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Maixner F, Drescher D, Boccalini G, Piombino-Mascali D, Janko M, Berens-Riha N, Kim BJ, Gamble M, Schatterny J, Morty RE, Ludwig M, Krause-Kyora B, Stark R, An HJ, Neumann J, Cipollini G, Grimm R, Kilian N, Zink A. Microscopic Evidence of Malaria Infection in Visceral Tissue from Medici Family, Italy. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:1280-1283. [PMID: 37209696 DOI: 10.3201/eid2906.230134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Microscopy of mummified visceral tissue from a Medici family member in Italy identified a potential blood vessel containing erythrocytes. Giemsa staining, atomic force microscopy, and immunohistochemistry confirmed Plasmodium falciparum inside those erythrocytes. Our results indicate an ancient Mediterranean presence of P. falciparum, which remains responsible for most malaria deaths in Africa.
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Maixner F, Mitterer C, Jäger HY, Sarhan MS, Valverde G, Lücker S, Piombino‐Mascali D, Szikossy I, Molnár E, Pálfi G, Pap I, Cipollini G, Zink A. Linear polyacrylamide is highly efficient in precipitating and purifying environmental and ancient DNA. Methods Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Maixner
- Institute for Mummy Studies Eurac Research Bolzano Italy
| | | | - Heidi Y. Jäger
- Institute for Mummy Studies Eurac Research Bolzano Italy
| | | | - Guido Valverde
- Institute for Mummy Studies Eurac Research Bolzano Italy
| | - Sebastian Lücker
- Department of Microbiology IWWR Radboud University Nijmegen the Netherlands
| | - Dario Piombino‐Mascali
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Anthropology Faculty of Medicine Vilnius University Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Ildikó Szikossy
- Department of Anthropology Hungarian Natural History Museum Budapest Hungary
| | - Erika Molnár
- Department of Biological Anthropology University of Szeged Szeged Hungary
| | - György Pálfi
- Department of Biological Anthropology University of Szeged Szeged Hungary
| | - Ildikó Pap
- Department of Anthropology Hungarian Natural History Museum Budapest Hungary
| | | | - Albert Zink
- Institute for Mummy Studies Eurac Research Bolzano Italy
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Wurst C, Maixner F, Castella V, Cipollini G, Hotz G, Zink A. The Lady from Basel's Barfüsserkirche - Molecular confirmation of the Mummy's identity through mitochondrial DNA of living relatives spanning 22 generations. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2021; 56:102604. [PMID: 34656830 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2021.102604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The identity of the mummified Lady from the Barfüsser Church in Basel, Switzerland has been unsolved for decades, despite the prominent location of the burial place in front of the choir screen. A recent multidisciplinary research approach came up with a possible candidate, Anna Catharina Bischoff who died in Basel in 1787 with an age of 69 years (1719-1787). To verify the identity of the mummy, genealogists of the Citizen Science Basel discovered three living individuals of the maternal lineage of two different family branches, separated from Anna Catharina Bischoff by up to 22 generations. In this study we compare the ancient mitochondrial DNA of the mummy recovered from a premolar to the mitochondrial DNA of these three candidates. Initially the mitochondrial hypervariable regions I and II of the living individuals were screened using the Sanger sequencing method. This was followed by a mitochondrial capture approach and next generation sequencing to enrich for the whole mitochondrial genome of the mummy and one living person. A full mitochondrial genome has been recovered of both individuals sharing an identical haplotype. The sequence was assigned to the mitochondrial haplogroup U5a1+!16192 including two private mutations 10006G and 16293C. Only by using an interdisciplinary approach combining ancient DNA analysis and genealogy a maternal lineage of a non-noble family spanning 22 generations could be confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Wurst
- Institute for Mummy Studies, Eurac Research, Drususallee/Viale Druso 1, 39100 Bozen, Bolzano, Italy; Palaeogenetics Group, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution (iomE), Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Saarstraße 21, 55122 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Frank Maixner
- Institute for Mummy Studies, Eurac Research, Drususallee/Viale Druso 1, 39100 Bozen, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Vincent Castella
- Forensic Genetics Unit, University Center of Legal Medicine, Lausanne - Geneva, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Ch. de la Vulliette 4, 1000 Lausanne 25, Switzerland
| | - Giovanna Cipollini
- Institute for Mummy Studies, Eurac Research, Drususallee/Viale Druso 1, 39100 Bozen, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Gerhard Hotz
- Natural History Museum Basel, Augustinergasse 2, 4051 Basel, Switzerland; Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science, University of Basel, Bernoullistrasse 32, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Albert Zink
- Institute for Mummy Studies, Eurac Research, Drususallee/Viale Druso 1, 39100 Bozen, Bolzano, Italy
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Maixner F, Turaev D, Cazenave-Gassiot A, Janko M, Krause-Kyora B, Hoopmann MR, Kusebauch U, Sartain M, Guerriero G, O'Sullivan N, Teasdale M, Cipollini G, Paladin A, Mattiangeli V, Samadelli M, Tecchiati U, Putzer A, Palazoglu M, Meissen J, Lösch S, Rausch P, Baines JF, Kim BJ, An HJ, Gostner P, Egarter-Vigl E, Malfertheiner P, Keller A, Stark RW, Wenk M, Bishop D, Bradley DG, Fiehn O, Engstrand L, Moritz RL, Doble P, Franke A, Nebel A, Oeggl K, Rattei T, Grimm R, Zink A. The Iceman's Last Meal Consisted of Fat, Wild Meat, and Cereals. Curr Biol 2018; 28:2348-2355.e9. [PMID: 30017480 PMCID: PMC6065529 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.05.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The history of humankind is marked by the constant adoption of new dietary habits affecting human physiology, metabolism, and even the development of nutrition-related disorders. Despite clear archaeological evidence for the shift from hunter-gatherer lifestyle to agriculture in Neolithic Europe [1], very little information exists on the daily dietary habits of our ancestors. By undertaking a complementary -omics approach combined with microscopy, we analyzed the stomach content of the Iceman, a 5,300-year-old European glacier mummy [2, 3]. He seems to have had a remarkably high proportion of fat in his diet, supplemented with fresh or dried wild meat, cereals, and traces of toxic bracken. Our multipronged approach provides unprecedented analytical depth, deciphering the nutritional habit, meal composition, and food-processing methods of this Copper Age individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Maixner
- Eurac Research - Institute for Mummy Studies, Viale Druso 1, 39100 Bolzano, Italy.
| | - Dmitrij Turaev
- CUBE - Division of Computational Systems Biology, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Amaury Cazenave-Gassiot
- SLING, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marek Janko
- Institute of Materials Science, Physics of Surfaces, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 2, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany; Center of Smart Interfaces, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 10, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Ben Krause-Kyora
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, Rosalind-Franklin-Str. 12, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael R Hoopmann
- Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Ulrike Kusebauch
- Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Mark Sartain
- Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Gea Guerriero
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Niall O'Sullivan
- Eurac Research - Institute for Mummy Studies, Viale Druso 1, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Matthew Teasdale
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Giovanna Cipollini
- Eurac Research - Institute for Mummy Studies, Viale Druso 1, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Alice Paladin
- Eurac Research - Institute for Mummy Studies, Viale Druso 1, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Valeria Mattiangeli
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Marco Samadelli
- Eurac Research - Institute for Mummy Studies, Viale Druso 1, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Umberto Tecchiati
- Responsabile del Laboratorio di Archeozoologia della Soprintendenza Provinciale ai Beni culturali di Bolzano - Alto Adige, Ufficio Beni archeologica, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Andreas Putzer
- South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology, Museumstrasse 43, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Mine Palazoglu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology & Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - John Meissen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology & Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sandra Lösch
- Department of Physical Anthropology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bern, Sulgenauweg 40, 3007 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Rausch
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, August-Thienemann-Strasse 2, D-24306, Plön, Germany
| | - John F Baines
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, August-Thienemann-Strasse 2, D-24306, Plön, Germany
| | - Bum Jin Kim
- Cancer Research Institute & Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hyun-Joo An
- Cancer Research Institute & Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Paul Gostner
- Department of Radiodiagnostics, Central Hospital Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Eduard Egarter-Vigl
- Scuola Superiore Sanitaria Provinciale "Claudiana," Via Lorenz Böhler 13, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Peter Malfertheiner
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Strasse 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Keller
- Chair for Clinical Bioinformatics, Saarland University, Medical Faculty, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Robert W Stark
- Institute of Materials Science, Physics of Surfaces, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 2, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany; Center of Smart Interfaces, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 10, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Markus Wenk
- SLING, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - David Bishop
- Elemental Bio-imaging Facility, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - Daniel G Bradley
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology & Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Lars Engstrand
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 141 83 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert L Moritz
- Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Philip Doble
- Elemental Bio-imaging Facility, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, Rosalind-Franklin-Str. 12, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Almut Nebel
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, Rosalind-Franklin-Str. 12, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Klaus Oeggl
- Institute of Botany, Sternwartestrasse 15, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Rattei
- CUBE - Division of Computational Systems Biology, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rudolf Grimm
- Agilent Technologies, 5301 Stevens Creek Blvd, Santa Clara, CA 95051, USA
| | - Albert Zink
- Eurac Research - Institute for Mummy Studies, Viale Druso 1, 39100 Bolzano, Italy.
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Maixner F, Krause-Kyora B, Turaev D, Herbig A, Hoopmann MR, Hallows JL, Kusebauch U, Vigl EE, Malfertheiner P, Megraud F, O'Sullivan N, Cipollini G, Coia V, Samadelli M, Engstrand L, Linz B, Moritz RL, Grimm R, Krause J, Nebel A, Moodley Y, Rattei T, Zink A. The 5300-year-old Helicobacter pylori genome of the Iceman. Science 2016; 351:162-165. [PMID: 26744403 DOI: 10.1126/science.aad2545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The stomach bacterium Helicobacter pylori is one of the most prevalent human pathogens. It has dispersed globally with its human host, resulting in a distinct phylogeographic pattern that can be used to reconstruct both recent and ancient human migrations. The extant European population of H. pylori is known to be a hybrid between Asian and African bacteria, but there exist different hypotheses about when and where the hybridization took place, reflecting the complex demographic history of Europeans. Here, we present a 5300-year-old H. pylori genome from a European Copper Age glacier mummy. The "Iceman" H. pylori is a nearly pure representative of the bacterial population of Asian origin that existed in Europe before hybridization, suggesting that the African population arrived in Europe within the past few thousand years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Maixner
- Institute for Mummies and the Iceman, EURAC research, Viale Druso 1, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Ben Krause-Kyora
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, Schittenhelmstr. 12, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Dmitrij Turaev
- CUBE - Division of Computational Systems Biology, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Herbig
- Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Rümelinstr. 23, 72072 Tübingen, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Michael R Hoopmann
- Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Janice L Hallows
- Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Ulrike Kusebauch
- Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Eduard Egarter Vigl
- Scuola Superiore Sanitaria Provinciale "Claudiana", Via Lorenz Böhler 13, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Peter Malfertheiner
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Strasse 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Francis Megraud
- Université de Bordeaux, Centre National de Référence des Helicobacters et Campylobacters and INSERM U853, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Niall O'Sullivan
- Institute for Mummies and the Iceman, EURAC research, Viale Druso 1, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Giovanna Cipollini
- Institute for Mummies and the Iceman, EURAC research, Viale Druso 1, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Valentina Coia
- Institute for Mummies and the Iceman, EURAC research, Viale Druso 1, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Marco Samadelli
- Institute for Mummies and the Iceman, EURAC research, Viale Druso 1, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Lars Engstrand
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 141 83 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bodo Linz
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Robert L Moritz
- Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Rudolf Grimm
- Robert Mondavi Institute for Food Science, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Johannes Krause
- Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Rümelinstr. 23, 72072 Tübingen, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Almut Nebel
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, Schittenhelmstr. 12, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Yoshan Moodley
- Department of Zoology, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, Republic of South Africa.,Department of Integrative Biology and Evolution, Konrad Lorenz Institute for Ethology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Savoyenstr. 1a, 1160 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Rattei
- CUBE - Division of Computational Systems Biology, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Albert Zink
- Institute for Mummies and the Iceman, EURAC research, Viale Druso 1, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
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Coia V, Cipollini G, Anagnostou P, Maixner F, Battaggia C, Brisighelli F, Gómez-Carballa A, Destro Bisol G, Salas A, Zink A. Whole mitochondrial DNA sequencing in Alpine populations and the genetic history of the Neolithic Tyrolean Iceman. Sci Rep 2016; 6:18932. [PMID: 26764605 PMCID: PMC4725900 DOI: 10.1038/srep18932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Tyrolean Iceman is an extraordinarily well-preserved natural mummy that lived south of the Alpine ridge ~5,200 years before present (ybp), during the Copper Age. Despite studies that have investigated his genetic profile, the relation of the Iceman´s maternal lineage with present-day mitochondrial variation remains elusive. Studies of the Iceman have shown that his mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) belongs to a novel lineage of haplogroup K1 (K1f) not found in extant populations. We analyzed the complete mtDNA sequences of 42 haplogroup K bearing individuals from populations of the Eastern Italian Alps - putatively in genetic continuity with the Tyrolean Iceman-and compared his mitogenome with a large dataset of worldwide K1 sequences. Our results allow a re-definition of the K1 phylogeny, and indicate that the K1f haplogroup is absent or rare in present-day populations. We suggest that mtDNA Iceman´s lineage could have disappeared during demographic events starting in Europe from ~5,000 ybp. Based on the comparison of our results with published data, we propose a scenario that could explain the apparent contrast between the phylogeographic features of maternal and paternal lineages of the Tyrolean Iceman within the context of the demographic dynamics happening in Europe from 8,000 ybp.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Coia
- Accademia Europea di Bolzano (EURAC-Research), Istituto per le mummie e l´Iceman, Bolzano, Italy
| | - G Cipollini
- Accademia Europea di Bolzano (EURAC-Research), Istituto per le mummie e l´Iceman, Bolzano, Italy
| | - P Anagnostou
- Dipartimento Biologia Ambientale, Università La Sapienza, Roma, Italy
| | - F Maixner
- Accademia Europea di Bolzano (EURAC-Research), Istituto per le mummie e l´Iceman, Bolzano, Italy
| | - C Battaggia
- Dipartimento Biologia Ambientale, Università La Sapienza, Roma, Italy
| | - F Brisighelli
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
| | - A Gómez-Carballa
- Unidade de Xenética, Departamento de Anatomía Patolóxica e Ciencias Forenses, and Instituto de Ciencias Forenses, Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - G Destro Bisol
- Dipartimento Biologia Ambientale, Università La Sapienza, Roma, Italy.,Istituto Italiano di Antropologia, Roma, Italy
| | - A Salas
- Unidade de Xenética, Departamento de Anatomía Patolóxica e Ciencias Forenses, and Instituto de Ciencias Forenses, Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - A Zink
- Accademia Europea di Bolzano (EURAC-Research), Istituto per le mummie e l´Iceman, Bolzano, Italy
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Dealis C, Cipollini G, Florio I, Vattemi E, Di meglio G, Graiff C. P04.11 * GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS OF EGF 5'-UTR IN PATIENTS WITH GLIOMA: A POSSIBLE PREDICTIVE MARKER OF OUTCOME. Neuro Oncol 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nou174.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Maixner F, Thomma A, Cipollini G, Widder S, Rattei T, Zink A. Metagenomic analysis reveals presence of Treponema denticola in a tissue biopsy of the Iceman. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99994. [PMID: 24941044 PMCID: PMC4062476 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ancient hominoid genome studies can be regarded by definition as metagenomic analyses since they represent a mixture of both hominoid and microbial sequences in an environment. Here, we report the molecular detection of the oral spirochete Treponema denticola in ancient human tissue biopsies of the Iceman, a 5,300-year-old Copper Age natural ice mummy. Initially, the metagenomic data of the Iceman’s genomic survey was screened for bacterial ribosomal RNA (rRNA) specific reads. Through ranking the reads by abundance a relatively high number of rRNA reads most similar to T. denticola was detected. Mapping of the metagenome sequences against the T. denticola genome revealed additional reads most similar to this opportunistic pathogen. The DNA damage pattern of specifically mapped reads suggests an ancient origin of these sequences. The haematogenous spread of bacteria of the oral microbiome often reported in the recent literature could already explain the presence of metagenomic reads specific for T. denticola in the Iceman’s bone biopsy. We extended, however, our survey to an Iceman gingival tissue sample and a mouth swab sample and could thereby detect T. denticola and Porphyrimonas gingivalis, another important member of the human commensal oral microflora. Taken together, this study clearly underlines the opportunity to detect disease-associated microorganisms when applying metagenomics- enabled approaches on datasets of ancient human remains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Maixner
- Institute for Mummies and the Iceman, EURAC Research, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Anton Thomma
- CUBE - Division of Computational Systems Biology, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Stefanie Widder
- CUBE - Division of Computational Systems Biology, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Rattei
- CUBE - Division of Computational Systems Biology, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Albert Zink
- CUBE - Division of Computational Systems Biology, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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9
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Coia V, Capocasa M, Anagnostou P, Pascali V, Scarnicci F, Boschi I, Battaggia C, Crivellaro F, Ferri G, Alù M, Brisighelli F, Busby GBJ, Capelli C, Maixner F, Cipollini G, Viazzo PP, Zink A, Destro Bisol G. Demographic histories, isolation and social factors as determinants of the genetic structure of Alpine linguistic groups. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81704. [PMID: 24312576 PMCID: PMC3847036 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Great European mountain ranges have acted as barriers to gene flow for resident populations since prehistory and have offered a place for the settlement of small, and sometimes culturally diverse, communities. Therefore, the human groups that have settled in these areas are worth exploring as an important potential source of diversity in the genetic structure of European populations. In this study, we present new high resolution data concerning Y chromosomal variation in three distinct Alpine ethno-linguistic groups, Italian, Ladin and German. Combining unpublished and literature data on Y chromosome and mitochondrial variation, we were able to detect different genetic patterns. In fact, within and among population diversity values observed vary across linguistic groups, with German and Italian speakers at the two extremes, and seem to reflect their different demographic histories. Using simulations we inferred that the joint effect of continued genetic isolation and reduced founding group size may explain the apportionment of genetic diversity observed in all groups. Extending the analysis to other continental populations, we observed that the genetic differentiation of Ladins and German speakers from Europeans is comparable or even greater to that observed for well known outliers like Sardinian and Basques. Finally, we found that in south Tyroleans, the social practice of Geschlossener Hof, a hereditary norm which might have favored male dispersal, coincides with a significant intra-group diversity for mtDNA but not for Y chromosome, a genetic pattern which is opposite to those expected among patrilocal populations. Together with previous evidence regarding the possible effects of “local ethnicity” on the genetic structure of German speakers that have settled in the eastern Italian Alps, this finding suggests that taking socio-cultural factors into account together with geographical variables and linguistic diversity may help unveil some yet to be understood aspects of the genetic structure of European populations.
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MESH Headings
- Chromosomes, Human, Y/genetics
- Demography/history
- Ethnicity/genetics
- Ethnicity/history
- Evolution, Molecular
- Female
- Gene Flow
- Genetic Variation
- History, 15th Century
- History, 16th Century
- History, 17th Century
- History, 18th Century
- History, 19th Century
- History, 20th Century
- History, 21st Century
- Humans
- Linguistics
- Male
- Mitochondria/genetics
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- White People/ethnology
- White People/genetics
- White People/history
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Coia
- Accademia Europea di Bolzano (EURAC), Istituto per le Mummie e l'Iceman, Bolzano, Italy
- * E-mail: (VC); (GDB)
| | - Marco Capocasa
- Dipartimento Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
- Istituto Italiano di Antropologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Anagnostou
- Istituto Italiano di Antropologia, Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento Biologia Ambientale, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Pascali
- Istituto di Medicina Legale e delle Assicurazioni, Università Cattolica di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Scarnicci
- Istituto di Medicina Legale e delle Assicurazioni, Università Cattolica di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Boschi
- Istituto di Medicina Legale e delle Assicurazioni, Università Cattolica di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Battaggia
- Dipartimento Biologia Ambientale, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Crivellaro
- Sezione di Antropologia, Museo Nazionale Preistorico Etnografico “Luigi Pigorini”, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianmarco Ferri
- Dipartimento Integrato di Servizi Diagnostici e di Laboratorio e di Medicina Legale, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Milena Alù
- Dipartimento Integrato di Servizi Diagnostici e di Laboratorio e di Medicina Legale, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Francesca Brisighelli
- Istituto di Medicina Legale e delle Assicurazioni, Università Cattolica di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Cristian Capelli
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Maixner
- Accademia Europea di Bolzano (EURAC), Istituto per le Mummie e l'Iceman, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Giovanna Cipollini
- Accademia Europea di Bolzano (EURAC), Istituto per le Mummie e l'Iceman, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Viazzo
- Dipartimento Culture, Politica e Società-Sezione Scienze Antropologiche, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Albert Zink
- Accademia Europea di Bolzano (EURAC), Istituto per le Mummie e l'Iceman, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Giovanni Destro Bisol
- Istituto Italiano di Antropologia, Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento Biologia Ambientale, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail: (VC); (GDB)
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10
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Vattemi E, Cipollini G, Dealis C, Rossi L, Baier S, Cretella E, Di Meglio G, Sini V, Lusso MR, Ruda R, Petric M, Graiff C. Genetic polymorphisms of EGF 5'-UTR in patients with glioma: A possible predictive marker of outcome. J Clin Oncol 2013. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.e13009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
e13009 Background: Epidermal growth factor (EGF) plays an important role in carcinogenesis. An adenine (A) to guanine (G) single nucleotide polymorphism at position 61 in the 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR) of the EGF gene has been found to be associated with levels of EGF production and contribute to the risk of glioma. However, published data are contradictory. EGF +61G/A polymorphism may contribute to the risk of glioma in different ethnic group. Patients with glioma and GG genotype have been reported to have a risk of poorer otucome than patients with AA genotype. Purpose of this study is to investigate the potential role of this polymorphism in cancer progression and its role as predictive marker of outcome in glioma caucasian patients. Methods: EGF 61A/G polymorphism (rs4444903) was analyzed in glioma patients and was determined by means of Polymerase Chain Reaction and Direct Sequencing method (GenBank reference sequence-accession no. AC005509) from blood samples. Association of this genetic polymorphism with clinical and pathological data of patients was evaluated. Results: We investigated EGF +61G/A polymorphism in 24 glioma patients . EGF +61G allele has been found in 67% of glioma patients (25% G/G genotype and 42% A/G genotype). In astrocytomas, EGF +61G allele represents a 83% frequency; in glioblastomas and in oligodendrogliomas, EGF +61G allele frequency represents respectively 71% and 50%. In WHO IV gliomas, the EGF +61G allele represents a 63% frequency, (27% G/G and 36% A/G ), in WHO III gliomas a 77% frequency (33% G/G and 44% A/G ) and in WHO II gliomas a 50% frequency (100% A/G ). Median PFS of glioblastoma patients was 9 months. 83% of glioblastoma patients with a relapsing disease showed the G/G and A/G genotype. No difference was detected in the others histotypes. Conclusions: Our data conferm previous studies which reported G allele as a risk factor for glioma in Caucasian. G/A and G/G genotypes seem to be more rappresentative in high grade gliomas . Despite limited number of patients, our study supports the predictive role of EGF 61 A/G polymorphism in GBM. Additional large studies are warranted to confirm the role of EGF polymorphism as indipendent prognostic factor in glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Vattemi
- Division of Medical Oncology, Central Regional Hospital, Bolzano, Italy
| | | | - Cristina Dealis
- Division of Medical Oncology, Central Regional Hospital, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Lorena Rossi
- Division of Medical Oncology, Central Regional Hospital, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Susanne Baier
- Division of Medical Oncology, Central Regional Hospital, Bolzano, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Roberta Ruda
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, University Hospital San Giovanni Battista, Turin, Italy
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11
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Marroni F, Cipollini G, Peissel B, D'Andrea E, Pensabene M, Radice P, Caligo MA, Presciuttini S, Bevilacqua G. Reconstructing the genealogy of a BRCA1 founder mutation by phylogenetic analysis. Ann Hum Genet 2008; 72:310-8. [PMID: 18215206 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2007.00420.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Estimating the age of founder mutations may contribute to improve our knowledge of population genetics and evolutionary history of diseases. Previous haplotype analysis suggested that the BRCA1*1499insA mutation was a founder allele, probably originated in Tuscany (Italy). Here, we collected additional pedigrees carrying this mutation, and applied a phylogenetic method for estimating mutation age. A chromosome segment of about 25 cM, including 37 short tandem repeats (STRs) on both sides of the BRCA1 gene (DeCode map), was typed in 50 subjects (28 mutation carriers) from 14 unrelated families. The time to the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of the mutation carriers was estimated by the length of the shared haplotype between all possible pairs of individuals. A function relating the length of the shared haplotype to the time to the MRCA was obtained by a computer simulation. This approach gives results comparable with those of other existing mutation-dating methods, but does not depend explicitly on population-specific parameters such as allele frequencies, provides narrower confidence intervals (CI), and allows one to build an extended genealogical tree of all mutation carriers. The 1499insA mutation shared by the investigated subjects was estimated to be present in an individual living about 30 generations ago (95% CL 22-56), or 750 years (95% CL 550-1,400).
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Affiliation(s)
- F Marroni
- Center of Statistical Genetics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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12
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Bonatti F, Pepe C, Tancredi M, Lombardi G, Aretini P, Sensi E, Falaschi E, Cipollini G, Bevilacqua G, Caligo MA. RNA-based analysis of BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene alterations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 170:93-101. [PMID: 17011978 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2006.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2005] [Revised: 05/12/2006] [Accepted: 05/15/2006] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes account for a large proportion of hereditary breast and ovarian cancers. Mutations and variants of unknown pathological significance have been identified in both genes; however, most of them have been studied only at the genomic level, and their effect on mRNA expression remains unknown. We identified two BRCA1 and six BRCA2 splice site variants, and one BRCA2 alteration at exon 14. Our aim was to ascertain the effect on RNA processing of the variants still unclassified. We found that BRCA1 c.IVS11 + 1G>A, BRCA2 c.7252_7272delinsTG, BRCA2 c.IVS2 + 1G>A, BRCA2 c.IVS13-2A>G, BRCA2 c.IVS21 + 4A>G, and BRCA2 c.9345G>A lead to aberrant transcripts in lymphocytes. Five of these six splice site variants caused a complete inactivation of the mutant allele because they produced frameshift similar to previously described deleterious exonic variants. Therefore, we consider them to be true deleterious mutations, possibly associated with an increased lifetime risk of breast or ovarian cancer. BRCA1 c.IVS17 + 6C>G, BRCA2 c.IVS12-9del4, and BRCA2 IVS1-9del3 represent rare variants, not disrupting normal mRNA processing. The last two BRCA2 genetic variants had not been reported in the Breast Cancer Information Core BIC database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizia Bonatti
- Section of Genetic Oncology, Division of Surgical, Molecular and Ultrastructural Pathology, University of Pisa and Pisa University Hospital, Via Roma, Pisa, Italy
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13
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Cipollini G, Bevilacqua G. [PCR: potential and problems]. Pathologica 2005; 97:203-5. [PMID: 16440665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
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14
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Di Cristofano C, Mrad K, Zavaglia K, Bertacca G, Aretini P, Cipollini G, Bevilacqua G, Ben Romdhane K, Cavazzana A. Papillary lesions of the breast: a molecular progression? Breast Cancer Res Treat 2005; 90:71-6. [PMID: 15770529 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-004-3003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Breast papillary lesions represent a heterogeneous group of tumors ranging from benign to malignant, including several intermediate forms. Malignant papillary tumors are rare and their molecular characterization is still limited. A few studies pointed to the presence of specific genetic alterations that could be relevant both for diagnostic purposes and to elucidate tumour development and progression. In order to look into the issue, we compared LOH relative frequencies of four microsatellite markers located on chromosome 16 in a set of morphologically different papillary breast lesions. LOH at TP53 locus was also analyzed throughout lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifteen cases were analyzed. Sections including a malignant papillary lesion, a benign lesion (when available), and normal breast tissue were selected. Fifteen malignant and twelve benign areas were microdissected using the Leica laser microdissection system (AS LMD). After DNA extraction samples were tested for the following markers: TP53, D16S423, D16S310, DS163210 and D16S476, and analyzed on ABI PRISM 3100 (Applied Biosystems, Foster city CA). RESULTS Fourteen malignant lesions and twelve paired benign areas appeared to be informative for at least one of the four markers on chromosome 16. In particular, LOH at loci 16p13 and 16q21 was detected in both benign and malignant lesions, whereas LOH at locus 16q23 was limited to malignant lesions. Nine malignant and seven benign lesions were informative for LOH at TP53 locus, that was found to be significantly associated (p=0.01) with the malignant phenotype. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest an involvement of chromosome 16 mutations in the early steps of breast papillary tumorigenesis. TP53 deletion and possibly LOH at 16q23 appear to play a role as progression factors, being they significantly associated with malignant transformation of breast papilloma.
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MESH Headings
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/genetics
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/genetics
- Carcinoma, Papillary/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16/genetics
- Female
- Gene Deletion
- Genes, p53/genetics
- Humans
- Loss of Heterozygosity
- Papilloma, Intraductal/genetics
- Statistics, Nonparametric
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Di Cristofano
- Division of Surgical, Molecular and Ultrastructural Pathology, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Italy
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15
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Tancredi M, Sensi E, Cipollini G, Aretini P, Lombardi G, Di Cristofano C, Presciuttini S, Bevilacqua G, Caligo MA. Haplotype analysis of BRCA1 gene reveals a new gene rearrangement: characterization of a 19.9 KBP deletion. Eur J Hum Genet 2005; 12:775-7. [PMID: 15162129 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Germ-line mutations in the BRCA1 gene cause hereditary predisposition to breast and ovarian cancer. BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations account for about 40% of high-risk families. Mutation-screening methods generally focus on genomic DNA and are usually PCR based; they enable the detection of sequence alterations such as point mutations and small deletions and insertions. However, they do not allow the detection of partial or entire exon(s) loss, because the presence of the homologous allele results in a positive PCR signal, giving rise to a false-negative result. Identification of unusual haplotypes in patient samples by an expectation maximization algorithm has recently been suggested as a method for identifying hemizygous regions caused by large intragenic deletions. Using a similar approach, we identified a novel BRCA1 genomic rearrangement in a breast/ovarian cancer family negative at the first mutation screening; we detected a deletion encompassing exons 14-19, probably due to replication slippage between Alu sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariella Tancredi
- Section of Oncogenetics, Division of Surgical, Molecular and Ultrastructural Pathology, Department of Oncology, Transplants and New Technologies in Medicine, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Italy
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16
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Cipollini G, Tommasi S, Paradiso A, Aretini P, Bonatti F, Brunetti I, Bruno M, Lombardi G, Schittulli F, Sensi E, Tancredi M, Bevilacqua G, Caligo MA. Genetic alterations in hereditary breast cancer. Ann Oncol 2005; 15 Suppl 1:I7-I13. [PMID: 15280181 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdh651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic linkage studies have led to the identification of highly penetrant genes as the possible cause of inherited cancer risk in many cancer-prone families. Most women with a family history of breast/ovarian cancer have tumors characterized by alterations in particular genes, mainly BRCA1 and BRCA2, but also CHK2, ATM, STK11 and others. This paper examines the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, focusing on the Italian pattern of mutations. The function of these two genes, classified as tumor suppressors, is linked with key metabolic mechanisms such as DNA damage repair, regulation of gene expression and cell cycle control. The pathological BRCA allelic variants may cause alteration of protein function, transcriptional activity and DNA repair; accumulation of the defects leads to widespread chromosome instability that may be directly responsible for cancer formation. In fact, mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2, conferring a highly increased susceptibility to breast and ovarian cancer, do not lead to cancer by themselves. The current consensus is that these are 'caretaker' genes, which, when inactivated, allow other genetic defects to accumulate. The nature of these other molecular events may define the pathway through which BRCA1 and BRCA2 act. The BRCA mutation spectrum is complex, and the significance of most nucleotide alterations is difficult to understand. Moreover, the mutation pattern seems to be related to ethnicity. The Italian Consortium of Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer has reviewed 1758 families; 23% have been found to be carriers of pathogenetic mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2. Founder mutations have been described in geographically restricted areas of Italy; a regional founder effect has been demonstrated in Italy for the mutations BRCA1 5083del19 and BRCA2 8765delAG, and a probable new founder mutation has been characterized in Tuscany. The presence of founder mutations has practical implications for genetic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Cipollini
- Section of Onco-Genetics, Division of Surgical, Molecular and Ultrastructural Pathology, Department of Oncology, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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17
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Marroni F, Aretini P, D'Andrea E, Caligo MA, Cortesi L, Viel A, Ricevuto E, Montagna M, Cipollini G, Federico M, Santarosa M, Marchetti P, Bailey-Wilson JE, Bevilacqua G, Parmigiani G, Presciuttini S. Penetrances of breast and ovarian cancer in a large series of families tested for BRCA1/2 mutations. Eur J Hum Genet 2004; 12:899-906. [PMID: 15340362 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate estimates of breast and ovarian cancer penetrance in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers are crucial in genetic counseling. Estimation is difficult because of the low frequency of mutated alleles and the often-uncertain mechanisms of family ascertainment. We estimated the penetrances of breast and ovarian cancers in carriers of BRCA1/2 mutations by maximizing the retrospective likelihood of the genetic model, given the observed test results, in 568 Italian families screened for germline mutations. The software BRCAPRO was used as a probability calculation tool in a Markov Chain Monte Carlo approach. Breast cancer penetrances were 27% (95% CI 20-34%) at age 50 years and 39% (27-52%) at age 70 in BRCA1 carriers, and 26% (0.18-0.34%) at age 50 and 44% (29-58%) at age 70 in BRCA2 carriers, and ovarian cancer penetrances were 14% (7-22%) at age 50 and 43% (21-66%) at age 70 in BRCA1 carriers and 3% (0-7%) at age 50 and 15% (4-26%) at age 70 in BRCA2 carriers. The new model gave a better fit than the current default in BRCAPRO, the likelihood being 70 log units greater; in addition, the observed numbers of mutations in families stratified by gene and by cancer profile were not significantly different from those expected. Our new penetrance functions are appropriate for predicting breast cancer risk, and for determining the probability of carrying BRCA1/2 mutations, in people who are presently referred to genetic counseling in Italy. Our approach could lead to country-customized versions of the BRCAPRO software by providing appropriate population-specific estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Marroni
- Department of Oncology, Transplants and New Technologies in Medicine, Section of Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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18
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Sensi E, Tancredi M, Aretini P, Cipollini G, Collecchi P, Naccarato AG, Viacava P, Bevilacqua G, Caligo MA. Clinicopathological significance of GADD45 gene alterations in human familial breast carcinoma. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2004; 87:197-201. [PMID: 15377844 DOI: 10.1023/b:brea.0000041625.60280.4a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
GADD45 is a DNA damage responsive gene, induced following BRCA1 expression. Mutations at GADD45 might substitute for p53 alterations in hereditary breast tumours characterized by wild-type p53. We analyzed GADD45 alterations in 59 (15 BRCA-associated) familial breast carcinomas. No mutations were found. LOH at GADD45 locus was identified in 19/59 tumours. GADD45 does not appear to be a frequent mutational target in hereditary breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Sensi
- Section of Oncogenetics, Division of Surgical, Molecular and Ultrastructural Pathology, Department of Oncology, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Italy
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19
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Marroni F, Aretini P, D'Andrea E, Caligo MA, Cortesi L, Viel A, Ricevuto E, Montagna M, Cipollini G, Ferrari S, Santarosa M, Bisegna R, Bailey-Wilson JE, Bevilacqua G, Parmigiani G, Presciuttini S. Evaluation of widely used models for predicting BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. J Med Genet 2004; 41:278-85. [PMID: 15060102 PMCID: PMC1735736 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2003.013623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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20
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Sensi E, Tancredi M, Aretini P, Cipollini G, Naccarato AG, Viacava P, Bevilacqua G, Caligo MA. p53 inactivation is a rare event in familial breast tumors negative for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2004; 82:1-9. [PMID: 14672397 DOI: 10.1023/b:brea.0000003836.91844.b5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Germline mutations at BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes result in susceptibility to breast and ovarian cancers. BRCA1- and BRCA2-associated tumors have distinct histologic and molecular phenotypes, as compared to sporadic breast tumors. Typically, a higher grade of malignancy is observed in BRCA-associated cancers. A number of studies have suggested that BRCA1 and BRCA2 proteins are of importance in DNA repair and maintenance of genome integrity, bringing about molecular models of tumor pathogenesis. In particular, alterations at p53 gene have been suggested to be a necessary step in the tumorigenesis of BRCA-associated carcinomas. In fact, BRCA-associated breast cancers have higher p53 mutation frequencies than sporadic ones. At present, very little is known regarding BRCA non-associated familial tumors (termed BRCAx tumors). To our knowledge no data is available on p53 alterations in this sub-group of familial tumors. In this study p53 alteration frequencies were evaluated in 13 BRCA1, 11 BRCA2 and 55 BRCAx breast tumors. Tumor samples were analyzed for p53 gene mutations by PCR-SSCP/direct sequencing, and for p53 protein overexpression by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Altogether, p53 alterations were detected in 54% of BRCAI tumors compared with 5% of BRCAx tumors. No p53 alteration was found in BRCA2 tumors. While loss of p53 checkpoint control is likely to be an important step in the molecular pathogenesis of BRCA1-associated cancers, our data seem to indicate a p53-independent molecular mechanism underlying BRCAx neoplastic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Sensi
- Section of Oncogenetics, Division of Surgical, Molecular and Ultrastructural Pathology, Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Pisa, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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21
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Aretini P, D'Andrea E, Pasini B, Viel A, Mariani Costantini R, Cortesi L, Ricevuto E, Agata S, Bisegna R, Boiocchi M, Caligo MA, Chieco-Bianchi L, Cipollini G, Crucianelli R, D'Amico C, Federico M, Ghimenti C, De Giacomi C, De Nicolo A, Della Puppa L, Ferrari S, Ficorella C, Iandolo D, Manoukian S, Marchetti P, Marroni F, Menin C, Montagna M, Ottini L, Pensotti V, Pierotti M, Radice P, Santarosa M, Silingardi V, Turchetti D, Bevilacqua G, Presciuttini S. Different Expressivity of BRCA1 and BRCA2: Analysis of 179 Italian Pedigrees with Identified Mutation. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2003; 81:71-9. [PMID: 14531499 DOI: 10.1023/a:1025428807472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 show different expressivity with respect to cancer risk, and allelic heterogeneity may be present in both genes. We collected 179 pedigrees with identified germline mutation (104 BRCA1 and 75 BRCA2), ascertained in six collaborating centers of the Italian Consortium for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer. Significant heterogeneity was detected for several variables, and a logistic regression model including age of diagnosis in the proband, presence of ovarian cancer in the family, presence of prostate or pancreatic cancer in the family, and presence of male breast cancer in the family proved to be effective in predicting the presence of a mutation in a gene rather than the other. Excess of familial aggregation of both breast and ovarian cancer was observed in both genes. Proportion of ovarian cancer was increased in the 5' portion of BRCA1, and presence of prostate or pancreatic cancer in a family was correlated with presence of ovarian cancer in BRCA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Aretini
- Section of Oncogenetics, Division of Surgical, Molecular and Ultrastructural Pathology, Department of Oncology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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22
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Cilotti A, Caligo MA, Cipollini G, Francesca D, Marini C, Moretti M, Roncella M, Bartolozzi C, Bevilacqua G. Breast MR imaging screening in eight women proved or suspected to be carriers of BRCA1&2 gene mutations. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2002; 21:137-40. [PMID: 12585668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of MR imaging for the early detection of breast tumor in women at high genetic risk compared to conventional strategies such as ultrasonography and mammography. This study included 8 women, 5 of which had undergone surgery for breast cancer. BRCA germ line mutations were detected in 7 women, one patient was enrolled for more than 50% probability to be carrier of BRCA mutation. RM imaging screening was negative in 7 patients and strongly indicative of a malignant lesion in one. The gold standard was surgery for the suspicious cases and follow-up with clinical examination and conventional imaging every six months for the others. MR imaging proved itself to be a reliable technique in familial breast cancer high risk women.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cilotti
- Division of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Dept. of Oncology, Transplants and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, University of Pisa and Azienda Ospedaliera Pisana, Pisa, Italy
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23
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Cipollini G, Moretti A, Ghimenti C, Viacava P, Bevilacqua G, Caligo MA. Mutational analysis of the NM23.H1 gene in human breast cancer. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 2000; 121:181-5. [PMID: 11063804 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(00)00250-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
NM23.H1 is a protein connected with tumor progression. Loss of heterozygosity and reduced expression of the gene have been associated with poor prognosis and increased incidence of metastases in many epithelial tumors. The aim of this study was to detect the presence of NM23.H1 point mutations or small deletions in human breast carcinomas by using the single-strand-conformation polymorphism (SSCP) technique. Mutational analysis was performed on 76 breast tumors, 10 of which had allelic deletion of the gene. The NM23.H1 mRNA content also was evaluated in each sample. Only a C-to-A transversion leading to a stop codon was found in the 5' untranslated region of exon 1. A polymorphic SSCP pattern was identified in exon 1; direct sequencing showed a C-to-T transition 30 nucleotides upstream from the 5' splice site flanking exon 1. None of the tumors analyzed presented both alleles inactivated. Our results suggest that NM23.H1 is rarely inactivated by point mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Cipollini
- Department of Oncology, Division of Pathology, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Sensi E, Ghimenti C, Cipollini G, Iandolo D, Naccarato G, Viacava P, Bevilacqua G, Caligo MA. P53 mutations in breast and ovarian carcinomas from BRCA1 and 2 mutation carriers and noncarriers. Breast Cancer Res 2000. [PMCID: PMC3300810 DOI: 10.1186/bcr111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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25
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Penco S, Caligo MA, Cipollini G, Bevilacqua G, Garré C. Lactoferrin expression in human breast cancer. Cancer Biochem Biophys 1999; 17:163-78. [PMID: 10738912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed lactoferrin expression in 78 samples from patients with sporadic breast cancer and found 31/78 negative for mRNA expression. Similar results were obtained by immuno-histochemical localization of the lactoferrin protein. We did not find relationship between lactoferrin expression and clinical parameters. We investigated for the absent lactoferrin expression in some cases of breast cancer. In 68 of the samples analyzed, we found an inverse correlation between estrogen receptor expression and lactoferrin expression (P < 0,0001), thus indicating that regulation by the estrogen receptor is not the main element responsible for the expression of lactoferrin in breast cancer. Analysis of methylation of the lactoferrin genomic DNA extracted from the same patients revealed that the degree of methylation does not explain the observed absence of lactoferrin. The 937 bp lactoferrin promoter was investigated for possible mutations. By single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis one polymorphic site was found and characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Penco
- Department of Oncology Biology and Genetics, University of Genova, Italy
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26
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Landi S, Norppa H, Frenzilli G, Cipollini G, Ponzanelli I, Barale R, Hirvonen A. Individual sensitivity to cytogenetic effects of 1,2:3,4-diepoxybutane in cultured human lymphocytes: influence of glutathione S-transferase M1, P1 and T1 genotypes. Pharmacogenetics 1998; 8:461-71. [PMID: 9918129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Although some blood parameters have been suggested to modulate in-vitro induction of sister chromatid exchanges by 1,2:3,4-diepoxybutane (DEB), a metabolite of 1,3-butadiene, the increased sensitivity has largely been assigned to a homozygous deletion of glutathione S-transferase T1 gene (GSTT1 null genotype). However, some DEB-sensitive individuals have been shown to be GSTT1 positive (having at least one undeleted GSTT1 allele). To examine potential causes for this overlap, we evaluated the effect of GSTM1, GSTP1, and GSTT1 genotypes, together with various life-style and blood parameters, on the DEB induction of sister chromatid exchanges and cells with chromosomal aberrations (aberrant cells) in lymphocyte cultures of 115 and 62 human donors, respectively. Our results supported the important role of the GSTT1 genotype in DEB sensitivity; 76% of cultures from GSTT1 null donors but only 4% of those from GSTT1 positive donors were DEB-sensitive, as defined by sister chromatid exchange measurements. The GSTT1 genotype also clearly affected DEB-induced aberrant cells, 92% of GSTT1 null and 8% of GSTT1 positive donors being sensitive to DEB. All individuals showing a high response to DEB in both sister chromatid exchange and aberrant cell analyses were GSTT1 null. Baseline aberrant cell measurements but not sister chromatid exchange measurements were marginally higher among GSTT1 null donors compared with GSTT1 positive donors. GSTM1 and GSTP1 genotypes had no influence on these cytogenetic end-points. Blood transaminases, gamma-glutamyl transferase, urea, creatinine and white blood cell count showed a clear negative association with DEB-induced aberrant cells, whereas wine drinkers had more aberrant cells than non-drinkers. A higher sister chromatid exchange-response to DEB was observed in lymphocytes from women and smokers than from men and non-smokers, respectively. Erythrocyte count correlated negatively with DEB-induced sister chromatid exchanges. Thus, a variety of parameters seemed to modulate the individual DEB-sensitivity together with the GSTT1 genotype. Although the known contributing factors accounted for a considerable part of individual variability in sister chromatid exchanges (59.4%) and aberrant cells (46.7%) in DEB treatment, they did not, however, fully explain the overlap in cytogenetic response between GSTT1 positive and null individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Landi
- Department of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki
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27
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Naccarato AG, Marcocci C, Miccoli P, Bonadio AG, Cianferotti L, Vignali E, Cipollini G, Viacava P. Bcl-2, p53 and MIB-1 expression in normal and neoplastic parathyroid tissues. J Endocrinol Invest 1998; 21:136-41. [PMID: 9591207 DOI: 10.1007/bf03347291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
An altered control of the mechanisms involved in cell proliferation and programmed cell death (apoptosis) might play an important role in parathyroid tumorigenesis. We evaluated by immunohistochemistry the expression of bcl-2 and p53 proteins, as markers of apoptosis control, and MIB-1, as marker of cell proliferation, in a series of normal and neoplastic parathyroid tissues. The specimens were 33 normal parathyroids, 43 parathyroid adenomas and 3 parathyroid carcinomas. Results were scored as positive when more than 1% of cells were stained for MIB-1 and p53, and more than 10% for bcl-2. All normal parathyroids showed numerous bcl-2 positive cells (> or = 80%), low proliferation rate (MIB-1) and no p53 protein expression. Twenty-four (55%) adenomas were bcl-2 positive; in 16 of these the number of positive cells was high (> 50%) and immunoreactivity was diffusely distributed within the adenoma; 8 cases showed a zonal staining pattern, in which groups of stained cells were surrounded by negative cells. Nineteen adenomas (45%) and all carcinomas were bcl-2 negative. A high proliferative rate (MIB-1) was found in all carcinomas and 4 adenomas (9%); all MIB-1 positive adenomas were bcl-2 negative. p53 was negative in all specimens. No significant differences in serum calcium and intact PTH levels nor in tumor size were found between bcl-2 negative and bcl-2-positive and MIB-1-positive and MIB-1-negative adenomas. An inverse, but not statistically significant (p = 0.06) correlation was observed between the percentage of bcl-2 positive cells and serum calcium level in parathyroid adenomas. In conclusion, parathyroid adenomas are a heterogeneous group of lesions in which the pattern of bcl-2 and MIB-1 protein expression ranges between that of normal parathyroid (bcl-2 positivity and MIB-1 negativity) and that of parathyroid carcinoma (bcl-2 negativity and MIB-1 positivity). The question of whether the finding of the MIB-1 positive-bcl-2 negative phenotype identifies a subgroup of clinically more aggressive adenomas remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Naccarato
- Dipartimento di Oncologia, Università di Pisa, Italy
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28
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Abstract
nm23 gene expression is strictly related to the state of cell growth. The level of its expression parallels the fraction of thymidine-incorporating cells (S-phase cells) in neoplastic mammary tissues and in the synchronously cycling fraction of MCF 1OA cells. nm23.h1 reaches a peak of expression in the S-phase, and is present at very low level during the GO/G1 phase. Two strategies are used to demonstrate the direct involvement of the nm23.h1 gene in the process of cell proliferation. The first consists of transient inhibition of nm23.h1 expression by using anti-sense oligonucleotide treatment; weak inhibitory effect on cell proliferation is observed. The second strategy involves the stable inhibition of nm23.h1 expression by transfection of MCF1OA cells with a plasmid vector expressing the human nm23.h1 anti-sense mRNA. The anti-sense-transfected cells show consistently slower proliferative activity than the control.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Cipollini
- Department of Oncology, University of Pisa, Italy
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29
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Caligo MA, Cipollini G, Berti A, Viacava P, Collecchi P, Bevilacqua G. NM23 gene expression in human breast carcinomas: loss of correlation with cell proliferation in the advanced phase of tumor progression. Int J Cancer 1997; 74:102-11. [PMID: 9036878 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19970220)74:1<102::aid-ijc18>3.0.co;2-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
NM23 is a protein associated with tumor progression, expressed in all tissues and in human tumors. Reduced expression of NM23.H1 is related to high incidence of lymph node and distant metastasis or to poor prognosis of the patient in several human malignant tumors. In this study we analyze NM23 expression in non-neoplastic mammary tissues surrounding the tumoral lesions, in human mammary carcinomas and in lymph node metastasis. Our analysis shows that NM23.H1 expression is lower in the mammary cells surrounding the tumor than in the tumor itself. In the primary tumors we observed a negative trend between degree of local invasion and level of NM23.H1 expression. A further decrease of NM23.H1 was detected in the invasive tumors that metastasized to axillary lymph nodes and in the metastasis. NM23.H2 was always more highly expressed than NM23.H1, and reduced expression of NM23.H1 but not NM23.H2 was concordant with the presence of lymph node metastasis or local invasiveness of the primary tumor. A positive correlation between NM23.H1 mRNA content and cell growth rate of breast tumor cells has been confirmed. However, this trend was not maintained in cancer cells from tumors that metastasized to axillary lymph nodes and in metastatic cells; in these 2 situations the NM23.H1 mRNA content varied without any relationship to the proliferative rate of the cells. In addition, in comparison with the initial tumor, the metastatic cell population showed a strong decrease of NM23.H1 expression and increased proliferative activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Caligo
- Institute of Pathology, University of Pisa, Italy
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30
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Caligo M, Bellachene A, Cipollini G, Bevilacqua G, Castronovo V. The progestin ORG2058 but not retinoic acid stimulates BRCA1 mRNA expression in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Int J Oncol 1997; 10:253-6. [PMID: 21533369 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.10.2.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BRCA1 has been characterized as one of the major breast cancer susceptibility genes. Although no BRCA1 mutations have been reported in sporadic breast cancer, altered levels of BRCA1 are found in non hereditary breast malignant lesions. Therefore, BRCA1 is potentially playing a key role in the genesis of breast cancer. In this study, we explored the effects of estradiol and two differentiating agents, the progestin ORG2058 and retinoic acid, on BRCA1 mRNA expression in human estrogen and progesterone receptor positive MCF-7 cells. Using RNAse protection assay, we have demonstrated that ORG2058 induces a major (50 times) stimulation of BRCA1 mRNA expression. The maximum induction effect was obtained at the pharmacological dose of 100 nM and after 48 h of treatment. While estradiol generated an expected increase of BRCA1 mRNA, retinoic acid did not produce any effects. Our results demonstrate for the first time that BRCA1 is specifically up-regulated by a progestin, a steroid known to induce the differentiation of epithelial mammary cells. The absence of retinoic acid effect suggests that a specific progesterone-dependent pathway, could control BRCA1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Caligo
- UNIV LIEGE,METASTASIS RES LAB,LIEGE,BELGIUM
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31
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Landi S, Ponzanelli I, Cipollini G, Frenzilli G, Luccini A, Milillo CP, Sbrana I, Barale R. Modulating factors of individual sensitivity to diepoxybutane: chromosome aberrations induced in vitro in human lymphocytes. Mutagenesis 1997; 12:17-22. [PMID: 9025092 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/12.1.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral blood lymphocytes from a sample of 62 randomly selected donors were analysed for spontaneous and diepoxybutane (DEB)-induced chromosomal aberrations (CA). These individuals were part of a larger sample of 122 subjects whose DEB responsiveness was evaluated by means of sister chromatid exchange (SCE) analysis. Confounding factors (such as smoking, wine and coffee consumption, occupation and haematological factors) were analysed for their effect on individual DEB-responsiveness, but no statistically significant associations were observed. Interestingly, a bimodal distribution of aberrant cell frequencies was clearly detectable, showing the existence of DEB-sensitive subjects belonging to the second mode (CA frequencies > 19%). When responsiveness evaluated by means of CA induction was compared with SCE responsiveness, it was noted that all SCE-inducible subjects (> 110.9 SCEs/cell) belonged to the second mode of CA frequency distribution. On the other hand, highly CA inducible individuals did not necessarily show a higher SCE-response, although their DEB-induced SCE frequencies were above average (92 SCEs/cell). DEB-induced CA frequency correlated with baseline levels, indicating that DEB-sensitive individuals also showed higher spontaneous chromosome damage (3.6 versus DEB-resistant 2%, P < 0.05). Finally, when simple and multiple regression analyses were carried out, DEB-sensitivity appeared negatively related to haematic concentrations of proteins and uric acid (intercept 0.131 +/- 0.011, slope -0.029 +/- 0.0116, r = -0.39; P < 0.01), probably due to its antioxidant activity. This finding confirmed previous observations on the scavenger activity of plasma factors on DEB mutagenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Landi
- Dpt Scienza dell'Ambiente e del Territorío, Pisa, Italy
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Caligo MA, Ghimenti C, Cipollini G, Ricci S, Brunetti I, Marchetti V, Olsen R, Neuhausen S, Shattuck-Eidens D, Conte PF, Skolnick MH, Bevilacqua G. BRCA1 germline mutational spectrum in Italian families from Tuscany: a high frequency of novel mutations. Oncogene 1996; 13:1483-8. [PMID: 8875986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BRCA1 germline mutations confer susceptibility to familial breast and ovarian cancer. Mutational hot spots have never been detected in BRCA1 cDNA. Some mutations have been reported several times whereas some others appear to be population-related. In this study a group of 36 Italian families were analysed for BRCA1 germline mutations. All of them were screened by allele-specific oligonucleotide hybridization (ASO) for three recurrent mutations (185delAG, 5382insC, nt332-T>G). Twenty families, selected because of their high risk of carrying BRCA1 mutations, were subjected to analysis of the entire coding sequence of the gene. A total of eight mutations were found. ASO screening demonstrated only one known mutation in one patient, whereas cycle sequencing revealed five new mutations. Three of these new mutations were frameshifts: one occurred in exon 11 (1499insA), one in exon 16 (4873delCA) and one in the splice site of exon 3 (252delAAgt). Two were missense mutations (Cys64Arg; Asn158Tyr). The same frameshift mutation, 1499insA, was detected in three unrelated families. Haplotype analysis supported the hypothesis that two of these families may have had common ancestors, whereas in the third family the analysis was uninformative. BRCA1 germline mutations were found in one out of two families with ovarian cancer, in five out of eight families with breast-ovarian cancer, and in two out of 11 families with breast cancer. All three families with 1499insA mutations included at least one case of ovarian cancer. The majority of the ovarian cancers (4/5) associated with detectable BRCA1 germline mutations were of serous histotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Caligo
- Institute of Pathology, University of Pisa, Italy
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33
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De Benedetti VM, Radice P, Mondini P, Spatti G, Conti A, Illeni MT, Caligo MA, Cipollini G, Bevilaqua G, Pilotti S, Pierotti MA. Screening for mutations in exon 11 of the BRCA1 gene in 70 Italian breast and ovarian cancer patients by protein truncation test. Oncogene 1996; 13:1353-7. [PMID: 8808710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The most common mutations in the familial breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility gene BRCA1 are frameshift and nonsense mutations, which lead to the synthesis of truncated proteins. On this ground, we have analysed BRCA1 exon 11, which includes about 61% of coding region, in germline DNA from 70 Italian breast and/or ovarian cancer patients, using the protein truncation test (PTT). BRCA1 mutations were identified in nine of 29 (approximately 31%) patients with a family history of cancer and in three of 41 (approximately 7%) women with early-onset breast carcinomas, and were subsequently characterized by sequence analysis. In addition, BRCA1 mutations were also detected in six affected relatives of two positive index cases. The observed frequencies of mutations were not significantly different from those expected on the basis of the phenotypic characteristics of patients and their families, indicating that PTT is a rapid and sensitive method that can be used for a first BRCA1 mutational screening. The histological findings in BRCA1 mutated cases showed that eight of nine (approximately 89%) breast carcinomas were of grade III and nine of 9 (100%) ovarian carcinomas were of the endometrioid type (eight of grade III and one of grade II). This suggests that specific histological characteristics may represent additional criteria for selection of cases eligible to BRCA1 mutational analysis.
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Caligo MA, Cipollini G, Petrini M, Valentini P, Bevilacqua G. Down regulation of NM23.H1, NM23.H2 and c-myc genes during differentiation induced by 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3. Leuk Res 1996; 20:161-7. [PMID: 8628015 DOI: 10.1016/0145-2126(95)00122-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The NM23 gene, involved in the negative regulation of metastatic progression, has been found to be highly homologous to developmentally regulated genes such as the awd gene in Drosophila melanogaster and the Gip17 gene in Dyctiostelium discoideum. To ascertain whether the NM23 genes are involved in the differentiation processes of human cell lines, the NM23.H1 and NM23.H2 expression level has been determined during the monocyte-macrophage differentiation of HL-60 and U-937 cell lines induced by vitamin D3. In both lines, vitamin D3 produced induction of differentiative markers, inhibition of cell proliferation and a decrease of the NM23.H1, NM23.H2 and c-myc genes, behaving both as a differentiative and an antiproliferative agent. The fact that the c-myc transcriptional factor PuF is identical to the NM23.H2 gene and that NM23 protein could be a transcriptional factor suggests that the regulatory action exerted by vitamin D3 on c-myc transcription is mediated by NM23.H2.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Caligo
- Institute of Pathology, University of Pisa, Italy
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35
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Caligo M, Ghimenti C, Ricci S, Antonuzzo A, Marchetti V, Allegrini G, Cipollini G, Maresi M, Olsen R, McClure M, Frye C, Shattuck-Eidens D, Neuhausen S, Skolnick M, Conte P, Bevilacqua G. 449 BRCA1 gene mutation carrier analysis in familial breast cancer patients. Eur J Cancer 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0959-8049(95)95702-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Caligo MA, Cipollini G, Fiore L, Calvo S, Basolo F, Collecchi P, Ciardiello F, Pepe S, Petrini M, Bevilacqua G. NM23 gene expression correlates with cell growth rate and S-phase. Int J Cancer 1995; 60:837-42. [PMID: 7896455 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910600619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Two human NM23 genes have been identified: NM23.H1 and NM23.H2 coding for the A and B subunit of a nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK), respectively. NM23.H1 gene has been proposed as a suppressor of metastatic ability in tumor cells, NM23.H2 is identical to the c-myc transcription factor, PuF. The NM23 coding sequence is strongly preserved through different species. Indirect evidence of various types has been accumulated and seems to support an implication of NM23 in cell proliferation. This report shows that the NM23 gene expression is strictly related to the growth state of the cells. Two different in vitro systems (human peripheral blood lymphocytes and human breast epithelial cell line MCF-10A) and one in vivo (human primary infiltrating ductal breast carcinomas) system have been investigated. The mRNA is present in PHA-stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes, whereas it is nearly undetectable in their resting counterparts. The level of the NM23 gene expression parallels the fraction of cells incorporating thymidine (S-phase) in neoplastic mammary tissues. In synchronously cycling MCF-10A cells NM23.H1 mRNA reaches a maximum abundance in the S-phase and is absent or only present at very low levels during G0/G1 phase, whereas NM23.H2 is present in growth-arrested cells but is upregulated following serum growth stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Caligo
- Institute of Pathology, University of Pisa, Italy
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37
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Abstract
The NM23 gene has been proposed as a metastasis-suppressor gene, and its use has been suggested as prognostic factor. NM23 was identified in a system of murine melanoma cell lines, in which an inverse relationship was found between NM23 expression and metastatic ability. In a human malignant melanoma study NM23 expression was found to be significantly lower in metastases that developed less than 24 months after diagnosis of the primary tumours. The present paper studies the expression of the NM23.H1 gene in cell lines which derive from primary or metastatic human malignant melanomas in relation to staging, infiltration degree, lymphocytic infiltration, cell morphology, cell pigmentation, karyotype, and disease-free survival. The level of mRNA expression of the NM23 gene is significantly lower in cell lines that derive from more infiltrating primary melanomas than in cell lines obtained from less infiltrating tumours. Moreover, cell lines derived from tumours of patients with a disease-free survival of more than 24 months (24-58 months) express the NM23 gene at higher levels than cell lines obtained from melanomas of patients with a disease-free survival of less than 24 months (6-15 months).
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Caligo
- Institute of Pathology, University of Pisa, Italy
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Caligo MA, Cipollini G, Cope Di Valromita A, Bistocchi M, Bevilacqua G. Decreasing expression of NM23 gene in metastatic murine mammary tumors of viral etiology (MMTV). Anticancer Res 1992; 12:969-73. [PMID: 1320361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Murine mammary tumors induced by the Murine Mammary Tumor Virus (MMTV) were chosen to study the expression of the NM23 gene during the metastatic process because of their viral etiology, different from that of the previously reported experimental tumor systems. NM23 mRNA levels are higher in non metastatic tumors than in metastatic ones. Moreover, the NM23 expression is higher in tumors induced by the C3H variant of the MMTV than in tumors induced by the RIII variant. These data are a further support to the hypothesis of a basic role of the NM23 gene in the down-regulation of tumor progression.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Northern
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Genes, Tumor Suppressor
- Genes, Viral
- Genetic Variation
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/microbiology
- Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Neoplasm Metastasis/genetics
- Oligonucleotide Probes
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/isolation & purification
- Restriction Mapping
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Caligo
- Institute of Pathological Anatomy and Histology, University of Pisa, Italy
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Garcia-Gil M, Cipollini G, Cattani M, Bottai D, Brunelli M. Protein kinase C activity in the central nervous system of the leech, Hirudo medicinalis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(91)90008-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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