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Saponara S, Fusi F, Iovinelli D, Ahmed A, Trezza A, Spiga O, Sgaragli G, Valoti M. Flavonoids and hERG channels: Friends or foes? Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 899:174030. [PMID: 33727059 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The cardiac action potential is regulated by several ion channels. Drugs capable to block these channels, in particular the human ether-à-go-go-related gene (hERG) channel, also known as KV11.1 channel, may lead to a potentially lethal ventricular tachyarrhythmia called "Torsades de Pointes". Thus, evaluation of the hERG channel off-target activity of novel chemical entities is nowadays required to safeguard patients as well as to avoid attrition in drug development. Flavonoids, a large class of natural compounds abundantly present in food, beverages, herbal medicines, and dietary food supplements, generally escape this assessment, though consumed in consistent amounts. Continuously growing evidence indicates that these compounds may interact with the hERG channel and block it. The present review, by examining numerous studies, summarizes the state-of-the-art in this field, describing the most significant examples of direct and indirect inhibition of the hERG channel current operated by flavonoids. A description of the molecular interactions between a few of these natural molecules and the Rattus norvegicus channel protein, achieved by an in silico approach, is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Saponara
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Fabio Fusi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy.
| | - Daniele Iovinelli
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Amer Ahmed
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Alfonso Trezza
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Ottavia Spiga
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Giampietro Sgaragli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy; Accademia Italiana della Vite e del Vino, via Logge degli Uffizi Corti 1, 50122, Florence, Italy
| | - Massimo Valoti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
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Fusi F, Mugnai P, Trezza A, Spiga O, Sgaragli G. Fine tuning by protein kinases of Ca V1.2 channel current in rat tail artery myocytes. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 182:114263. [PMID: 33035505 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Seventeen compounds, rather selective, direct or indirect inhibitors and activators of PKA, PKG, and PKC, were analysed for effects on vascular CaV1.2 channel current (ICa1.2) by using the patch-clamp technique in single rat tail artery myocytes. The aim was to investigate how PKs regulate ICa1.2 and disclose any unexpected modulation of CaV1.2 channel function by these agents. The cAMP analogues 8-Br-cAMP and 6-Bnz-cAMP partially reduced ICa1.2 in dialysed cells, while weakly increasing it under the perforated configuration. The β-adrenoceptor agonist isoproterenol and the adenylate cyclase activator forskolin concentration-dependently increased ICa1.2; this effect was reversed by PKA inhibitors H-89 and KT5720, but not by PKI 6-22. The cGMP analogue 8-Br-cGMP, similarly to the NO-donor SNP, moderately reduced ICa1.2, this effect being reversed to a slight stimulation under the perforated configuration. Among PKG inhibitors, Rp-8-Br-PET-cGMPS decreased current amplitude in a concentration-dependent manner while Rp-8-Br-cGMPS was ineffective. The non-specific phosphodiesterase inhibitor IBMX increased ICa1.2, while H-89, KT5720, and PKI 6-22 antagonized this effect. The PKC activator PMA, but not the diacylglycerol analogue OAG, stimulated ICa1.2 in a concentration-dependent manner; conversely, the PKCα inhibitor Gö6976 markedly reduced basal ICa1.2 and, similarly to the PKCδ (rottlerin) and PKCε translocation inhibitors antagonised PMA-induced current stimulation. The ensemble of findings indicates that the stimulation of cAMP/PKA, in spite of the paradoxical effect of both 8-Br-cAMP and 6-Bnz-cAMP, or PKC pathways enhanced, while that of cGMP/PKG weakly inhibited ICa1.2 in rat tail artery myocytes. Since Rp-8-Br-PET-cGMPS and Gö6976 appeared to block directly CaV1.2 channel, their docking to the channel protein was investigated. Both compounds appeared to bind the α1C subunit in a region involved in CaV1.2 channel inactivation, forming an interaction network comparable to that of CaV1.2 channel blockers. Therefore, caution should accompany the use of these agents as pharmacological tools to elucidate the mechanism of action of drugs on vascular preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Fusi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - P Mugnai
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - A Trezza
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - O Spiga
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - G Sgaragli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
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Fusi F, Trezza A, Sgaragli G, Spiga O, Saponara S, Bova S. Ritanserin blocks Ca V1.2 channels in rat artery smooth muscles: electrophysiological, functional, and computational studies. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2020; 41:1158-1166. [PMID: 32132658 PMCID: PMC7608335 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-0370-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CaV1.2 channel blockers or 5-HT2 receptor antagonists constitute effective therapy for Raynaud’s syndrome. A functional link between the inhibition of 5-HT2 receptors and CaV1.2 channel blockade in arterial smooth muscles has been hypothesized. Therefore, the effects of ritanserin, a nonselective 5-HT2 receptor antagonist, on vascular CaV1.2 channels were investigated through electrophysiological, functional, and computational studies. Ritanserin blocked CaV1.2 channel currents (ICa1.2) in a concentration-dependent manner (Kr = 3.61 µM); ICa1.2 inhibition was antagonized by Bay K 8644 and partially reverted upon washout. Conversely, the ritanserin analog ketanserin (100 µM) inhibited ICa1.2 by ~50%. Ritanserin concentration-dependently shifted the voltage dependence of the steady-state inactivation curve to more negative potentials (Ki = 1.58 µM) without affecting the slope of inactivation and the activation curve, and decreased ICa1.2 progressively during repetitive (1 Hz) step depolarizations (use-dependent block). The addition of ritanserin caused the contraction of single myocytes not yet dialyzed with the conventional method. Furthermore, in depolarized rings, ritanserin, and to a lesser extent, ketanserin, caused a concentration-dependent relaxation, which was antagonized by Bay K 8644. Ritanserin and ketanserin were docked at a region of the CaV1.2 α1C subunit nearby that of Bay K 8644; however, only ritanserin and Bay K 8644 formed a hydrogen bond with key residue Tyr-1489. In conclusion, ritanserin caused in vitro vasodilation, accomplished through the blockade of CaV1.2 channels, which was achieved preferentially in the inactivated and/or resting state of the channel. This novel activity encourages the development of ritanserin derivatives for their potential use in the treatment of Raynaud’s syndrome.
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Cuong NM, Son NT, Nhan NT, Khanh PN, Huong TT, Tram NTT, Sgaragli G, Ahmed A, Trezza A, Spiga O, Fusi F. Vasorelaxing Activity of R-(-)-3'-Hydroxy-2,4,5-trimethoxydalbergiquinol from Dalbergia tonkinensis: Involvement of Smooth Muscle CaV1.2 Channels. Planta Med 2020; 86:284-293. [PMID: 31994147 DOI: 10.1055/a-1099-2929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Dalbergia species heartwood, widely used in traditional medicine to treat various cardiovascular diseases, might represent a rich source of vasoactive agents. In Vietnam, Dalbergia tonkinensis is an endemic tree. Therefore, the aim of the present work was to investigate the vascular activity of R-(-)-3'-hydroxy-2,4,5-trimethoxydalbergiquinol isolated from the heartwood of D. tonkinensis and to provide circular dichroism features of its R absolute configuration. The vascular effects of R-(-)-3'-hydroxy-2,4,5-trimethoxydalbergiquinol were assessed on the in vitro mechanical activity of rat aorta rings, under isometric conditions, and on whole-cell Ba2+ currents through CaV1.2 channels (IBa1.2) recorded in single, rat tail main artery myocytes by means of the patch-clamp technique. R-(-)-3'-Hydroxy-2,4,5-trimethoxydalbergiquinol showed concentration-dependent, vasorelaxant activity on both endothelium-deprived and endothelium intact rings precontracted with the α 1 receptor agonist phenylephrine. Neither the NO (nitric oxide) synthase inhibitor Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester nor the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin affected its spasmolytic activity. R-(-)-3'-Hydroxy-2,4,5-trimethoxydalbergiquinol-induced vasorelaxation was antagonized by (S)-(-)-Bay K 8644 and unaffected by tetraethylammonium plus glibenclamide. In patch-clamp experiments, R-(-)-3'-hydroxy-2,4,5-trimethoxydalbergiquinol inhibited IBa1.2 in a concentration-dependent manner and significantly decreased the time constant of current inactivation. R-(-)-3'-Hydroxy-2,4,5-trimethoxydalbergiquinol likely stabilized the channel in its closed state, as suggested by molecular modelling and docking simulation to the CaV1.2 channel α 1c subunit. In conclusion, D. tonkinensis species may represent a source of agents potentially useful for the development of novel antihypertensive drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Manh Cuong
- Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Hanoi, Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ninh The Son
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ngu Truong Nhan
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Hanoi, Vietnam
- Department of Science and Technology, Tay Nguyen University, Daklak, Vietnam
| | - Pham Ngoc Khanh
- Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tran Thu Huong
- Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Thu Tram
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Can Tho, Vietnam
| | - Giampietro Sgaragli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Amer Ahmed
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Alfonso Trezza
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Ottavia Spiga
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Fabio Fusi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
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Fusi F, Trezza A, Tramaglino M, Sgaragli G, Saponara S, Spiga O. The beneficial health effects of flavonoids on the cardiovascular system: Focus on K+ channels. Pharmacol Res 2020; 152:104625. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Fusi F, Sgaragli G, Valoti M. Gold nanoparticles potentiate Ca V channel currents in rat tail artery myocytes. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 47:89-93. [PMID: 29158021 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to unveil effects of 5-nm sized, polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on vascular CaV1.2 and CaV3.1 channels. Ba2+ currents through both channels (IBa1.2 and IBa3.1) were recorded in single myocytes isolated from the rat tail main artery by means of the whole-cell patch-clamp method. AuNPs increased IBa1.2 and IBa3.1 amplitude in a concentration- and Vh-dependent manner. Neither the voltage dependence of inactivation and activation curves nor inactivation and activation kinetics were affected by AuNPs. In conclusion, these findings warrant further investigation to clarify whether different types of NPs possess the same stimulatory activity and may represent a toxic hazard to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Fusi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Giampietro Sgaragli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Massimo Valoti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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Sgaragli G, Frosini M. Human Tuberculosis I. Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Pathogenetic Mechanisms. Curr Med Chem 2017; 23:2836-2873. [PMID: 27281297 DOI: 10.2174/0929867323666160607222854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis), an almost genetically monomorphic pathogen is a human parasite, transmitted mostly by humans and causes tuberculosis (TB). TB is firmly associated to poverty, although lack of proper nutrition and lowered immune status are contributing factors for disease development. TB remains second only to HIV/AIDS as the leading cause of mortality worldwide due to a single infectious agent and is responsible for nearly 1.5 million deaths annually. Some steps of the progress of our knowledge of M. tuberculosis physiology and its interactions with human beings, are reviewed here. This progress has provided fertile ground for improving diagnosis and cure of TB infection. For TB diagnostics laboratories in high-burden countries, primary isolation is the first step before performing drug susceptibility testing (DST) of M. tuberculosis. IGRA (interferon-γ release assay)-based tests for diagnosis of active TB are sufficiently fast, specific and sensitive to allow to contain infection and distinguish among latent TB infection and BCG vaccination individuals from those who have clinically resolved M. tuberculosis infection after anti-TB treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giampietro Sgaragli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro, 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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Fusi F, Spiga O, Trezza A, Sgaragli G, Saponara S. The surge of flavonoids as novel, fine regulators of cardiovascular Ca v channels. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 796:158-174. [PMID: 28012974 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Ion channels underlie a wide variety of physiological processes that involve rapid changes in cell dynamics, such as cardiac and vascular smooth muscle contraction. Overexpression or dysfunction of these membrane proteins are the basis of many cardiovascular diseases that represent the leading cause of morbidity and mortality for human beings. In the last few years, flavonoids, widely distributed in the plant kingdom, have attracted the interest of many laboratories as an emerging class of fine ion, in particular Cav, channels modulators. Pieces of in vitro evidence for direct as well as indirect effects exerted by various flavonoids on ion channel currents are now accumulating in the scientific literature. This activity may be responsible, at least in part, for the beneficial and protective effects of dietary flavonoids toward cardiovascular diseases highlighted in several epidemiological studies. Here we examine numerous studies aimed at analysing this feature of flavonoids, focusing on the mechanisms that promote their sometimes controversial activities at cardiovascular Cav channels. New methodological approaches, such as molecular modelling and docking to Cav1.2 channel α1c subunit, used to elucidate flavonoids intrinsic mechanism of action, are introduced. Moreover, flavonoid-membrane interaction, bioavailability, and antioxidant activity are taken into account and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Fusi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Ottavia Spiga
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Alfonso Trezza
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Giampietro Sgaragli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Simona Saponara
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
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Sgaragli G, Frosini M, Saponara S, Corelli F. Human Tuberculosis. III. Current and Prospective Approaches in Anti-Tubercular Therapy. Curr Med Chem 2016; 23:2245-74. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867323666160504102636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Sgaragli G, Frosini M. Human Tuberculosis II. M. tuberculosis Mechanisms of Genetic and Phenotypic Resistance to Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs. Curr Med Chem 2016; 23:1186-216. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867323666160405112820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Kadioglu O, Saeed ME, Valoti M, Frosini M, Sgaragli G, Efferth T. Interactions of human P-glycoprotein transport substrates and inhibitors at the drug binding domain: Functional and molecular docking analyses. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 104:42-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Saponara S, Durante M, Spiga O, Mugnai P, Sgaragli G, Huong TT, Khanh PN, Son NT, Cuong NM, Fusi F. Functional, electrophysiological and molecular docking analysis of the modulation of Cav 1.2 channels in rat vascular myocytes by murrayafoline A. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 173:292-304. [PMID: 26493241 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The carbazole alkaloid murrayafoline A (MuA) enhances contractility and the Ca(2+) currents carried by the Cav 1.2 channels [ICa1.2 ] of rat cardiomyocytes. As only few drugs stimulate ICa1.2 , this study was designed to analyse the effects of MuA on vascular Cav 1.2 channels. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Vascular activity was assessed on rat aorta rings mounted in organ baths. Cav 1.2 Ba(2+) current [IBa1.2 ] was recorded in single rat aorta and tail artery myocytes by the patch-clamp technique. Docking at a 3D model of the rat, α1c central pore subunit of the Cav 1.2 channel was simulated in silico. KEY RESULTS In rat aorta rings MuA, at concentrations ≤14.2 μM, increased 30 mM K(+) -induced tone and shifted the concentration-response curve to K(+) to the left. Conversely, at concentrations >14.2 μM, it relaxed high K(+) depolarized rings and antagonized Bay K 8644-induced contraction. In single myocytes, MuA stimulated IBa1.2 in a concentration-dependent, bell-shaped manner; stimulation was stable, incompletely reversible upon drug washout and accompanied by a leftward shift of the voltage-dependent activation curve. MuA docked at the α1C subunit central pore differently from nifedipine and Bay K 8644, although apparently interacting with the same amino acids of the pocket. Neither Bay K 8644-induced stimulation nor nifedipine-induced block of IBa1.2 was modified by MuA. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Murrayafoline A is a naturally occurring vasoactive agent able to modulate Cav 1.2 channels and dock at the α1C subunit central pore in a manner that differed from that of dihydropyridines.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Saponara
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - M Durante
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - O Spiga
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - P Mugnai
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - G Sgaragli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - T T Huong
- Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - P N Khanh
- Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - N T Son
- Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - N M Cuong
- Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - F Fusi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
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Fusi F, Manetti F, Durante M, Sgaragli G, Saponara S. The vasodilator papaverine stimulates L-type Ca(2+) current in rat tail artery myocytes via a PKA-dependent mechanism. Vascul Pharmacol 2015; 76:53-61. [PMID: 26586313 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2015.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Papaverine is an opium alkaloid, primarily used as an antispasmodic drug and as a cerebral and coronary vasodilator. Its phosphodiesterase inhibitory activity promotes increase of cAMP levels mainly in the cytosol. As cAMP is known to modulate L-type Ca(2+) channel activity, here we tested the proposition that papaverine could affect vascular channel function. An in-depth analysis of the effect of papaverine on Ba(2+) or Ca(2+) current through L-type Ca(2+) channel [IBa(L) or ICa(L)], performed in rat tail artery myocytes using either the whole-cell or the perforated patch-clamp method, was accompanied by a functional study on rat aorta rings. Papaverine increased current amplitude under both the perforated or whole-cell configuration. Stimulation of the current by papaverine was concentration-, Vh-, frequency-, and charge carrier-dependent, and fully reverted by drug washout. The PKA inhibitor H89, but not the PKG inhibitor Rp-8-Br-cGMPS, antagonised papaverine- as well as IBMX- (another phosphodiesterase inhibitor) induced IBa(L) stimulation. In cells pre-treated with IBMX, application of papaverine failed to increase current amplitude. Papaverine sped up the inactivation kinetics of IBa(L), though only at concentrations ≥ 30 μM, and shifted the voltage dependence of the inactivation curve to more negative potentials. In rings, the vasorelaxing activity of papaverine was enhanced by previous treatment with nifedipine. In conclusion, papaverine stimulates vascular L-type Ca(2+) channel via a PKA-dependent mechanism, thus antagonising its main vasodilating activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Fusi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Fabrizio Manetti
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Miriam Durante
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Giampietro Sgaragli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Simona Saponara
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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Fusi F, Durante M, Sgaragli G, Khanh PN, Son NT, Huong TT, Huong VN, Cuong NM. In vitro vasoactivity of zerumbone from Zingiber zerumbet. Planta Med 2015; 81:298-304. [PMID: 25714723 DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1396307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The sesquiterpene zerumbone, isolated from the rhizome of Zingiber zerumbet Sm., besides its widespread use as a food flavouring and appetiser, is also recommended in traditional medicine for the treatment of several ailments. It has attracted great attention recently for its effective chemopreventive and therapeutic effects observed in various models of cancer. To assess the zerumbone safety profile, a pharmacology study designed to flag any potential adverse effect on vasculature was performed. Zerumbone was tested for vasorelaxing activity on rat aorta rings and for L-type Ba(2+) current blocking activity on single myocytes isolated from the rat-tail artery. The spasmolytic effect of zerumbone was more marked on rings stimulated with 60 mM than with 30 mM K(+) (IC50 values of 16 µM and 102 µM, respectively). In the presence of 60 mM K(+), zerumbone concentration-dependently inhibited the contraction induced by the cumulative additions of Ca(2+), this inhibition being inversely related to the Ca(2+) concentration. Phenylephrine-induced contraction was inhibited by the drug, though less efficiently and independently of the presence of an intact endothelium, without affecting Ca(2+) release from the intracellular stores. Zerumbone inhibited the L-type Ba(2+) current (estimated IC50 value of 458.7 µM) and accelerated the kinetics of current decay. In conclusion, zerumbone showed an overall weak in vitro vasodilating activity, partly attributable to the blocking of the L-type Ca(2+) channel, which does not seem to represent, however, a serious threat to its widespread use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Fusi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Miriam Durante
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Pham Ngoc Khanh
- Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ninh The Son
- Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tran Thu Huong
- Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Van Ngoc Huong
- Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Manh Cuong
- Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Fusi F, Sgaragli G. Reversion of Nitrate Tolerance in Rat Aorta Rings by Freeze-dried Red Wine. Phytother Res 2015; 29:628-31. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Fusi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita; Università di Siena; via A. Moro 2 53100 Siena Italy
| | - Giampietro Sgaragli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita; Università di Siena; via A. Moro 2 53100 Siena Italy
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16
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Cuong NM, Khanh PN, Huyen PT, Duc HV, Huong TT, Ha VT, Durante M, Sgaragli G, Fusi F. Vascular L-type Ca²⁺ channel blocking activity of sulfur-containing indole alkaloids from Glycosmis petelotii. J Nat Prod 2014; 77:1586-1593. [PMID: 24949913 DOI: 10.1021/np500076v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In the search for novel natural compounds endowed with potential antihypertensive activity, a new sulfur-containing indole alkaloid, N-demethylglypetelotine (2), and its known analogue glypetelotine (1), were isolated from the leaves of Glycosmis petelotii. Their structures were established on the basis of spectroscopic evidence. The two alkaloids were assessed for vasorelaxing activity on rat aorta rings and for L-type Ba(2+) current [I(Ba(L))] blocking activity on single myocytes isolated from rat tail artery. Both glypetelotine and N-demethylglypetelotine inhibited phenylephrine-induced contraction with IC50 values of 20 and 50 μM, respectively. The presence of endothelium did not modify their spasmolytic effect. Neither glypetelotine nor N-demethylglypetelotine affected Ca(2+) release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum induced by phenylephrine. The spasmolytic effect of glypetelotine increased with membrane depolarization. In the presence of 60 mM K(+), both compounds inhibited, in a concentration-dependent manner, the contraction induced by cumulative addition of Ca(2+), this inhibition being inversely related to Ca(2+) concentration. Glypetelotine and, less efficiently N-demethylglypetelotine, inhibited I(Ba(L)), the former compound also affecting I(Ba(L)) kinetics. In conclusion, glypetelotine is a novel vasorelaxing agent which antagonizes L-type Ca(2+) channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Manh Cuong
- Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology , 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, 122100 Cau Giay, Hanoi Vietnam
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17
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Mugnai P, Durante M, Sgaragli G, Saponara S, Paliuri G, Bova S, Fusi F. L-type Ca(2+) channel current characteristics are preserved in rat tail artery myocytes after one-day storage. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2014; 211:334-45. [PMID: 24666564 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM To develop a cheap and simple method of storing for 24-h vascular tissue and single myocytes while preserving therein the biophysical and pharmacological characteristics of L-type Ca(2+) channels and contractile activity. METHODS Rings or vascular smooth muscle cells obtained from the rat tail main artery were used either freshly (R0h and VSMC0h) or stored for 24 h (R24h and VSMC24h) at 4 °C, to record whole-cell L-type Ca(2+) currents (IC a(L) ) or measure contractile responses. RESULTS R0h/VSMC0h and R24h/VSMC24h comparably contracted when stimulated with phenylephrine, high KCl or ATP. In both VSMC0h and VSMC24h, IC a(L) was identified and characterized as a stable inward current for at least 35 min; IC a(L) was comparably inhibited by the Ca(2+) antagonists nifedipine, verapamil and diltiazem and increased by the Ca(2+) channel agonist (S)-(-)-Bay K 8644; current density and current-voltage relationships were similar; at more hyperpolarized holding potentials, IC a(L) intensity increased comparably; nifedipine shifted the steady-state inactivation curve towards more negative potentials, while verapamil blocked IC a(L) in a frequency-dependent manner and slowed down the rate of recovery from inactivation in a comparable way. CONCLUSION Findings show that smooth muscle contractile activity and the biophysical and pharmacological features of L-type Ca(2+) channels are similar in VSMC24h and VSMC0h. The fact that reproducible results were obtained in vascular myocytes up to 24 h after dissociation may facilitate vascular smooth muscle cell investigation by increasing throughput and reducing the number of animals required.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Mugnai
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita; Università di Siena; Siena Italy
| | - M. Durante
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita; Università di Siena; Siena Italy
| | - G. Sgaragli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita; Università di Siena; Siena Italy
| | - S. Saponara
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita; Università di Siena; Siena Italy
| | - G. Paliuri
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Padova; Padova Italy
| | - S. Bova
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Padova; Padova Italy
| | - F. Fusi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita; Università di Siena; Siena Italy
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18
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Ferrara A, Fusi F, Gorelli B, Sgaragli G, Saponara S. Effects of freeze-dried red wine on cardiac function and ECG of the Langendorff-perfused rat heart. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2014; 92:171-4. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2013-0262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The effect of freeze-dried red wine (FDRW) on cardiac function and electrocardiogram (ECG) in Langendorff-isolated rat hearts was investigated. FDRW significantly decreased left ventricular pressure and coronary perfusion pressure, the latter being dependent on the activation of both phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and eNOS. FDRW did not affect the QRS and QT interval in the ECG, although at 56 μg of gallic acid equivalents/mL, it prolonged PQ interval and induced a second-degree atrioventricular block in 3 out of 6 hearts. This is the first study demonstrating that at concentrations resembling a moderate consumption of red wine, FDRW exhibited negative inotropic and coronary vasodilating activity leaving unaltered ECG, whereas at very high concentrations, it induced arrhythmogenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Ferrara
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Fabio Fusi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Beatrice Gorelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Giampietro Sgaragli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Accademia Italiana della Vite e del Vino, Via XXVIII Aprile, 26 Conegliano Treviso, Italy
| | - Simona Saponara
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
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Iozzi D, Schubert R, Kalenchuk VU, Neri A, Sgaragli G, Fusi F, Saponara S. Quercetin relaxes rat tail main artery partly via a PKG-mediated stimulation of KCa 1.1 channels. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2013; 208:329-39. [PMID: 23432816 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 01/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM Protein kinases, activated by vasodilator substances, affect vascular function by regulating large conductance Ca(2+) -activated K(+) (KCa 1.1) channels. Thus, the aim of the present investigation was to address the hypothesis that quercetin-induced vasorelaxation is caused by a PKG-mediated stimulation of KCa 1.1 currents. METHODS Single freshly isolated myocytes and endothelium-denuded rings of the rat tail main artery were employed for electrophysiological and contractility measurements respectively. RESULTS Quercetin relaxed vessels and increased KCa 1.1 currents in a concentration-dependent manner: both effects were antagonized by the specific KCa 1.1 channel blocker iberiotoxin. Stimulation of KCa 1.1 currents was fully reversible upon drug washout, markedly reduced by Rp-8-Br-PET-cGMPs, a PKG-inhibitor, but not affected by catalase. Quercetin shifted by 34.3 mV the voltage dependence of KCa 1.1 channel activation towards more negative membrane potentials without affecting its slope. Under conditions of tight functional coupling between sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) release sites and KCa 1.1 channels, quercetin decreased both the frequency and the amplitude of KCa 1.1 transient currents in a ryanodine-like manner. CONCLUSION The natural flavonoid quercetin relaxes the rat tail main artery partly via a PKG-mediated stimulation of smooth muscle KC a 1.1 channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Iozzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita; Università degli Studi di Siena; Siena; Italy
| | - R. Schubert
- Research Division Cardiovascular Physiology; Centre for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim (CBTM), Medical Faculty Mannheim; University Heidelberg; Mannheim; Germany
| | | | - A. Neri
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita; Università degli Studi di Siena; Siena; Italy
| | - G. Sgaragli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita; Università degli Studi di Siena; Siena; Italy
| | - F. Fusi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita; Università degli Studi di Siena; Siena; Italy
| | - S. Saponara
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita; Università degli Studi di Siena; Siena; Italy
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20
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Fusi F, Durante M, Sgaragli G, Cuong NM, Dung PTP, Nam NH. 2-Aryl- and 2-amido-benzothiazoles as multifunctional vasodilators on rat artery preparations. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 714:178-87. [PMID: 23751511 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The neuroprotective agent riluzole [2-amino-6-(trifluoromethoxy)benzothiazole] has been shown to antagonize neuronal high-voltage activated Ca(2+) currents. In the search for novel scaffolds leading to potential antihypertensive agents, a series of 2-aryl- and 2-amido-benzothiazoles (HUP) were assessed for their vasorelaxing property on rat aorta rings and for their L-type Ba(2+) currents [I(Ba(L))] blocking activity on single myocytes isolated from the rat tail artery. HUP5 and HUP30, the most potent of the series, inhibited phenylephrine-induced contraction with IC₅₀ values in the range 3-6 µM. The presence of endothelium did not modify their spasmolytic activity. Both HUP5 and HUP30 increased tissue levels of cGMP and shifted to the left the concentration-response curve to sodium nitroprusside. In rings precontracted by phenylephrine, tetraethylammonium or 1H-[1,2,4] oxadiazolo [4,3-a] quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ) shifted to the right the concentration-relaxation curves of HUP5 and HUP30. The antispasmodic effect of HUP5 and HUP30 was more marked on rings stimulated with 25/30 mM than with 60 mM K(+). HUP5 and HUP30 antagonized both extracellular Ca(2+) influx and Ca(2+) mobilization from intracellular stores in response to phenylephrine: this effect was not modified by the presence of ODQ. I(Ba(L)) was partly inhibited by HUP5 and blocked by HUP30 in a concentration-dependent as well as ODQ-independent manner. In conclusion, HUP5 and HUP30 are vasorelaxing agents that stimulate soluble guanylyl cyclase, activate K(+) channels, and block extracellular Ca(2+) influx. The present benzothiazole derivatives form a novel class of multifunctional vasodilators which may give rise to effective antihypertensive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Fusi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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21
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Durante M, Sgaragli G, Biasutto L, Mattarei A, Fusi F. Quercetin mitochondriotropic derivatives antagonize nitrate tolerance and endothelial dysfunction of isolated rat aorta rings. Planta Med 2013; 79:465-467. [PMID: 23479387 DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1328293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Chronic use of glyceryl trinitrate is limited by serious side effects, inter alia tolerance and endothelial dysfunction of coronary and resistance arteries. The natural flavonoid quercetin has been shown to counteract the development of glyceryl trinitrate tolerance in vitro. Two mitochondriotropic, 4-O-triphenylphosphoniumbutyl derivatives of quercetin (QTA-3BTPI and Q-3BTPI) were compared to quercetin for protection against glyceryl trinitrate-induced tolerance and endothelial dysfunction of isolated rat aorta rings. Both QTA-3BTPI and Q-3BTPI significantly counteracted the reduced vascular responsiveness to both glyceryl trinitrate and acetylcholine caused by prolonged exposure of the vessel to glyceryl trinitrate itself, their potency being much greater than that of quercetin. QTA-3BTPI, however, turned out to cause endothelial dysfunction per se. Since Q-3BTPI antagonized in vitro nitrate tolerance and endothelial dysfunction of vessels, this encourages assessing whether this effect is displayed also in vivo during long-term glyceryl trinitrate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Durante
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
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22
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Bechi N, Sorda G, Spagnoletti A, Bhattacharjee J, Vieira Ferro EA, de Freitas Barbosa B, Frosini M, Valoti M, Sgaragli G, Paulesu L, Ietta F. Toxicity assessment on trophoblast cells for some environment polluting chemicals and 17β-estradiol. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:995-1000. [PMID: 23337911 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The identification of reproductive toxicants is a major scientific challenge for human health. We investigated the effects of a selected group of environmental polluting chemicals mostly provided with estrogenic activity on the human trophoblast cell lines BeWo and HTR-8/SVneo. Cells were exposed for 24h to various concentrations (from 0.1 pM to 1 mM) of atrazine (ATR), diethylstilbestrol (DES), para-nonylphenol (p-NP), resveratrol (RES) and 17 β-estradiol (E2) and assayed for cell viability and human beta-Chorionic Gonadotropin (β-hCG) secretion. Decrease of cell viability as respect to control, vehicle-treated, cultures was obtained for all chemicals in the concentration range of 1 μM-1 mM in both cell types. A parallel decrease of β-hCG secretion was observed in BeWo cells, at 1 μM-1 mM concentrations, with the only exception of ATR which caused an increase at concentrations up to 1mM. β-hCG release was also unexpectedly inhibited by ATR, DES, p-NP and RES at non-toxic (pM-nM) concentrations. These findings raise concern about the negative, potential effects of various environmental polluting chemicals on pregnancy success and fetal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Bechi
- San Carlo Clinic, Paderno Dugnano, Milano, Italy.
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23
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Contartese A, Valoti M, Corelli F, Pasquini S, Mugnaini C, Pessina F, Aldinucci C, Sgaragli G, Frosini M. A novel CB2 agonist, COR167, potently protects rat brain cortical slices against OGD and reperfusion injury. Pharmacol Res 2012; 66:555-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Frosini M, Larini A, Ricci L, Lucas L, Gorelli B, Sgaragli G, Tanganelli P, Valoti M. Effects of autologous, cross-linked erythrocytes on isolated hypoperfused rabbit heart dynamics. Pharmacology 2012; 90:274-80. [PMID: 23038665 DOI: 10.1159/000341910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study was aimed at assessing the effects of either red blood cells (RBC) or RBC cross-linked with the bifunctional dimethyl suberimidate reagent (C-RBC) on contractile force (CFo), heart rate (HR) and coronary flow (CF) of the isolated rabbit heart hypoperfused with RBC suspensions under 30 mm Hg constant pressure. RBC or C-RBC caused a rapid and marked reduction of CF, CFo and HR. In RBC-treated hearts, however, reperfusion with Tyrode solution partially restored the initial myocardial parameters, while in C-RBC-treated hearts a rapid impairment of diastolic relaxation with a subsequent, steady and increasing heart contracture was observed. Histological analysis showed that in C-RBC-perfused hearts either capillaries or precapillary arterioles were occluded by C-RBC in spite of extensive washings with Tyrode solution. These findings indicate that C-RBC impair coronary circulation markedly and irreversibly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Frosini
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Farmacologia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy.
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25
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Saponara S, Fusi F, Sgaragli G, Cavalli M, Hopkins B, Bova S. Effects of commonly used protein kinase inhibitors on vascular contraction and L-type Ca(2+) current. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 84:1055-61. [PMID: 22884855 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of smooth muscle contraction is driven by a number of protein kinases: the evidence for this often originates from studies that investigate the effects of extracellularly added specific protein kinase inhibitors. Six compounds, thought to be selective inhibitors of various kinases, were analysed for their effects on vascular L-type Ca(2+) channels because this potential subsidiary activity could strongly influence our understanding of the pathways involved in smooth muscle contraction. Whole-cell L-type Ba(2+) currents [I(Ba(L))] were recorded in single myocytes, and contractile responses were measured from endothelium-denuded rings taken from the rat tail artery. Although ML-7, ML-9, and wortmannin (MLCK inhibitors), HA-1077 and Y-27632 (Rho-associated kinase inhibitors), and GF-109203X (PKC inhibitor) relaxed rings pre-contracted with high KCl in a concentration-dependent manner, their effect on I(Ba(L)) intensity was surprisingly variable. Wortmannin showed negligible effects while HA-1077 and Y-27632 were ineffective. I(Ba(L)) was partly inhibited by GF-109203X and blocked by ML-7 and ML-9 in a concentration-dependent manner, with the blockade by ML-7 being voltage-dependent. Whilst ML-7, ML-9, and GF-109203X sped up the inactivation kinetics of I(Ba(L)), GF-109203X did not modify ML-7- or ML-9-induced effects, with both intensity and kinetics of the current remaining unchanged. In contrast, application of Bay K 8644 on myocytes pre-treated with ML-7 or ML-9 raised I(Ba(L)) beyond control values. In conclusion, ML-7 and ML-9 inhibit L-type Ca(2+) channels via a mechanism independent of MLCK, PKC or Rho kinase activities, and as such caution should be used in employing these agents to elucidate the role of kinases in smooth muscle contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Saponara
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università degli Studi di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
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26
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Dragoni S, Franco G, Regoli M, Bracciali M, Morandi V, Sgaragli G, Bertelli E, Valoti M. Gold nanoparticles uptake and cytotoxicity assessed on rat liver precision-cut slices. Toxicol Sci 2012; 128:186-97. [PMID: 22539612 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A major obstacle in the field of nanotoxicology is the development of an in vitro model that accurately predicts an in vivo response. To address this concern, rat liver precision-cut slices were used to assess the impact of 5-nm gold nanoparticles (GNPs) coated with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) on the mammalian liver, following exposure to different concentrations and for a duration of up to 24 h. The presence of GNPs inside endocytotic vesicles of hepatocytes was appreciable within 30 min of their addition. After 2 h, GNPs were clearly visualized inside endosome-like vesicles within the slice, not only in hepatocytes but also in endothelial and Kupffer cells located within the first two cellular layers. This uptake did not translate into modifications of either phase I or phase II of 7-ethoxycoumarin metabolism or alter activities of cytochrome P450 toward marker substrates. Furthermore, although the GNPs were rapidly internalized, no overt signs of cytotoxicity, assessed through lactate dehydrogenase release, reduction of methylthiazolyldiphenyl tetrazolium bromide, and glutathione levels, were observed. In conclusion, the use of rat liver slices successfully enhanced nanomaterial screening and determined that PVP-coated 5-nm GNPs were biocompatible with rat liver cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Dragoni
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università di Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
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27
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Lacava C, Michalek-Sauberer A, Kraft B, Sgaragli G, Sipos E, Höller C, Kress HG, Fusi F, Weigl LG. 3,5-Di-t-butyl catechol is a potent human ryanodine receptor 1 activator, not suitable for the diagnosis of malignant hyperthermia susceptibility. Pharmacol Res 2012; 66:80-7. [PMID: 22480578 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2012.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
3,5-Di-t-butyl catechol (DTCAT) releases Ca(2+) from rat skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) vesicles. Hence, it is a candidate for use as a substitute for halothane or caffeine in the in vitro contracture test for the diagnosis of susceptibility to malignant hyperthermia (MH). To characterize the effect of DTCAT at cell level, Ca(2+) release experiments were performed on cultured, human skeletal muscle myotubes using the fluorescent Ca(2+) indicator fura2-AM. DTCAT was also assayed in the in vitro contracture test on human skeletal muscle bundles obtained from individuals diagnosed susceptible (MHS), normal (MHN) or equivocal for halothane (MHEH) and compared to the standard test substances caffeine and halothane. DTCAT increased, in a concentration-dependent manner and with a higher efficacy as compared to caffeine, the free, intracellular Ca(2+) levels of cultured MHN and MHS skeletal muscle myotubes. This effect was similar in both types of myotubes and involved the release of Ca(2+) from SR stores as well as Ca(2+)-influx from the extracellular space. Inhibition of ryanodine receptors either with ryanodine or with ruthenium red markedly reduced DTCAT-induced increase in intracellular Ca(2+) concentration while abolishing that induced by caffeine. In MHN skeletal muscle bundles, DTCAT induced contractures with an EC(50) value of 160 ± 91 μM. However, the sensitivity of MHS or MHEH muscles to DTCAT was similar to that of MHN muscles. In conclusion, DTCAT is not suitable for the diagnosis of MH susceptibility due to its failure to discriminate between MHN and MHS muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Lacava
- Department of Special Anaesthesia and Pain Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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Saponara S, Carosati E, Mugnai P, Sgaragli G, Fusi F. The flavonoid scaffold as a template for the design of modulators of the vascular Ca(v) 1.2 channels. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 164:1684-97. [PMID: 21557738 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01476.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Previous studies have pointed to the plant flavonoids myricetin and quercetin as two structurally related stimulators of vascular Ca(v) 1.2 channel current (I(Ca1.2) ). Here we have tested the proposition that the flavonoid structure confers the ability to modulate Ca(v) 1.2 channels. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Twenty-four flavonoids were analysed for their effects on I(Ca1.2) in rat tail artery myocytes, using the whole-cell patch-clamp method. KEY RESULTS Most of the flavonoids stimulated or inhibited I(Ca1.2) in a concentration- and voltage-dependent manner with EC(50) values ranging between 4.4 µM (kaempferol) and 16.0 µM (myricetin) for the stimulators and IC(50) values between 13.4 µM (galangin) and 100 µM [(±)-naringenin] for the inhibitors. Key structural requirements for I(Ca1.2) stimulatory activity were the double bond between C2 and C3 and the hydroxylation pattern on the flavonoid scaffold, the latter also determining the molecular charge, as shown by molecular modelling techniques. Absence of OH groups in the B ring was key in I(Ca1.2) inhibition. The functional interaction between quercetin and either the stimulator myricetin or the antagonists resokaempferol, crysin, genistein, and 5,7,2'-trihydroxyflavone revealed that quercetin expressed the highest apparent affinity, in the low µM range, for Ca(v) 1.2 channels. Neither protein tyrosine kinase nor protein kinase Cα were involved in quercetin-induced stimulation of I(Ca1.2). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Quercetin-like plant flavonoids were active on vascular Ca(v)1.2 channels. Thus, the flavonoid scaffold may be a template for the design of novel modulators of vascular smooth muscle Ca(v)1.2 channels, valuable for the treatment of hypertension and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Saponara
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Lacava
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze; Università degli Studi di Siena; Siena; Italy
| | | | - Fabio Fusi
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze; Università degli Studi di Siena; Siena; Italy
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Saponara S, Gorelli B, Tzankova V, Martelli C, Teodori E, Sgaragli G, Fusi F. The novel potent multidrug resistance inhibitors N,N-bis(cyclohexanol)amine aryl esters are devoid of vascular effects. Pharmacology 2011; 88:137-41. [PMID: 21921667 DOI: 10.1159/000330452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the four isomers (3a, 3b, 3c and 3d) of a novel multidrug resistance-reverting agent - 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid 4-(methyl-{4-[3-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)acryloyloxy]cyclohexyl}amino)cyclohexyl ester - on vascular functions in vitro. A comparison of their mechanical and electrophysiological actions in rat aorta rings and single rat tail artery myocytes, respectively, was performed. In rat aorta rings, 3a-d antagonized both 60 mmol/l K(+)- and phenylephrine-induced contraction in a concentration-dependent manner, with maximal relaxation values averaging 50% of controls, 3d being the most effective of the series. The vasorelaxing effect was similar either in presence or absence of intact endothelium. In rat tail artery myocytes, out of the four isomers, only 3a consistently inhibited Ba(2+) current through Ca(v)1.2 channels. Our results provide functional evidence that 3a-d are weak vasorelaxing agents, although at concentrations much higher than those effective for multidrug resistance reversion in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Saponara
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy.
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Ricci L, Valoti M, Sgaragli G, Frosini M. Taurine-like GABA aminotransferase inhibitors prevent rabbit brain slices against oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced damage. Amino Acids 2011; 42:2139-47. [PMID: 21667265 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-0952-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The activation of the GABAergic system has been shown to protect brain tissues against the damage that occurs after cerebral ischaemia. On the other hand, the taurine analogues (±)Piperidine-3-sulphonic- (PSA), 2-aminoethane phosphonic- (AEP), 2-(N-acetylamino) cyclohexane sulfonic-acids (ATAHS) and 2-aminobenzene sulfonate-acids (ANSA) have been reported to block GABA metabolism by inhibiting rabbit brain GABA aminotransferase and to increase GABA content in rabbit brain slices. The present investigation explored the neuroprotection provided by GABA, Vigabatrin (VIGA) and taurine analogues in the course of oxygen-glucose deprivation and reperfusion induced damage of rabbit brain slices. Tissue damage was assessed by measuring the release of glutamate and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) during reperfusion and by determining final tissue water gain, measured as the index of cell swelling. GABA (30-300 μM) and VIGA (30-300 μM) significantly antagonised LDH and glutamate release, as well as tissue water gain caused by oxygen-glucose deprivation and reperfusion. Lower (1-10 μM) or higher concentrations (up to 3,000 μM) were ineffective. ANSA, PSA and ATAHS significantly reduced glutamate and LDH release and tissue water gain in a range of concentrations between 30 and 300 μM. Lower (0-10 μM) or higher (up to 3,000 μM) concentrations were ineffective. Both mechanisms suggest hormetic ("U-shaped") effects. These results indicate that the GABAergic system activation performed directly by GABA or indirectly through GABA aminotransferase inhibition is a promising approach for protecting the brain against ischemia and reperfusion-induced damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Ricci
- Department of Neurosciences, Pharmacology Unit, University of Siena, Viale A. Moro 2 lotto C, 53100, Siena, Italy
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Fusi F, Ferrara A, Koorbanally C, Crouch NR, Mulholland DA, Sgaragli G. Vascular myorelaxing activity of isolates from South African Hyacinthaceae partly mediated by activation of soluble guanylyl cyclase in rat aortic ring preparations. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 60:489-97. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.60.4.0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The vasorelaxing effect of isolates (compounds 1, 2, 3, and 4 (homoisoflavanones), compound 5 (sesquiterpenoid), compounds 6 and 7 (bufadienolides)) from the South African Hyacinthaceae has been assessed using rat aortic ring preparations. Compounds 2, 3, and 4 inhibited the tonic contraction induced by both 60 mm K+ (K60) and phenylephrine, compound 3 being the most potent. Compounds 5, 6, and 7 caused a modest concentration-dependent relaxation, whereas compound 1 was ineffective. Under K25- or K60-induced depolarization, compound 3 displayed antispasmodic effects not reversed by tetraethylammonium. Under precontraction induced with phenylephrine, compound 3 shifted to the left the concentration-relaxation curves of either isoprenaline or sodium nitroprusside. 1 H-[1,2,4] oxidazolol [4,3-a] quinoxalin-1-one shifted to the right the concentration-relaxation curve of compound 3, while 3′-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine had no effect. In the absence of extracellular Ca2+, compound 3 (estimated pIC50 = 4.66) and ryanodine reduced the response to phenylephrine. Phenylephrine-stimulated influx of extracellular Ca2+ was markedly reduced when tissues were pretreated with compound 3 (pIC50 = 5.14) or nifedipine, but stimulated by ryanodine. Compound 3 partially antagonized the contraction induced by phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate. To our knowledge, this has been the first account describing the vasodilating activity of homoisoflavonoids: compound 3 proved an effective vasorelaxing agent, partly acting via the activation of soluble guanylyl cyclase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Fusi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Antonella Ferrara
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Chantal Koorbanally
- School of Chemistry, Howard College Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa
| | - Neil R Crouch
- School of Chemistry, Howard College Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa
- Ethnobotany Unit, South African National Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 52099, Berea Road, 4007, South Africa
| | - Dulcie A Mulholland
- School of Chemistry, Howard College Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa
- School of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Giampietro Sgaragli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
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Fusi F, Cavalli M, Mulholland D, Crouch N, Coombes P, Dawson G, Bova S, Sgaragli G, Saponara S. Cardamonin is a bifunctional vasodilator that inhibits Ca(v)1.2 current and stimulates K(Ca)1.1 current in rat tail artery myocytes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 332:531-40. [PMID: 19923439 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.109.161265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An in-depth analysis of the effects of cardamonin, 2',4'-dihydroxy-6'-methoxychalcone, on rat tail artery preparations was performed by means of whole-cell patch-clamp recordings of Ca(v)1.2 Ca(2+) [I(Ca(L))] or Ba(2+) [I(Ba(L))] current as well as K(Ca)1.1 currents in single myocytes and by measuring contractile responses in endothelium-denuded isolated rings. At a holding potential (V(h)) of -80 mV, cardamonin decreased both I(Ba(L)) and I(Ca(L)) in a concentration-dependent manner with similar pIC(50) values. The maximum of the I(Ba(L))-voltage relationship was shifted by 10 mV in the hyperpolarizing direction, but threshold remained unaffected. Cardamonin modified both the activation and the inactivation kinetics of I(Ba(L)) and shifted the voltage dependence of both inactivation and activation curves to more negative potentials by 19 and 7 mV, respectively, thus markedly decreasing the Ba(2+) window current. Block of I(Ba(L)) was frequency-dependent, and rate of recovery from inactivation was slowed. Cardamonin increased K(Ca)1.1 currents in a concentration-dependent manner; this stimulation was iberiotoxin- and BAPTA [1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid]-sensitive. On the contrary, iberiotoxin did not modify cardamonin-induced relaxation of rings precontracted either with phenylephrine or with (S)-(-)-methyl-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-3-nitro-4-(2-trifluoromethylphenyl)pyridine-5-carboxylate [(S)-(-)-Bay K 8644]. The overall effects of cardamonin were incompletely reversed by washout. In conclusion, cardamonin is a naturally occurring, bifunctional vasodilator that, by simultaneously inhibiting I(Ca(L)) and stimulating K(Ca)1.1 current, may represent a scaffold for the design of novel drugs of potential interest for treatment of systemic hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Fusi
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università degli Studi di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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Lacava C, Michalek-Sauberer A, Kraft B, Sgaragli G, Sipos E, Höller C, Kress HG, Fusi F, Weigl LG. 3,5-Di-t-butyl catechol (DTCAT) as an activator of the human skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor Ca2+ channel and its evaluation as a test substance for the assessment of susceptibility to malignant hyperthermia. BMC Pharmacol 2009. [PMCID: PMC2778892 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2210-9-s2-a22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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35
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Ricci L, Valoti M, Sgaragli G, Frosini M. Protection by taurine of rat brain cortical slices against oxygen glucose deprivation- and reoxygenation-induced damage. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 621:26-32. [PMID: 19695242 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2009] [Revised: 07/16/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Taurine neuroinhibitory features have suggested its potential for neuroprotection. The aim of the present study was to assess whether it prevents or counteracts brain ischemia and reperfusion-induced cell injury. Rat brain cortical slices were subjected to oxygen/glucose deprivation and reperfusion. Tissue damage was assessed by measuring the release of glutamate and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) during reperfusion and by determining final tissue water gain, taken as an index of cell swelling. When added during the reperfusion period taurine did not significantly affect oxygen/glucose deprivation-induced LDH and glutamate release, while it antagonised tissue water gain in a concentration-dependent manner (IC(50)=46.5 microM). The latter effect was antagonised by 50% when a taurine transport inhibitor, 2-(guanidino)ethanesulphonic acid (GES), or a GABA(A) receptor antagonist, bicuculline, was added together with taurine, while it was completely abolished when both GES and bicuculline or the volume-sensitive outwardly rectifying (VSOR) Cl(-) channel blocker, 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid (NPPB), was used. On the contrary, when present throughout the entire experiment, taurine significantly reduced oxygen/glucose deprivation-induced LDH and glutamate release with a maximal effect (45% reduction) between 5 and 20 mM. Taurine antagonised also tissue water gain according to a "U-shaped" concentration-response curve, which was significant within the range of 0.01-1.0 mM concentration. This effect was partially counteracted by GES as well as by bicuculline and fully reverted by NPPB. In conclusion, since brain edema is a major contributing factor to morbidity and mortality in stroke, the present findings give the rational basis for assessing taurine efficacy in reducing brain edema in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Ricci
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Pharmacology, Physiology and Toxicology, Siena, Italy
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36
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D'Elia P, De Matteis F, Dragoni S, Shah A, Sgaragli G, Valoti M. DP7, a novel dihydropyridine multidrug resistance reverter, shows only weak inhibitory activity on human CYP3A enzyme(s). Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 614:7-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2008] [Revised: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 17β-oestradiol (E2) on detrusor smooth muscle contractility and its possible neuroprotective role against ischaemic-like condition, which could arise during overactive bladder disease. The effect of E2 was investigated on rat detrusor muscle strips stimulated with carbachol, KCl and electrically, in the absence or presence of a selective oestrogen receptor antagonist (ICI 182,780) and, by using confocal Ca2+ imaging technique, measuring the amplitude (ΔF/F0) and the frequency of spontaneous whole cell Ca2+ flashes. Moreover, the effect of 1 and 2 h of anoxia–glucopenia and reperfusion (A-G/R), in the absence or presence of the hormone, was evaluated in rat detrusor strips perfused with Krebs solution which underwent electrical field stimulation to stimulate intrinsic nerves; the amplitude and the frequency of Ca2+ flashes were also measured. 17β-Oestradiol exhibited antispasmogenic activity assessed on detrusor strips depolarized with 60 mm KCl at two different Ca2+ concentrations. 17β-Oestradiol at the highest concentration tested (30 μm) significantly decreased detrusor contractions induced by all the stimuli applied. In addition, the amplitude and the frequency of spontaneous Ca2+ flashes were significantly decreased in the presence of E2 (10 and 30 μm) compared with control detrusor strips. In strips subjected to A-G/R, a significant increase in the amplitude of both spontaneous and evoked flashes was observed. 17β-Oestradiol was found to increase the recovery of detrusor strips subjected to A-G/R. The ability of E2 to suppress contraction in control conditions may explain its ability to aid recovery following A-G/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Valeri
- Department of Neuroscience, Siena University, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
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Bova S, Saponara S, Rampa A, Gobbi S, Cima L, Fusi F, Sgaragli G, Cavalli M, de los Rios C, Striessnig J, Bisi A. Anthracene Based Compounds as New L-type Ca2+ Channel Blockers: Design, Synthesis, and Full Biological Profile. J Med Chem 2009; 52:1259-62. [DOI: 10.1021/jm801589x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Bova
- Department of Pharmacology and Anaesthesiology, University of Padova, Italy, Department of Neurosciences, University of Siena, Italy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University Autonoma of Madrid, Spain, and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Simona Saponara
- Department of Pharmacology and Anaesthesiology, University of Padova, Italy, Department of Neurosciences, University of Siena, Italy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University Autonoma of Madrid, Spain, and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Angela Rampa
- Department of Pharmacology and Anaesthesiology, University of Padova, Italy, Department of Neurosciences, University of Siena, Italy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University Autonoma of Madrid, Spain, and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Silvia Gobbi
- Department of Pharmacology and Anaesthesiology, University of Padova, Italy, Department of Neurosciences, University of Siena, Italy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University Autonoma of Madrid, Spain, and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lorenzo Cima
- Department of Pharmacology and Anaesthesiology, University of Padova, Italy, Department of Neurosciences, University of Siena, Italy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University Autonoma of Madrid, Spain, and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Fabio Fusi
- Department of Pharmacology and Anaesthesiology, University of Padova, Italy, Department of Neurosciences, University of Siena, Italy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University Autonoma of Madrid, Spain, and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Giampietro Sgaragli
- Department of Pharmacology and Anaesthesiology, University of Padova, Italy, Department of Neurosciences, University of Siena, Italy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University Autonoma of Madrid, Spain, and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Maurizio Cavalli
- Department of Pharmacology and Anaesthesiology, University of Padova, Italy, Department of Neurosciences, University of Siena, Italy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University Autonoma of Madrid, Spain, and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Cristobal de los Rios
- Department of Pharmacology and Anaesthesiology, University of Padova, Italy, Department of Neurosciences, University of Siena, Italy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University Autonoma of Madrid, Spain, and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jörg Striessnig
- Department of Pharmacology and Anaesthesiology, University of Padova, Italy, Department of Neurosciences, University of Siena, Italy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University Autonoma of Madrid, Spain, and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alessandra Bisi
- Department of Pharmacology and Anaesthesiology, University of Padova, Italy, Department of Neurosciences, University of Siena, Italy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University Autonoma of Madrid, Spain, and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Austria
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Martelli C, Alderighi D, Coronnello M, Dei S, Frosini M, Le Bozec B, Manetti D, Neri A, Romanelli MN, Salerno M, Scapecchi S, Mini E, Sgaragli G, Teodori E. N,N-bis(Cyclohexanol)amine Aryl Esters: A New Class of Highly Potent Transporter-Dependent Multidrug Resistance Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2009; 52:807-17. [DOI: 10.1021/jm8012745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Martelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Firenze, via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Farmacologia, Fisiologia e Tossicologia, Università di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Farmacologia Preclinica e Clinica, Università di Firenze, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy, Laboratoire de Biophysique Moléculaire, Cellulaire et Tissulaire (BioMoCeTi), UMR CNRS 7033, UMPC Université Paris 6 and Université Paris 13
| | - Daniela Alderighi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Firenze, via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Farmacologia, Fisiologia e Tossicologia, Università di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Farmacologia Preclinica e Clinica, Università di Firenze, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy, Laboratoire de Biophysique Moléculaire, Cellulaire et Tissulaire (BioMoCeTi), UMR CNRS 7033, UMPC Université Paris 6 and Université Paris 13
| | - Marcella Coronnello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Firenze, via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Farmacologia, Fisiologia e Tossicologia, Università di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Farmacologia Preclinica e Clinica, Università di Firenze, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy, Laboratoire de Biophysique Moléculaire, Cellulaire et Tissulaire (BioMoCeTi), UMR CNRS 7033, UMPC Université Paris 6 and Université Paris 13
| | - Silvia Dei
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Firenze, via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Farmacologia, Fisiologia e Tossicologia, Università di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Farmacologia Preclinica e Clinica, Università di Firenze, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy, Laboratoire de Biophysique Moléculaire, Cellulaire et Tissulaire (BioMoCeTi), UMR CNRS 7033, UMPC Université Paris 6 and Université Paris 13
| | - Maria Frosini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Firenze, via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Farmacologia, Fisiologia e Tossicologia, Università di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Farmacologia Preclinica e Clinica, Università di Firenze, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy, Laboratoire de Biophysique Moléculaire, Cellulaire et Tissulaire (BioMoCeTi), UMR CNRS 7033, UMPC Université Paris 6 and Université Paris 13
| | - Bénédicte Le Bozec
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Firenze, via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Farmacologia, Fisiologia e Tossicologia, Università di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Farmacologia Preclinica e Clinica, Università di Firenze, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy, Laboratoire de Biophysique Moléculaire, Cellulaire et Tissulaire (BioMoCeTi), UMR CNRS 7033, UMPC Université Paris 6 and Université Paris 13
| | - Dina Manetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Firenze, via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Farmacologia, Fisiologia e Tossicologia, Università di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Farmacologia Preclinica e Clinica, Università di Firenze, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy, Laboratoire de Biophysique Moléculaire, Cellulaire et Tissulaire (BioMoCeTi), UMR CNRS 7033, UMPC Université Paris 6 and Université Paris 13
| | - Annalisa Neri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Firenze, via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Farmacologia, Fisiologia e Tossicologia, Università di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Farmacologia Preclinica e Clinica, Università di Firenze, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy, Laboratoire de Biophysique Moléculaire, Cellulaire et Tissulaire (BioMoCeTi), UMR CNRS 7033, UMPC Université Paris 6 and Université Paris 13
| | - Maria Novella Romanelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Firenze, via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Farmacologia, Fisiologia e Tossicologia, Università di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Farmacologia Preclinica e Clinica, Università di Firenze, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy, Laboratoire de Biophysique Moléculaire, Cellulaire et Tissulaire (BioMoCeTi), UMR CNRS 7033, UMPC Université Paris 6 and Université Paris 13
| | - Milena Salerno
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Firenze, via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Farmacologia, Fisiologia e Tossicologia, Università di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Farmacologia Preclinica e Clinica, Università di Firenze, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy, Laboratoire de Biophysique Moléculaire, Cellulaire et Tissulaire (BioMoCeTi), UMR CNRS 7033, UMPC Université Paris 6 and Université Paris 13
| | - Serena Scapecchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Firenze, via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Farmacologia, Fisiologia e Tossicologia, Università di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Farmacologia Preclinica e Clinica, Università di Firenze, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy, Laboratoire de Biophysique Moléculaire, Cellulaire et Tissulaire (BioMoCeTi), UMR CNRS 7033, UMPC Université Paris 6 and Université Paris 13
| | - Enrico Mini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Firenze, via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Farmacologia, Fisiologia e Tossicologia, Università di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Farmacologia Preclinica e Clinica, Università di Firenze, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy, Laboratoire de Biophysique Moléculaire, Cellulaire et Tissulaire (BioMoCeTi), UMR CNRS 7033, UMPC Université Paris 6 and Université Paris 13
| | - Giampietro Sgaragli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Firenze, via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Farmacologia, Fisiologia e Tossicologia, Università di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Farmacologia Preclinica e Clinica, Università di Firenze, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy, Laboratoire de Biophysique Moléculaire, Cellulaire et Tissulaire (BioMoCeTi), UMR CNRS 7033, UMPC Université Paris 6 and Université Paris 13
| | - Elisabetta Teodori
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Firenze, via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Farmacologia, Fisiologia e Tossicologia, Università di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Farmacologia Preclinica e Clinica, Università di Firenze, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy, Laboratoire de Biophysique Moléculaire, Cellulaire et Tissulaire (BioMoCeTi), UMR CNRS 7033, UMPC Université Paris 6 and Université Paris 13
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Valeri A, Ceccarelli I, Fiorenzani P, Aloisi AM, Sgaragli G, Pessina F. Effects of 17ββ-estradiol on rat urinary bladder: Gender differences in anoxia-glucopenia and reperfusion damage. Neurourol Urodyn 2008; 28:535-41. [DOI: 10.1002/nau.20673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Saponara S, Sgaragli G, Fusi F. Quercetin antagonism of Bay K 8644 effects on rat tail artery L-type Ca2+ channels. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 598:75-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2008] [Revised: 08/11/2008] [Accepted: 08/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Lorenzi B, Pessina F, Lorenzoni P, Urbani S, Vernillo R, Sgaragli G, Gerli R, Mazzanti B, Bosi A, Saccardi R, Lorenzi M. Treatment of experimental injury of anal sphincters with primary surgical repair and injection of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Dis Colon Rectum 2008; 51:411-20. [PMID: 18224375 DOI: 10.1007/s10350-007-9153-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2007] [Revised: 07/16/2007] [Accepted: 08/25/2007] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sphincter injury is a common cause of anal incontinence. Surgical repair remains the operation of choice; however, the outcome often is poor. We investigated the ability of injected bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells to enhance sphincter healing after injury and primary repair in a preclinical model. METHODS Twenty-four inbred Wistar Furth rats were divided into three groups. As a control, Group A underwent sham operation. Group B had sphincterotomy and repair of both anal sphincters plus saline injections. The study group (Group C) underwent sphincterotomy and repair followed by intrasphincteric injections of syngenic bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. A further group (Group D) of outbred Wistar rats treated with mesenchymal stem cells and immunosuppressive therapy also was evaluated. At 30 days, histologic and morphometric analysis and in vitro contractility testing was performed. RESULTS A significant decrease of muscle tissue was observed at the site of repair after sphincter injury. However, in Groups C and D, histologic examination demonstrated new muscle fibers and morphometric analysis revealed a significantly greater muscle area fraction than in Group B (P < 0.05). Moreover, mesenchymal stem cells injection improved contractility of sphincters strips compared with Group B (P < 0.05). No significant differences were found between Groups C and D. CONCLUSIONS In our experimental model, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells injection improved muscle regeneration and increased contractile function of anal sphincters after injury and repair. Therefore, mesenchymal stem cells may represent an attractive tool for treating anal sphincter lesions in humans. Investigations into the biologic basis of this phenomenon should increase our knowledge on underlying mechanisms involved in sphincter repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Lorenzi
- Department of Surgery, University of Siena, Viale Bracci, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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Ricci L, Valoti M, Sgaragli G, Frosini M. Neuroprotection Afforded by GABA Against Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation-Induced Injury in Rat Cortical Brain Slices: An Hormetic Dose-Response Effect. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.3844/ajptsp.2008.160.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Dragoni S, Materozzi G, Pessina F, Frosini M, Marco JL, Unzeta M, Sgaragli G, Valoti M. CYP-Dependent Metabolism of PF9601N, A New Monoamine Oxidase-B Inhibitor, by C57BL / 6 Mouse and Human Liver Microsomes. J Pharm Pharm Sci 2007; 10:473-85. [DOI: 10.18433/j37p4j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpose. The selective monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) inhibitor, l-deprenyl, is still used for treating Parkinson's patients, however, a disadvantage of its use lies in the formation of l-amphetamine and l-methamphetamine. Subsequently, this has promoted the design of a novel, more potent, MAO-B inhibitor PF9601N, which also has neuroprotective and antioxidant properties. The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of treatment with PF9601N on its own phase I hepatic metabolism. Kinetic parameters of PF9601N CYP-dependent N-dealkylation reaction was also studied and compared with those of l-deprenyl. Methods. C57BL/6 mice were treated with PF9601N for 4 days. After CYP content and related monooxygenase activities were assayed in liver microsomes of control and treated animals. Results. CYP activities, cytochrome b5 content, NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase and various monooxygenase activities were unaffected by in vivo PF9601N treatment. With microsomes from both control and treated mice, the PF9601N-dealkylation product, FA72, was the only detected metabolite with its formation rate following an hyperbolic, Michaelis-Menten curve. Among various inhibitors, only ketoconazole inhibited the FA72 formation rate, indicating a major involvement for CYP3A. Apparent Km and Vmax values generated by human liver microsomes were similar to those found with mouse microsomes. Ketoconazole inhibition indicates that CYP3A is one of the major enzymes involved in PF9601N metabolism also by human liver microsomes. In mouse liver microsomes, the intrinsic clearance of PF9601N was significantly lower than that of l-deprenyl suggestive of an improved bioavailability for the former. Conclusion. The observed favourable metabolic profile may suggest suitability of PF9601N for clinical use.
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Pessina F, Valeri A, Dragoni S, Valoti M, Sgaragli G. Gender-related neuronal and smooth muscle damage of guinea pig isolated urinary bladder from anoxia-glucopenia and reperfusion injury and its relationship to glycogen content. Neurourol Urodyn 2007; 26:416-23. [PMID: 17301961 DOI: 10.1002/nau.20323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the effects of anoxia and glucopenia (A-G) on both male and female guinea pig urinary bladder. METHODS In whole bladders superfused with oxygenated Krebs' solution, intrinsic nerves underwent electrical field stimulation (EFS) and smooth muscle stimulated with carbachol, ATP, and high potassium. The effect of 1, 2, or 3 hr A-G on the contractile response and the ensuing recovery in Krebs' solution, was monitored. Glycogen content in male and female urinary bladders was also measured. RESULTS Under different stimuli male urinary bladder proved to contract more efficiently than female organ. After 1 hr A-G the EFS response of male urinary bladder was virtually abolished and returned to 60% of control response in the recovery phase; in female bladder the EFS responses fully recovered during the reperfusion phase. Full recovery of the response to carbachol, ATP, and high potassium stimulations was observed in both genders. A-G had to be extended to 2 hr to cause smooth muscle impairment (higher in male than in female) and a neuronal impairment in female urinary bladders. When 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG), an inhibitor of glycolysis, was added during 1 hr A-G, both neuronal and smooth muscle damages were significantly enhanced in male, as well as, though to a lesser extent, in female bladder. A significantly higher glycogen content was observed in female as compared to male bladders, which was inversely related with the duration of exposure to A-G. CONCLUSIONS The higher resistance of female urinary bladder to A-G/reperfusion, can be partly ascribed to the higher glycogen content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Pessina
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Siena, Siena, Italy.
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Saponara S, Ferrara A, Gorelli B, Shah A, Kawase M, Motohashi N, Molnar J, Sgaragli G, Fusi F. 3,5-Dibenzoyl-4-(3-phenoxyphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethylpyridine (DP7): A new multidrug resistance inhibitor devoid of effects on Langendorff-perfused rat heart. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 563:160-3. [PMID: 17349992 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2006] [Revised: 01/26/2007] [Accepted: 02/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac effects of 3,5-dibenzoyl-4-(3-phenoxyphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethylpyridine (DP7), a novel multidrug resistance (MDR) inhibitor, in Langendorff-perfused rat heart have been investigated and compared to that of nifedipine. Nifedipine decreased concentration-dependently (IC50=8.89+/-1.09x10(-8) M) left ventricular pressure leaving unaltered coronary perfusion pressure, whereas DP7 did not affect both parameters. Nifedipine did not modify both QRS and QT intervals of electrocardiogram (ECG). Second-degree atrioventricular block or ventricular rhythm occurred in presence of nifedipine, however, in 4 out of 6 hearts. DP7, up to 30 microM, failed to alter ECG parameters. In conclusion, DP7, may represent a lead compound for the development of potent dihydropyridine MDR chemosensitizers devoid of cardiac effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Saponara
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
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Fusi F, Ferrara A, Sgaragli G, Saponara S. Mechanisms of the antispasmodic activity of 3,5-di-t-butyl catechol (DTCAT) on rat vascular smooth muscles. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 561:112-20. [PMID: 17292353 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2006] [Revised: 12/20/2006] [Accepted: 12/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles, 3,5-di-t-butyl catechol (DTCAT) promotes the release of Ca(2+) through the activation of ryanodine receptor Ca(2+) channels. DTCAT mechanical and electrophysiological effects have now been investigated in rat aorta rings and single tail artery myocytes. Rat aorta rings incubated with either 30 microM ryanodine or 100 microM DTCAT developed tension, which averaged 36% and 7%, respectively, of that induced by phenylephrine. DTCAT reduced concentration-dependently both aorta ring contractions to high K(+) (IC(50)=13.5 microM) and L-type Ba(2+) current (IC(50)=22.0 microM) in isolated myocytes. Tetraethylammonium did not reverse the antispasmodic effect of DTCAT in rings stimulated with either 25 or 60 mM K(+). DTCAT relaxed concentration-dependently phenylephrine-pre-contracted rings with intact endothelium (IC(50)=10.9 microM). This effect was markedly reduced by pre-incubation of rings with 100 microM Nomega-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester. DTCAT antagonised phenylephrine-induced contractions in endothelium-deprived rings, either in the presence or in the absence of ryanodine (IC(50)=18.7 microM and 39.8 microM, respectively). Furthermore, both DTCAT (IC(50)=53.3 microM) and ryanodine reduced significantly the response to phenylephrine in the absence of extracellular Ca(2+). Phenylephrine-stimulated influx of extracellular Ca(2+) was markedly inhibited when tissues were pre-treated with DTCAT (IC(50)=19.0 microM) as well as nifedipine. DTCAT (>100 microM) was also able to antagonise the contractions induced by phorbol 12-myristate, 13-acetate. In conclusion, this is the first demonstration that DTCAT inhibits vascular smooth muscle voltage-operated Ca(2+) channels and promotes the release of endothelial nitric oxide. Ryanodine receptor Ca(2+) channels activation or the impairment of the contractile apparatus by DTCAT seem to play a secondary role in its vascular activity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta/drug effects
- Aorta/metabolism
- Calcium/metabolism
- Calcium Channels/drug effects
- Calcium Channels/metabolism
- Catechols/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Electrophysiology
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Male
- Muscle Contraction/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Ryanodine/pharmacology
- Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel/drug effects
- Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel/metabolism
- Spasm/drug therapy
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Fusi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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Fusi F, Ferrara A, Zalatnai A, Molnar J, Sgaragli G, Saponara S. Vascular activity of two silicon compounds, ALIS 409 and ALIS 421, novel multidrug-resistance reverting agents in cancer cells. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2007; 61:443-51. [PMID: 17464509 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-007-0488-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2006] [Accepted: 03/27/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of two novel multidrug-resistance reverting agents, ALIS 409 [1,3-dimethyl-1,3-p-fluorophenyl-1,3(3-morfolinopropyl)-1,3-disiloxan dihydrochloride] and ALIS 421 [1,3-dimethyl-1,3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3[3(4-buthyl)-(1-piperazinyl)-propyl]-1,3-disiloxan tetrahydrochloride], on vascular functions in vitro. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN A comparison of their mechanical and electrophysiological actions in rat aorta rings and single rat tail artery myocytes, respectively, was performed. RESULTS In endothelium-denuded rat aorta rings, ALIS 409 and ALIS 421 antagonized 60 mM K(+)-induced contraction in a concentration-dependent manner with IC(50) values of 52.2 and 15.5 microM, respectively. ALIS 409 and ALIS 421 inhibited L-type Ca(2+) current recorded in artery myocytes in a concentration-dependent manner with IC(50) values of 6.4 and 5.6 microM, respectively. In rat aorta, ALIS 409 and ALIS 421 antagonized the sustained tonic contraction induced by phenylephrine with IC(50) values of 58.0 and 13.7 microM (endothelium-denuded rings) and of 73.9 and 31.9 microM (endothelium-intact rings), respectively. In endothelium-denuded rings, ryanodine reduced significantly the response to phenylephrine in the absence of extracellular Ca(2+) whereas nifedipine, ALIS 409 or ALIS 421 did not affect it. Phenylephrine-stimulated influx of extracellular Ca(2+) was markedly reduced when tissues were pretreated with ALIS 409, ALIS 421 or nifedipine, and stimulated when they were pretreated with ryanodine. Application of ALIS 409 (up to 100 microM) to intact rat aorta rings failed to induce mechanical responses. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide functional evidence that the myorelaxing effect elicited either by ALIS 409 or by ALIS 421 involved mainly the direct blockade of extracellular Ca(2+) influx. This effect, however, took place at concentrations much higher than those effective as modifiers of multidrug resistance in cancer cells.
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MESH Headings
- Adrenergic alpha-Agonists/pharmacology
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic/drug effects
- Calcium Channel Blockers/pharmacology
- Calcium Signaling/drug effects
- Drug Resistance, Multiple/drug effects
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Genes, MDR/drug effects
- In Vitro Techniques
- Male
- Morpholines/pharmacology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Neoplasms/pathology
- Patch-Clamp Techniques
- Phenylephrine/pharmacology
- Piperazines/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Siloxanes/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Fusi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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Ricci L, Valoti M, Sgaragli G, Frosini M. Neuroprotection afforded by diazepam against oxygen/glucose deprivation-induced injury in rat cortical brain slices. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 561:80-4. [PMID: 17300780 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2006] [Revised: 12/12/2006] [Accepted: 12/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present investigation was to assess neuroprotection exerted by diazepam (0.1-25 microM) in rat cortical brain slices subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation. Neuronal injury and neuroprotection were assessed by measuring the release of glutamate and lactate dehydrogenase and tissue water content. Results demonstrate that diazepam exerted neuroprotective effects according to a "U-shaped", hormetic-like, concentration-response curve, with an efficacy window of 0.5-5 microM concentration. Flumazenil (20 microM) fully antagonised neuroprotection afforded by 5 microM diazepam. In conclusion, the hormetic response of diazepam should be taken into consideration when designing experiments aimed at assessing diazepam neuroprotection against ischemia/reoxygenation injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Ricci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sezione di Farmacologia, Fisiologia e Tossicologia Università di Siena, viale A. Moro 2, lotto C, 53100 Siena, Italy
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Saponara S, Testai L, Iozzi D, Martinotti E, Martelli A, Chericoni S, Sgaragli G, Fusi F, Calderone V. (+/-)-Naringenin as large conductance Ca(2+)-activated K+ (BKCa) channel opener in vascular smooth muscle cells. Br J Pharmacol 2006; 149:1013-21. [PMID: 17088866 PMCID: PMC2014637 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE. The aim of this study was to investigate, in vascular smooth muscle cells, the mechanical and electrophysiological effects of (+/-)-naringenin. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Aorta ring preparations and single tail artery myocytes were employed for functional and patch-clamp experiments, respectively. KEY RESULTS (+/-)-Naringenin induced concentration-dependent relaxation in endothelium-denuded rat aortic rings pre-contracted with either 20 mM KCl or noradrenaline (pIC(50) values of 4.74 and 4.68, respectively). Tetraethylammonium, iberiotoxin, 4-aminopyridine and 60 mM KCl antagonised (+/-)-naringenin-induced vasorelaxation, while glibenclamide did not produce any significant antagonism. Naringin [(+/-)-naringenin 7-beta-neohesperidoside] caused a concentration-dependent relaxation of rings pre-contracted with 20 mM KCl, although its potency and efficacy were significantly lower than those of (+/-)-naringenin. In rat tail artery myocytes, (+/-)-naringenin increased large conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) (BK(Ca)) currents in a concentration-dependent manner; this stimulation was iberiotoxin-sensitive and fully reversible upon drug wash-out. (+/-)-Naringenin accelerated the activation kinetics of BK(Ca) current, shifted, by 22 mV, the voltage dependence of the activation curve to more negative potentials, and decreased the slope of activation. (+/-)-Naringenin-induced stimulation of BK(Ca) current was insensitive either to changes in the intracellular Ca(2+) concentration or to the presence, in the pipette solution, of the fast Ca(2+) chelator BAPTA. However, such stimulation was diminished when the K(+) gradient across the membrane was reduced. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The vasorelaxant effect of the naturally-occurring flavonoid (+/-)-naringenin on endothelium-denuded vessels was due to the activation of BK(Ca) channels in myocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Saponara
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Siena Siena, Italy
| | - L Testai
- Dipartimento di Psichiatria, Neurobiologia, Farmacologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Pisa Pisa, Italy
| | - D Iozzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Siena Siena, Italy
| | - E Martinotti
- Dipartimento di Psichiatria, Neurobiologia, Farmacologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Pisa Pisa, Italy
| | - A Martelli
- Dipartimento di Psichiatria, Neurobiologia, Farmacologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Pisa Pisa, Italy
| | - S Chericoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica Bioorganica e Biofarmacia, Università degli Studi di Pisa Pisa, Italy
| | - G Sgaragli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Siena Siena, Italy
| | - F Fusi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Siena Siena, Italy
- Author for correspondence:
| | - V Calderone
- Dipartimento di Psichiatria, Neurobiologia, Farmacologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Pisa Pisa, Italy
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