
- Lanthio Pharma, a MorphoSys AG company, 9727 DL Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gert N Moll
- Lanthio Pharma, a MorphoSys AG company, 9727 DL Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Plat A, Kuipers A, Crabb J, Rink R, Moll GN. Mutagenesis of nisin's leader peptide proline strongly modulates export of precursor nisin. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2016; 110:321-330. [PMID: 27830473 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-016-0802-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The lantibiotic nisin is produced by Lactococcus lactis as a precursor peptide comprising a 23 amino acid leader peptide and a 34 amino acid post-translationally modifiable core peptide. We previously demonstrated that the conserved FNLD part of the leader is essential for intracellular enzyme-catalyzed introduction of lanthionines in the core peptide and also for transporter-mediated export, whereas other positions are subject to large mutational freedom. We here demonstrate that, in the absence of the extracellular leader peptidase, NisP, export of precursor nisin via the modification and transporter enzymes, NisBTC, is strongly affected by multiple substitutions of the leader residue at position -2, but not by substitution of positions in the vicinity of this site. Export levels of precursor nisin increased by more than 70% for position -2 mutants Asp, Thr, Ser, Trp, Lys, Val and decreased more than 70% for Cys, His, Met. In a strain with leader peptidase, the Pro-2Lys and Pro-2Asp precursor nisins were less efficiently cleaved by NisP than wild type precursor nisin. Taken together, the wild type precursor nisin with a proline at position -2 allows balanced export and cleavage efficiencies by precursor nisin's transporter and leader peptidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annechien Plat
- Biomade Technology Foundation, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Gynecological Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anneke Kuipers
- Lanthio Pharma, MorphoSys AG, Rozenburglaan 13B, 9727 DL, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joe Crabb
- ImmuCell Corp., 56 Evergreen Drive, Portland, ME, 04130, USA
| | - Rick Rink
- Lanthio Pharma, MorphoSys AG, Rozenburglaan 13B, 9727 DL, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gert N Moll
- Lanthio Pharma, MorphoSys AG, Rozenburglaan 13B, 9727 DL, Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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van Heel AJ, Kloosterman TG, Montalban-Lopez M, Deng J, Plat A, Baudu B, Hendriks D, Moll GN, Kuipers OP. Discovery, Production and Modification of Five Novel Lantibiotics Using the Promiscuous Nisin Modification Machinery. ACS Synth Biol 2016; 5:1146-1154. [PMID: 27294279 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.6b00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To find the right conditions to isolate natively expressed antimicrobial peptides from a wide range of different microorganisms can be a challenge. Here, we exploited a heterologous expression system to produce and characterize several novel lantibiotics. We identified 54 novel putative class I and class II lantibiotics after inspecting all publicly available prokaryotic genomes using the in-house developed mining tool BAGEL3. The genes encoding these new lantibiotics fused to the nisin leader peptide gene sequence were synthesized, and the constructs were plugged into the nisin expression and modification system. Using this approach 30 peptides could be expressed, 27 of which were dehydrated by NisBC on at least 1 predicted position. Good antimicrobial activity against several pathogenic bacteria could be demonstrated for 5 novel heterologously modified lantibiotics. Lantibiotics from Corynebacterium lipophiloflavum DSM 44291 and Streptococcus agalactiae ATCC 13813, named flavucin and agalacticin, respectively, were fully modified and displayed high antimicrobial activity. The efficiency of functional expression was significantly enhanced when we made use of the native nisin leader cleavage site, instead of an artificial factor Xa site. Thus, we describe an efficient way for heterologous production of active lantibiotics, facilitating a rapid identification of promising molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auke J. van Heel
- University of Groningen, Linnaeusborg, Nijenborgh
7, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tomas G. Kloosterman
- University of Groningen, Linnaeusborg, Nijenborgh
7, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jingjing Deng
- University of Groningen, Linnaeusborg, Nijenborgh
7, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Annechien Plat
- University of Groningen, Linnaeusborg, Nijenborgh
7, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Baptiste Baudu
- University of Groningen, Linnaeusborg, Nijenborgh
7, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Djoke Hendriks
- University of Groningen, Linnaeusborg, Nijenborgh
7, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gert N. Moll
- University of Groningen, Linnaeusborg, Nijenborgh
7, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Oscar P. Kuipers
- University of Groningen, Linnaeusborg, Nijenborgh
7, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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Carlucci G, Kuipers A, Ananias HJK, de Paula Faria D, Dierckx RAJO, Helfrich W, Rink R, Moll GN, de Jong IJ, Elsinga PH. GRPR-selective PET imaging of prostate cancer using [(18)F]-lanthionine-bombesin analogs. Peptides 2015; 67:45-54. [PMID: 25797109 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) is overexpressed in a variety of human malignancies, including prostate cancer. Bombesin (BBN) is a 14 amino acids peptide that selectively binds to GRPR. In this study, we developed two novel Al(18)F-labeled lanthionine-stabilized BBN analogs, designated Al(18)F-NOTA-4,7-lanthionine-BBN and Al(18)F-NOTA-2,6-lanthionine-BBN, for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of GRPR expression using xenograft prostate cancer models. (Methyl)lanthionine-stabilized 4,7-lanthionine-BBN and 2,6-lanthionine-BBN analogs were conjugated with a NOTA chelator and radiolabeled with Al(18)F using the aluminum fluoride strategy. Al(18)F-NOTA-4,7-lanthionine-BBN and Al(18)F-NOTA-2,6-lanthionine-BBN was labeled with Al(18)F with good radiochemical yield and specific activity>30 GBq/μmol for both radiotracers. The logD values measured for Al(18)F-NOTA-4,7-lanthionine-BBN and Al(18)F-NOTA-2,6-lanthionine-BBN were -2.14 ± 0.14 and -2.34 ± 0.15, respectively. In athymic nude PC-3 xenografts, at 120 min post injection (p.i.), the uptake of Al(18)F-NOTA-4,7-lanthionine-BBN and Al(18)F-NOTA-2,6-lanthionine-BBN in prostate cancer (PC-3) mouse models was 0.82 ± 0.23% ID/g and 1.40 ± 0.81% ID/g, respectively. An excess of unlabeled ɛ-aminocaproic acid-BBN(7-14) (300-fold) was co-injected to assess GRPR binding specificity. Tumor uptake of Al(18)F-NOTA-4,7-lanthionine-BBN and Al(18)F-NOTA-2,6-lanthionine-BBN in PC-3 tumors was evaluated by microPET (μPET) imaging at 30, 60 and 120 min p.i. Blocking studies showed decreased uptake in PC-3 bearing mice. Stabilized 4,7-lanthionine-BBN and 2,6-lanthionine-BBN peptides were rapidly and successfully labeled with (18)F. Both tracers may have potential for GRPR-positive tumor imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Carlucci
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - A Kuipers
- Lanthio Pharma, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - H J K Ananias
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - D de Paula Faria
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - R A J O Dierckx
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - W Helfrich
- Surgical Research Laboratory, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - R Rink
- Lanthio Pharma, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - G N Moll
- Lanthio Pharma, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - I J de Jong
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - P H Elsinga
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Khusainov R, van Heel AJ, Lubelski J, Moll GN, Kuipers OP. Identification of essential amino acid residues in the nisin dehydratase NisB. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:102. [PMID: 25767464 PMCID: PMC4341554 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nisin is a posttranslationally-modified antimicrobial peptide that has the ability to induce its own biosynthesis. Serines and threonines in the modifiable core peptide part of precursor nisin are dehydrated to dehydroalanines and dehydrobutyrines by the dehydratase NisB, and subsequently cysteines are coupled to the dehydroamino acids by the cyclase NisC. In this study, we applied extensive site-directed mutagenesis, together with direct binding studies, to investigate the molecular mechanism of the dehydratase NisB. We use a natural nisin-producing strain as a host to probe mutant-NisB functionality. Importantly, we are able to differentiate between intracellular and secreted fully dehydrated precursor nisin, enabling investigation of the NisB properties needed for the release of dehydrated precursor nisin to its devoted secretion system NisT. We report that single amino acid substitutions of conserved residues, i.e., R83A, R83M, and R87A result in incomplete dehydration of precursor nisin and prevention of secretion. Single point NisB mutants Y80F and H961A, result in a complete lack of dehydration of precursor nisin, but do not abrogate precursor nisin binding. The data indicate that residues Y80 and H961 are directly involved in catalysis, fitting well with their position in the recently published 3D-structure of NisB. We confirm, by in vivo studies, results that were previously obtained from in vitro experiments and NisB structure elucidation and show that previous findings translate well to effects seen in the original production host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rustem Khusainov
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Auke J van Heel
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jacek Lubelski
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Oscar P Kuipers
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen Groningen, Netherlands ; Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation Groningen, Netherlands
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Khusainov R, Moll GN, Kuipers OP. Identification of distinct nisin leader peptide regions that determine interactions with the modification enzymes NisB and NisC. FEBS Open Bio 2013; 3:237-42. [PMID: 23772400 PMCID: PMC3678300 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nisin is the most prominent and applied bacteriocin that serves as a model for class I lantibiotics. The nisin leader peptide importantly determines interactions between precursor nisin and its modification enzymes NisB and NisC that mature nisin posttranslationally. NisB dehydrates serines and threonines, while NisC catalyzes the subsequent coupling of the formed dehydroamino acids to form lanthionines. Currently, little is known about how the nisin leader interacts with NisB and even less is known about its interactions with NisC. To investigate the nisin leader peptide requirements for functional interaction with the modification enzymes NisB and NisC, we systematically replaced six regions, of 2–4 amino acids each, with all-alanine regions. By performing NisB and NisC co-purification studies with these mutant leader peptides, we demonstrate that the nisin leader regions STKD(-22-19), FNLD(-18-15) and PR(-2-1) importantly contribute to the interactions of precursor nisin with both NisB and NisC, whereas the nisin leader region LVSV(-14-11) additionally contributes to the interaction of precursor nisin with NisC. Not all nisin leader regions are crucial for the interactions with modifying enzymes. The leader region STKD(-22-19) is important for the interactions with NisB and NisC. The nisin leader region FNLD(-18-15) is important for the interactions with NisB and NisC. The nisin leader region PR(-2-1) is important for the interactions with NisB and NisC. The leader region LVSV(-14-11) is additionally important for the interactions with NisC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rustem Khusainov
- Molecular Genetics Dept., University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands ; Synthetic Biology Centre, University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Plat A, Kuipers A, Rink R, N. Moll G. Mechanistic Aspects of Lanthipeptide Leaders. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2013; 14:85-96. [DOI: 10.2174/1389203711314020001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Arnison PG, Bibb MJ, Bierbaum G, Bowers AA, Bugni TS, Bulaj G, Camarero JA, Campopiano DJ, Challis GL, Clardy J, Cotter PD, Craik DJ, Dawson M, Dittmann E, Donadio S, Dorrestein PC, Entian KD, Fischbach MA, Garavelli JS, Göransson U, Gruber CW, Haft DH, Hemscheidt TK, Hertweck C, Hill C, Horswill AR, Jaspars M, Kelly WL, Klinman JP, Kuipers OP, Link AJ, Liu W, Marahiel MA, Mitchell DA, Moll GN, Moore BS, Müller R, Nair SK, Nes IF, Norris GE, Olivera BM, Onaka H, Patchett ML, Piel J, Reaney MJT, Rebuffat S, Ross RP, Sahl HG, Schmidt EW, Selsted ME, Severinov K, Shen B, Sivonen K, Smith L, Stein T, Süssmuth RD, Tagg JR, Tang GL, Truman AW, Vederas JC, Walsh CT, Walton JD, Wenzel SC, Willey JM, van der Donk WA. Ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptide natural products: overview and recommendations for a universal nomenclature. Nat Prod Rep 2013; 30:108-60. [PMID: 23165928 DOI: 10.1039/c2np20085f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1423] [Impact Index Per Article: 129.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This review presents recommended nomenclature for the biosynthesis of ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs), a rapidly growing class of natural products. The current knowledge regarding the biosynthesis of the >20 distinct compound classes is also reviewed, and commonalities are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul G Arnison
- Prairie Plant Systems Inc, Botanical Alternatives Inc, Suite 176, 8B-3110 8th Street E, Saskatoon, SK, S7H 0W2, Canada
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Wösten-van Asperen RM, Lutter R, Specht PA, Moll GN, van Woensel JB, van der Loos CM, van Goor H, Kamilic J, Florquin S, Bos AP. Acute respiratory distress syndrome leads to reduced ratio of ACE/ACE2 activities and is prevented by angiotensin-(1-7) or an angiotensin II receptor antagonist. J Pathol 2011; 225:618-27. [PMID: 22009550 DOI: 10.1002/path.2987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a devastating clinical syndrome. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and its effector peptide angiotensin (Ang) II have been implicated in the pathogenesis of ARDS. A counter-regulatory enzyme of ACE, ie ACE2 that degrades Ang II to Ang-(1-7), offers a promising novel treatment modality for this syndrome. As the involvement of ACE and ACE2 in ARDS is still unclear, this study investigated the role of these two enzymes in an animal model of ARDS. ARDS was induced in rats by intratracheal administration of LPS followed by mechanical ventilation. During ventilation, animals were treated with saline (placebo), losartan (Ang II receptor antagonist), or with a protease-resistant, cyclic form of Ang-(1-7) [cAng-(1-7)]. In bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of ventilated LPS-exposed animals, ACE activity was enhanced, whereas ACE2 activity was reduced. This was matched by enhanced BALF levels of Ang II and reduced levels of Ang-(1-7). Therapeutic intervention with cAng-(1-7) attenuated the inflammatory mediator response, markedly decreased lung injury scores, and improved lung function, as evidenced by increased oxygenation. These data indicate that ARDS develops, in part, due to reduced pulmonary levels of Ang-(1-7) and that repletion of this peptide halts the development of ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roelie M Wösten-van Asperen
- Department of Paediatric Intensive Care, Emma Children's Hospital/Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Khusainov R, Heils R, Lubelski J, Moll GN, Kuipers OP. Determining sites of interaction between prenisin and its modification enzymes NisB and NisC. Mol Microbiol 2011; 82:706-18. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07846.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Mavaro A, Abts A, Bakkes PJ, Moll GN, Driessen AJM, Smits SHJ, Schmitt L. Substrate recognition and specificity of the NisB protein, the lantibiotic dehydratase involved in nisin biosynthesis. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:30552-30560. [PMID: 21757717 PMCID: PMC3162415 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.263210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Nisin is a posttranslationally modified antimicrobial peptide containing the cyclic thioether amino acids lanthionine and methyllanthionine. Although much is known about its antimicrobial activity and mode of action, knowledge about the nisin modification process is still rather limited. The dehydratase NisB is believed to be the initial interaction partner in modification. NisB dehydrates specific serine and threonine residues in prenisin, whereas the cyclase NisC catalyzes the (methyl)lanthionine formation. The fully modified prenisin is exported and the leader peptide is cleaved off by the extracellular protease NisP. Light scattering analysis demonstrated that purified NisB is a dimer in solution. Using size exclusion chromatography and surface plasmon resonance, the interaction of NisB and prenisin, including several of its modified derivatives, was studied. Unmodified prenisin binds to NisB with an affinity of 1.05 ± 0.25 μm, whereas the dehydrated and the fully modified derivatives bind with respective affinities of 0.31 ± 0.07 and 10.5 ± 1.7 μm. The much lower affinity for the fully modified prenisin was related to a >20-fold higher off-rate. For all three peptides the stoichiometry of binding was 1:1. Active nisin, which is the equivalent of fully modified prenisin lacking the leader peptide did not bind to NisB, nor did prenisin in which the highly conserved FNLD box within the leader peptide was mutated to AAAA. Taken together our data indicate that the leader peptide is essential for initial recognition and binding of prenisin to NisB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Mavaro
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - André Abts
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Patrick J Bakkes
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gert N Moll
- BiOMaDe Technology Foundation, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arnold J M Driessen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials and the Kluyver Centre for the Genomics of Industrial Microorganisms, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sander H J Smits
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lutz Schmitt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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de Vries L, Reitzema-Klein CE, Meter-Arkema A, van Dam A, Rink R, Moll GN, Akanbi MHJ. Oral and pulmonary delivery of thioether-bridged angiotensin-(1-7). Peptides 2010; 31:893-8. [PMID: 20206220 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2010.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2009] [Revised: 02/20/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Instability and proteolytic degradation limit the delivery options and in vivo efficacy of many therapeutic peptides. We previously generated a thioether stabilized angiotensin-(1-7) analog, cAng-(1-7), which is resistant against proteolytic degradation in the circulation. We here investigated oral and pulmonary delivery of this compound. In a first step we investigated the in vitro stability of the peptide under conditions that mimic those that will be met after oral administration. We demonstrated that cAng-(1-7) is stable at pH 2.0, a pH value close to that of the stomach, has enhanced resistance to breakdown by proteases from pancreas at pH 7.4, and is resistant to breakdown by proteases from liver at the lysosomal pH 5.0. We subsequently demonstrated that, in the absence of any delivery system or formulation, cAng-(1-7) can be delivered orally and via the lung, with bioavailabilities of 0.28+/-0.05% and 28+/-5%, whereas drug uptake was maximal after subcutaneous administration (bioavailability of 98+/-6%). Therapeutic concentrations could be reached via all three routes of administration. The data prove that introduction of a thioether bridge in peptides opens novel delivery options for medically important peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louwe de Vries
- BiOMaDe Technology Foundation, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
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25
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Moll GN, Kuipers A, Rink R. Microbial engineering of dehydro-amino acids and lanthionines in non-lantibiotic peptides. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2010; 97:319-33. [PMID: 20140513 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-010-9418-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This minireview focuses on the use of bacteria to introduce dehydroresidues and (methyl)lanthionines in (poly)peptides. It mainly describes the broad exploitation of bacteria containing lantibiotic enzymes for the engineering of these residues in a wide variety of peptides in particular in peptides unrelated to lantibiotics. Lantibiotic dehydratases dehydrate serines and threonines present in peptides preceded by a lantibiotic leader peptide thus forming dehydroalanine and dehydrobutyrine, respectively. These dehydroresidues can be coupled to cysteines thus forming (methyl)lanthionines. This coupling is catalysed by lantibiotic cyclases. The design, synthesis, and export of microbially engineered dehydroresidue and or lanthionine-containing peptides in non-lantibiotic peptides are reviewed, illustrated by some examples which demonstrate the high relevance of these special residues. This minireview is the first with special focus on the microbial engineering of nonlantibiotic peptides by exploiting lantibiotic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gert N Moll
- BiOMaDe Technology Foundation, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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26
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Kluskens LD, Nelemans SA, Rink R, de Vries L, Meter-Arkema A, Wang Y, Walther T, Kuipers A, Moll GN, Haas M. Angiotensin-(1-7) with Thioether Bridge: An Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme-Resistant, Potent Angiotensin-(1-7) Analog. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008; 328:849-54. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.108.146431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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Lubelski J, Rink R, Khusainov R, Moll GN, Kuipers OP. Biosynthesis, immunity, regulation, mode of action and engineering of the model lantibiotic nisin. Cell Mol Life Sci 2008; 65:455-76. [PMID: 17965835 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-007-7171-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses the state-of-the-art in molecular research on the most prominent and widely applied lantibiotic, i.e., nisin. The developments in understanding its complex biosynthesis and mode of action are highlighted. Moreover, novel applications arising from engineering either nisin itself, or from the construction of totally novel dehydrated and/or lanthionine-containing peptides with desired bioactivities are described. Several challenges still exist in understanding the immunity system and the unique multiple reactions occurring on a single substrate molecule, carried out by the dehydratase NisB and the cyclization enzyme NisC. The recent elucidation of the 3-D structure of NisC forms the exciting beginning of further 3-D-structure determinations of the other biosynthetic enzymes, transporters and immunity proteins. Advances in achieving in vitro activities of lanthionine-forming enzymes will greatly enhance our understanding of the molecular characteristics of the biosynthesis process, opening up new avenues for developing unique and novel biocatalytic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lubelski
- Molecular Genetics Department, University of Groningen, Kerklaan 30, 9751 NN Haren, The Netherlands
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Rink R, Kluskens LD, Kuipers A, Driessen AJM, Kuipers OP, Moll GN. NisC, the Cyclase of the Lantibiotic Nisin, Can Catalyze Cyclization of Designed Nonlantibiotic Peptides. Biochemistry 2007; 46:13179-89. [DOI: 10.1021/bi700106z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rick Rink
- BiOMaDe Technology Foundation, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Microbiology, Kerklaan 30, 9751 NN Haren, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, The Netherlands, and Department of Molecular Genetics, Kerklaan 30, 9751 NN Haren, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Leon D. Kluskens
- BiOMaDe Technology Foundation, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Microbiology, Kerklaan 30, 9751 NN Haren, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, The Netherlands, and Department of Molecular Genetics, Kerklaan 30, 9751 NN Haren, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anneke Kuipers
- BiOMaDe Technology Foundation, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Microbiology, Kerklaan 30, 9751 NN Haren, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, The Netherlands, and Department of Molecular Genetics, Kerklaan 30, 9751 NN Haren, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arnold J. M. Driessen
- BiOMaDe Technology Foundation, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Microbiology, Kerklaan 30, 9751 NN Haren, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, The Netherlands, and Department of Molecular Genetics, Kerklaan 30, 9751 NN Haren, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Oscar P. Kuipers
- BiOMaDe Technology Foundation, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Microbiology, Kerklaan 30, 9751 NN Haren, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, The Netherlands, and Department of Molecular Genetics, Kerklaan 30, 9751 NN Haren, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gert N. Moll
- BiOMaDe Technology Foundation, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Microbiology, Kerklaan 30, 9751 NN Haren, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, The Netherlands, and Department of Molecular Genetics, Kerklaan 30, 9751 NN Haren, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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Rink R, Wierenga J, Kuipers A, Kluskens LD, Driessen AJM, Kuipers OP, Moll GN. Dissection and modulation of the four distinct activities of nisin by mutagenesis of rings A and B and by C-terminal truncation. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73:5809-16. [PMID: 17660303 PMCID: PMC2074915 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01104-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nisin A is a pentacyclic antibiotic peptide produced by various Lactococcus lactis strains. Nisin displays four different activities: (i) it autoinduces its own synthesis; (ii) it inhibits the growth of target bacteria by membrane pore formation; (iii) it inhibits bacterial growth by interfering with cell wall synthesis; and, in addition, (iv) it inhibits the outgrowth of spores. Here we investigate the structural requirements and relevance of the N-terminal thioether rings of nisin by randomization of the ring A and B positions. The data demonstrate that: (i) mutation of ring A results in variants with enhanced activity and a modulated spectrum of target cells; (ii) for the cell growth-inhibiting activity of nisin, ring A is rather promiscuous with respect to its amino acid composition, whereas the bulky amino acid residues in ring B abolish antimicrobial activity; (iii) C-terminally truncated nisin A mutants lacking rings D and E retain significant antimicrobial activity but are unable to permeabilize the target membrane; (iv) the dehydroalanine in ring A is not essential for the inhibition of the outgrowth of Bacillus cells; (v) some ring A mutants have significant antimicrobial activities but have decreased autoinducing activities; (vi) the opening of ring B eliminates antimicrobial activity while retaining autoinducing activity; and (vii) some ring A mutants escape the nisin immune system(s) and are toxic to the nisin-producing strain NZ9700. These data demonstrate that the various activities of nisin can be engineered independently and provide a basis for the design and synthesis of tailor-made analogs with desired activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick Rink
- BiOMaDe Technology Foundation, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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30
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Rink R, Wierenga J, Kuipers A, Kluskens LD, Driessen AJM, Kuipers OP, Moll GN. Production of dehydroamino acid-containing peptides by Lactococcus lactis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73:1792-6. [PMID: 17261515 PMCID: PMC1828803 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02350-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2006] [Accepted: 01/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nisin is a pentacyclic peptide antibiotic produced by some Lactococcus lactis strains. Nisin contains dehydroresidues and thioether rings that are posttranslationally introduced by a membrane-associated enzyme complex, composed of a serine and threonine dehydratase NisB and the cyclase NisC. In addition, the transporter NisT is necessary for export of the modified peptide. We studied the potential of L. lactis expressing NisB and NisT to produce peptides whose serines and threonines are dehydrated. L. lactis containing the nisBT genes and a plasmid coding for a specific leader peptide fusion construct efficiently produced peptides with a series of non-naturally occurring multiple flanking dehydrobutyrines. We demonstrated NisB-mediated dehydration of serines and threonines in a C-terminal nisin(1-14) extension of nisin, which implies that also residues more distant from the leader peptide than those occurring in prenisin or any other lantibiotic can be modified. Furthermore, the feasibility and efficiency of generating a library of peptides containing dehydroresidues were demonstrated. In view of the particular shape and reactivity of dehydroamino acids, such a library provides a novel source for screening for peptides with desired biological and physicochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick Rink
- BiOMaDe Technology Foundation, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
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31
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Kuipers A, Wierenga J, Rink R, Kluskens LD, Driessen AJM, Kuipers OP, Moll GN. Sec-mediated transport of posttranslationally dehydrated peptides in Lactococcus lactis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:7626-33. [PMID: 17041158 PMCID: PMC1694219 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01802-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2006] [Accepted: 10/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nisin is a lanthionine-containing antimicrobial peptide produced by Lactococcus lactis. Its (methyl)lanthionines are introduced by two posttranslational enzymatic steps involving the dehydratase NisB, which dehydrates serine and threonine residues, and the cyclase NisC, which couples these dehydrated residues to cysteines, yielding thioether-bridged amino acids called lanthionines. The prenisin is subsequently exported by the ABC transporter NisT and extracellularly processed by the peptidase NisP. L. lactis expressing the nisBTC genes can modify and secrete a wide range of nonlantibiotic peptides. Here we demonstrate that in the absence of NisT and NisC, the Sec pathway of L. lactis can be exploited for the secretion of dehydrated variants of therapeutic peptides. Furthermore, posttranslational modifications by NisB and NisC still occur even when the nisin leader is preceded by a Sec signal peptide or a Tat signal peptide 27 or 44 amino acids long, respectively. However, transport of fully modified prenisin via the Sec pathway is impaired. The extent of NisB-mediated dehydration could be improved by raising the intracellular concentration NisB or by modulating the export efficiency through altering the signal sequence. These data demonstrate that besides the traditional lantibiotic transporter NisT, the Sec pathway with an established broad substrate range can be utilized for the improved export of lantibiotic enzyme-modified (poly)peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneke Kuipers
- BiOMaDe Technology Foundation, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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32
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Abstract
Nisin is a posttranslationally modified antimicrobial peptide that is widely used as a food preservative. It contains five cyclic thioethers of varying sizes that are installed by a single enzyme, NisC. Reported here are the in vitro reconstitution of the cyclization process and the x-ray crystal structure of the NisC enzyme. The structure reveals similarities in fold and substrate activation with mammalian farnesyl transferases, suggesting that human homologs of NisC posttranslationally modify a cysteine of a protein substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Kluskens LD, Kuipers A, Rink R, de Boef E, Fekken S, Driessen AJM, Kuipers OP, Moll GN. Post-translational modification of therapeutic peptides by NisB, the dehydratase of the lantibiotic nisin. Biochemistry 2005; 44:12827-34. [PMID: 16171398 DOI: 10.1021/bi050805p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Post-translationally introduced dehydroamino acids often play an important role in the activity and receptor specificity of biologically active peptides. In addition, a dehydroamino acid can be coupled to a cysteine to yield a cyclized peptide with increased biostability and resistance against proteolytic degradation and/or modified specificity. The lantibiotic nisin is an antimicrobial peptide produced by Lactococcus lactis. Its post-translational enzymatic modification involves NisB-mediated dehydration of serines and threonines and NisC-catalyzed coupling of cysteines to dehydroresidues, followed by NisT-mediated secretion. Here, we demonstrate that a L. lactis strain containing the nisBTC genes effectively dehydrates and secretes a wide range of medically relevant nonlantibiotic peptides among which variants of adrenocorticotropic hormone, vasopressin, an inhibitor of tripeptidyl peptidase II, enkephalin, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, angiotensin, and erythropoietin. For most of these peptides, ring formation was demonstrated. These data show that lantibiotic enzymes can be applied for the modification of peptides, thereby enabling the biotechnological production of dehydroresidue-containing and/or thioether-bridged therapeutic peptides with enhanced stability and/or modulated activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon D Kluskens
- BiOMaDe Technology Foundation, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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Rink R, Kuipers A, de Boef E, Leenhouts KJ, Driessen AJM, Moll GN, Kuipers OP. Lantibiotic structures as guidelines for the design of peptides that can be modified by lantibiotic enzymes. Biochemistry 2005; 44:8873-82. [PMID: 15952794 DOI: 10.1021/bi050081h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lantibiotics are (methyl)lanthionine-containing bacterial peptides. (Methyl)lanthionines are posttranslationally introduced into the prepropeptides by biosynthetic enzymes that dehydrate serines and threonines and couple these dehydrated residues to cysteine residues. Thirty seven lantibiotic primary structures have been proposed to date, but little is known about the substrate specificity of the lantibiotic modifying enzymes. To define rules for the rational design of modified peptides, we compared all known lantibiotic structures by in silico analysis. Although no strict sequence motifs can be defined that govern the modification, statistical analysis demonstrates that dehydratable serines and threonines are more often flanked by hydrophobic than by hydrophilic amino acids. Serine residues escape dehydration more often than threonines. With these rules, novel hexapeptides were designed that either were predicted to become modified or will escape modification. The hexapeptides were fused to the nisin leader and expressed in a Lactococcus lactis strain containing the nisin modifying and export enzymes. The excreted peptides were analyzed by mass spectrometry. All designed fusion peptides were produced, and the presence or absence of modifications was found to be in full agreement with the predictions based on the statistical analysis. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of the rational design of a wide range of novel peptides with dehydrated amino acid residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick Rink
- BiOMaDe Technology Foundation, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Kuipers A, de Boef E, Rink R, Fekken S, Kluskens LD, Driessen AJM, Leenhouts K, Kuipers OP, Moll GN. NisT, the transporter of the lantibiotic nisin, can transport fully modified, dehydrated, and unmodified prenisin and fusions of the leader peptide with non-lantibiotic peptides. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:22176-82. [PMID: 15044440 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m312789200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lantibiotics are lanthionine-containing peptide antibiotics. Nisin, encoded by nisA, is a pentacyclic lantibiotic produced by some Lactococcus lactis strains. Its thioether rings are posttranslationally introduced by a membrane-bound enzyme complex. This complex is composed of three enzymes: NisB, which dehydrates serines and threonines; NisC, which couples these dehydrated residues to cysteines, thus forming thioether rings; and the transporter NisT. We followed the activity of various combinations of the nisin enzymes by measuring export of secreted peptides using antibodies against the leader peptide and mass spectroscopy for detection. L. lactis expressing the nisABTC genes efficiently produced fully posttranslationally modified prenisin. Strikingly, L. lactis expressing the nisBT genes could produce dehydrated prenisin without thioether rings and a dehydrated form of a non-lantibiotic peptide. In the absence of the biosynthetic NisBC enzymes, the NisT transporter was capable of excreting unmodified prenisin and fusions of the leader peptide with non-lantibiotic peptides. Our data show that NisT specifies a broad spectrum (poly)peptide transporter that can function either in conjunction with or independently from the biosynthetic genes. NisT secretes both unmodified and partially or fully posttranslationally modified forms of prenisin and non-lantibiotic peptides. These results open the way for efficient production of a wide range of peptides with increased stability or novel bioactivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneke Kuipers
- BiOMade Technology Foundation, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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Herranz C, Cintas LM, Hernández PE, Moll GN, Driessen AJ. Enterocin P causes potassium ion efflux from Enterococcus faecium T136 cells. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001; 45:901-4. [PMID: 11181377 PMCID: PMC90390 DOI: 10.1128/aac.45.3.901-904.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterocin P is a bacteriocin produced by Enterococcus faecium P13. We studied the mechanism of its bactericidal action using enterocin-P-sensitive E. faecium T136 cells. The bacteriocin is incapable of dissipating the transmembrane pH gradient. On the other hand, depending on the buffer used, enterocin P dissipates the transmembrane potential. Enterocin P efficiently elicits efflux of potassium ions, but not of intracellularly accumulated anions like phosphate and glutamate. Taken together, these data demonstrate that enterocin P forms specific, potassium ion-conducting pores in the cytoplasmic membrane of target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Herranz
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología III, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Moll GN, Brul S, Konings WN, Driessen AJ. Comparison of the membrane interaction and permeabilization by the designed peptide Ac-MB21-NH2 and truncated dermaseptin S3. Biochemistry 2000; 39:11907-12. [PMID: 11009603 DOI: 10.1021/bi000917a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ac-MB21-NH(2) (Ac-FASLLGKALKALAKQ-NH(2)) and dermaseptin S3(1-16)-NH(2) (ALWKNMLKGIGKLAGK-NH(2)) are cationic amphipathic peptides with antimicrobial activity against a broad spectrum of microorganisms including various fungi. The interaction of the peptides with liposomes was studied by exploiting the tryptophan fluorescence of F1W-Ac-MB21-NH(2) and dermaseptin S3(1-16)-NH(2). Spectral analysis and the use of quenchers indicate that the tryptophans of both peptides insert more deeply in anionic than in zwitterionic liposomes. Membrane insertion correlates with the formation of an alpha-helical peptide structure. Both peptides permeabilize liposomes composed of anionic, cylindric phospholipids more efficiently than liposomes formed of zwitterionic, conic (phospho)lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- G N Moll
- Department of Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Kerklaan 30, 9751 NN Haren, The Netherlands
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Moll GN, van den Akker E, Hauge HH, Nissen-Meyer J, Nes IF, Konings WN, Driessen AJ. Complementary and overlapping selectivity of the two-peptide bacteriocins plantaricin EF and JK. J Bacteriol 1999; 181:4848-52. [PMID: 10438754 PMCID: PMC93971 DOI: 10.1128/jb.181.16.4848-4852.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plantaricin EF and JK are both two-peptide bacteriocins produced by Lactobacillus plantarum C11. The mechanism of plantaricin EF and JK action was studied on L. plantarum 965 cells. Both plantaricins form pores in the membranes of target cells and dissipate the transmembrane electrical potential (Deltapsi) and pH gradient (DeltapH). The plantaricin EF pores efficiently conduct small monovalent cations, but conductivity for anions is low or absent. Plantaricin JK pores show high conductivity for specific anions but low conductivity for cations. These data indicate that L. plantarum C11 produces bacteriocins with complementary ion selectivity, thereby ensuring efficient killing of target bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- G N Moll
- Department of Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9751NN Haren, The Netherlands
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Moll GN, Konings WN, Driessen AJ. Bacteriocins: mechanism of membrane insertion and pore formation. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1999; 76:185-98. [PMID: 10532378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria produce several types of pore forming peptides. Class I bacteriocins are lantibiotics that contain (methyl)lanthionine residues that may form intramolecular thioether rings. These peptides generally have a broad spectrum of activity and form unstable pores. Class II bacteriocins are small, heat stable peptides mostly with a narrow spectrum of activity. Most bacteriocins interact with anionic lipids that are abundantly present in the membranes of gram-positive bacteria. 'Docking molecules' may enhance the conductivity and stability of lantibiotic pores, while 'receptors' in the target membrane may determine specificity of class II bacteriocins. Insertion into the membrane of many bacteriocins is proton motive force driven. Lantibiotics may form pores according to a 'wedge-like' model, while class II bacteriocins may enhance membrane permeability either by the formation of a 'barrel stave' pore or by a 'carpet' mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- G N Moll
- Department of Microbiology and the Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Haren, The Netherlands
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Moll GN, Konings WN, Driessen AJ. The lantibiotic nisin induces transmembrane movement of a fluorescent phospholipid. J Bacteriol 1998; 180:6565-70. [PMID: 9852000 PMCID: PMC107759 DOI: 10.1128/jb.180.24.6565-6570.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/1998] [Accepted: 10/15/1998] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nisin is a pore-forming antimicrobial peptide. The capacity of nisin to induce transmembrane movement of a fluorescent phospholipid in lipid vesicles was investigated. Unilamellar phospholipid vesicles that contained a fluorescent phospholipid (1-acyl-2-(6-[(7-nitro-2-1, 3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl)amino]caproyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) in the inner leaflet of the bilayer were used. Nisin-induced movement of the fluorescent phospholipid from the inner leaflet to the outer leaflet of the membrane reached stable levels, which were dependent on the concentration of nisin added. The rate constant k of this nisin-induced transmembrane movement increased with the nisin concentration but was not dependent on temperature within the range of 5 to 30 degrees C. In contrast, the rate constant of movement of fluorescent phospholipid from vesicle to vesicle strongly depended on temperature. The data indicate that nisin transiently disturbs the phospholipid organization of the target membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- G N Moll
- Department of Microbiology and Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Kerklaan 30, 9751 NN Haren, The Netherlands
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Hauge HH, Mantzilas D, Moll GN, Konings WN, Driessen AJ, Eijsink VG, Nissen-Meyer J. Plantaricin A is an amphiphilic alpha-helical bacteriocin-like pheromone which exerts antimicrobial and pheromone activities through different mechanisms. Biochemistry 1998; 37:16026-32. [PMID: 9819195 DOI: 10.1021/bi981532j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Production of bacteriocins by lactic acid bacteria is in some cases regulated by a quorum sensing mechanism that involves a secreted bacteriocin-like peptide pheromone. In the case of Lactobacillus plantarum C11, this pheromone, the 26-mer plantaricin A (PlnA), has the interesting property of having both bacteriocin and pheromone activities. To gain insight into how PlnA functions as a pheromone and as a bacteriocin, the L- and D-enantiomers of an N-terminally truncated form of PlnA were synthesized (PlnA-22L and PlnA-22D; PlnA-22L has full biological activity). With circular dichroism, it was shown that the two peptides are unstructured in aqueous solution, but they adopt mirror-image amphiphilic helical structures in the presence of trifluoroethanol and membrane-mimicking entities such as micelles of dodecylphosphocholine and negatively charged Ole2GroPGro liposomes, but not in the presence of zwitterionic Ole2GroPCho liposomes. Thus, the negative charge on the membrane is important for structuring of the (positively charged) PlnA peptides. In terms of in vivo antimicrobial activity, PlnA-22L and PlnA-22D behaved almost identically. Likewise, the peptides dissipated the membrane potential and the transmembrane pH gradient in sensitive cells equally effectively. PlnA-22L induced bacteriocin production in L. plantarum C11 (i.e., displayed pheromone activity), the level of induction being clearly dose-dependent. PlnA-22D did not display pheromone activity, but, at high concentrations, was able to inhibit the pheromone activity of PlnA-22L. The results indicate that the antimicrobial activity of PlnA does not require chiral interactions and is mediated through the formation of a strongly amphiphilic alpha-helical structure. In contrast, PlnA's pheromone activity is dependent on a chiral interaction between the amphiphilic helix (PlnA-22L) and a receptor protein. One may speculate that PlnA is an evolutionary intermediate between a true bacteriocin and a pheromone.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Hauge
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oslo, Norway.
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Moll GN, Clark J, Chan WC, Bycroft BW, Roberts GC, Konings WN, Driessen AJ. Role of transmembrane pH gradient and membrane binding in nisin pore formation. J Bacteriol 1997; 179:135-40. [PMID: 8981990 PMCID: PMC178671 DOI: 10.1128/jb.179.1.135-140.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nisin is a cationic antimicrobial peptide that belongs to the group of lantibiotics. It is thought to form oligomeric pores in the target membrane by a mechanism that requires the transmembrane electrical potential delta psi and that involves local pertubation of the lipid bilayer structure. Here we show that nisin does not form exclusively voltage-dependent pores: even in the absence of a delta psi, nisin is able to dissipate the transmembrane pH gradient (delta pH) in sensitive Lactococcus lactis cells and proteoliposomes. The rate of dissipation increases with the magnitude of the delta pH. Nisin forms pores only when the delta pH is inside alkaline. The efficiency of delta psi-induced pore formation is strongly affected by the external pH, whereas delta pH-induced pore formation is rather insensitive to the external pH. Nisin(1-12), an amino-terminal fragment of nisin, and (des-deltaAla5)-(nisin(1-32) amide have a strongly reduced capacity to dissipate the delta psi and delta pH in cytochrome c oxidase proteoliposomes and L. lactis cells. Both variants bind with reduced efficiency to liposomes containing negatively charged phospholipids, suggesting that both ring A and rings C to E play a role in membrane binding. Nisin(1-12) competes with nisin for membrane binding and antagonizes pore formation. These findings are consistent with the wedge model of nisin-induced pore formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G N Moll
- Department of Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Haren, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Nisin and other lantibiotics have a bacteriocidal effect against Gram-positive bacteria, and also inhibit the outgrowth of bacterial spores. The bacteriocidal effect appears to be due to the formation of pores in the bacterial membrane. In the absence of anionic membrane phospholipids, the lantibiotic nisin acts as an anion selective carrier. In the presence of anionic phospholipids, nisin forms nonselective, transient, multi-state pores in cells, proteoliposomes, liposomes and black lipid membranes. Pore formation involves distinct steps. First, nisin associates tightly with the anionic membrane surface leading to a high local concentration. This results in a disturbance of the lipid dynamics near the phospholipid polar head group-water interface, and an immobilization of lipids. In the presence of a transmembrane electrical potential above the threshold level, the molecules reorient, presumably as an aggregate, from a surface-bound into a membrane-inserted configuration. Co-insertion of bound, anionic phospholipids results in bending of the lipid surface giving rise to a wedge-like, nonspecific, water-filled pore.
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Affiliation(s)
- G N Moll
- Department of Microbiology, University of Groningen, Kerklaan, Netherlands
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Affiliation(s)
- G N Moll
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 251, Faculté Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
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Simões AP, Moll GN, Slotboom AJ, Roelofsen B, Op den Kamp JA. Selective internalization of choline-phospholipids in Plasmodium falciparum parasitized human erythrocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta 1991; 1063:45-50. [PMID: 2015260 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(91)90351-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We have incubated control and Plasmodium falciparum parasitized human erythrocytes with lipid vesicles containing radiolabeled long-chain phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin, in the presence of a nonspecific lipid transfer protein. Most of the radiolabeled phospholipids were, immediately thereafter, available for extracellular phospholipases, suggesting that uptake of vesicles as such did not occur. In time, the amount of phosphatidylcholine inserted in the outer leaflet of the host cell membrane of parasitized erythrocytes decreased, indicating that phosphatidylcholine was being internalized in parasitized erythrocytes. The exclusion of sphingomyelin from the internalization process suggests that the removal of phosphatidylcholine from the outer leaflet of the erythrocyte membrane is caused by transbilayer migration, rather than by endocytosis. The extent of phosphatidylcholine internalization indicates that part of it does not remain in the inner leaflet of the host cell membrane, but is taken up by the intraerythrocytic parasite. Individual phosphatidylcholine species, containing 16:0/18:1-, 16:0/18:2- and 16:0/20:4-fatty acids, showed similar extents of internalization, after being incorporated in parasitized erythrocytes by a phosphatidylcholine specific transfer protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Simões
- C.B.L.E., University of Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Moll GN, van den Eertwegh V, Tournois H, Roelofsen B, Op den Kamp JA, van Deenen LL. Growth inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum in in vitro cultures by selective action of tryptophan-N-formylated gramicidin incorporated in lipid vesicles. Biochim Biophys Acta 1991; 1062:206-10. [PMID: 1706202 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(91)90394-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We studied the differential effect of tryptophan-N-formylated gramicidin on uninfected and Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. Trp-N-formylated gramicidin induces a much faster leakage of K+ from infected cells than from uninfected cell whereas, and at an even lower concentration, gramicidin A' causes a rapid K+ leakage from both uninfected and infected cells. We also studied the effect of Trp-N-formylated gramicidin and gramicidin A' incorporated in liposomes on the growth of Plasmodium falciparum in an in vitro culture. Incorporation of Trp-N-formylated gramicidin in the membranes of so-called 'stealth' vesicles strongly decreases the concentration needed to induce 50% inhibition of parasite growth. Moreover, no decrease in the K+ content of uninfected cells was observed when cells were exposed to liposome-incorporated Trp-N-formylated gramicidin at a concentration which causes full inhibition of parasite growth. These observations strongly suggest that Trp-N-formylated gramicidin incorporated in 'stealth' vesicles ends up specifically in the infected cell, thereby inhibiting the growth of the growth of the malaria parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- G N Moll
- Centre for Biomembranes and Lipid Enzymology, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Moll GN, Vial HJ, van der Wiele FC, Ancelin ML, Roelofsen B, Slotboom AJ, de Haas GH, van Deenen LL, Op den Kamp JA. Selective elimination of malaria infected erythrocytes by a modified phospholipase A2 in vitro. Biochim Biophys Acta 1990; 1024:189-92. [PMID: 2337614 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(90)90224-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Pig pancreatic phospholipase A2 does not act on normal erythrocytes, but the membrane penetrating capacity is enhanced by the covalent attachment of one fatty acyl chain to Lys-116 of the enzyme. Taking advantage of the impaired packing of phospholipids in the membrane of Plasmodium infected erythrocytes it was demonstrated that a lauric acid derivative of phospholipase A2 is capable of exclusively attaching the infected erythrocytes in vitro, leaving the uninfected cells undisturbed. The chemically modified phospholipase A2 appeared to cause death of the parasite in cell cultures of infected erythrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G N Moll
- C.B.L.E., State University of Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Simões AP, Moll GN, Beaumelle B, Vial HJ, Roelofsen B, Op den Kamp JA. Plasmodium knowlesi induces alterations in phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine molecular species composition of parasitized monkey erythrocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta 1990; 1022:135-45. [PMID: 2306451 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(90)90107-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Using high performance liquid chromatography and gas-liquid chromatography, we have characterized the phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine molecular species composition of trophozoite and schizont forms of Plasmodium knowlesi parasitized erythrocytes. Similarly, we determined these parameters in the erythrocyte membranes of trophozoite parasitized cells, unparasitized erythrocytes from infected monkeys before and after a chloroquine treatment and erythrocytes from monkeys that had never been infected. Plasma phosphatidylcholine molecular species composition was also studied. P. knowlesi parasitized erythrocytes presented higher amounts of 16:0/18:2-phosphatidylcholine than the various control cells, which appeared to be compensated for by a decrease in 18:0/20:4-, 16:0/20:3-, 16:0/18:1-, 18:0/18:2-, 18:0/20:3-, 16:0/16:0- and 16:0/18:0-phosphatidylcholines. In the case of phosphatidylethanolamine, the alterations were quantitatively of greater importance and consisted of an increase in, again, 16:0/18:2-phosphatidylethanolamine and a decrease in several species containing 20:4, namely 16:0/20:4-, 18:0/20:4- and 18:1/20:4-phosphatidylethanolamine; also the levels of alkoxy-phosphatidylethanolamines were markedly decreased. P. knowlesi development within monkey erythrocytes therefore appears to be associated with changes in phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine molecular species in the whole parasitized cell. These alterations are also exhibited by the host cell membrane, which provides the first experimental evidence that the parasite is able to manipulate the erythrocyte membrane lipid species composition. The consequences of these alterations on membrane physiology are discussed, as well as the implications that these data may have on the trafficking of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine in the erythrocytes of P. knowlesi infected monkeys.
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Moll GN, Vial HJ, Bevers EM, Ancelin ML, Roelofsen B, Comfurius P, Slotboom AJ, Zwaal RF, Op den Kamp JA, van Deenen LL. Phospholipid asymmetry in the plasma membrane of malaria infected erythrocytes. Biochem Cell Biol 1990; 68:579-85. [PMID: 2344403 DOI: 10.1139/o90-083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The transbilayer distribution of glycerophospholipids in the plasma membrane of Plasmodium knowlesi infected erythrocytes was studied by using lysine-116-epsilon-N-palmitoyl amidinated pancreatic phospholipase A2. As a consequence of its superior membrane penetrating capacities, this modified enzyme rapidly degrades its substrates in the outer membrane leaflet of intact erythrocytes, a property that makes the enzyme an excellent tool to study the malaria parasitized red cell. The modified phospholipase A2 caused a nonlytic hydrolysis of up to 12-15% of the phosphatidylethanolamine and none of the phosphatidylserine in the red cell membrane, irrespective of whether the cells harboured trophozoite and schizont stages of parasites or no parasites at all. The absence of phosphatidylserine at the exterior surface of Plasmodium infected erythrocytes was confirmed by applying the prothrombinase assay on Plasmodium falciparum infected human erythrocytes. Consequently, the results from these and previous studies indicate that the plasma membrane of Plasmodium infected erythrocytes exhibit a normal transbilayer phospholipid asymmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- G N Moll
- Centrum voor Biomembranen en Lipide Enzymologie, Rijksuniversiteit te Utrect, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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