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Paudel KP, Samuel R, Jha R, Pandey BD, Edirisuriya C, Shrestha NL, Gyawali P, Pokhrel A, Shrestha L, Mahato RK, Hossain SS, Arunkumar G, Bose AS, Dhimal M, Gautam D, Neupane S, Thakur N, Shrestha S, Bhusal N, Jha P, Gupta BP, Rayamajhi RB, Subedi KC, Kandel S, Poudel M, Thapa LB, Sharma GN, Gocotano AE, Sunny AK, Gautam R, Bhatta DR, Awale BK, Roka B, Ojha HC, Baral P, Adhikari MD, Lohani GR, Shrestha M, Singh DR, Aryal L, Pandav RS, Pokhrel R. Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the general population of Nepal during the first and second generalized waves of the COVID-19 pandemic-2020-2021. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2023; 17:e13234. [PMID: 38149926 PMCID: PMC10752246 DOI: 10.1111/irv.13234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Few seroprevalence studies have been conducted on coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in Nepal. Here, we aimed to estimate seroprevalence and assess risk factors for infection in the general population of Nepal by conducting two rounds of sampling. The first round was in October 2020, at the peak of the first generalized wave of COVID-19, and the second round in July-August 2021, following the peak of the wave caused by the delta variant of SARS-CoV-2. We used cross-sectional probability-to-size (PPS)-based multistage cluster sampling to estimate the seroprevalence in the general population of Nepal at the national and provincial levels. We tested for anti-SARS-CoV-2 total antibody using the WANTAI SARS-CoV-2 Ab ELISA kit. In Round 1, the overall national seroprevalence was 14.4%, with provincial estimates ranging from 5.3% in Sudurpaschim to 27.3% in Madhesh Province. In Round 2, the estimated national seroprevalence was 70.7%, with the highest in the Madhesh Province (84.8%) and the lowest in the Gandaki Province (62.9%). Seroprevalence was comparable between males and females (Round 1, 15.8% vs. 12.2% and Round 2, 72.3% vs. 68.7%). The seroprevalence in the ecozones-Terai, hills, and mountains-was 76.3%, 65.3%, and 60.5% in Round 2 and 17.7%, 11.7%, and 4.6% in Round 1, respectively. In Nepal, COVID-19 vaccination was introduced in January 2021. At the peak of the first generalized wave of COVID-19, most of the population of Nepal remained unexposed to SARS-CoV-2. Towards the end of the second generalized wave in April 2021, two thirds of the population was exposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Prasad Paudel
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division, Department of Health ServicesMinistry of Health and PopulationKathmanduNepal
| | | | - Runa Jha
- National Public Health LaboratoryMinistry of Health and PopulationKathmanduNepal
| | - Basu Dev Pandey
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division, Department of Health ServicesMinistry of Health and PopulationKathmanduNepal
- DEJIMA Infectious Disease Research Alliance (DIDA)Nagasaki UniversityNagasakiJapan
| | | | | | | | - Amrit Pokhrel
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division, Department of Health ServicesMinistry of Health and PopulationKathmanduNepal
| | - Lilee Shrestha
- National Public Health LaboratoryMinistry of Health and PopulationKathmanduNepal
| | - Ram Kumar Mahato
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division, Department of Health ServicesMinistry of Health and PopulationKathmanduNepal
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nishant Thakur
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division, Department of Health ServicesMinistry of Health and PopulationKathmanduNepal
| | | | | | - Priya Jha
- WHO Country Office for NepalKathmanduNepal
| | | | | | - Koshal Chandra Subedi
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division, Department of Health ServicesMinistry of Health and PopulationKathmanduNepal
| | - Shashi Kandel
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division, Department of Health ServicesMinistry of Health and PopulationKathmanduNepal
| | - Mukesh Poudel
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division, Department of Health ServicesMinistry of Health and PopulationKathmanduNepal
| | - Lila Bikram Thapa
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division, Department of Health ServicesMinistry of Health and PopulationKathmanduNepal
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Bal Krishna Awale
- National Public Health LaboratoryMinistry of Health and PopulationKathmanduNepal
| | - Bhola Roka
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division, Department of Health ServicesMinistry of Health and PopulationKathmanduNepal
| | - Hemant Chandra Ojha
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division, Department of Health ServicesMinistry of Health and PopulationKathmanduNepal
| | - Phanindra Baral
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division, Department of Health ServicesMinistry of Health and PopulationKathmanduNepal
| | - Mahendra Dhose Adhikari
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division, Department of Health ServicesMinistry of Health and PopulationKathmanduNepal
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Babu NN, Jayaram A, Auti AM, Bhandari Y, Shetty U, Arunkumar G. Rickettsia africae and other unclassified Rickettsia species of the spotted fever group in ticks of the Western Ghats, India. Exp Appl Acarol 2023; 90:429-440. [PMID: 37347433 PMCID: PMC10406665 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-023-00814-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
The spotted fever group (SFG) of Rickettsia are zoonotic disease-causing pathogens, commonly transmitted by hard ticks to a wide range of hosts, including humans. Rickettsia conorii is the common SFG recognised in India, whereas most of the infections due to other group species go undifferentiated at the species level. Hence, this study was conducted to screen host-seeking ticks in the Western Ghats region, India, for the DNA of SFG Rickettsia. The ticks were collected from Kerala, Goa, and Maharashtra states of India during a survey conducted between November 2017 and January 2018. In total, 288 tick pools were screened for Rickettsia spp. DNA using pan-Rickettsia real-time PCR, and conventional PCR targeting the gltA, OmpA and 17-kDa protein-coding genes. Nucleotide sequences were subjected to phylogenetic analysis using the NCBI BLAST tool to identify submitted sequences with higher homology. Neighbour-joining trees were constructed using the reference sequences of the GenBank database. Overall, Rickettsia spp. DNA was detected in 27.2% (62/228 pools) of host-seeking ticks across the Western Ghats region, with an estimated minimum infection rate of 0.057. Upon phylogenetic analysis, it was identified that the detected sequences were highly similar (> 99% sequence homology) to R. africae, Candidatus R. laoensis and an un-categorised Rickettsia species, and they were widely carried by Haemaphysalis ticks. The current study is the first report of R. africae and Candidatus R. laoensis in ticks in India. Although the pathogenicity of these species is not well documented, they may pose a potential threat to both animal and the human population in this geographical region.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Naren Babu
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Institution of Eminence Deemed to be University), Manipal, India.
| | - Anup Jayaram
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Institution of Eminence Deemed to be University), Manipal, India
| | - Amogh Milind Auti
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Institution of Eminence Deemed to be University), Manipal, India
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania 'Luigi vanvitelli', Naples, Italy
| | - Yuvraj Bhandari
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Institution of Eminence Deemed to be University), Manipal, India
| | - Ujwal Shetty
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Institution of Eminence Deemed to be University), Manipal, India
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Nageswaran S, Arunkumar G, Bisht AK, Mewada S, Kumar JNVRS, Jawarneh M, Asenso E. Lung Cancer Classification and Prediction Using Machine Learning and Image Processing. Biomed Res Int 2022; 2022:1755460. [PMID: 36046454 PMCID: PMC9424001 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1755460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is a potentially lethal illness. Cancer detection continues to be a challenge for medical professionals. The true cause of cancer and its complete treatment have still not been discovered. Cancer that is caught early enough can be treated. Image processing methods such as noise reduction, feature extraction, identification of damaged regions, and maybe a comparison with data on the medical history of lung cancer are used to locate portions of the lung that have been impacted by cancer. This research shows an accurate classification and prediction of lung cancer using technology that is enabled by machine learning and image processing. To begin, photos need to be gathered. In the experimental investigation, 83 CT scans from 70 distinct patients were utilized as the dataset. The geometric mean filter is used during picture preprocessing. As a consequence, image quality is enhanced. The K-means technique is then used to segment the images. The part of the image may be found using this segmentation. Then, classification methods using machine learning are used. For the classification, ANN, KNN, and RF are some of the machine learning techniques that were used. It is found that the ANN model is producing more accurate results for predicting lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmila Nageswaran
- Department of Sensor and Biomedical Technology, School of Electronics Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - G. Arunkumar
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Madanapalle Institute of Technology & Science, Madanapalle, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Anil Kumar Bisht
- Department of CS&IT, MJP Rohilkhand University, Bareilly, U. P., India
| | - Shivlal Mewada
- Department of Computer Science, Govt. College, Makdone (Vikram University), Ujjain, India
| | | | | | - Evans Asenso
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, University of Ghana, Ghana
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Sanjay RE, Josmi J, Sasidharanpillai S, Shahin S, Michael CJ, Sabeena S, Aswathyraj S, Kavitha K, Shilpa C, Prasada SV, Anup J, Arunkumar G. Molecular epidemiology of enteroviruses associated with hand, foot, and mouth disease in South India from 2015 to 2017. Arch Virol 2022; 167:2229-2238. [PMID: 35970888 PMCID: PMC9377658 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05561-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common childhood infection caused by human enteroviruses and is clinically characterised by fever with vesicular rash on the hands, feet, and mouth. While enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) were the major etiological agents of HFMD in India earlier, the data on recently circulating enteroviruses associated with HFMD are sparse. Here, we describe the molecular epidemiology of enteroviruses associated with HFMD in South India from 2015 to 2017. We used archived enterovirus real-time reverse transcription (RT) PCR-positive vesicle swab and/or throat swab specimens from clinically suspected HFMD cases collected from four secondary-care hospitals in South India between July 2015 and December 2017. PCR amplification and sequencing were done based on the 5’VP1, 3’VP1, VP2, or 5´NCR regions to identify enterovirus types. Genetic diversity among enteroviruses was inferred by phylogenetic analysis. Of the 107 enterovirus RNA real-time RT-PCR-positive HFMD cases, 69 (64%) were typed as CVA6, 16 (15%) were CVA16, and one (1%) was CVA10, whereas in 21 (20%) cases, the virus was not typeable by any of the methods used in the study. The majority of HFMD cases (89, 83%) were in children less than five years old, while 11 (10.3%) were in adults. 5’VP1 yielded the maximum number of enteroviruses genotyped, and phylogenetic analysis showed that the CVA6 strains belonged to subclade D3, while the subclades of CVA16 and CVA10 were B1c and D, respectively. The predominant etiological agent of HFMD in South India during 2015-2017 was CVA6, followed by CVA16 and CVA10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramachandran Erathodi Sanjay
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Joseph Josmi
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Sarita Sasidharanpillai
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala, 673008, India
| | - Sheik Shahin
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - C J Michael
- Department of ENT, Government General Hospital, Kozhikode, Kerala, 673032, India
| | - Sasidharanpillai Sabeena
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.,, Allure Residency, Near The British School, Jhamsikhel Lalitpur, Kathmandu, 44600, Nepal
| | - S Aswathyraj
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.,Institute of Advanced Virology (IAV) (Autonomous Institute under Science and Technology Dept Govt of Kerala), Bio360 Life Sciences Park, Thonnakkal, Trivandrum, Kerala, 695317, India
| | - Karunakaran Kavitha
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Cheerngod Shilpa
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - S Varamballi Prasada
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Jayaram Anup
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Govindakarnavar Arunkumar
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India. .,, 2-49, Vaikathu, Marotithota Road, Mooduathrady, Athrady Post, Udupi, Karnataka, 576107, India.
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Devadiga S, Arunkumar G. Kinetics of Kyasanur Forest Disease Virus infection in human. J Infect 2022; 85:161-166. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2022.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ameen A, Sabeena S, Robin S, Sanjay R, Prasad V, Mevis FM, Bhatt P, Arunkumar G. Currently circulating genotypes of Hepatitis A virus in South West, East and North East India, 2017–2018. Med J Armed Forces India 2022; 78:185-191. [PMID: 35463543 PMCID: PMC9023536 DOI: 10.1016/j.mjafi.2020.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study was carried out to understand the circulating genotypes of Hepatitis A virus (HAV) in South West, East and North East India during the period 2017-2018 as a part of acute febrile illness surveillance at the Manipal Institute of Virology. Methods Archived serum samples of 48 Hepatitis A confirmed cases were subjected to RNA extraction using QIAamp® Viral RNA Mini Kit (QIAGEN, Germany). The samples with molecular confirmation for HAV by reverse transcriptase real-Time PCR (Real Star® HAV RT-PCR Kit 2.0, Altona Diagnostics, GmbH, Hamburg, Germany) were further subjected to nested conventional PCR targeting the 5' UTR region. The purified PCR products were sequenced using Big Dye Terminator Kit (Applied Biosystems, USA), in a 3500 XL genetic analyzer (Applied Biosystems, USA). The edited sequences by means of MEGA X (MEGA version 10.1) were compared with reference sequences in the NCBI nucleotide database. Results From states of Assam, Goa, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Odisha, Tamil Nadu and Tripura, 139 Hepatitis A and 33 Hepatitis E cases were reported during the study period. The median age of the acute Hepatitis A cases was 19 years (IQR 12.8-24) and most of the affected individuals were students between 10 and 19 years (52.5%). In the present study, 14 samples from Assam, Goa, Gujarat, Karnataka, Odisha, Kerala, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu were genotyped as genotype IIIA by nested conventional polymerase chain reaction. Conclusion The circulating HAV genotype in South West, North East and East India between 2017 and 2018 was IIIA.
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Sanjay RE, Sabeena S, Robin S, Shaji JT, Jayakrishnan MP, Suresh EKK, Michael CJ, Aswathyraj S, Josmi J, Shahin S, Anup J, Arunkumar G. Genetic analysis of Enterovirus D68 associated with pneumonia in children from South India. J Med Microbiol 2021; 70. [PMID: 33999799 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
EV-D68 is an emerging enterovirus infection associated with severe acute respiratory illness (SARI), acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) and acute flaccid paralysis (AFP). While EV-D68 outbreaks and sporadic cases are reported globally, a single case has been reported from India. The present study aims to investigate the molecular epidemiology and clinical characteristics of EV-D68-associated SARI cases from South India. We screened influenza-negative archived throat swab specimens from Influenza-Like Illness (ILI) and SARI cases (n=959; 2016 to 2018 period) for enteroviruses by pan-enterovirus real-time RT-PCR. Thirteen samples positive for enteroviruses were typed by PCR and sequencing based on VPI, VP2 and/or 5'NCR regions. One EV-D68 RNA sample was subjected to next-generation sequencing for whole genome characterisation. Among 13 enterovirus cases, four were ECHO-11, three EV-D68, two CV-A16 and one each EV-71, CV-B1, CV-B2 and CV-A9. All three cases of EV-D68 infection were reported in children below 2 years of age from Kerala state of South India during June and July 2017. The patients developed pneumonia without any neurological complications. Sequencing based on VPI and 5'NCR regions showed that EV-D68 strains belong to the novel subclade B3. The EV-D68 complete genome identified with two unique amino acid substitutions in VP1 (T-246-I) and 3D (K-344-R) regions. This study reiterates the EV-D68 novel subclade B3 circulation in India and indicates the urgent need for structured EV-D68 surveillance in the country to describe the epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramachandran Erathodi Sanjay
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Sasidharanpillai Sabeena
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Sudandiradas Robin
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - John T Shaji
- Department of Paediatrics & Neonatology, Baby Memorial Hospital, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | - M P Jayakrishnan
- Department of Paediatrics, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | - E K Kumar Suresh
- Department of Paediatrics, Aster MIMS Hospital, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | - C J Michael
- Department of ENT, Government General Hospital, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | - S Aswathyraj
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Joseph Josmi
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Sheik Shahin
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Jayaram Anup
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Govindakarnavar Arunkumar
- Present address: Consultant at World Health Organisation- country office for Nepal, Nepal, India.,Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka, India
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K SD, Puranik R, N S, K K, Fathima F, K R A, Joseph A, J A, Arunkumar G, Mudgal PP. Structure-based identification of small molecules against influenza A virus endonuclease: an in silico and in vitro approach. Pathog Dis 2021; 78:5866476. [PMID: 32614388 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftaa032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses are known to cause acute respiratory illness, sometimes leading to high mortality rates. Though there are approved influenza antivirals available, their efficacy has reduced over time, due to the drug resistance crisis. There is a perpetual need for newer and better drugs. Drug screening based on the interaction dynamics with different viral target proteins has been a preferred approach in the antiviral drug discovery process. In this study, the FDA approved drug database was virtually screened with the help of Schrödinger software, to select small molecules exhibiting best interactions with the influenza A virus endonuclease protein. A detailed cytotoxicity profiling was carried out for the two selected compounds, cefepime and dolutegravir, followed by in vitro anti-influenza screening using plaque reduction assay. Cefepime showed no cytotoxicity up to 200 μM, while dolutegravir was non-toxic up to 100 μM in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. The compounds did not show any reduction in viral plaque numbers indicating no anti-influenza activity. An inefficiency in the translation of the molecular interactions into antiviral activity does not necessarily mean that the molecules were inactive. Nevertheless, testing the molecules for endonuclease inhibition per se can be considered a worthwhile approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Disha K
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Rashmi Puranik
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Sudheesh N
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Kavitha K
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Fajeelath Fathima
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Anu K R
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Alex Joseph
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Anitha J
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
| | - G Arunkumar
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Piya Paul Mudgal
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
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Sasidharanpillai S, Ravishankar N, Kamath V, Bhat PV, Bhatt P, Arunkumar G. Prevalence of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) DNA among Men with Oropharyngeal and Anogenital Cancers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2021; 22:1351-1364. [PMID: 34048162 PMCID: PMC8408381 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2021.22.5.1351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The term ''Human Papillomavirus'' or ''HPV'' has become synonymous with uterine cervical cancer leading to feminisation of all the preventive measures, especially immunisation. Taking into consideration the rising number of HPV associated cancers among men in many developed countries and the risk of transmission to women, male HPV infection is a serious concern. A systematic review and meta-analysis of literature was performed to determine the global prevalence of HPV among men with oropharyngeal and anogenital cancers. METHODS A systematic review and meta-analysis of literature was performed searching electronic databases for published articles in English between January 1984- April 2020 based on standard systematic review guidelines. The meta-analysis component was modified appropriately for the synthesis of prevalence study results. National Institutes of Health checklist for observational, cohort and cross-sectional studies was used to assess the quality of the studies selected after the abstract and content review. The meta-analysis was performed in STATA version 13.0 (College Station, Texas 77,845 USA) and the forest plots were constructed using metan package in STATA. RESULTS Through the electronic search of databases, 3486 original articles were screened for eligibility. Fifty-eight articles were systematically reviewed and 42 articles were qualified for meta-analysis including 4,250 men with oropharyngeal, penile and prostate cancers. The pooled prevalence of HPV DNA in oropharyngeal cancers was 45% (95%CI 24.0%-66.0%). Meanwhile the pooled prevalence rates of 48% (CI 40.0%- 57.0%) and 19% (CI 10.0%-29.0%) were observed in penile and prostate cancers respectively. Even though, articles regarding HPV prevalence in anal cancers were systematically reviewed, none of the studies were qualified for meta-analysis. CONCLUSION Higher pooled prevalence of HPV DNA was observed among men with oropharyngeal and penile cancers. Multicentric molecular studies investigating the prevalence of HPV in prostate cancers have to be planned in future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nagaraja Ravishankar
- Department of Biostatistics, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India.
| | - Veena Kamath
- Department of Community Medicine, Centre for Vaccine Studies-In Charge, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, India.
| | - Parvati V Bhat
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dr T M A Pai Hospital, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India.
| | - Puneet Bhatt
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India.
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Chandni R, Renjith TP, Fazal A, Yoosef N, Ashhar C, Thulaseedharan NK, Suraj KP, Sreejith MK, Sajeeth Kumar KG, Rajendran VR, Remla Beevi A, Sarita RL, Sugunan AP, Arunkumar G, Mourya DT, Murhekar M. Clinical Manifestations of Nipah Virus-Infected Patients Who Presented to the Emergency Department During an Outbreak in Kerala State in India, May 2018. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 71:152-157. [PMID: 31627214 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An outbreak of Nipah virus (NiV) disease occurred in the Kozhikode district of Kerala State in India in May 2018. Several cases were treated at the emergency medicine department (ED) of the Government Medical College, Kozhikode (GMCK). The clinical manifestations and outcome of these cases are described. METHODS The study included 12 cases treated in the ED of GMCK. Detailed clinical examination, laboratory investigations, and molecular testing for etiological diagnosis were performed. RESULTS The median age of the patients was 30 years and the male to female ratio was 1.4:1.0. All the cases except the index case contracted the infection from hospitals. The median incubation period was 10 days, and the case fatality ratio was 83.3%. Ten (83.3%) patients had encephalitis and 9 out of 11 patients whose chest X-rays were obtained had bilateral infiltrates. Three patients had bradycardia and intractable hypotension requiring inotropes. Encephalitis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and myocarditis were the clinical prototypes, but there were large overlaps between these. Ribavirin therapy was given to a subset of the patients. Although there was a 20% reduction in NiV encephalitis cases treated with the drug, the difference was not statistically significant. The outbreak ended soon after the introduction of total isolation of patients and barrier nursing. CONCLUSION The outbreak of NiV disease in Kozhikode in May 2018 presented as encephalitis, acute respiratory distress and myocarditis or combinations of these. The CFR was high. Ribavirin therapy was tried but no evidence for its benefit could be obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - T P Renjith
- Government Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | - Arshad Fazal
- Government Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | - Noufel Yoosef
- Government Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | - C Ashhar
- Government Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | | | - K P Suraj
- Government Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | - M K Sreejith
- Government Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | | | - V R Rajendran
- Government Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | - A Remla Beevi
- Directorate of Medical Education, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - R L Sarita
- Directorate of Health Services, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Attayur P Sugunan
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India
| | - Govindakarnavar Arunkumar
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Institute of Eminence Deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - D T Mourya
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Manoj Murhekar
- ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Kusagur SM, Arunkumar G, Manjunath T. Modelling of smart intelligent materials with PZT & PVDF sensors/actuators to control the active vibrations of flexible aluminum mechanical cantilever beams using proportional integral derivative (PID) techniques. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.07.507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
The pathogenesis of dengue virus infection is attributed to complex interplay between virus, host genes and host immune response. Host factors such as antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), memory cross-reactive T cells, anti-DENV NS1 antibodies, autoimmunity as well as genetic factors are major determinants of disease susceptibility. NS1 protein and anti-DENV NS1 antibodies were believed to be responsible for pathogenesis of severe dengue. The cytokine response of cross-reactive CD4+ T cells might be altered by the sequential infection with different DENV serotypes, leading to further elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokines contributing a detrimental immune response. Fcγ receptor-mediated antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) results in release of cytokines from immune cells leading to vascular endothelial cell dysfunction and increased vascular permeability. Genomic variation of dengue virus and subgenomic flavivirus RNA (sfRNA) suppressing host immune response are viral determinants of disease severity. Dengue infection can lead to the generation of autoantibodies against DENV NS1antigen, DENV prM, and E proteins, which can cross-react with several self-antigens such as plasminogen, integrin, and platelet cells. Apart from viral factors, several host genetic factors and gene polymorphisms also have a role to play in pathogenesis of DENV infection. This review article highlights the various factors responsible for the pathogenesis of dengue and also highlights the recent advances in the field related to biomarkers which can be used in future for predicting severe disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneet Bhatt
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | | | - Muralidhar Varma
- Dept of Infectious Diseases, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576101 India
| | - Govindakarnavar Arunkumar
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
- Present Address: WHO Country Office, Kathmandu, Nepal
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13
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Jayakrishnan MP, Geeta MG, Krishnakumar P, Gireeshan VK, George B, Prathiksha P, Arunkumar G, Anitha PM. Factors Associated With Mortality in Toxic Encephalopathy Due to Shigellosis in Children. Indian Pediatr 2020; 57:1029-1032. [PMID: 32788427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the clinical characteristics and factors associated with mortality among children with Shigella encephalopathy. METHODS The data collection was done prospectively from January, 2018 to May, 2019 with retrospective data from June, 2016 to December, 2017. The study cohort consisted of 58 children <12 years of age with Shigella encephalopathy admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit. Shigella encephalopathy was confirmed if culture or real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of a stool sample or rectal swab was positive, with temporal association of diarrhea with seizures, altered sensorium or both. Association of mortality with risk factors was tested using chi square test, and the strength of association was estimated in terms of relative risk (RR) and 95% CI. RESULTS Seizures and altered sensorium were the predominant neurological symptoms. Shock occurred in 32 (55%) children, while blood in stools was a feature in only 6 (10%) children. S. sonnei was the commonest species identified on stool culture (19;33%). On univariate analysis, prolonged seizures, shock, prolonged altered sensorium, multi-organ dysfunction, lymphocytopenia at admission and need for mechanical ventilation were significantly associated with mortality. On multivariate regression, delayed presentation (presentation to the hospital 48 hours after the onset of symptoms) and prolonged altered sensorium (>12 hours) were found to be independently associated with mortality. CONCLUSION Recognition of factors associated with mortality in Shigella encephalopathy may assist in better monitoring of sicker children and improved outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Machinary Puthenpurayil Jayakrishnan
- Department of Pediatrics, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India. Correspondence to: Dr Machinary Puthenpurayil Jayakrishnan, Additional Professor of Pediatrics, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India.
| | | | | | - V K Gireeshan
- Department of Pediatrics, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | - Biju George
- Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | - P Prathiksha
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Govindakarnavar Arunkumar
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - P M Anitha
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
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Swathi M, Sabeena S, Abdulmajeed J, Pattanaik S, Dsa O, Shubha HS, Varma M, Bhatt P, Ravishankar N, Arunkumar G. Development and Evaluation of a Mobile App for Guiding Rabies Prophylaxis among Health-Care Professionals in India. Indian J Community Med 2020; 45:473-477. [PMID: 33623204 PMCID: PMC7877410 DOI: 10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_510_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The majority of dog-mediated human rabies as well as rabies-related human deaths are reported from low-income countries of Asia and Africa where access to appropriate postexposure prophylaxis is limited or nonexistent. At present, India is second in position after China in terms of having the highest number of mobile phone users surpassing the United States. Objective: In this context, we decided to develop a user-friendly, technically less demanding, mobile App for health-care professionals, which is accessible even without Internet facility. Methodology: The current study was conducted in four phases, namely assemblage of informational contents on rabies, development of the software, assessment of the reliability of the questionnaire tool and evaluation of the mobile App. The evaluation of App was conducted among physicians and nursing staffs in a tertiary care referral hospital. Results: The information content was prepared referring national and international guidelines. The App was designed with Hypertext Markup Language 5 for presentation on the World Wide Web and was coined the name of “RabiApp.” This is a hybrid App of the native App and web App, allowing the information to be stored in the local server. The mobile App was assessed using a validated and reliable questionnaire after confirming the internal consistency by means of Cronbach's alpha. The overall Cronbach's alpha for the main scale was 0.788, which was a respectable score. Conclusion: The developed App is a user-friendly, easily accessible platform, which can help health-care professionals in making decisions regarding rabies wound management, treatment, and prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muralidhar Swathi
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Sasidharanpillai Sabeena
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Jazeel Abdulmajeed
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Sarthak Pattanaik
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Oliver Dsa
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - H S Shubha
- School of Communications, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Muralidhar Varma
- Department of General Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Puneet Bhatt
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Nagaraja Ravishankar
- Department of Data Science, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Govindakarnavar Arunkumar
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka, India
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Arunkumar G, Devadiga S, McElroy AK, Prabhu S, Sheik S, Abdulmajeed J, Robin S, Sushama A, Jayaram A, Nittur S, Shakir M, Kumar KGS, Radhakrishnan C, Sakeena K, Vasudevan J, Reena KJ, Sarita RL, Klena JD, Spiropoulou CF, Laserson KF, Nichol ST. Adaptive Immune Responses in Humans During Nipah Virus Acute and Convalescent Phases of Infection. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 69:1752-1756. [PMID: 30615097 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nipah virus (NiV) is 1 of 10 potential causes of imminent public health emergencies of international concern. We investigated the NiV outbreak that occurred in May 2018 in Kerala, India. Here we describe the longitudinal characteristics of cell-mediated and humoral immune responses to NiV infection during the acute and convalescent phases in 2 human survivors. METHODS Serial blood samples were obtained from the only 2 survivors of the NiV outbreak in Kerala. We used flow cytometry to determine the absolute T-lymphocyte and B-lymphocyte counts and the phenotypes of both T and B cells. We also detected and quantitated the humoral immune response to NiV by virus-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Absolute numbers of T lymphocytes remained within normal limits throughout the period of illness studied in both survivors. However, a marked elevation of activated CD8 T cells was observed in both cases. More than 30% of total CD8 T cells expressed Ki67, indicating active proliferation. Proliferating (Ki-67+) CD8 T cells expressed high levels of granzyme B and PD-1, consistent with the profile of acute effector cells. Total B-lymphocyte, activated B-cell, and plasmablast counts were also elevated in NiV survivors. These individuals developed detectable NiV-specific IgM and IgG antibodies within a week of disease onset. Clearance of NiV RNA from blood preceded the appearance of virus-specific IgG and coincided with the peak of activated CD8 T cells. CONCLUSIONS We describe for the first time longitudinal kinetic data on the activation status of human B- and T-cell populations during acute NiV infection. While marked CD8 T-cell activation was observed with effector characteristics, activated CD4 T cells were less prominent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Santhosha Devadiga
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, India
| | - Anita K McElroy
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Suresh Prabhu
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, India
| | - Shahin Sheik
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, India
| | - Jazeel Abdulmajeed
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, India
| | - Sudandiradas Robin
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, India
| | - Aswathyraj Sushama
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, India
| | - Anup Jayaram
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, India
| | - Sudheesh Nittur
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, India
| | - Mohammed Shakir
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, India
| | | | | | - Karayil Sakeena
- Directorate of Health Services, Government of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Jayasree Vasudevan
- Directorate of Health Services, Government of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | | | | | - John D Klena
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | | | - Stuart T Nichol
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Dechaumes A, Bertin A, Sane F, Levet S, Varghese J, Charvet B, Gmyr V, Kerr-Conte J, Pierquin J, Arunkumar G, Pattou F, Perron H, Hober D. Coxsackievirus-B4 Infection Can Induce the Expression of Human Endogenous Retrovirus W in Primary Cells. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1335. [PMID: 32883004 PMCID: PMC7563422 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Endogenous Retrovirus W Envelope (HERV-W ENV) mRNA or protein can be found in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and exocrine pancreas of patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Further, previous observations have shown an association between enteroviral infection and development of T1D; specifically, coxsackievirus-B (CV-B) has been detected in the blood and pancreas of patients with T1D. Notably, viruses can activate HERV-W expression. Hence, we evaluated the effect of CV-B4 infection on HERV-W ENV mRNA expression. Primary human pancreatic ductal cells were obtained from five brain-dead donors. In the pancreatic cells of three donors, the HERV-W ENV mRNA level measured using RT-qPCR was upregulated upon CV-B4 infection. The HERV-W ENV protein was detected in the infected cells using the immunoblot assay. In human PBMCs inoculated with CV-B4 or when CV-B4 was incubated with an enhancing serum, the HERV-W ENV mRNA level was higher than the background RNA level. In monocyte-derived macrophages obtained from 5 of 13 donors, the HERV-W ENV mRNA level was higher in cultures inoculated with CV-B4 than in the control. Therefore, CV-B4 can upregulate or induce the transcription of a certain HERV-W ENV copy (or copies) in primary cell cultures, such as monocytes, macrophages, and pancreatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Dechaumes
- Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610 Univ Lille, CHU Lille, 59000 Lille, France; (A.D.); (A.B.); (F.S.); (J.V.)
| | - Antoine Bertin
- Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610 Univ Lille, CHU Lille, 59000 Lille, France; (A.D.); (A.B.); (F.S.); (J.V.)
| | - Famara Sane
- Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610 Univ Lille, CHU Lille, 59000 Lille, France; (A.D.); (A.B.); (F.S.); (J.V.)
| | - Sandrine Levet
- Geneuro Innovation, 69008 Lyon, France; (S.L.); (B.C.); (J.P.); (H.P.)
| | - Jennifer Varghese
- Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610 Univ Lille, CHU Lille, 59000 Lille, France; (A.D.); (A.B.); (F.S.); (J.V.)
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka 576104, India;
| | - Benjamin Charvet
- Geneuro Innovation, 69008 Lyon, France; (S.L.); (B.C.); (J.P.); (H.P.)
| | - Valéry Gmyr
- U1190 Univ Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, 59000 Lille, France; (V.G.); (J.K.-C.); (F.P.)
| | - Julie Kerr-Conte
- U1190 Univ Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, 59000 Lille, France; (V.G.); (J.K.-C.); (F.P.)
| | - Justine Pierquin
- Geneuro Innovation, 69008 Lyon, France; (S.L.); (B.C.); (J.P.); (H.P.)
| | | | - François Pattou
- U1190 Univ Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, 59000 Lille, France; (V.G.); (J.K.-C.); (F.P.)
| | - Hervé Perron
- Geneuro Innovation, 69008 Lyon, France; (S.L.); (B.C.); (J.P.); (H.P.)
- Geneuro SA, 1228 Geneva, Switzerland
- Faculté de Médecine Laënnec, Université de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Didier Hober
- Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610 Univ Lille, CHU Lille, 59000 Lille, France; (A.D.); (A.B.); (F.S.); (J.V.)
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Ujwal S, Sabeena S, Bhaskar R, D'Souza G, Santhosha D, Auti A, Kumar R, Ramachandran S, Hindol M, Aithal A, Bhandari Y, Jazeel A, Arunkumar G. Circulation of Asian-I and Cosmopolitan genotypes of Dengue-2 virus in northeast India, 2016-2017. J Vector Borne Dis 2020; 56:231-236. [PMID: 32655072 DOI: 10.4103/0972-9062.289402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Dengue is a major public health problem in northeast India where the majority of the cases go unreported and undiagnosed. Even though all four dengue serotypes are reported, there is a dearth of information on genetic diversity. The present cross-sectional study was undertaken during 2016-17 to determine the genetic variance of dengue virus serotype 2 (DENV-2) based on the envelope (E) glycoprotein gene. METHODS The serum samples collected from the northeast parts of India, as a part of hospital-based acute febrile illness surveillance, were serotyped. Viral RNA was extracted from DENV-2 serum samples using QIAquick® RNA Extraction Kit. The E gene was amplified by conventional reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and the PCR products were sequenced. RESULTS The E glycoprotein gene of nine serum samples with high viral RNA concentration (Ct <25) was sequenced. The E gene sequences of eight DENV-2 strains from Assam and Meghalaya aligned with genotype IV (Cosmopolitan) and one strain from Tripura segregated with Asian-I genotype. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION Ongoing laboratory-based surveillance is mandatory to understand the transmission dynamics of dengue in endemic countries. This study concluded that in northeast India, presently two distinct genotypes of DENV-2, namely genotype IVb (Cosmopolitan) and Asian-I genotype are in circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ujwal
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - S Sabeena
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - R Bhaskar
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - G D'Souza
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - D Santhosha
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - A Auti
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - R Kumar
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - S Ramachandran
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Maity Hindol
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - A Aithal
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Y Bhandari
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - A Jazeel
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - G Arunkumar
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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Sabeena S, Kuriakose S, Damodaran B, Ravishankar N, Arunkumar G. Human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA detection in uterine cervix cancer after radiation indicating recurrence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gynecol Oncol 2020; 31:e20. [PMID: 31912676 PMCID: PMC7044009 DOI: 10.3802/jgo.2020.31.e20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The causal association of human papillomavirus (HPV) in uterine cervical cancer was well established and this oncogenic virus was reported to be a biomarker for overall recurrence and central pelvic recurrence. The objective of the present systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the role of HPV DNA testing in early detection of recurrence among cervical cancer survivors after radiotherapy. METHODS We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis by means of searching electronic databases for published articles between January 1984 and June 2018, on the basis of standard systematic review guidelines prescribed by major agencies namely Cochrane Collaboration (https://www.cochrane.org) and Campbell Collaboration (https://www.campbellcollaboration.org). The meta-analysis component was further modified appropriately for the synthesis of sensitivity and specificity results. RESULTS A total of 1,055 cervical cancer cases who had received pelvic radiation with or without chemotherapy from ten cohort studies were evaluated. The overall pooled sensitivity and specificity of HPV DNA testing was 0.84 (95% confidence interval [CI]= 0.66-0.94) and 0.35 (95% CI=0.20-0.54) respectively. The positive likelihood ratio was 1.3 (95% CI=1.0-1.7) and the negative likelihood ratio was 0.45 (95% CI=0.18-1.10) with an estimated diagnostic odds ratio of 3 (95% CI=1-9). CONCLUSION The screening for HPV DNA testing during follow-up facilitates early detection of recurrence after radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Santhosh Kuriakose
- Gyneconcology Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, India
| | - Binesh Damodaran
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, India
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Potdar V, Vijay N, Gupta N, Arunkumar G, Borkakoty B, Malhotra B, Rabha D, Hinge D, Kaur H, Chadha M. Molecular characterization of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses circulating at various geographical locations in India, 2017. Indian J Med Res 2020; 149:783-789. [PMID: 31496532 PMCID: PMC6755778 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_925_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives Influenza virological surveillance is an essential tool for the early detection of novel genetic variants of epidemiologic and clinical significance. This study was aimed to genetically characterize A(H1N1)pdm09 virus circulating in 2017 and to compare it with the global data. Methods The regional/State Viral Research and Diagnostic Laboratories (VRDLs) provided influenza diagnosis for referred clinical samples and shared influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 positives with the Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology (ICMR-NIV), Pune, India, for hemagglutinin (HA) gene phylogenetic analysis. Sites at Manipal, Jaipur and Dibrugarh performed the sequencing and shared the sequence data for analysis. The antiviral susceptibility of influenza viruses was assessed for known molecular marker H275Y at the ICMR-NIV, Pune. Results All the eight VRDLs had well-established influenza diagnostic facilities and showed increased activity of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 during 2017. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the viruses from the different regions of the country were similar to A/Michigan/45/2015 strain which was the 2017-2018 recommended vaccine strain and were clustered with the globally circulating clade 6B.1 with signature mutations S84N, S162N and I216T. The clade 6B.1 showed further subgrouping with additional mutations S74R, S164T and I295V; however, there was no significant association between the presence of these mutations and severity of disease due to influenza. All the study viruses were sensitive to oseltamivir. Interpretation & conclusions During the study period, all the study sites reported globally circulating A/Michigan/45/2015 vaccine strain of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses and remained sensitive to oseltamivir. Further genetic and antigenic characterization of influenza viruses is recommended to address public health concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Potdar
- Influenza Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Neetu Vijay
- Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Nivedita Gupta
- Division of Epidemiology & Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, Headquarters, New Delhi, India
| | - G Arunkumar
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, India
| | | | - Bharti Malhotra
- Department of Microbiology, Sawai Man Singh Medical College, Jaipur, India
| | - Debajit Rabha
- Department of Microbiology, Guwahati Medical College, Guwahati, India
| | - Dilip Hinge
- Influenza Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Harmanmeet Kaur
- Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Mandeep Chadha
- Influenza Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
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Arunkumar G, Chandni R, Mourya DT, Singh SK, Sadanandan R, Sudan P, Bhargava B. Outbreak Investigation of Nipah Virus Disease in Kerala, India, 2018. J Infect Dis 2020; 219:1867-1878. [PMID: 30364984 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nipah Virus (NiV) is a highly fatal emerging zoonotic virus and a potential threat to global health security. Here we describe the characteristics of the NiV outbreak that occurred in Kerala, India, during May-June 2018. METHODS We used real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis of throat swab, blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid specimens to detect NiV. Further, the viral genome was sequenced and subjected to phylogenetic analysis. We conducted an epidemiologic investigation to describe the outbreak and elucidate the dynamics of NiV transmission. RESULTS During 2-29 May 2018, 23 cases were identified, including the index case; 18 were laboratory confirmed. The lineage of the NiV responsible for this outbreak was closer to the Bangladesh lineage. The median age of cases was 45 years; the sex of 15 (65%) was male. The median incubation period was 9.5 days (range, 6-14 days). Of the 23 cases, 20 (87%) had respiratory symptoms. The case-fatality rate was 91%; 2 cases survived. Risk factors for infection included close proximity (ie, touching, feeding, or nursing a NiV-infected person), enabling exposure to droplet infection. The public health response included isolation of cases, contact tracing, and enforcement of hospital infection control practices. CONCLUSION This is the first recorded NiV outbreak in South India. Early laboratory confirmation and an immediate public health response contained the outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govindakarnavar Arunkumar
- Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India.,Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Radhakrishnan Chandni
- Department of Health and Family Welfare, Government of Kerala, India.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | - Devendra T Mourya
- Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India.,National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sujeet K Singh
- Department of Health and Family Welfare, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India.,National Centre for Disease Control, Delhi, India
| | - Rajeev Sadanandan
- Department of Health and Family Welfare, Government of Kerala, India
| | - Preeti Sudan
- Department of Health and Family Welfare, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India
| | - Balram Bhargava
- Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India
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21
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N S, Hewson R, Afrough B, Bewley K, Arunkumar G. Development of a quantitative real-time RT-PCR assay that differentiates between Kyasanur Forest disease virus and Alkhurma hemorrhagic fever virus. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2020; 11:101381. [PMID: 32009000 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Kyasanur Forest disease virus (KFDV) and Alkhurma hemorrhagic fever virus (AHFV) are enveloped, positive-stranded RNA viruses of clinical importance with complex enzootic life cycles involving hematophagous ticks which feed on small and large mammals. Humans and monkeys are dead-end hosts for these viruses. Recent trends in epidemiological data suggest both virus incidences are steadily increasing and their geographical distribution expanding out of previously known circulation regions. For the detection and discrimination of these two closely related flaviviruses, we have developed quantitative real-time RT-PCR assays with 100 % sensitivity and 100 % specificity for KFDV, 100 % sensitivity and 99.4 % specificity for AHFV as determined using 550 clinical samples collected between 2015-2018 from Western Ghats region of India. This rapid and sensitive assay will enable researchers to accurately diagnose the presence of the virus during viremia in human and animal blood samples, and also from tick specimens. Incorporation of these new tests into a routine diagnosis will help in the diagnosis of KFDV as well as AHFV in the endemic areas and also would provide an early warning of the spread of this virus to newer regions with similar epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudheesh N
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Roger Hewson
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Babak Afrough
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Bewley
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Govindakarnavar Arunkumar
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka, India.
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22
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Mevis FM, Sabeena S, Sanjay R, Robin S, Devadiga S, Prasad V, Oliver D, Ameen A, Arunkumar G. Currently circulating genotypes of hepatitis E virus in India, 2014-2018. Indian J Med Microbiol 2019; 37:563-568. [PMID: 32436881 DOI: 10.4103/ijmm.ijmm_19_449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an emerging pathogen causing acute viral hepatitis worldwide. Clinical manifestations often occur in young adults with an increased mortality rate among pregnant women. HEV genotypes 1 and 4 are mainly reported among humans and swines, respectively. Aims The aim was to study the currently circulating genotypes of HEV in India. Materials and Methods A retrospective cross-sectional study was carried out at Manipal Institute of Virology to know the circulating genotypes of hepatitis E, spanning over 5 years from August 2014 to September 2018. The serum samples screened serologically positive and confirmed positive for active infection by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (Real Star® HEV RT-PCR Kit 2.0, Altona Diagnostics, GmbH, Hamburg, Germany) were further subjected to nested conventional PCR targeting the RdRp gene of non-structural ORF1 region. The purified PCR product was sequenced in BigDye Terminator v3.1 Cycle Sequencing Kit (Life Technologies, Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). The chromatograms obtained by sequencing were analysed using Sequencher 5.4.6, and HEV FASTA sequences were compared with reference sequences for HEV in GenBank Nucleotide Blast. Results During the study period, there were 317 cases of laboratory-confirmed cases of acute viral hepatitis comprising 202, 70, 43 and 2 cases of hepatitis A, E, B and C, respectively. Serum samples of 70 acute hepatitis cases were positive for anti-hepatitis E IgM. According to the clinical case classification, there were 66 cases of acute viral hepatitis and four cases of fulminant hepatic liver failure. The mean age of the patients was 30.3 years (standard deviation = 12.5). The samples from various parts of India were genotyped as 1a. Conclusion The HEV genotypes 1a was observed to be the currently circulating strain in the regions studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernandes M Mevis
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Ramachandran Sanjay
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Sudandiradas Robin
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Santhosha Devadiga
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Varamballi Prasad
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Dsa Oliver
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Alyusif Ameen
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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23
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Shilpa C, Kavitha K, Sudheesh N, Sabeena S, Prasad V, Hindol M, Arunkumar G. Estimating the seroprevalence of chikungunya virus exposure in Shimoga district, Karnataka state: A hospital-based study during 2014-2018. J Med Virol 2019; 92:119-123. [PMID: 31463940 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Chikungunya fever is a viral disease transmitted to humans by the bite of infected mosquitoes. The disease is characterized by fever, headache, rash, severe joint, and muscle pain. To evaluate the disease burden in the population and the effectiveness of public health measures, periodic seroprevalence surveys are essential. Chikungunya outbreaks were reported from many Asian countries since 2005, after more than three decades of disappearance. The study aimed to estimate the seroprevalence of the chikungunya virus in southern parts of Karnataka state, through demonstrating chikungunya virus-specific neutralizing antibodies. A cross-sectional study was carried out using 509 archived blood samples from a hospital-based acute febrile illness surveillance project, representative of the period between June 2014 and 2018. The study reported a 3.7% seroprevalence of chikungunya virus-neutralizing antibodies in Thirthahalli and Hosanagara taluks of South Karnataka. The low prevalence of chikungunya-neutralizing antibodies indicates that a major population is unexposed and prone to future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheerngod Shilpa
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, India
| | - Karunakaran Kavitha
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, India
| | - Nittur Sudheesh
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, India
| | - Sasidharanpillai Sabeena
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, India
| | - Varamballi Prasad
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, India
| | - Maity Hindol
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, India
| | - Govindakarnavar Arunkumar
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, India
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Rao C, Kaur H, Gupta N, Sabeena SP, Ambica R, Jain A, Yadav A, Dwibedi B, Malhotra B, Kakru DK, Biswas D, Savargaonkar D, Ganesan M, Sabat J, Dhingra K, Lalitha S, Valecha N, Madhavilatha P, Barde PV, Joshi PD, Sharma P, Gupta R, Ratho RK, Sidhu S, Shrivastava SS, Dutta S, Shantala GB, Imtiaz S, Sethi S, Kalawat U, Vijayachari P, Raj V, Vijay N, Borkakoty B, Barua P, Majumdar T, Arunkumar G. Geographical distribution of primary & secondary dengue cases in India - 2017: A cross-sectional multicentric study. Indian J Med Res 2019; 149:548-553. [PMID: 31411180 PMCID: PMC6676848 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_916_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives Dengue virus infection is endemic in India with all the four serotypes of dengue virus in circulation. This study was aimed to determine the geographic distribution of the primary and secondary dengue cases in India. Methods A multicentre cross-sectional study was conducted at Department of Health Research / Indian Council of Medical Research (DHR)/(ICMR) viral research and diagnostic laboratories (VRDLs) and selected ICMR institutes located in India. Only laboratory-confirmed dengue cases with date of onset of illness less than or equal to seven days were included between September and October 2017. Dengue NS1 antigen ELISA and anti-dengue IgM capture ELISA were used to diagnose dengue cases while anti-dengue IgG capture ELISA was used for identifying the secondary dengue cases. Results Of the 1372 dengue cases, 897 (65%) were classified as primary dengue and 475 (35%) as secondary dengue cases. However, the proportion varied widely geographically, with Theni, Tamil Nadu; Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh and Udupi-Manipal, Karnataka reporting more than 65 per cent secondary dengue cases while Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir reporting as low as 10 per cent of the same. The median age of primary dengue cases was 25 yr [interquartile range (IQR 17-35] while that of secondary dengue cases was 23 yr (IQR 13.5-34). Secondary dengue was around 50 per cent among the children belonging to the age group 6-10 yr while it ranged between 20-43 per cent among other age groups. Interpretation & conclusions Our findings showed a wide geographical variation in the distribution of primary and secondary dengue cases in India. It would prove beneficial to include primary and secondary dengue differentiation protocol in the national dengue surveillance programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitra Rao
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, India
| | - Harmanmeet Kaur
- Indian Council of Medical Research, Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, Bengaluru, India
| | - Nivedita Gupta
- Indian Council of Medical Research, Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, Bengaluru, India
| | - Sasidharan Pillai Sabeena
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, India
| | - R Ambica
- Department of Microbiology, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bengaluru, India
| | - Amita Jain
- Department of Microbiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Ashvini Yadav
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
| | | | - Bharti Malhotra
- Department of Microbiology, Sawai Man Singh Medical College and Attached Hospitals, Jaipur, India
| | - Dalip K Kakru
- Department of Microbiology, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India
| | - Debasis Biswas
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
| | | | - M Ganesan
- Department of Microbiology, Government Theni Medical College, Theni, India
| | | | | | - S Lalitha
- Department of Microbiology, Government Theni Medical College, Theni, India
| | - Neena Valecha
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Pamireddy Madhavilatha
- Department of Microbiology, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, India
| | - Pradip V Barde
- National Institute for Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, India
| | - Piyush D Joshi
- National Institute for Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, India
| | - Pratibha Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, Sawai Man Singh Medical College and Attached Hospitals, Jaipur, India
| | - Rajarshi Gupta
- ICMR-National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - R K Ratho
- Department of Virology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Shailpreet Sidhu
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Amritsar, India
| | | | - Shanta Dutta
- ICMR-National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - G B Shantala
- Department of Microbiology, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bengaluru, India
| | - Sheikh Imtiaz
- Department of Microbiology, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India
| | - Shveta Sethi
- Department of Virology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Usha Kalawat
- Department of Microbiology, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, India
| | - P Vijayachari
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair, India
| | - Vimal Raj
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair, India
| | - Neetu Vijay
- Indian Council of Medical Research, Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, Bengaluru, India
| | | | - Purnima Barua
- Department of Microbiology, Jorhat Medical College, Jorhat, India
| | - Tapan Majumdar
- Department of Microbiology, Agartala Government Medical College, Agartala, India
| | - Govindakarnavar Arunkumar
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, India
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Sabeena S, Kuriakose S, Binesh D, Abdulmajeed J, Dsouza G, Ramachandran A, Vijaykumar B, Aswathyraj S, Devadiga S, Ravishankar N, Arunkumar G. The Utility of Urine-Based Sampling for Cervical Cancer Screening in Low-Resource Settings. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2019; 20:2409-2413. [PMID: 31450914 PMCID: PMC6852825 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2019.20.8.2409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: WHO has recommended Visual Inspection with Acetic acid (VIA) or Human Papillomavirus (HPV) DNA testing if feasible, for cervical cancer screening in low income countries. However, the number of women undergoing screening is very low as a result of limited information, inadequate infrastructure and invasive nature of sampling. Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out comparing HPV DNA detection by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) in paired cervical and urine samples procured from histologically confirmed cervical cancer cases. Results: Amongst the samples collected from 114 cervical cancer cases, HPV DNA was tested positive in cervical samples of 89 (78.1%) and urine samples of 55 (48.2%) patients. The agreement between the two sampling methods was 66.7% and the kappa value was 0.35 indicating a fair agreement. The sensitivity of HPV detection using urine samples was 59.6% (95% confidence interval 49.16%-69.15%) and the specificity was 92% (95% confidence interval 75.0%-97.8%). Conclusion: Even though not acceptable as an HPV DNA screening tool due to low sensitivity, the urine sampling method is inexpensive and more socially acceptable for large epidemiological surveys in developing countries to estimate the burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasidharanpillai Sabeena
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka, India.
| | - Santhosh Kuriakose
- Gynecologic Oncology Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | - Damodaran Binesh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | - Jazeel Abdulmajeed
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka, India.
| | - Giselle Dsouza
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka, India.
| | - Amrutha Ramachandran
- Gynecologic Oncology Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | - Bindu Vijaykumar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | - Sushama Aswathyraj
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka, India.
| | - Santhosha Devadiga
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka, India.
| | - Nagaraja Ravishankar
- Department of Statistics, Prasanna School of Public health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnatka, India
| | - Govindakarnavar Arunkumar
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka, India.
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Chelluboina S, Robin S, Aswathyraj S, Arunkumar G. Persistence of antibody response in chikungunya. Virusdisease 2019; 30:469-473. [PMID: 31803816 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-019-00534-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya is a mosquito-borne viral illness associated with chronic arthritic symptoms that persist for months. The IgM antibody appears within a week post any infection and declines at 2-3 months. The present study was aimed to demonstrate the presence of specific IgM antibody among chikungunya confirmed cases. Blood samples were collected from chikungunya PCR positive patients at the time of diagnosis, at 1-week, 1, 8, 10 and 12 months post infection. All acute and follow-up serum samples were evaluated for chikungunya virus-specific IgM antibodies using ELISA technique. Our findings indicate the persistence of anti-chikungunya IgM up to 10-months post-infection in a majority of chikungunya virus infected persons. Interpretation of results should be carefully done as only IgM ELISA is used to diagnose acute infection, especially post chikungunya outbreak. The presence of IgM antibody does not rule out the absence of any other diagnosis due to its persistence. Thus, we hypothesize that real-time PCR is more reliable for the detection of acute chikungunya cases in endemic areas while IgM detection may be useful in identifying exposure to this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Chelluboina
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - S Robin
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - S Aswathyraj
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - G Arunkumar
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
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Thangaraj JWV, Vasanthapuram R, Machado L, Arunkumar G, Sodha SV, Zaman K, Bhatnagar T, Hameed SKS, Kumar A, Abdulmajeed J, Velayudhan A, Deoshatwar A, Desai AS, Kumar KH, Gupta N, Laserson K, Murhekar M. Risk Factors for Acquiring Scrub Typhus among Children in Deoria and Gorakhpur Districts, Uttar Pradesh, India, 2017. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 24:2364-2367. [PMID: 30457537 PMCID: PMC6256400 DOI: 10.3201/eid2412.180695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Scrub typhus is associated with outbreaks of acute encephalitis syndrome in Uttar Pradesh, India. A case-control study indicated that children residing, playing, or visiting fields; living with firewood stored indoors; handling cattle fodder; and practicing open defecation were at increased risk for scrub typhus. Communication messages should focus on changing these behaviors.
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Alladi CSH, Jagadesh A, Prabhu SG, Arunkumar G. Hemagglutination Inhibition Antibody Response Following Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Virus Natural Infection: A Cross-Sectional Study from Thirthahalli, Karnataka, India. Viral Immunol 2019; 32:230-233. [PMID: 31070522 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2019.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses are major respiratory pathogens that cause seasonal epidemics and occasional pandemics. Immune response to influenza viruses is majorly targeted against the hemagglutinin antigen. A laboratory-based retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on 50 acute and 50 follow-up samples to assess the immune response to influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus after natural infection and detect the presence of pre-existing antibodies against influenza A(H3N2) and influenza B viruses. Two-fourfold rise in hemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) titer was observed in 100% of the follow-up samples for influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus. No change in HAI titers for influenza A(H3N2) and influenza B viruses was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anitha Jagadesh
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India
| | - Suresha G Prabhu
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India
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29
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Nikitha S, Sabeena S, Robin S, Hiren D, Prasad V, Aswathyraj S, Devadiga S, Anup J, Arunkumar G. The prevalence of anti-hepatitis C antibody among acute febrile illness cases in Idar Taluk, Gujarat, West India. Indian J Med Microbiol 2019; 37:225-229. [PMID: 31745023 DOI: 10.4103/ijmm.ijmm_19_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The major cause of chronic hepatitis is infections with hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus (HCV) globally. However, there exists sparse epidemiological data regarding the prevalence of HCV infection from India. Methodology We carried out a cross-sectional study to estimate the prevalence of anti-HCV antibody among acute febrile illness cases aged between 1 and 65 years in Idar Taluk, Sabarkantha district, Gujarat state located in West India. A total of 702 serum samples collected from the study area during the year 2017, were screened for anti-hepatitis C IgG by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The serum samples screened positive were then subjected to molecular testing for confirmation. Results Among the 702 study participants screened, 16 cases were reported to be anti-HCV IgG positive with an estimated seroprevalence rate of 2.3% (95% confidence interval: 1.4%-3.7%). Out of the 16 cases, two samples were confirmed positive by molecular testing indicating active infection. When analysed phylogenetically, one strain was genotyped as HCV1b genotype, and the other one was clustered along with HCV3a genotype. Both the patients with hepatitis C infection were observed to be having a probable 1-year survival rate of 100% and a 2-year survival rate of 85% when the Child-Turcotte-Pugh classification was applied. Conclusion The estimated seroprevalence of hepatitis C in Idar Taluk, Sabarkantha district, west India was 2.3%. HCV genotypes 1b and 3a were observed to be circulating in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shekara Nikitha
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Sudandiradas Robin
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Dodia Hiren
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Varamballi Prasad
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Sushama Aswathyraj
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Santhosha Devadiga
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Jayaram Anup
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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Bhat SM, Mudgal PP, N S, Arunkumar G. Spectrum of candidate molecules against Chikungunya virus - an insight into the antiviral screening platforms. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2019; 17:243-264. [PMID: 30889372 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2019.1595591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chikungunya disease has undergone a phenomenal transition in its status from being recognized as a sporadic infection to acquiring a global prominence over the last couple of decades. The causative agent behind the explosive epidemics worldwide is the re-emerging pathogen, Chikungunya virus (CHIKV). Areas covered: The current review discusses all the possible avenues of antiviral research towards combating CHIKV infection. Aspects of antiviral drug discovery such as antiviral targets, candidate molecules screened, and the various criteria to be a potential inhibitor are all discussed at length. Existing antiviral drug screening tools for CHIKV and their applications are thoroughly described. Clinical trial status of agents with therapeutic potential has been updated with special mention of candidate molecules under patent approval. Databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Google Patent, and Clinical Trial Registry platforms were referred. Expert opinion: The massive outbreaks of Chikungunya viral disease in the recent past and the serious health concerns imposed thereby, have driven the search for effective therapeutics. The greatest challenge being the non-availability of robust, reproducible, cost-effective and biologically accurate assay models. Nevertheless, there is a need to identify good models mimicking the appropriate microenvironment of an infectious setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shree Madhu Bhat
- a Manipal Centre for Virus Research , Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University) , Manipal , Karnataka , India
| | - Piya Paul Mudgal
- a Manipal Centre for Virus Research , Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University) , Manipal , Karnataka , India
| | - Sudheesh N
- a Manipal Centre for Virus Research , Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University) , Manipal , Karnataka , India
| | - Govindakarnavar Arunkumar
- a Manipal Centre for Virus Research , Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University) , Manipal , Karnataka , India
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Naren Babu N, Jayaram A, Hemanth Kumar H, Pareet P, Pattanaik S, Auti AM, Abdulmajeed J, Maity H, Devadiga S, Bhandari Y, Agre Deepchand H, Shakir M, Kumar N, Arunkumar G. Spatial distribution of Haemaphysalis species ticks and human Kyasanur Forest Disease cases along the Western Ghats of India, 2017-2018. Exp Appl Acarol 2019; 77:435-447. [PMID: 30809731 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-019-00345-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) is a viral haemorrhagic fever, transmitted to humans and other hosts by a tick vector of genus Haemaphysalis. It affects 400-500 people annually in the Western Ghats region of India through spring to summer season. To understand the species composition, distribution, and abundance of Haemaphysalis ticks in endemic taluks (sub-districts) of India, a surveillance for ticks was conducted between October 2017 and January 2018. In total 105 sites were selected based on grid sampling from five taluks representing five KFD endemic states in south India. A sum of 8373 ticks were collected by using standard flagging method. The study showed a wide distribution of host seeking tick species among the selected taluks, wherein Haemaphysalis spinigera was predominant in 3/5 taluks, Haemaphysalis bispinosa in 1/5 taluks, and both the species in 1/5 taluks. Further, the H. spinigera abundance was categorised and compared with the incidence of human cases during the same season. The grids with very high and high H. spinigera abundance had 70% of the 205 human cases reported. This method of tick surveillance could be efficiently used as a standard model for KFD transmission risk assessment and prediction of impending outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Naren Babu
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research (Regional Reference Laboratory for Influenza Viruses and ICMR Virology Network Laboratory-Grade-I), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka State, 576104, India
| | - Anup Jayaram
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research (Regional Reference Laboratory for Influenza Viruses and ICMR Virology Network Laboratory-Grade-I), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka State, 576104, India
| | - H Hemanth Kumar
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research (Regional Reference Laboratory for Influenza Viruses and ICMR Virology Network Laboratory-Grade-I), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka State, 576104, India
| | - Prashant Pareet
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research (Regional Reference Laboratory for Influenza Viruses and ICMR Virology Network Laboratory-Grade-I), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka State, 576104, India
| | - Sarthak Pattanaik
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research (Regional Reference Laboratory for Influenza Viruses and ICMR Virology Network Laboratory-Grade-I), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka State, 576104, India
| | - Amogh Milind Auti
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research (Regional Reference Laboratory for Influenza Viruses and ICMR Virology Network Laboratory-Grade-I), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka State, 576104, India
| | - Jazeel Abdulmajeed
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research (Regional Reference Laboratory for Influenza Viruses and ICMR Virology Network Laboratory-Grade-I), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka State, 576104, India
| | - Hindol Maity
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research (Regional Reference Laboratory for Influenza Viruses and ICMR Virology Network Laboratory-Grade-I), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka State, 576104, India
| | - Santhosha Devadiga
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research (Regional Reference Laboratory for Influenza Viruses and ICMR Virology Network Laboratory-Grade-I), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka State, 576104, India
| | - Yuvraj Bhandari
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research (Regional Reference Laboratory for Influenza Viruses and ICMR Virology Network Laboratory-Grade-I), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka State, 576104, India
| | - H Agre Deepchand
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research (Regional Reference Laboratory for Influenza Viruses and ICMR Virology Network Laboratory-Grade-I), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka State, 576104, India
| | - Muhammed Shakir
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research (Regional Reference Laboratory for Influenza Viruses and ICMR Virology Network Laboratory-Grade-I), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka State, 576104, India
| | - Nishikant Kumar
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research (Regional Reference Laboratory for Influenza Viruses and ICMR Virology Network Laboratory-Grade-I), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka State, 576104, India
| | - Govindakarnavar Arunkumar
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research (Regional Reference Laboratory for Influenza Viruses and ICMR Virology Network Laboratory-Grade-I), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka State, 576104, India.
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Sathiakumar N, Tipre M, Wickremasinghe R, Bhat V, Kadir MM, Coggon D, Pathemeswaran A, Kamath R, Arunkumar G, Fatmi Z, Smith TL, Pattanshetty SM, Delzell E. Building global partnerships through shared curricula for an MPH programme in India and Sri Lanka. Glob Public Health 2019; 14:1360-1371. [PMID: 30773110 DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2019.1579850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To design and implement a locally relevant competency- based MPH programme. METHODS The demand for trained public health professionals in South Asia is enormous and growing, which created a unique opportunity for a Fogarty International Center-funded University of Alabama at Birmingham-South Asia [Aga Khan University, Pakistan; Manipal Academy of Higher Education, India; and University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka] international research training in environmental and occupational health (ITREOH) programme. In 2009, a Master of Public Health (MPH) degree programme was designed using a combination of competencies developed by the Association of School of Public Health, the World Health Organization and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. RESULTS A competency- based curriculum was developed with two specialty tracks in applied epidemiology and environmental and occupational health, emphasising applied practice and research. CONCLUSIONS This is the most comprehensive skill-based MPH programme in the region, which positions each institution as a regional leader in public health training. The success of the programme has been amply demonstrated by placements of graduated MPH students in leadership roles in public, private and academic sectors within their countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalini Sathiakumar
- a Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , USA
| | - Meghan Tipre
- a Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , USA
| | | | - Vinod Bhat
- c Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education University , Manipal , India
| | | | - David Coggon
- e Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton , Southampton , UK
| | | | | | - G Arunkumar
- c Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education University , Manipal , India
| | - Zafar Fatmi
- d Department of Community Health Science, Aga Khan University , Karachi , Pakistan
| | - Tamika L Smith
- a Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , USA
| | - Sanjay M Pattanshetty
- c Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education University , Manipal , India
| | - Elizabeth Delzell
- a Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , USA
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Sudhakara UP, Hebbar H, Arunkumar G, Sampathila N. A technology framework for remote patient care in dermatology for early diagnosis. Informatics in Medicine Unlocked 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2019.100171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Arunkumar G, Abdulmajeed J, Santhosha D, Aswathyraj S, Robin S, Jayaram A, Radhakrishnan C, Sajeeth KKG, Sakeena K, Jayasree V, Reena J, Sarita L. Persistence of Nipah Virus RNA in Semen of Survivor. Clin Infect Dis 2018; 69:377-378. [DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy1092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Govindakarnavar Arunkumar
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (deemed to be university), Manipal, Karnataka
| | - Jazeel Abdulmajeed
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (deemed to be university), Manipal, Karnataka
| | - Devadiga Santhosha
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (deemed to be university), Manipal, Karnataka
| | - Sushama Aswathyraj
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (deemed to be university), Manipal, Karnataka
| | - Sudandiradas Robin
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (deemed to be university), Manipal, Karnataka
| | - Anup Jayaram
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (deemed to be university), Manipal, Karnataka
| | | | | | - Karayil Sakeena
- Directorate of Health Services, Government of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Vasudevan Jayasree
- Directorate of Health Services, Government of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Joseph K Reena
- Directorate of Health Services, Government of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, India
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Vikas R, Prabhu SG, Mudgal PP, Shetty U, Karunakaran K, Jagadesh A, Auti A, Stansilaus RP, Nair S, Arunkumar G. HSV susceptibility to acyclovir - genotypic and phenotypic characterization. Antivir Ther 2018; 24:141-145. [PMID: 30507553 DOI: 10.3851/imp3279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infections due to drug-resistant herpes simplex viruses (HSV) represent an important clinical concern, especially in immunocompromised patients. The present study was aimed at detecting acyclovir (ACV) susceptibility in HSV clinical samples. METHODS A total of 13 HSV-positive clinical samples (5 HSV-1 and 8 HSV-2) recovered from patients (1 immunocompromised and 12 of unknown immune status) were included in the study. The genotypic analysis involved an initial UL23 (thymidine kinase) gene sequencing, followed by a confirmatory phenotypic assay using plaque reduction technique. RESULTS Two novel amino acid changes, A37V and H283N, were detected in HSV-1 positive clinical samples, which were found to be susceptible to acyclovir (half maximal effective concentration = 1.5 µM) by plaque reduction assay. CONCLUSIONS These two novel amino acid changes could be therefore considered as natural polymorphisms, a phenomenon widely associated with the HSV-UL23 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raksha Vikas
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Suresha G Prabhu
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Piya P Mudgal
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Ujwal Shetty
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Kavitha Karunakaran
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Anitha Jagadesh
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Amogh Auti
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Rithu P Stansilaus
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Sudheesh Nair
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Govindakarnavar Arunkumar
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka, India
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Sadanadan R, Arunkumar G, Laserson KF, Heretik KH, Singh S, Mourya DT, Gangakhedkar RR, Gupta N, Sharma R, Dhuria M, Jain SK, Nichol S, Gupta P, Bhargava B. Towards global health security: response to the May 2018 Nipah virus outbreak linked to Pteropus bats in Kerala, India. BMJ Glob Health 2018; 3:e001086. [PMID: 30483413 PMCID: PMC6231092 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2018-001086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Sadanadan
- Department of Health & Family Welfare, Government of Kerala, Kerala, India
| | - Govindakarnavar Arunkumar
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, India
| | - Kayla F Laserson
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, India Country Office, New Delhi, India.,Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, CDC Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Sujeet Singh
- National Centre for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, Delhi, India
| | - Devendra T Mourya
- National Institute of Virology, Indian Council of Medical Research, Government of India, Pune, India.,Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Government of India, Delhi, India
| | | | - Nivedita Gupta
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Government of India, Delhi, India
| | - Rajeev Sharma
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, India Country Office, New Delhi, India
| | - Meera Dhuria
- National Centre for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, Delhi, India
| | - Sudhir Kumar Jain
- National Centre for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, Delhi, India
| | - Stuart Nichol
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Promila Gupta
- Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Balram Bhargava
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Government of India, Delhi, India
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Sabeena S, Chandrabharani K, Ravishankar N, Arunkumar G. Classification of dengue cases in Southwest India based on the WHO systems-a retrospective analysis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2018; 112:479-485. [PMID: 30107616 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/try080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The WHO dengue classification 1997 was revised in 2009 and the revised classification system has now been in use for the past decade. This study was carried out to compare the 1997 and revised classifications in assessing the severity of dengue infection among all age groups during a dengue outbreak in southwest India. Methodology This retrospective cross-sectional study was carried out including serologically confirmed dengue cases. A total of 1033 dengue cases were classified on the basis of the 1997 WHO classification and 2009 revised classification. The statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS 15.0 for Windows (SPSSTM Inc, Chicago, IL, USA). Results Both the 1997 and revised WHO classifications were applied to 1033 confirmed dengue cases, including 692 males (67%) and 341 females (33%). The median age of the study participants was 23 years (IQR 10-33), including 112 (10.8%) children at and below the age of 5 years. The level of agreement between the two systems of classification was poor (kappa=0.143, 0.055-0.198, p-value <0.001). Conclusion A greater sensitivity and specificity of the revised classification was observed in comparison with the 1997 WHO classification. In the context of changing dengue epidemiology and geographical expansion, the revised classification is helpful in the identification of severe cases, facilitating timely management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasidharanpillai Sabeena
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, APEX Referral Laboratory for Arboviruses (NVBDCP), Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka
| | - Kiran Chandrabharani
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, APEX Referral Laboratory for Arboviruses (NVBDCP), Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka
| | - Nagaraja Ravishankar
- Department of Statistics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Govindakarnavar Arunkumar
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, APEX Referral Laboratory for Arboviruses (NVBDCP), Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka
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S A, Sabeena S, Bhat KG, Bharani KC, Ramachandran S, Arunkumar G. Coxsackievirus A6 (CV-A6) Encephalomyelitis in an Immunocompromised Child: a Case Report and Brief Review of the Literature. Jpn J Infect Dis 2018; 71:388-389. [PMID: 29848846 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2018.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aswathyraj S
- Manipal center for Virus Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education
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Dalakoti P, Ramaswamy B, Bhandarkar AM, Nayak DR, Sabeena S, Arunkumar G. Prevalence of HPV in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma in South West India. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2018; 71:657-664. [PMID: 31742038 DOI: 10.1007/s12070-018-1470-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
There are inconsistent reports regarding the role of HPV in the origin and progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The observed heterogeneity was mainly attributed to the social and cultural habits of the enrolled cases, discrepancies in the nature of samples procured and varying sensitivity of the assays employed for detection of HPV. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of HPV in OSCC in South West India. This was a cross sectional study conducted over a period extending from October 2015 to June 2017. This study involved Department of ENT-Head and Neck Surgery and Department of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education. Fifty histologically confirmed oral squamous cell carcinoma patients undergoing wide local excision of the tumour were enrolled for the study. Intraoperatively 4-5 mm of tissue samples were transported in sterile normal saline at 4-80 °C. The primary screening of tissue samples was performed by nested PCR using PGMY09/11 consensus primers and GP5+/6+ consensus primers and TaqMan based real time multiplex PCR for HPV-16, HPV-18, HPV-31 and HPV-45. All samples tested negative for HPV DNA by conventional nested PCR and TaqMan based real-time Multiplex PCR ruling out four common HPV subtypes such as HPV-16, 18, 31, 45. We did not find presence of HPV DNA in the tissues of patients with OSCC from southwest India. However, studies with more geographic representation from other parts of India are required before generalising our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Dalakoti
- 1Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka India
| | - Balakrishnan Ramaswamy
- 1Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka India
| | - Ajay M Bhandarkar
- 1Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka India
| | - Dipak Ranjan Nayak
- 1Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka India
| | - Sasidharanpillai Sabeena
- 2Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Govindakarnavar Arunkumar
- 2Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
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John TJ, Verghese VP, Arunkumar G, Gupta N, Swaminathan S. The syndrome of acute encephalitis in children in India: Need for new thinking. Indian J Med Res 2018; 146:158-161. [PMID: 29265016 PMCID: PMC5761025 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1497_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- T Jacob John
- 439 Civil Supplies Godown Lane, Kamalakshipuram, Vellore, India
| | | | | | - Nivedita Gupta
- Epidemiology & Communicable Diseases Division, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Soumya Swaminathan
- Department of Health Research, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
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Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections continue to be one of the most common sexually transmitted infections worldwide. The oncogenic potential of this virus was well established in anogenital malignancies and oropharyngeal cancers. Even though a fall in cervical cancer rates has been reported worldwide, the subsequent rise in HPV-associated head and neck cancers among men and women have been reported from developed countries, necessitating the vaccination of adolescent boys as well. The objective of this narrative review is to provide an update on the current status of HPV vaccination worldwide. This will be helpful for clinicians in counseling parents and guardians as this vaccine mainly targets sexually naïve preadolescents. An electronic search of the databases was carried out to retrieve information concerning HPV vaccine implementation between July 2006 and 2017, with special emphasis on the current viewpoints, controversies and ethical issues. Globally, 74 countries have implemented the HPV vaccine in the national immunization schedule, and this vaccine is listed as an essential medicine by WHO. About 60% of the low- and lower-middle-income countries have implemented the vaccine with financial assistance from Gavi and WHO. The HPV vaccine is a safe vaccine with no serious adverse effects as per the data available from developed nations as well as low/lower middle/upper middle-income countries. However, long-term follow-up is essential to substantiate the impact of the vaccination programs in cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasidharanpillai Sabeena
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Parvati V Bhat
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dr TMA Pai Hospital, MMMC, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Veena Kamath
- Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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Khatri S, Sabeena S, Arunkumar G, Mathew M. Utility of Platelet Parameters in Serologically Proven Dengue Cases with Thrombocytopenia. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus 2018; 34:703-706. [PMID: 30369744 DOI: 10.1007/s12288-018-0924-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, there is a rise in the incidence of dengue infection associated with multiple serotypes. Epidemiological studies have reported a higher incidence of severe dengue in secondary dengue infections. A rapid fall in platelet count associated with an increase in hematocrit above the baseline is one of the warning signs of plasma leakage. This study was undertaken to determine the utility of platelet indices such as mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width (PDW) and plateletcrit in dengue fever cases with thrombocytopenia. A hospital-based cross-sectional study was carried out between April and September 2014, among dengue patients with thrombocytopenia using platelet histograms. The study population included all the laboratory confirmed cases of dengue infection with thrombocytopenia admitted at Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Karnataka during the study period. The blood samples collected from serologically confirmed dengue patients with thrombocytopenia were analyzed using automated analyzer within 2 h of venipuncture. The platelet histograms (MPV, PDW, Plateletcrit) generated by the Beckman Coulter counter LH755™ and LH780™ series were assessed in dengue fever cases with thrombocytopenia. The mean platelet volume (MPV) was observed to be 9.01 fL (SD = 0.09). The mean platelet distribution width and median plateletcrit were 17.2% (SD = 0.98) and 0.47 (IQR 0.2-0.8) respectively. None of the study participants presented with bleeding manifestations. The present study revealed no significant changes of platelet parameters in dengue cases with thrombocytopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shradha Khatri
- 1Department of Pathology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Sasidharanpillai Sabeena
- 2Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - G Arunkumar
- 2Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Mary Mathew
- 1Department of Pathology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
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Pooja S, Sabeena S, Revti B, Sanjay R, Anjali A, Rajendra K, Aswathyraj S, Giselle D, Hindol M, Arunkumar G. Circulating Genotypes of Dengue-1 Virus in South West India, 2014-2015. Jpn J Infect Dis 2017; 70:663-665. [PMID: 28890510 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2017.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Dengue is the most prevalent arboviral disease affecting humans, with tropical and subtropical regions having the highest risk of dengue virus infections. The clinical symptoms often range from mild fever to fever with hemorrhagic manifestations and shock. Since 2010, India has been witnessing a marked increase in the number of dengue virus serotype 1 (DENV-1) infections, apart from those of serotypes 2 (DENV-2) and 3 (DENV-3). The present study was undertaken to understand the circulating genotypes of DENV-1 in South West India, by sequencing the envelope gene of DENV-1 samples representative of the 2014-2015 time period. The extracted RNAs from dengue NS1 antigen ELISA-positive samples, archived at the APEX Referral Laboratory for Arboviruses (National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme, Manipal Centre for Virus Research), were used for the study. The currently circulating genotypes of DENV-1 identified from the study area belong to genotypes V and I. Multicentric laboratory-based studies analyzing the envelope gene of all dengue serotypes are required from endemic countries like India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shetty Pooja
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal University
| | | | - Bhaskar Revti
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal University
| | | | - Aithal Anjali
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal University
| | | | | | | | - Maity Hindol
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal University
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Arunkumar G, Murugan AK, Nagarajan M, Ajay C, Rajaraman R, Munirajan AK. Absence of the frequently reported PIK3CA, CASP8, and NOTCH1 mutations in South Indian oral cancers. Oral Dis 2017; 23:669-673. [PMID: 28181739 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Somatic mutations of the PIK3CA, CASP8, and NOTCH1 have been frequently detected in various human cancers. Our study aimed to analyze the mutational status of these genes in South Indian oral cancers. SUBJECTS AND METHODS We performed mutational analysis of the PIK3CA (exons 9 and 20), CASP8 (exon 9), and NOTCH1 (exons 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9) genes in 96, 48, and 44 oral cancer samples, respectively. All the specified exons were PCR (polymerase chain reaction)-amplified and directly sequenced by Sanger sequencing. RESULTS PIK3CA gene mutations were not found; however, a synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) [rs17849079] was observed frequently [35/96 (36.4%)] in oral cancer samples. Further, no mutations were detected in the CASP8 gene, but observed a frequent [32/48 (66.6%)] SNP [rs1045487] in the oral cancer samples. We did not detect any mutation in the NOTCH1 gene (exons 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9) in all the [0/44] analyzed oral cancer samples. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study that reports the status of the PIK3CA, CASP8, and NOTCH1 mutations in South Indian oral cancer samples. Our study suggests that either mutations in these genes are uncommon in South Indian oral cancer samples or likely other genes in this pathway might be mutated.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Arunkumar
- Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Chennai, India
| | - A K Murugan
- Department of Molecular Oncology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - M Nagarajan
- Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Chennai, India
| | - C Ajay
- Center for Oncology, Royapettah Government Hospital and Kilpauk Medical College, Chennai, India
| | - R Rajaraman
- Center for Oncology, Royapettah Government Hospital and Kilpauk Medical College, Chennai, India
| | - A K Munirajan
- Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Chennai, India
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Zadeh VR, Jagadesh A, Krishnan A, Arunkumar G. Detection of D151G/N mutations in the neuraminidase gene of influenza A (H3N2) viruses by real-time RT-PCR allelic discrimination assay. J Med Virol 2017; 89:1174-1178. [PMID: 28004398 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at D151 position of neuraminidase (NA) gene of influenza A (H3N2) virus has been associated with drug resistance and increased binding affinity. NA-D151G/N-substitutions of influenza A (H3N2) viruses are frequently induced and selected by culturing in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell lines. It is important to consider and exclude D151G/N mutants after isolation of influenza virus in MDCK cell line; since, the substitutions can highly influence the results of experimental research. The study aims to develop an allelic discrimination real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the screening of D151G/N mutants. Thirty-six influenza A (H3N2) virus isolates were included and screened for D151G/N mutants using allelic discrimination assay. Out of the 36 isolates, 11 isolates (30.5%) were detected as heterozygous for D and G/N substitutions. Twenty-one (58.3%) isolates were identified as homozygous wild type and four isolates (11.1%) were undetermined. Isolates with substitutions at D151 position were sequenced by Sanger sequencing method. The present study demonstrates a rapid and convenient method for primary screening of the mutation after culturing of the influenza virus in MDCK cell lines in order to avoid potential misinterpretations of results and improve the quality of experimental research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Rajabali Zadeh
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Regional Reference Laboratory for Influenza Virus and ICMR Grade-I Virus Diagnostic Laboratory, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Anitha Jagadesh
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Regional Reference Laboratory for Influenza Virus and ICMR Grade-I Virus Diagnostic Laboratory, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Anjana Krishnan
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Regional Reference Laboratory for Influenza Virus and ICMR Grade-I Virus Diagnostic Laboratory, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Govindakarnavar Arunkumar
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Regional Reference Laboratory for Influenza Virus and ICMR Grade-I Virus Diagnostic Laboratory, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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Sabeena S, Bhat P, Kamath V, Arunkumar G. Possible non-sexual modes of transmission of human papilloma virus. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2017; 43:429-435. [DOI: 10.1111/jog.13248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Parvati Bhat
- Dr T.M.A. Pai Hospital; Manipal University; Manipal Karnataka India
| | - Veena Kamath
- Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College; Manipal University; Manipal Karnataka India
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Sabeena S, Bhat P, Kamath V, Mathew M, Aswathyraj S, Devadiga S, Prabhu S, Hindol M, Chameetachal A, Krishnan A, Arunkumar G. Detection of Genital HPV Infection Using Urine Samples: a Population Based Study in India. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2017; 17:1083-8. [PMID: 27039728 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2016.17.3.1083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical cancer is the second commonest cancer among Indian women and its association with human papilloma virus (HPV) is well established. This preventable cancer accounts for the maximum number of cancer related deaths among rural Indian women. Unlike in developed countries there are no organized cervical cancer screening programmes in India due to lack of resources and manpower. OBJECTIVE To detect genital HPV infection using urine samples among asymptomatic rural women in the age group of 18-65 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study area chosen was Perdoor village in Udupi Taluk, Karnataka State and all the women in the age group of 18-65 years formed the study cohort. A cross sectional study was conducted by house visits and 1,305 women were enrolled in the study. After taking written informed consent a data sheet was filled and early stream random urine samples were collected, transported to a laboratory at 4OC and aliquoted. Samples were tested using nested HPV PCR with PGMY09/11 and GP5+/6+ primers. Positive cases were genotyped by sequence analysis. RESULTS Study participants included 1,134 sexually active and 171 unmarried women with a mean age at marriage of 22.1 (SD=3.9) years. Study area showed high female literacy rate of 86.6%. Five urine samples tested positive for HPV DNA (0.4%). CONCLUSIONS We found very low genital HPV infection rate among women from monogamous community. This is the first major population based study carried out among asymptomatic rural women to detect genital HPV infectio from Karnataka using urine samples.
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Sabeena S, Bhat PV, Kamath V, Bhat SK, Nair S, n R, Chandrabharani K, Arunkumar G. Community-Based Prevalence of Genital Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) Infection: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2017; 18:145-154. [PMID: 28240509 PMCID: PMC5563091 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2017.18.1.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Cervical cancer probably represents the best-studied human cancer caused by a viral infection and the causal association of this preventable cancer with human papilloma virus (HPV) is well established. Worldwide there is a scarcity of data regarding HPV prevalence with vast differences existing among populations. Objective: The aim of this meta-analysis was to determine the community-based HPV prevalence estimates among asymptomatic women from urban and rural set ups and in participants of cancer screening clinics. Study design: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: PubMed-Medline, CINAHL, Scopus, and Google scholar were systematically searched for studies providing prevalence data for HPV infection among asymptomatic women between 1986 and 2016. Results: The final analysis included 32 studies comprising a population of 224,320 asymptomatic women. The overall pooled HPV prevalence was 11% (95% confidence interval (CI), 9%-12%). The pooled HPV prevalence of 11% (95% CI, 9%-11%) was observed among women attending cervical cancer screening clinics. The pooled HPV prevalences were 10% (95% CI 8%-12%) and 11% (95% CI 4%-18%) from urban and rural areas respectively, indicating higher infection rates among the rural women with the least access to cancer screening and cancer care. Conclusion: The prevalence rates in this systematic quantitative review provide a reliable estimate of the burden of HPV infection among asymptomatic women from developed as well as developing nations. Rural women and women attending cervical cancer screening programmes feature higher genital HPV prevalences compared to their urban counterparts.
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Suresha PG, Akhil C, Anjali A, Giselle DR, Revti B, Arunkumar G. Human coronaviruses in severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) cases in southwest India. J Med Virol 2016; 88:163-5. [PMID: 26512711 PMCID: PMC7166866 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Acute viral respiratory infections (AVRI) are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among all age groups globally. Except for Influenza virus and Respiratory Syncytial virus, mostly viral aetiology of AVRI remains undiagnosed. Lately, human coronaviruses (HCoVs) have emerged as an important aetiology of AVRI. A laboratory based retrospective cross sectional study was conducted in which respiratory samples (throat swabs) of patients (n = 864), with Influenza negative SARI, of all age groups between Jan 2011–Dec 2012 were tested for HCoVs including MERS‐CoV using Conventional and real time PCR assays. The prevalence of HCoV among SARI cases was 1.04% (9/864) [95% CI: 0.36–1.72]. Of these four (44.44%) were identified as HCoV OC43, three (33.33%) as HCoV NL63 and two (22.22%) as HCoV 229E. No HCoV HKU1 was detected. The samples were also negative for SARS‐CoV and MERS‐CoV. The results of this study documents low prevalence of human coronaviruses in SARI cases in south western India and the absence of highly pathogenic human coronaviruses. As the study included only SARI cases the prevalence reported could be an under estimate when it is extrapolated to community. J. Med. Virol. 88:163–165, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhu G Suresha
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal University, Karnataka, Manipal, India
| | - Chameettachal Akhil
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal University, Karnataka, Manipal, India
| | - Aithal Anjali
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal University, Karnataka, Manipal, India
| | - Dsouza R Giselle
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal University, Karnataka, Manipal, India
| | - Bhaskar Revti
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal University, Karnataka, Manipal, India
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Jagadesh A, Salam AAA, Zadeh VR, Arunkumar G. Genetic analysis of neuraminidase gene of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus circulating in Southwest India from 2009 to 2012. J Med Virol 2016; 89:202-212. [PMID: 27380821 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Genetic analysis of neuraminidase gene sequences in 23 archived isolates of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus, isolated during the 2009-2012 influenza seasons, was carried out to determine the genetic variability. Amino acid substitutions were observed at the rates of 0.3-0.7% per year. The catalytic site consisting of 8 functional and 11 framework residues were found conserved in 20 isolates and mutated in three (E228G, E278G, and N295T) isolates. To the best of our knowledge the three catalytic site mutants observed in our study have not been reported elsewhere to date. Similarly, mutations in the antigenic sites (K217E, K254E, V267A, and D451E except I263V) are discussed for the first time through this article. The effect of these mutations on drug and antibody binding were analyzed using biochemical and structural studies. Detailed studies on the neuraminidase gene are sparse and our study may serve as an appropriate platform to gain insights about the evolution of influenza virus, thereby facilitating drugs/vaccines design and development. J. Med. Virol. 89:202-212, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anitha Jagadesh
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Regional Reference Laboratory for Influenza Virus and ICMR Virology Network Laboratory-Grade I, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Abdul Ajees Abdul Salam
- Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Vahid Rajabali Zadeh
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Regional Reference Laboratory for Influenza Virus and ICMR Virology Network Laboratory-Grade I, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Govindakarnavar Arunkumar
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Regional Reference Laboratory for Influenza Virus and ICMR Virology Network Laboratory-Grade I, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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