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Miesner F, Overduin PP, Grosse G, Strauss J, Langer M, Westermann S, Schneider von Deimling T, Brovkin V, Arndt S. Subsea permafrost organic carbon stocks are large and of dominantly low reactivity. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9425. [PMID: 37296305 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36471-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Subsea permafrost carbon pools below the Arctic shelf seas are a major unknown in the global carbon cycle. We combine a numerical model of sedimentation and permafrost evolution with simplified carbon turnover to estimate accumulation and microbial decomposition of organic matter on the pan-Arctic shelf over the past four glacial cycles. We find that Arctic shelf permafrost is a globally important long-term carbon sink storing 2822 (1518-4982) Pg OC, double the amount stored in lowland permafrost. Although currently thawing, prior microbial decomposition and organic matter aging limit decomposition rates to less than 48 Tg OC/yr (25-85) constraining emissions due to thaw and suggesting that the large permafrost shelf carbon pool is largely insensitive to thaw. We identify an urgent need to reduce uncertainty in rates of microbial decomposition of organic matter in cold and saline subaquatic environments. Large emissions of methane more likely derive from older and deeper sources than from organic matter in thawing permafrost.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Miesner
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany.
| | - P P Overduin
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany
| | - G Grosse
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Geosciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - J Strauss
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany
| | - M Langer
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S Westermann
- Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Biogeochemistry in the Anthropocene, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - V Brovkin
- Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
- CEN, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - S Arndt
- BGeoSys, Department of Geosciences, Environment and Society, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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2
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Yang S, Anthony SE, Jenrich M, In 't Zandt MH, Strauss J, Overduin PP, Grosse G, Angelopoulos M, Biskaborn BK, Grigoriev MN, Wagner D, Knoblauch C, Jaeschke A, Rethemeyer J, Kallmeyer J, Liebner S. Microbial methane cycling in sediments of Arctic thermokarst lagoons. Glob Chang Biol 2023; 29:2714-2731. [PMID: 36811358 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Thermokarst lagoons represent the transition state from a freshwater lacustrine to a marine environment, and receive little attention regarding their role for greenhouse gas production and release in Arctic permafrost landscapes. We studied the fate of methane (CH4 ) in sediments of a thermokarst lagoon in comparison to two thermokarst lakes on the Bykovsky Peninsula in northeastern Siberia through the analysis of sediment CH4 concentrations and isotopic signature, methane-cycling microbial taxa, sediment geochemistry, lipid biomarkers, and network analysis. We assessed how differences in geochemistry between thermokarst lakes and thermokarst lagoons, caused by the infiltration of sulfate-rich marine water, altered the microbial methane-cycling community. Anaerobic sulfate-reducing ANME-2a/2b methanotrophs dominated the sulfate-rich sediments of the lagoon despite its known seasonal alternation between brackish and freshwater inflow and low sulfate concentrations compared to the usual marine ANME habitat. Non-competitive methylotrophic methanogens dominated the methanogenic community of the lakes and the lagoon, independent of differences in porewater chemistry and depth. This potentially contributed to the high CH4 concentrations observed in all sulfate-poor sediments. CH4 concentrations in the freshwater-influenced sediments averaged 1.34 ± 0.98 μmol g-1 , with highly depleted δ13 C-CH4 values ranging from -89‰ to -70‰. In contrast, the sulfate-affected upper 300 cm of the lagoon exhibited low average CH4 concentrations of 0.011 ± 0.005 μmol g-1 with comparatively enriched δ13 C-CH4 values of -54‰ to -37‰ pointing to substantial methane oxidation. Our study shows that lagoon formation specifically supports methane oxidizers and methane oxidation through changes in pore water chemistry, especially sulfate, while methanogens are similar to lake conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sizhong Yang
- GFZ German Research Center for Geosciences, Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, Section Geomicrobiology, Potsdam, Germany
- Cryosphere Research Station on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Sara E Anthony
- Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Maren Jenrich
- Permafrost Research Section, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Geosciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Michiel H In 't Zandt
- Department of Microbiology, RIBES, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Earth System Science Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jens Strauss
- Permafrost Research Section, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Pier Paul Overduin
- Permafrost Research Section, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Guido Grosse
- Permafrost Research Section, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Geosciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Michael Angelopoulos
- Permafrost Research Section, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Boris K Biskaborn
- Polar Terrestrial Environmental Systems Section, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Mikhail N Grigoriev
- Laboratory of General Geocryology, Melnikov Permafrost Institute, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yakutsk, Russia
| | - Dirk Wagner
- GFZ German Research Center for Geosciences, Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, Section Geomicrobiology, Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Geosciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Christian Knoblauch
- Institute of Soil Science, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Jaeschke
- Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Janet Rethemeyer
- Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jens Kallmeyer
- GFZ German Research Center for Geosciences, Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, Section Geomicrobiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Susanne Liebner
- GFZ German Research Center for Geosciences, Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, Section Geomicrobiology, Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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3
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Langer M, von Deimling TS, Westermann S, Rolph R, Rutte R, Antonova S, Rachold V, Schultz M, Oehme A, Grosse G. Thawing permafrost poses environmental threat to thousands of sites with legacy industrial contamination. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1721. [PMID: 36977724 PMCID: PMC10050325 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37276-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Industrial contaminants accumulated in Arctic permafrost regions have been largely neglected in existing climate impact analyses. Here we identify about 4500 industrial sites where potentially hazardous substances are actively handled or stored in the permafrost-dominated regions of the Arctic. Furthermore, we estimate that between 13,000 and 20,000 contaminated sites are related to these industrial sites. Ongoing climate warming will increase the risk of contamination and mobilization of toxic substances since about 1100 industrial sites and 3500 to 5200 contaminated sites located in regions of stable permafrost will start to thaw before the end of this century. This poses a serious environmental threat, which is exacerbated by climate change in the near future. To avoid future environmental hazards, reliable long-term planning strategies for industrial and contaminated sites are needed that take into account the impacts of cimate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Langer
- Permafrost Research Section, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany.
- Department of Earth Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Thomas Schneider von Deimling
- Permafrost Research Section, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany
- Geography Department, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Westermann
- Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Biogeochemistry in the Anthropocene, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rebecca Rolph
- Permafrost Research Section, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany
- Geography Department, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Sofia Antonova
- Permafrost Research Section, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Volker Rachold
- German Arctic Office, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Alexander Oehme
- Permafrost Research Section, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany
- Geography Department, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Guido Grosse
- Permafrost Research Section, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Geosciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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4
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Alempic JM, Lartigue A, Goncharov AE, Grosse G, Strauss J, Tikhonov AN, Fedorov AN, Poirot O, Legendre M, Santini S, Abergel C, Claverie JM. An Update on Eukaryotic Viruses Revived from Ancient Permafrost. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020564. [PMID: 36851778 PMCID: PMC9958942 DOI: 10.3390/v15020564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
One quarter of the Northern hemisphere is underlain by permanently frozen ground, referred to as permafrost. Due to climate warming, irreversibly thawing permafrost is releasing organic matter frozen for up to a million years, most of which decomposes into carbon dioxide and methane, further enhancing the greenhouse effect. Part of this organic matter also consists of revived cellular microbes (prokaryotes, unicellular eukaryotes) as well as viruses that have remained dormant since prehistorical times. While the literature abounds on descriptions of the rich and diverse prokaryotic microbiomes found in permafrost, no additional report about "live" viruses have been published since the two original studies describing pithovirus (in 2014) and mollivirus (in 2015). This wrongly suggests that such occurrences are rare and that "zombie viruses" are not a public health threat. To restore an appreciation closer to reality, we report the preliminary characterizations of 13 new viruses isolated from seven different ancient Siberian permafrost samples, one from the Lena river and one from Kamchatka cryosol. As expected from the host specificity imposed by our protocol, these viruses belong to five different clades infecting Acanthamoeba spp. but not previously revived from permafrost: Pandoravirus, Cedratvirus, Megavirus, and Pacmanvirus, in addition to a new Pithovirus strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marie Alempic
- IGS, Information Génomique & Structurale (UMR7256), Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée (FR 3489), Institut Microbiologie, Bioénergies et Biotechnologie, and Institut Origines, CNRS, Aix Marseille University, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Audrey Lartigue
- IGS, Information Génomique & Structurale (UMR7256), Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée (FR 3489), Institut Microbiologie, Bioénergies et Biotechnologie, and Institut Origines, CNRS, Aix Marseille University, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Artemiy E. Goncharov
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Epidemiology, Parasitology and Disinfectology, Northwestern State Medical Mechnikov University, Saint Petersburg 195067, Russia
| | - Guido Grosse
- Permafrost Research Section, Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Geosciences, University of Potsdam, 14478 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jens Strauss
- Permafrost Research Section, Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Alexey N. Tikhonov
- Laboratory of Theriology, Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Science, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | | | - Olivier Poirot
- IGS, Information Génomique & Structurale (UMR7256), Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée (FR 3489), Institut Microbiologie, Bioénergies et Biotechnologie, and Institut Origines, CNRS, Aix Marseille University, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Matthieu Legendre
- IGS, Information Génomique & Structurale (UMR7256), Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée (FR 3489), Institut Microbiologie, Bioénergies et Biotechnologie, and Institut Origines, CNRS, Aix Marseille University, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Sébastien Santini
- IGS, Information Génomique & Structurale (UMR7256), Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée (FR 3489), Institut Microbiologie, Bioénergies et Biotechnologie, and Institut Origines, CNRS, Aix Marseille University, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Chantal Abergel
- IGS, Information Génomique & Structurale (UMR7256), Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée (FR 3489), Institut Microbiologie, Bioénergies et Biotechnologie, and Institut Origines, CNRS, Aix Marseille University, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Michel Claverie
- IGS, Information Génomique & Structurale (UMR7256), Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée (FR 3489), Institut Microbiologie, Bioénergies et Biotechnologie, and Institut Origines, CNRS, Aix Marseille University, 13288 Marseille, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-413-946-777
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5
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Tape KD, Clark JA, Jones BM, Kantner S, Gaglioti BV, Grosse G, Nitze I. Expanding beaver pond distribution in Arctic Alaska, 1949 to 2019. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7123. [PMID: 35504957 PMCID: PMC9065087 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09330-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Beavers were not previously recognized as an Arctic species, and their engineering in the tundra is considered negligible. Recent findings suggest that beavers have moved into Arctic tundra regions and are controlling surface water dynamics, which strongly influence permafrost and landscape stability. Here we use 70 years of satellite images and aerial photography to show the scale and magnitude of northwestward beaver expansion in Alaska, indicated by the construction of over 10,000 beaver ponds in the Arctic tundra. The number of beaver ponds doubled in most areas between ~ 2003 and ~ 2017. Earlier stages of beaver engineering are evident in ~ 1980 imagery, and there is no evidence of beaver engineering in ~ 1952 imagery, consistent with observations from Indigenous communities describing the influx of beavers over the period. Rapidly expanding beaver engineering has created a tundra disturbance regime that appears to be thawing permafrost and exacerbating the effects of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken D Tape
- Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, USA.
| | - Jason A Clark
- Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, USA
| | - Benjamin M Jones
- Institute of Northern Engineering, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, USA
| | | | - Benjamin V Gaglioti
- Institute of Northern Engineering, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, USA
| | - Guido Grosse
- Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Alfred Wegener Institute, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Ingmar Nitze
- Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Alfred Wegener Institute, Potsdam, Germany
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6
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Rigou S, Christo-Foroux E, Santini S, Goncharov A, Strauss J, Grosse G, Fedorov AN, Labadie K, Abergel C, Claverie JM. Metagenomic survey of the microbiome of ancient Siberian permafrost and modern Kamchatkan cryosols. Microlife 2022; 3:uqac003. [PMID: 37223356 PMCID: PMC10117733 DOI: 10.1093/femsml/uqac003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In the context of global warming, the melting of Arctic permafrost raises the threat of a reemergence of microorganisms some of which were shown to remain viable in ancient frozen soils for up to half a million years. In order to evaluate this risk, it is of interest to acquire a better knowledge of the composition of the microbial communities found in this understudied environment. Here, we present a metagenomic analysis of 12 soil samples from Russian Arctic and subarctic pristine areas: Chukotka, Yakutia and Kamchatka, including nine permafrost samples collected at various depths. These large datasets (9.2 × 1011 total bp) were assembled (525 313 contigs > 5 kb), their encoded protein contents predicted, and then used to perform taxonomical assignments of bacterial, archaeal and eukaryotic organisms, as well as DNA viruses. The various samples exhibited variable DNA contents and highly diverse taxonomic profiles showing no obvious relationship with their locations, depths or deposit ages. Bacteria represented the largely dominant DNA fraction (95%) in all samples, followed by archaea (3.2%), surprisingly little eukaryotes (0.5%), and viruses (0.4%). Although no common taxonomic pattern was identified, the samples shared unexpected high frequencies of β-lactamase genes, almost 0.9 copy/bacterial genome. In addition to known environmental threats, the particularly intense warming of the Arctic might thus enhance the spread of bacterial antibiotic resistances, today's major challenge in public health. β-Lactamases were also observed at high frequency in other types of soils, suggesting their general role in the regulation of bacterial populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Rigou
- IGS, Information Génomique & Structurale (UMR7256), Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée (FR 3489), CNRS, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, 13288, France
| | - Eugène Christo-Foroux
- IGS, Information Génomique & Structurale (UMR7256), Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée (FR 3489), CNRS, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, 13288, France
| | - Sébastien Santini
- IGS, Information Génomique & Structurale (UMR7256), Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée (FR 3489), CNRS, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, 13288, France
| | - Artemiy Goncharov
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Epidemiology, Parasitology and Disinfectology, Northwestern State Medical Mechnikov University, Saint Petersburg, 195067, Russia
| | - Jens Strauss
- Permafrost Research Section, Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Guido Grosse
- Permafrost Research Section, Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Geosciences, University of Potsdam, 14478 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Alexander N Fedorov
- Melnikov Permafrost Institute, 677010 Yakutsk, Russia
- BEST International Centre, North-Eastern Federal University, 677027 Yakutsk, Russia
| | - Karine Labadie
- Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Évry, 91000, France
| | - Chantal Abergel
- IGS, Information Génomique & Structurale (UMR7256), Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée (FR 3489), CNRS, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, 13288, France
| | - Jean-Michel Claverie
- Corresponding author: Laboratoire Information Génomique et Structurale (IGS) UMR7256, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Parc Scientifique de Luminy – 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288, Marseille cedex 09, France. Tél: 04 13 94 67 77; E-mail:
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7
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Mann PJ, Strauss J, Palmtag J, Dowdy K, Ogneva O, Fuchs M, Bedington M, Torres R, Polimene L, Overduin P, Mollenhauer G, Grosse G, Rachold V, Sobczak WV, Spencer RGM, Juhls B. Degrading permafrost river catchments and their impact on Arctic Ocean nearshore processes. Ambio 2022; 51:439-455. [PMID: 34850356 PMCID: PMC8692538 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-021-01666-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Arctic warming is causing ancient perennially frozen ground (permafrost) to thaw, resulting in ground collapse, and reshaping of landscapes. This threatens Arctic peoples' infrastructure, cultural sites, and land-based natural resources. Terrestrial permafrost thaw and ongoing intensification of hydrological cycles also enhance the amount and alter the type of organic carbon (OC) delivered from land to Arctic nearshore environments. These changes may affect coastal processes, food web dynamics and marine resources on which many traditional ways of life rely. Here, we examine how future projected increases in runoff and permafrost thaw from two permafrost-dominated Siberian watersheds-the Kolyma and Lena, may alter carbon turnover rates and OC distributions through river networks. We demonstrate that the unique composition of terrestrial permafrost-derived OC can cause significant increases to aquatic carbon degradation rates (20 to 60% faster rates with 1% permafrost OC). We compile results on aquatic OC degradation and examine how strengthening Arctic hydrological cycles may increase the connectivity between terrestrial landscapes and receiving nearshore ecosystems, with potential ramifications for coastal carbon budgets and ecosystem structure. To address the future challenges Arctic coastal communities will face, we argue that it will become essential to consider how nearshore ecosystems will respond to changing coastal inputs and identify how these may affect the resiliency and availability of essential food resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J. Mann
- Dept of Geography & Environmental Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST UK
| | - Jens Strauss
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Telegrafenberg A45, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Juri Palmtag
- Dept of Geography & Environmental Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST UK
| | - Kelsey Dowdy
- University of California, Santa Barbara, UCEN Rd, Goleta, CA 93117 USA
| | - Olga Ogneva
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Matthias Fuchs
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Telegrafenberg A45, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Ricardo Torres
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Plymouth, PL1 3DH UK
| | - Luca Polimene
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Plymouth, PL1 3DH UK
| | - Paul Overduin
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Telegrafenberg A45, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Gesine Mollenhauer
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Guido Grosse
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Telegrafenberg A45, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Geosciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Volker Rachold
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Telegrafenberg A45, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
| | - William V. Sobczak
- Department of Biology, College of the Holy Cross, 1 College St, Worcester, MA 01610 USA
| | | | - Bennet Juhls
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Telegrafenberg A45, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
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8
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Marushchak ME, Kerttula J, Diáková K, Faguet A, Gil J, Grosse G, Knoblauch C, Lashchinskiy N, Martikainen PJ, Morgenstern A, Nykamb M, Ronkainen JG, Siljanen HMP, van Delden L, Voigt C, Zimov N, Zimov S, Biasi C. Thawing Yedoma permafrost is a neglected nitrous oxide source. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7107. [PMID: 34876586 PMCID: PMC8651752 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27386-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to the well-recognized permafrost carbon (C) feedback to climate change, the fate of permafrost nitrogen (N) after thaw is poorly understood. According to mounting evidence, part of the N liberated from permafrost may be released to the atmosphere as the strong greenhouse gas (GHG) nitrous oxide (N2O). Here, we report post-thaw N2O release from late Pleistocene permafrost deposits called Yedoma, which store a substantial part of permafrost C and N and are highly vulnerable to thaw. While freshly thawed, unvegetated Yedoma in disturbed areas emit little N2O, emissions increase within few years after stabilization, drying and revegetation with grasses to high rates (548 (133–6286) μg N m−2 day−1; median with (range)), exceeding by 1–2 orders of magnitude the typical rates from permafrost-affected soils. Using targeted metagenomics of key N cycling genes, we link the increase in in situ N2O emissions with structural changes of the microbial community responsible for N cycling. Our results highlight the importance of extra N availability from thawing Yedoma permafrost, causing a positive climate feedback from the Arctic in the form of N2O emissions. During permafrost thaw, nitrogen can be released as the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide, but the magnitude of this flux is unknown. Nitrous oxide emissions from ice-rich permafrost deposits are reported here, showing that emissions increase after thawing and stabilization and could represent an unappreciated positive climate feedback in the Arctic.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Marushchak
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland. .,Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - J Kerttula
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - K Diáková
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Soil Biogeochemistry, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - A Faguet
- Trofimuk Institute of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - J Gil
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Integrative Biology, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - G Grosse
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany.,Institute of Geosciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - C Knoblauch
- Institute of Soil Science, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.,Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - N Lashchinskiy
- Trofimuk Institute of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Central Siberian Botanical Garden, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - P J Martikainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - A Morgenstern
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany
| | - M Nykamb
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - J G Ronkainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - H M P Siljanen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - L van Delden
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany
| | - C Voigt
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Geography, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - N Zimov
- North-East Scientific Station, Pacific Institute for Geography, Far-East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Cherskii, Russia
| | - S Zimov
- North-East Scientific Station, Pacific Institute for Geography, Far-East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Cherskii, Russia
| | - C Biasi
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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9
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Jongejans LL, Liebner S, Knoblauch C, Mangelsdorf K, Ulrich M, Grosse G, Tanski G, Fedorov AN, Konstantinov PY, Windirsch T, Wiedmann J, Strauss J. Greenhouse gas production and lipid biomarker distribution in Yedoma and Alas thermokarst lake sediments in Eastern Siberia. Glob Chang Biol 2021; 27:2822-2839. [PMID: 33774862 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Permafrost thaw leads to thermokarst lake formation and talik growth tens of meters deep, enabling microbial decomposition of formerly frozen organic matter (OM). We analyzed two 17-m-long thermokarst lake sediment cores taken in Central Yakutia, Russia. One core was from an Alas lake in a Holocene thermokarst basin that underwent multiple lake generations, and the second core from a young Yedoma upland lake (formed ~70 years ago) whose sediments have thawed for the first time since deposition. This comparison provides a glance into OM fate in thawing Yedoma deposits. We analyzed total organic carbon (TOC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content, n-alkane concentrations, and bacterial and archaeal membrane markers. Furthermore, we conducted 1-year-long incubations (4°C, dark) and measured anaerobic carbon dioxide (CO2 ) and methane (CH4 ) production. The sediments from both cores contained little TOC (0.7 ± 0.4 wt%), but DOC values were relatively high, with the highest values in the frozen Yedoma lake sediments (1620 mg L-1 ). Cumulative greenhouse gas (GHG) production after 1 year was highest in the Yedoma lake sediments (226 ± 212 µg CO2 -C g-1 dw, 28 ± 36 µg CH4 -C g-1 dw) and 3 and 1.5 times lower in the Alas lake sediments, respectively (75 ± 76 µg CO2 -C g-1 dw, 19 ± 29 µg CH4 -C g-1 dw). The highest CO2 production in the frozen Yedoma lake sediments likely results from decomposition of readily bioavailable OM, while highest CH4 production in the non-frozen top sediments of this core suggests that methanogenic communities established upon thaw. The lower GHG production in the non-frozen Alas lake sediments resulted from advanced OM decomposition during Holocene talik development. Furthermore, we found that drivers of CO2 and CH4 production differ following thaw. Our results suggest that GHG production from TOC-poor mineral deposits, which are widespread throughout the Arctic, can be substantial. Therefore, our novel data are relevant for vast ice-rich permafrost deposits vulnerable to thermokarst formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loeka L Jongejans
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, Permafrost Research Section, Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Geosciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Susanne Liebner
- Section Geomicrobiology, GFZ German Research Center for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Christian Knoblauch
- Institute of Soil Science, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kai Mangelsdorf
- Section Organic Geochemistry, GFZ German Research Center for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Mathias Ulrich
- Institute for Geography, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Guido Grosse
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, Permafrost Research Section, Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Geosciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - George Tanski
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, Permafrost Research Section, Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Earth Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Alexander N Fedorov
- Melnikov Permafrost Institute, Laboratory of General Geocryology, Siberian Branch Russian Academy of Sciences, Yakutsk, Russia
- BEST International Centre, North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, Russia
| | - Pavel Ya Konstantinov
- Melnikov Permafrost Institute, Laboratory of General Geocryology, Siberian Branch Russian Academy of Sciences, Yakutsk, Russia
| | - Torben Windirsch
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, Permafrost Research Section, Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Geosciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Julia Wiedmann
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, Permafrost Research Section, Potsdam, Germany
- Baugrund-Ingenieurbüro GmbH Maul und Partner, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jens Strauss
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, Permafrost Research Section, Potsdam, Germany
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10
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Jones BM, Arp CD, Grosse G, Nitze I, Lara MJ, Whitman MS, Farquharson LM, Kanevskiy M, Parsekian AD, Breen AL, Ohara N, Rangel RC, Hinkel KM. Identifying historical and future potential lake drainage events on the western Arctic coastal plain of Alaska. Permafr Periglac Process 2020; 31:110-127. [PMID: 32194312 PMCID: PMC7074070 DOI: 10.1002/ppp.2038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Arctic lakes located in permafrost regions are susceptible to catastrophic drainage. In this study, we reconstructed historical lake drainage events on the western Arctic Coastal Plain of Alaska between 1955 and 2017 using USGS topographic maps, historical aerial photography (1955), and Landsat Imagery (ca. 1975, ca. 2000, and annually since 2000). We identified 98 lakes larger than 10 ha that partially (>25% of area) or completely drained during the 62-year period. Decadal-scale lake drainage rates progressively declined from 2.0 lakes/yr (1955-1975), to 1.6 lakes/yr (1975-2000), and to 1.2 lakes/yr (2000-2017) in the ~30,000-km2 study area. Detailed Landsat trend analysis between 2000 and 2017 identified two years, 2004 and 2006, with a cluster (five or more) of lake drainages probably associated with bank overtopping or headward erosion. To identify future potential lake drainages, we combined the historical lake drainage observations with a geospatial dataset describing lake elevation, hydrologic connectivity, and adjacent lake margin topographic gradients developed with a 5-m-resolution digital surface model. We identified ~1900 lakes likely to be prone to drainage in the future. Of the 20 lakes that drained in the most recent study period, 85% were identified in this future lake drainage potential dataset. Our assessment of historical lake drainage magnitude, mechanisms and pathways, and identification of potential future lake drainages provides insights into how arctic lowland landscapes may change and evolve in the coming decades to centuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M. Jones
- Water and Environmental Research CenterUniversity of Alaska FairbanksFairbanksAlaska
| | - Christopher D. Arp
- Water and Environmental Research CenterUniversity of Alaska FairbanksFairbanksAlaska
| | - Guido Grosse
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine ResearchPotsdamGermany
- University of Potsdam, Institute of GeosciencesPotsdamGermany
| | - Ingmar Nitze
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine ResearchPotsdamGermany
| | - Mark J. Lara
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of IllinoisUrbanaIllinois
- Department of GeographyUniversity of IllinoisUrbanaIllinois
| | | | | | - Mikhail Kanevskiy
- Institute of Northern EngineeringUniversity of Alaska FairbanksFairbanksAlaska
| | - Andrew D. Parsekian
- Department of Geology & GeophysicsUniversity of WyomingLaramieWyoming
- Department of Civil & Architectural EngineeringUniversity of WyomingLaramieWyoming
| | - Amy L. Breen
- International Arctic Research CenterUniversity of Alaska FairbanksFairbanksAlaska
| | - Nori Ohara
- Department of Civil & Architectural EngineeringUniversity of WyomingLaramieWyoming
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11
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Heslop JK, Walter Anthony KM, Grosse G, Liebner S, Winkel M. Century-scale time since permafrost thaw affects temperature sensitivity of net methane production in thermokarst-lake and talik sediments. Sci Total Environ 2019; 691:124-134. [PMID: 31319250 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Permafrost thaw subjects previously frozen soil organic carbon (SOC) to microbial degradation to the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4). Emission of these gases constitutes a positive feedback to climate warming. Among numerous uncertainties in estimating the strength of this permafrost carbon feedback (PCF), two are: (i) how mineralization of permafrost SOC thawed in saturated anaerobic conditions responds to changes in temperature and (ii) how microbial communities and temperature sensitivities change over time since thaw. To address these uncertainties, we utilized a thermokarst-lake sediment core as a natural chronosequence where SOC thawed and incubated in situ under saturated anaerobic conditions for up to 400 years following permafrost thaw. Initial microbial communities were characterized, and sediments were anaerobically incubated in the lab at four temperatures (0 °C, 3 °C, 10 °C, and 25 °C) bracketing those observed in the lake's talik. Net CH4 production in freshly-thawed sediments near the downward-expanding thaw boundary at the base of the talik were most sensitive to warming at the lower incubation temperatures (0 °C to 3 °C), while the overlying sediments which had been thawed for centuries had initial low abundant methanogenic communities (< 0.02%) and did not experience statistically significant increases in net CH4 production potentials until higher incubation temperatures (10 °C to 25 °C). We propose these observed differences in temperature sensitivities are due to differences in SOM quality and functional microbial community composition that evolve over time; however further research is necessary to better constrain the roles of these factors in determining temperature controls on anaerobic C mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Heslop
- Water and Environmental Research Center, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, USA.
| | - K M Walter Anthony
- Water and Environmental Research Center, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, USA
| | - G Grosse
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany; Institute of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Potsdam, Germany
| | - S Liebner
- GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Section 3.7 Geomicrobiology, Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany; University of Potsdam, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Germany
| | - M Winkel
- Water and Environmental Research Center, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, USA; GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Section 3.7 Geomicrobiology, Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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12
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Fuchs M, Lenz J, Jock S, Nitze I, Jones BM, Strauss J, Günther F, Grosse G. Organic Carbon and Nitrogen Stocks Along a Thermokarst Lake Sequence in Arctic Alaska. J Geophys Res Biogeosci 2019; 124:1230-1247. [PMID: 31341754 PMCID: PMC6618060 DOI: 10.1029/2018jg004591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Thermokarst lake landscapes are permafrost regions, which are prone to rapid (on seasonal to decadal time scales) changes, affecting carbon and nitrogen cycles. However, there is a high degree of uncertainty related to the balance between carbon and nitrogen cycling and storage. We collected 12 permafrost soil cores from six drained thermokarst lake basins (DTLBs) along a chronosequence north of Teshekpuk Lake in northern Alaska and analyzed them for carbon and nitrogen contents. For comparison, we included three lacustrine cores from an adjacent thermokarst lake and one soil core from a non thermokarst affected remnant upland. This allowed to calculate the carbon and nitrogen stocks of the three primary landscape units (DTLB, lake, and upland), to reconstruct the landscape history, and to analyze the effect of thermokarst lake formation and drainage on carbon and nitrogen stocks. We show that carbon and nitrogen contents and the carbon-nitrogen ratio are considerably lower in sediments of extant lakes than in the DTLB or upland cores indicating degradation of carbon during thermokarst lake formation. However, we found similar amounts of total carbon and nitrogen stocks due to the higher density of lacustrine sediments caused by the lack of ground ice compared to DTLB sediments. In addition, the radiocarbon-based landscape chronology for the past 7,000 years reveals five successive lake stages of partially, spatially overlapping DTLBs in the study region, reflecting the dynamic nature of ice-rich permafrost deposits. With this study, we highlight the importance to include these dynamic landscapes in future permafrost carbon feedback models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Fuchs
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine ResearchPotsdamGermany
- Institute of GeosciencesUniversity of PotsdamPotsdamGermany
| | - Josefine Lenz
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine ResearchPotsdamGermany
- Institute of Northern Engineering, Water and Environmental Research CenterUniversity of Alaska FairbanksFairbanksAKUSA
| | - Suzanne Jock
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine ResearchPotsdamGermany
| | - Ingmar Nitze
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine ResearchPotsdamGermany
| | - Benjamin M. Jones
- Institute of Northern Engineering, Water and Environmental Research CenterUniversity of Alaska FairbanksFairbanksAKUSA
| | - Jens Strauss
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine ResearchPotsdamGermany
| | - Frank Günther
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine ResearchPotsdamGermany
- Institute of GeosciencesUniversity of PotsdamPotsdamGermany
- Laboratory Geoecology of the North, Faculty of GeographyLomonosov Moscow State UniversityMoscowRussia
| | - Guido Grosse
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine ResearchPotsdamGermany
- Institute of GeosciencesUniversity of PotsdamPotsdamGermany
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13
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Angelopoulos M, Westermann S, Overduin P, Faguet A, Olenchenko V, Grosse G, Grigoriev MN. Heat and Salt Flow in Subsea Permafrost Modeled with CryoGRID2. J Geophys Res Earth Surf 2019; 124:920-937. [PMID: 31423408 PMCID: PMC6686719 DOI: 10.1029/2018jf004823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Thawing of subsea permafrost can impact offshore infrastructure, affect coastal erosion, and release permafrost organic matter. Thawing is usually modeled as the result of heat transfer, although salt diffusion may play an important role in marine settings. To better quantify nearshore subsea permafrost thawing, we applied the CryoGRID2 heat diffusion model and coupled it to a salt diffusion model. We simulated coastline retreat and subsea permafrost evolution as it develops through successive stages of a thawing sequence at the Bykovsky Peninsula, Siberia. Sensitivity analyses for seawater salinity were performed to compare the results for the Bykovsky Peninsula with those of typical Arctic seawater. For the Bykovsky Peninsula, the modeled ice-bearing permafrost table (IBPT) for ice-rich sand and an erosion rate of 0.25 m/year was 16.7 m below the seabed 350 m offshore. The model outputs were compared to the IBPT depth estimated from coastline retreat and electrical resistivity surveys perpendicular to and crossing the shoreline of the Bykovsky Peninsula. The interpreted geoelectric data suggest that the IBPT dipped to 15-20 m below the seabed at 350 m offshore. Both results suggest that cold saline water forms beneath grounded ice and floating sea ice in shallow water, causing cryotic benthic temperatures. The freezing point depression produced by salt diffusion can delay or prevent ice formation in the sediment and enhance the IBPT degradation rate. Therefore, salt diffusion may facilitate the release of greenhouse gasses to the atmosphere and considerably affect the design of offshore and coastal infrastructure in subsea permafrost areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Angelopoulos
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine ResearchPotsdamGermany
- Institute of GeosciencesUniversity of PotsdamPotsdamGermany
| | | | - Paul Overduin
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine ResearchPotsdamGermany
| | - Alexey Faguet
- Institute of Petroleum Geology and GeophysicsRussian Academy of SciencesNovosibirskRussia
- Department of GeophysicsNovosibirsk State UniversityNovosibirskRussia
| | - Vladimir Olenchenko
- Institute of Petroleum Geology and GeophysicsRussian Academy of SciencesNovosibirskRussia
- Department of GeophysicsNovosibirsk State UniversityNovosibirskRussia
| | - Guido Grosse
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine ResearchPotsdamGermany
- Institute of GeosciencesUniversity of PotsdamPotsdamGermany
| | - Mikhail N. Grigoriev
- Melnikov Permafrost InstituteSiberian Branch, Russian Academy of SciencesYakutskRussia
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14
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Biskaborn BK, Smith SL, Noetzli J, Matthes H, Vieira G, Streletskiy DA, Schoeneich P, Romanovsky VE, Lewkowicz AG, Abramov A, Allard M, Boike J, Cable WL, Christiansen HH, Delaloye R, Diekmann B, Drozdov D, Etzelmüller B, Grosse G, Guglielmin M, Ingeman-Nielsen T, Isaksen K, Ishikawa M, Johansson M, Johannsson H, Joo A, Kaverin D, Kholodov A, Konstantinov P, Kröger T, Lambiel C, Lanckman JP, Luo D, Malkova G, Meiklejohn I, Moskalenko N, Oliva M, Phillips M, Ramos M, Sannel ABK, Sergeev D, Seybold C, Skryabin P, Vasiliev A, Wu Q, Yoshikawa K, Zheleznyak M, Lantuit H. Permafrost is warming at a global scale. Nat Commun 2019; 10:264. [PMID: 30651568 PMCID: PMC6335433 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-08240-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Permafrost warming has the potential to amplify global climate change, because when frozen sediments thaw it unlocks soil organic carbon. Yet to date, no globally consistent assessment of permafrost temperature change has been compiled. Here we use a global data set of permafrost temperature time series from the Global Terrestrial Network for Permafrost to evaluate temperature change across permafrost regions for the period since the International Polar Year (2007-2009). During the reference decade between 2007 and 2016, ground temperature near the depth of zero annual amplitude in the continuous permafrost zone increased by 0.39 ± 0.15 °C. Over the same period, discontinuous permafrost warmed by 0.20 ± 0.10 °C. Permafrost in mountains warmed by 0.19 ± 0.05 °C and in Antarctica by 0.37 ± 0.10 °C. Globally, permafrost temperature increased by 0.29 ± 0.12 °C. The observed trend follows the Arctic amplification of air temperature increase in the Northern Hemisphere. In the discontinuous zone, however, ground warming occurred due to increased snow thickness while air temperature remained statistically unchanged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris K Biskaborn
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, 14473, Germany.
| | - Sharon L Smith
- Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, ON-K1A 0E8, Canada
| | - Jeannette Noetzli
- WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Davos, CH-7260, Switzerland
| | - Heidrun Matthes
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, 14473, Germany
| | - Gonçalo Vieira
- CEG/IGOT, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, 1600-276, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | - Andrey Abramov
- Institute of Physicochemical and Biological Problems of Soil Science, RAS, Moscow, 142290, Russia
| | - Michel Allard
- Université Laval, Centre d'études nordiques, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Julia Boike
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, 14473, Germany
- Humboldt-Universität, Geography Department, Berlin, 10099, Germany
| | - William L Cable
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, 14473, Germany
| | | | | | - Bernhard Diekmann
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, 14473, Germany
- University of Potsdam, Potsdam, 14469, Germany
| | - Dmitry Drozdov
- Earth Cryosphere Institute, Tyumen Scientific Centre SB RAS, Tyumen, 625000, Russia
| | | | - Guido Grosse
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, 14473, Germany
- University of Potsdam, Potsdam, 14469, Germany
| | - Mauro Guglielmin
- Insubria University, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, Varese, 21100, Italy
| | - Thomas Ingeman-Nielsen
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Civil Engineering, Kgs. Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Ketil Isaksen
- Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, 0313, Norway
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Alexander Kholodov
- University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK-99775, USA
- Institute of Physicochemical and Biological Problems of Soil Science, RAS, Moscow, 142290, Russia
| | | | - Tim Kröger
- Free University Berlin, Geography Department, Berlin, 12249, Germany
| | | | | | - Dongliang Luo
- Northwest Institute of Eco-environment and Resource, CAS, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Galina Malkova
- Earth Cryosphere Institute, Tyumen Scientific Centre SB RAS, Tyumen, 625000, Russia
| | | | - Natalia Moskalenko
- Earth Cryosphere Institute, Tyumen Scientific Centre SB RAS, Tyumen, 625000, Russia
| | - Marc Oliva
- University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08001, Spain
| | - Marcia Phillips
- WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Davos, CH-7260, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Dmitrii Sergeev
- Institute of Environmental Geoscience, RAS, Moscow, 101000, Russia
| | | | - Pavel Skryabin
- Melnikov Permafrost Institute, RAS, Yakutsk, 677010, Russia
| | - Alexander Vasiliev
- Earth Cryosphere Institute, Tyumen Scientific Centre SB RAS, Tyumen, 625000, Russia
- Tyumen State University, Tyumen, 625003, Russia
| | - Qingbai Wu
- Northwest Institute of Eco-environment and Resource, CAS, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | | | | | - Hugues Lantuit
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, 14473, Germany
- University of Potsdam, Potsdam, 14469, Germany
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15
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Tape KD, Jones BM, Arp CD, Nitze I, Grosse G. Tundra be dammed: Beaver colonization of the Arctic. Glob Chang Biol 2018; 24:4478-4488. [PMID: 29845698 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Increasing air temperatures are changing the arctic tundra biome. Permafrost is thawing, snow duration is decreasing, shrub vegetation is proliferating, and boreal wildlife is encroaching. Here we present evidence of the recent range expansion of North American beaver (Castor canadensis) into the Arctic, and consider how this ecosystem engineer might reshape the landscape, biodiversity, and ecosystem processes. We developed a remote sensing approach that maps formation and disappearance of ponds associated with beaver activity. Since 1999, 56 new beaver pond complexes were identified, indicating that beavers are colonizing a predominantly tundra region (18,293 km2 ) of northwest Alaska. It is unclear how improved tundra stream habitat, population rebound following overtrapping for furs, or other factors are contributing to beaver range expansion. We discuss rates and likely routes of tundra beaver colonization, as well as effects on permafrost, stream ice regimes, and freshwater and riparian habitat. Beaver ponds and associated hydrologic changes are thawing permafrost. Pond formation increases winter water temperatures in the pond and downstream, likely creating new and more varied aquatic habitat, but specific biological implications are unknown. Beavers create dynamic wetlands and are agents of disturbance that may enhance ecosystem responses to warming in the Arctic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken D Tape
- Water and Environmental Research Center, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska
| | - Benjamin M Jones
- Water and Environmental Research Center, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska
- U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, Alaska
| | - Christopher D Arp
- Water and Environmental Research Center, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska
| | - Ingmar Nitze
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Guido Grosse
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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16
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Lara MJ, Nitze I, Grosse G, McGuire AD. Tundra landform and vegetation productivity trend maps for the Arctic Coastal Plain of northern Alaska. Sci Data 2018; 5:180058. [PMID: 29633984 PMCID: PMC5892374 DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2018.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Arctic tundra landscapes are composed of a complex mosaic of patterned ground features, varying in soil moisture, vegetation composition, and surface hydrology over small spatial scales (10–100 m). The importance of microtopography and associated geomorphic landforms in influencing ecosystem structure and function is well founded, however, spatial data products describing local to regional scale distribution of patterned ground or polygonal tundra geomorphology are largely unavailable. Thus, our understanding of local impacts on regional scale processes (e.g., carbon dynamics) may be limited. We produced two key spatiotemporal datasets spanning the Arctic Coastal Plain of northern Alaska (~60,000 km2) to evaluate climate-geomorphological controls on arctic tundra productivity change, using (1) a novel 30 m classification of polygonal tundra geomorphology and (2) decadal-trends in surface greenness using the Landsat archive (1999–2014). These datasets can be easily integrated and adapted in an array of local to regional applications such as (1) upscaling plot-level measurements (e.g., carbon/energy fluxes), (2) mapping of soils, vegetation, or permafrost, and/or (3) initializing ecosystem biogeochemistry, hydrology, and/or habitat modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Lara
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.,Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775, USA
| | - Ingmar Nitze
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Periglacial Research Unit, 14473 Potsdam, Germany.,Institute of Geography Science, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Guido Grosse
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Periglacial Research Unit, 14473 Potsdam, Germany.,Institute of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - A David McGuire
- U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775, USA
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Lara MJ, Nitze I, Grosse G, Martin P, McGuire AD. Reduced arctic tundra productivity linked with landform and climate change interactions. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2345. [PMID: 29402988 PMCID: PMC5799341 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20692-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Arctic tundra ecosystems have experienced unprecedented change associated with climate warming over recent decades. Across the Pan-Arctic, vegetation productivity and surface greenness have trended positively over the period of satellite observation. However, since 2011 these trends have slowed considerably, showing signs of browning in many regions. It is unclear what factors are driving this change and which regions/landforms will be most sensitive to future browning. Here we provide evidence linking decadal patterns in arctic greening and browning with regional climate change and local permafrost-driven landscape heterogeneity. We analyzed the spatial variability of decadal-scale trends in surface greenness across the Arctic Coastal Plain of northern Alaska (~60,000 km²) using the Landsat archive (1999-2014), in combination with novel 30 m classifications of polygonal tundra and regional watersheds, finding landscape heterogeneity and regional climate change to be the most important factors controlling historical greenness trends. Browning was linked to increased temperature and precipitation, with the exception of young landforms (developed following lake drainage), which will likely continue to green. Spatiotemporal model forecasting suggests carbon uptake potential to be reduced in response to warmer and/or wetter climatic conditions, potentially increasing the net loss of carbon to the atmosphere, at a greater degree than previously expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Lara
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA.
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, 99775, USA.
| | - Ingmar Nitze
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Periglacial Research Unit, 14473, Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Potsdam, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Guido Grosse
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Periglacial Research Unit, 14473, Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Potsdam, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Philip Martin
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Fairbanks, Alaska, 99701, USA
| | - A David McGuire
- U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, 99775, USA
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Gerstenberg E, Kuntz RM, L’age M, Grosse G, Hillebrand M. 67Ga-Szintigraphie bei retroperitonealer Fibrose (RPF): Indikation, Durchführung und klinische Bedeutung. Nuklearmedizin 2018. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1629771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung
Ziel: Ziel der Arbeit ist die Überprüfung der Indikationsstellung und der klinischen Bedeutung der Galliumszintigraphie bei retroperitonealer Fibrose (RPF). Hat angesichts der ausgezeichneten Bilddarstellung durch Computertomographie (CT) und Kernspintomographie (NMR) die Nuklearmedizin hier noch einen aktuellen Wert? Methode: Als Methode dienten planare abdominale Szintigramme 48 bzw. 72 h nach i.v.-lnjek-tion von 370 MBq 67Ga-Zitrat. Ergebnis: Als Ergebnis fanden sich bei fünf seit 1992 beobachteten Patienten mit RPF eine ausgezeichnete Übereinstimmung von klinischer Symptomatik, histologischem Nachweis von zellreichem Bindegewebe und nuklearmedizinischer Dokumentation der 67Ga-Aktivität im erkrankten Bereich. Schlußfolgerung: Als Schlußfolgerung läßt sich ableiten, daß zwar der morphologische Befund der RPF durch CT und NMR gut zu erfassen ist, daß zur Beurteilung der Floridität des Prozesses die Galliumszintigraphie der Computertomographie und Kernspintomographie jedoch eindeutig überlegen ist.
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Fuchs M, Grosse G, Jones BM, Strauss J, Baughman CA, Walker DA. Sedimentary and geochemical characteristics of two small permafrost-dominated Arctic river deltas in northern Alaska. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 4:1-18. [PMID: 33195796 PMCID: PMC7659425 DOI: 10.1007/s41063-018-0056-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Arctic river deltas are highly dynamic environments in the northern circumpolar permafrost region that are affected by fluvial, coastal, and permafrost-thaw processes. They are characterized by thick sediment deposits containing large but poorly constrained amounts of frozen organic carbon and nitrogen. This study presents new data on soil organic carbon and nitrogen storage as well as accumulation rates from the Ikpikpuk and Fish Creek river deltas, two small, permafrost-dominated Arctic river deltas on the Arctic Coastal Plain of northern Alaska. A soil organic carbon storage of 42.4 ± 1.6 and 37.9 ± 3.5 kg C m− 2 and soil nitrogen storage of 2.1 ± 0.1 and 2.0 ± 0.2 kg N m− 2 was found for the first 2 m of soil for the Ikpikpuk and Fish Creek river delta, respectively. While the upper meter of soil contains 3.57 Tg C, substantial amounts of carbon (3.09 Tg C or 46%) are also stored within the second meter of soil (100–200 cm) in the two deltas. An increasing and inhomogeneous distribution of C with depth is indicative of the dominance of deltaic depositional rather than soil forming processes for soil organic carbon storage. Largely, mid- to late Holocene radiocarbon dates in our cores suggest different carbon accumulation rates for the two deltas for the last 2000 years. Rates up to 28 g C m− 2 year− 1 for the Ikpikpuk river delta are about twice as high as for the Fish Creek river delta. With this study, we highlight the importance of including these highly dynamic permafrost environments in future permafrost carbon estimations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Fuchs
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Telegrafenberg A45, 14473 Potsdam, Germany.,Institute of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14467 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Guido Grosse
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Telegrafenberg A45, 14473 Potsdam, Germany.,Institute of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14467 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Benjamin M Jones
- Water and Environmental Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 437 Duckering, PO Box 755860, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA
| | - Jens Strauss
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Telegrafenberg A45, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Carson A Baughman
- Alaska Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, 4210 University Drive, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA
| | - Donald A Walker
- Alaska Geobotany Center, Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 311 Irving, PO Box 757000, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA
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20
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Jones BM, Arp CD, Whitman MS, Nigro D, Nitze I, Beaver J, Gädeke A, Zuck C, Liljedahl A, Daanen R, Torvinen E, Fritz S, Grosse G. A lake-centric geospatial database to guide research and inform management decisions in an Arctic watershed in northern Alaska experiencing climate and land-use changes. Ambio 2017; 46:769-786. [PMID: 28343340 PMCID: PMC5622880 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-017-0915-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Lakes are dominant and diverse landscape features in the Arctic, but conventional land cover classification schemes typically map them as a single uniform class. Here, we present a detailed lake-centric geospatial database for an Arctic watershed in northern Alaska. We developed a GIS dataset consisting of 4362 lakes that provides information on lake morphometry, hydrologic connectivity, surface area dynamics, surrounding terrestrial ecotypes, and other important conditions describing Arctic lakes. Analyzing the geospatial database relative to fish and bird survey data shows relations to lake depth and hydrologic connectivity, which are being used to guide research and aid in the management of aquatic resources in the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska. Further development of similar geospatial databases is needed to better understand and plan for the impacts of ongoing climate and land-use changes occurring across lake-rich landscapes in the Arctic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M. Jones
- U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, 4210 University Drive, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA
| | - Christopher D. Arp
- Water and Environmental Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 467 Duckering Avenue, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA
| | - Matthew S. Whitman
- Bureau of Land Management, Arctic Field Office, 222 University Avenue, Fairbanks, AK 99709 USA
| | - Debora Nigro
- Bureau of Land Management, Arctic Field Office, 222 University Avenue, Fairbanks, AK 99709 USA
| | - Ingmar Nitze
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Telegrafenberg A43, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Geography, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - John Beaver
- BSA Environmental Services, Inc., 23400 Mercantile Rd. #8, Beachwood, OH 44122 USA
| | - Anne Gädeke
- Water and Environmental Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 467 Duckering Avenue, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA
| | - Callie Zuck
- U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, 4210 University Drive, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA
| | - Anna Liljedahl
- Water and Environmental Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 467 Duckering Avenue, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA
| | - Ronald Daanen
- Alaska Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, 3354 College Rd., Fairbanks, AK 9907 USA
| | - Eric Torvinen
- School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 902 Koyukuk Ave., Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA
| | - Stacey Fritz
- Bureau of Land Management, Arctic Field Office, 222 University Avenue, Fairbanks, AK 99709 USA
| | - Guido Grosse
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Telegrafenberg A43, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Potsdam, Telegrafenberg A43, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
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21
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Olefeldt D, Goswami S, Grosse G, Hayes D, Hugelius G, Kuhry P, McGuire AD, Romanovsky VE, Sannel A, Schuur E, Turetsky MR. Circumpolar distribution and carbon storage of thermokarst landscapes. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13043. [PMID: 27725633 PMCID: PMC5062615 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermokarst is the process whereby the thawing of ice-rich permafrost ground causes land subsidence, resulting in development of distinctive landforms. Accelerated thermokarst due to climate change will damage infrastructure, but also impact hydrology, ecology and biogeochemistry. Here, we present a circumpolar assessment of the distribution of thermokarst landscapes, defined as landscapes comprised of current thermokarst landforms and areas susceptible to future thermokarst development. At 3.6 × 106 km2, thermokarst landscapes are estimated to cover ∼20% of the northern permafrost region, with approximately equal contributions from three landscape types where characteristic wetland, lake and hillslope thermokarst landforms occur. We estimate that approximately half of the below-ground organic carbon within the study region is stored in thermokarst landscapes. Our results highlight the importance of explicitly considering thermokarst when assessing impacts of climate change, including future landscape greenhouse gas emissions, and provide a means for assessing such impacts at the circumpolar scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Olefeldt
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H1
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - S. Goswami
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
- National Remote Sensing Centre, Indian Space Research Organization, Balanagar, Hyderabad 500037, India
| | - G. Grosse
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Telegrafenberg A45, Potsdam 14473, Germany
| | - D. Hayes
- School of Forest Resources, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04473, USA
| | - G. Hugelius
- Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
| | - P. Kuhry
- Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
| | - A. D. McGuire
- U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775, USA
| | - V. E. Romanovsky
- Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775, USA
- Tyumen State Oil and Gas University, Tyumen, Tyument. Oblast 625000, Russia
| | - A.B.K. Sannel
- Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
| | - E.A.G. Schuur
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011, USA
| | - M. R. Turetsky
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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22
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Koven CD, Schuur EAG, Schädel C, Bohn TJ, Burke EJ, Chen G, Chen X, Ciais P, Grosse G, Harden JW, Hayes DJ, Hugelius G, Jafarov EE, Krinner G, Kuhry P, Lawrence DM, MacDougall AH, Marchenko SS, McGuire AD, Natali SM, Nicolsky DJ, Olefeldt D, Peng S, Romanovsky VE, Schaefer KM, Strauss J, Treat CC, Turetsky M. A simplified, data-constrained approach to estimate the permafrost carbon-climate feedback. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2015; 373:20140423. [PMID: 26438276 PMCID: PMC4608038 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2014.0423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We present an approach to estimate the feedback from large-scale thawing of permafrost soils using a simplified, data-constrained model that combines three elements: soil carbon (C) maps and profiles to identify the distribution and type of C in permafrost soils; incubation experiments to quantify the rates of C lost after thaw; and models of soil thermal dynamics in response to climate warming. We call the approach the Permafrost Carbon Network Incubation-Panarctic Thermal scaling approach (PInc-PanTher). The approach assumes that C stocks do not decompose at all when frozen, but once thawed follow set decomposition trajectories as a function of soil temperature. The trajectories are determined according to a three-pool decomposition model fitted to incubation data using parameters specific to soil horizon types. We calculate litterfall C inputs required to maintain steady-state C balance for the current climate, and hold those inputs constant. Soil temperatures are taken from the soil thermal modules of ecosystem model simulations forced by a common set of future climate change anomalies under two warming scenarios over the period 2010 to 2100. Under a medium warming scenario (RCP4.5), the approach projects permafrost soil C losses of 12.2-33.4 Pg C; under a high warming scenario (RCP8.5), the approach projects C losses of 27.9-112.6 Pg C. Projected C losses are roughly linearly proportional to global temperature changes across the two scenarios. These results indicate a global sensitivity of frozen soil C to climate change (γ sensitivity) of -14 to -19 Pg C °C(-1) on a 100 year time scale. For CH4 emissions, our approach assumes a fixed saturated area and that increases in CH4 emissions are related to increased heterotrophic respiration in anoxic soil, yielding CH4 emission increases of 7% and 35% for the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios, respectively, which add an additional greenhouse gas forcing of approximately 10-18%. The simplified approach presented here neglects many important processes that may amplify or mitigate C release from permafrost soils, but serves as a data-constrained estimate on the forced, large-scale permafrost C response to warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Koven
- Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - E A G Schuur
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - C Schädel
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - T J Bohn
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - E J Burke
- Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, UK
| | - G Chen
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - X Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - P Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE CEA-CNRS-UVSQ), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - G Grosse
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Periglacial Research Unit, Potsdam, Germany
| | - J W Harden
- United States Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - D J Hayes
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - G Hugelius
- Department of Physical Geography, Bolin Centre of Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - E E Jafarov
- National Snow and Ice Data Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - G Krinner
- Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l'Environnement, CNRS and Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble 38041, France
| | - P Kuhry
- Department of Physical Geography, Bolin Centre of Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - D M Lawrence
- Climate and Global Dynamics Division, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - A H MacDougall
- School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - S S Marchenko
- Geophysical Institute Permafrost Laboratory, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - A D McGuire
- US Geological Survey, Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - S M Natali
- Woods Hole Research Center, Falmouth, MA, USA
| | - D J Nicolsky
- Geophysical Institute Permafrost Laboratory, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - D Olefeldt
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - S Peng
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE CEA-CNRS-UVSQ), Gif-sur-Yvette, France Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l'Environnement, CNRS and Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble 38041, France
| | - V E Romanovsky
- Geophysical Institute Permafrost Laboratory, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - K M Schaefer
- National Snow and Ice Data Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - J Strauss
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Periglacial Research Unit, Potsdam, Germany
| | - C C Treat
- United States Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - M Turetsky
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Ontario, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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23
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Becker KA, Grosse G, Plieth Κ. Röntgenstrukturanalyse des trans-Dichlorodiäthylendiaminkobalt-III-chlorids. Z KRIST-CRYST MATER 2015. [DOI: 10.1524/zkri.1959.112.jg.375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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24
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Lara MJ, McGuire AD, Euskirchen ES, Tweedie CE, Hinkel KM, Skurikhin AN, Romanovsky VE, Grosse G, Bolton WR, Genet H. Polygonal tundra geomorphological change in response to warming alters future CO2 and CH4 flux on the Barrow Peninsula. Glob Chang Biol 2015; 21:1634-1651. [PMID: 25258295 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The landscape of the Barrow Peninsula in northern Alaska is thought to have formed over centuries to millennia, and is now dominated by ice-wedge polygonal tundra that spans drained thaw-lake basins and interstitial tundra. In nearby tundra regions, studies have identified a rapid increase in thermokarst formation (i.e., pits) over recent decades in response to climate warming, facilitating changes in polygonal tundra geomorphology. We assessed the future impact of 100 years of tundra geomorphic change on peak growing season carbon exchange in response to: (i) landscape succession associated with the thaw-lake cycle; and (ii) low, moderate, and extreme scenarios of thermokarst pit formation (10%, 30%, and 50%) reported for Alaskan arctic tundra sites. We developed a 30 × 30 m resolution tundra geomorphology map (overall accuracy:75%; Kappa:0.69) for our ~1800 km² study area composed of ten classes; drained slope, high center polygon, flat-center polygon, low center polygon, coalescent low center polygon, polygon trough, meadow, ponds, rivers, and lakes, to determine their spatial distribution across the Barrow Peninsula. Land-atmosphere CO2 and CH4 flux data were collected for the summers of 2006-2010 at eighty-two sites near Barrow, across the mapped classes. The developed geomorphic map was used for the regional assessment of carbon flux. Results indicate (i) at present during peak growing season on the Barrow Peninsula, CO2 uptake occurs at -902.3 10(6) gC-CO2 day(-1) (uncertainty using 95% CI is between -438.3 and -1366 10(6) gC-CO2 day(-1)) and CH4 flux at 28.9 10(6) gC-CH4 day(-1) (uncertainty using 95% CI is between 12.9 and 44.9 10(6) gC-CH4 day(-1)), (ii) one century of future landscape change associated with the thaw-lake cycle only slightly alter CO2 and CH4 exchange, while (iii) moderate increases in thermokarst pits would strengthen both CO2 uptake (-166.9 10(6) gC-CO2 day(-1)) and CH4 flux (2.8 10(6) gC-CH4 day(-1)) with geomorphic change from low to high center polygons, cumulatively resulting in an estimated negative feedback to warming during peak growing season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Lara
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK, 99775, USA
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25
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Anthony KMW, Zimov SA, Grosse G, Jones MC, Anthony PM, Chapin FS, Finlay JC, Mack MC, Davydov S, Frenzel P, Frolking S. A shift of thermokarst lakes from carbon sources to sinks during the Holocene epoch. Nature 2014; 511:452-6. [PMID: 25043014 DOI: 10.1038/nature13560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Thermokarst lakes formed across vast regions of Siberia and Alaska during the last deglaciation and are thought to be a net source of atmospheric methane and carbon dioxide during the Holocene epoch. However, the same thermokarst lakes can also sequester carbon, and it remains uncertain whether carbon uptake by thermokarst lakes can offset their greenhouse gas emissions. Here we use field observations of Siberian permafrost exposures, radiocarbon dating and spatial analyses to quantify Holocene carbon stocks and fluxes in lake sediments overlying thawed Pleistocene-aged permafrost. We find that carbon accumulation in deep thermokarst-lake sediments since the last deglaciation is about 1.6 times larger than the mass of Pleistocene-aged permafrost carbon released as greenhouse gases when the lakes first formed. Although methane and carbon dioxide emissions following thaw lead to immediate radiative warming, carbon uptake in peat-rich sediments occurs over millennial timescales. We assess thermokarst-lake carbon feedbacks to climate with an atmospheric perturbation model and find that thermokarst basins switched from a net radiative warming to a net cooling climate effect about 5,000 years ago. High rates of Holocene carbon accumulation in 20 lake sediments (47 ± 10 grams of carbon per square metre per year; mean ± standard error) were driven by thermokarst erosion and deposition of terrestrial organic matter, by nutrient release from thawing permafrost that stimulated lake productivity and by slow decomposition in cold, anoxic lake bottoms. When lakes eventually drained, permafrost formation rapidly sequestered sediment carbon. Our estimate of about 160 petagrams of Holocene organic carbon in deep lake basins of Siberia and Alaska increases the circumpolar peat carbon pool estimate for permafrost regions by over 50 per cent (ref. 6). The carbon in perennially frozen drained lake sediments may become vulnerable to mineralization as permafrost disappears, potentially negating the climate stabilization provided by thermokarst lakes during the late Holocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Walter Anthony
- Water and Environmental Research Center, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775-5860, USA
| | - S A Zimov
- Northeast Scientific Station, Pacific Institute for Geography, Far-East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Cherskii 678830, Russia
| | - G Grosse
- 1] Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775-7320, USA [2] Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam 14473, Germany
| | - M C Jones
- 1] Water and Environmental Research Center, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775-5860, USA [2] US Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia 20192, USA
| | - P M Anthony
- Water and Environmental Research Center, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775-5860, USA
| | - F S Chapin
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775-7000, USA
| | - J C Finlay
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
| | - M C Mack
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - S Davydov
- Northeast Scientific Station, Pacific Institute for Geography, Far-East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Cherskii 678830, Russia
| | - P Frenzel
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg 35043, Germany
| | - S Frolking
- Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824-3525, USA
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Strauss J, Schirrmeister L, Grosse G, Wetterich S, Ulrich M, Herzschuh U, Hubberten HW. The deep permafrost carbon pool of the Yedoma region in Siberia and Alaska. Geophys Res Lett 2013; 40:6165-6170. [PMID: 26074633 PMCID: PMC4459201 DOI: 10.1002/2013gl058088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
[1] Estimates for circumpolar permafrost organic carbon (OC) storage suggest that this pool contains twice the amount of current atmospheric carbon. The Yedoma region sequestered substantial quantities of OC and is unique because its deep OC, which was incorporated into permafrost during ice age conditions. Rapid inclusion of labile organic matter into permafrost halted decomposition and resulted in a deep long-term sink. We show that the deep frozen OC in the Yedoma region consists of two distinct major subreservoirs: Yedoma deposits (late Pleistocene ice- and organic-rich silty sediments) and deposits formed in thaw-lake basins (generalized as thermokarst deposits). We quantified the OC pool based on field data and extrapolation using geospatial data sets to 83 + 61/-57 Gt for Yedoma deposits and to 128 + 99/-96 Gt for thermokarst deposits. The total Yedoma region 211 + 160/-153 Gt is a substantial amount of thaw-vulnerable OC that must be accounted for in global models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Strauss
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Periglacial Research Unit Potsdam, Germany
| | - Lutz Schirrmeister
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Periglacial Research Unit Potsdam, Germany
| | - Guido Grosse
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Periglacial Research Unit Potsdam, Germany ; Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks Fairbanks, USA
| | - Sebastian Wetterich
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Periglacial Research Unit Potsdam, Germany
| | - Mathias Ulrich
- Institute for Geography, Leipzig University Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulrike Herzschuh
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Periglacial Research Unit Potsdam, Germany
| | - Hans-Wolfgang Hubberten
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Periglacial Research Unit Potsdam, Germany
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Jones MC, Grosse G, Jones BM, Walter Anthony K. Peat accumulation in drained thermokarst lake basins in continuous, ice-rich permafrost, northern Seward Peninsula, Alaska. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jg001766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Brosius LS, Walter Anthony KM, Grosse G, Chanton JP, Farquharson LM, Overduin PP, Meyer H. Using the deuterium isotope composition of permafrost meltwater to constrain thermokarst lake contributions to atmospheric CH4during the last deglaciation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jg001810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Jones BM, Grosse G, Arp CD, Jones MC, Walter Anthony KM, Romanovsky VE. Modern thermokarst lake dynamics in the continuous permafrost zone, northern Seward Peninsula, Alaska. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jg001666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Schirrmeister L, Grosse G, Wetterich S, Overduin PP, Strauss J, Schuur EAG, Hubberten HW. Fossil organic matter characteristics in permafrost deposits of the northeast Siberian Arctic. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jg001647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Grosse G, Harden J, Turetsky M, McGuire AD, Camill P, Tarnocai C, Frolking S, Schuur EAG, Jorgenson T, Marchenko S, Romanovsky V, Wickland KP, French N, Waldrop M, Bourgeau-Chavez L, Striegl RG. Vulnerability of high-latitude soil organic carbon in North America to disturbance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jg001507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Grosse G, Romanovsky V, Jorgenson T, Anthony KW, Brown J, Overduin PP. Vulnerability and Feedbacks of Permafrost to Climate Change. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011eo090001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guido Grosse
- Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Pier Paul Overduin
- Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany
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Kuntz R, Weiland J, Grosse G. Treffsicherheit der diagnostischen Ureterorenoskopie. Aktuelle Urol 2008. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1060458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- K. M. Walter
- Water and Environmental Research Center, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
- International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
- School of Geography, University of Southampton, UK
- College of Natural Sciences, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
- Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
| | - M. E. Edwards
- Water and Environmental Research Center, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
- International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
- School of Geography, University of Southampton, UK
- College of Natural Sciences, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
- Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
| | - G. Grosse
- Water and Environmental Research Center, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
- International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
- School of Geography, University of Southampton, UK
- College of Natural Sciences, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
- Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
| | - S. A. Zimov
- Water and Environmental Research Center, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
- International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
- School of Geography, University of Southampton, UK
- College of Natural Sciences, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
- Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
| | - F. S. Chapin
- Water and Environmental Research Center, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
- International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
- School of Geography, University of Southampton, UK
- College of Natural Sciences, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
- Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
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Morgenstern A, Hauber E, Reiss D, van Gasselt S, Grosse G, Schirrmeister L. Deposition and degradation of a volatile-rich layer in Utopia Planitia and implications for climate history on Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Deng DR, Djalali S, Höltje M, Grosse G, Stroh T, Voigt I, Kusserow H, Theuring F, Ahnert-Hilger G, Hörtnagl H. Embryonic and postnatal development of the serotonergic raphe system and its target regions in 5-HT1A receptor deletion or overexpressing mouse mutants. Neuroscience 2007; 147:388-402. [PMID: 17543467 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2005] [Revised: 03/30/2007] [Accepted: 04/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The neurotransmitter 5-HT regulates early developmental processes in the CNS. In the present study we followed the embryonic and postnatal development of serotonergic raphe neurons and catecholaminergic target systems in the brain of 5-HT1A receptor knockout (KO) and overexpressing (OE) in comparison with wild-type (WT) mice from embryonic day (E) 12.5 to postnatal day (P) 15.5. Up to P15.5 no differences were apparent in the differentiation and distribution of serotonergic neurons in the raphe area as revealed by the equal number of serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe in all three genotypes. However, the establishment of serotonergic projections to the mesencephalic tegmentum and hypothalamus was delayed at E12.5 in KO and OE animals and projections to the cerebral cortex between E16.5 and E18.5 were delayed in OE mice. This delay was only transient and did not occur in other brain areas including septum, hippocampus and striatum. Moreover, OE mice caught up with WT and KO animals postnatally such that at P1.5 serotonergic innervation of the cortex was more extensive in the OE than in KO and WT mice. Tissue levels of 5-HT and of its main metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid as well as 5-HT turnover were considerably higher in brains of OE mice and slightly elevated in KO mice in comparison with the WT, starting at E16.5 through P15.5. The initial differentiation of dopaminergic neurons and fibers in the substantia nigra at E12.5 was transiently delayed in KO and OE mice as compared with WT mice, but no abnormalities in noradrenergic development were apparent in later stages. The present data indicate that 5-HT1A receptor deficiency or overexpression is associated with increased 5-HT synthesis and turnover in the early postnatal period. However, they also show that effects of 5-HT1A KO or OE on the structural development of the serotonergic system are at best subtle and transient. They may nonetheless contribute to the establishment of increased or reduced anxiety-like behavior, respectively, in adult mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Deng
- Institute of Pharmacology, Phillippstrasse 12, Dorotheenstrasse 94, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
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Höltje M, Brunk I, Grosse J, Beyer E, Veh RW, Bergmann M, Grosse G, Ahnert-Hilger G. Differential distribution of voltage-gated potassium channels Kv 1.1-Kv1.6 in the rat retina during development. J Neurosci Res 2007; 85:19-33. [PMID: 17075900 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The discharge behavior of neurons depends on a variable expression and sorting pattern of voltage-dependent potassium (Kv) channels that changes during development. The rodent retina represents a neuronal network whose main functions develop after birth. To obtain information about neuronal maturation we analyzed the expression of subunits of the Kv1 subfamily in the rat retina during postnatal development using immunocytochemistry and immunoelectron microscopy. At postnatal day 5 (P5) all the alpha-subunits of Kv1.1-Kv1.6 channels were found to be expressed in the ganglion cell layer (GCL), most of them already at P1 or P3. Their expression upregulates postnatally and the pattern and distribution change in an isoform-specific manner. Additionally Kv1 channels are found in the outer and inner plexiform layer (OPL, IPL) and in the inner nuclear layer (INL) at different postnatal stages. In adult retina the Kv 1.3 channel localizes to the inner and outer segments of cones. In contrast, Kv1.4 is highly expressed in the outer retina at P8. In adult retina Kv1.4 occurs in rod inner segments (RIS) near the connecting cilium where it colocalizes with synapse associated protein SAP 97. By using confocal laser scanning microscopy we showed a differential localization of Kv1.1-1.6 to cholinergic amacrine and rod bipolar cells of the INL of the adult retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Höltje
- Institut für Integrative Neuroanatomie, Centrum für Anatomie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Djalali S, Höltje M, Grosse G, Rothe T, Stroh T, Grosse J, Deng DR, Hellweg R, Grantyn R, Hörtnagl H, Ahnert-Hilger G. Effects of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) on glial cells and serotonergic neurones during development. J Neurochem 2005; 92:616-27. [PMID: 15659231 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02911.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Serotonergic neurones are among the first to develop in the central nervous system. Their survival and maturation is promoted by a variety of factors, including serotonin itself, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and S100beta, an astrocyte-specific Ca(2+) binding protein. Here, we used BDNF-deficient mice and cell cultures of embryonic raphe neurones to determine whether or not BDNF effects on developing serotonergic raphe neurones are influenced by its action on glial cells. In BDNF-/- mice, the number of serotonin-immunoreactive neuronal somata, the amount of the serotonin transporter, the serotonin content in the striatum and the hippocampus, and the content of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in all brain regions analysed were increased. By contrast, reduced immunoreactivity was found for myelin basic protein (MBP) in all brain areas including the raphe and its target region, the hippocampus. Exogenously applied BDNF increased the number of MBP-immunopositive cells in the respective culture systems. The raphe area displayed selectively reduced immunoreactivity for S100beta. Accordingly, S100beta was increased in primary cultures of pure astrocytes by exogenous BDNF. In glia-free neuronal cultures prepared from the embryonic mouse raphe, addition of BDNF supported the survival of serotonergic neurones and increased the number of axon collaterals and primary dendrites. The latter effect was inhibited by the simultaneous addition of S100beta. These results suggest that the presence of BDNF is not a requirement for the survival and maturation of serotonergic neurones in vivo. BDNF is, however, required for the local expression of S100beta and production of MBP. Therefore BDNF might indirectly influence the development of the serotonergic system by stimulating the expression of S100beta in astrocytes and the production MBP in oligodendrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Djalali
- AG Functional Cell Biology/Centre for Anatomy, Charité-Hochschulmedizin Berlin, Phillippstrasse 12, 10115 Berlin, Germany
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41
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Ahnert-Hilger G, Höltje M, Grosse G, Pickert G, Mucke C, Nixdorf-Bergweiler B, Boquet P, Hofmann F, Just I. Differential effects of Rho GTPases on axonal and dendritic development in hippocampal neurones. J Neurochem 2004; 90:9-18. [PMID: 15198662 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02475.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Formation of neurites and their differentiation into axons and dendrites requires precisely controlled changes in the cytoskeleton. While small GTPases of the Rho family appear to be involved in this regulation, it is still unclear how Rho function affects axonal and dendritic growth during development. Using hippocampal neurones at defined states of differentiation, we have dissected the function of RhoA in axonal and dendritic growth. Expression of a dominant negative RhoA variant inhibited axonal growth, whereas dendritic growth was promoted. The opposite phenotype was observed when a constitutively active RhoA variant was expressed. Inactivation of Rho by C3-catalysed ADP-ribosylation using C3 isoforms (Clostridium limosum, C3(lim) or Staphylococcus aureus, C3(stau2)), diminished axonal branching. By contrast, extracellularly applied nanomolar concentrations of C3 from C. botulinum (C3(bot)) or enzymatically dead C3(bot) significantly increased axon growth and axon branching. Taken together, axonal development requires activation of RhoA, whereas dendritic development benefits from its inactivation. However, extracellular application of enzymatically active or dead C3(bot) exclusively promotes axonal growth and branching suggesting a novel neurotrophic function of C3 that is independent from its enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ahnert-Hilger
- Centrum für Anatomie, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, AG Funktionelle Zellbiologie, Berlin, Germany.
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Grosse G, Thiele T, Heuckendorf E, Schopp E, Merder S, Pickert G, Ahnert-Hilger G. Deltamethrin differentially affects neuronal subtypes in hippocampal primary culture. Neuroscience 2002; 112:233-41. [PMID: 12044486 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(01)00573-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The effects of deltamethrin on neuronal development and survival were studied using primary mouse hippocampal neurons in culture. Repeated applications of deltamethrin (between 2 nM and 2000 nM) decreased the number of neurons by 16-40%, respectively. Neuronal death was accompanied by an overall decrease of synaptic proteins. Deltamethrin treatment increased the K(+)-stimulated release of amino acid transmitters, GABA and glutamate. The release of the latter might also contribute to neuronal damage. A considerable number of neurons survived treatment with high concentrations of deltamethrin (200-2000 nM) and still displayed characteristics of mature neurons such as synaptic contacts or the expression of members of the Kv1 channel family. When analyzing subtypes of neurons calbindin- as well as somatostatin-positive neurons decreased by 50% after repeated treatment with 2 nM deltamethrin. Under the same conditions neuropeptide Y-positive neurons were up-regulated by 250%.Taken together these data show that deltamethrin at concentrations relevant in human toxicology differentially affects survival of neuronal subtypes by exerting either deleterious or supportive effects. We conclude that deltamethrin disturbs fine-tuning of neuronal efficiency in neuronal networks and might also interfere with the correct wiring during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Grosse
- Institut für Anatomie der Charité, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 12, D-10115 Berlin, Germany
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Bauknecht KJ, Grosse G, Kleinert J, Lachmann A, Niedobitek F. Filiform polyposis of the colon in chronic inflammatory bowel disease (so-called giant inflammatory polyps). Z Gastroenterol 2000; 38:845-6, 848-54. [PMID: 11089270 DOI: 10.1055/s-2000-9994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
On the basis of 3 of our own cases, we describe unusually intense forms of filiform polyposis and local giant polyposis as a consequence of chronic inflammatory bowel disease. The patients are: A 52-year-old woman who for 7 years has been known to have Crohn's disease (CD); a 55-year-old man who for 14 years has been known to have chronic inflammatory bowel disease, which was first thought to have been ulcerative colitis, but, as a result of the findings on the subtotal colectomy specimen, had to be classified as Crohn's disease or colitis indeterminate; and a 53-year-old woman known to have had ulcerative colitis for 37 years. From the literature on the subject, we drew up a chronological list of a total of 43 cases with similar or completely identical findings. The clinical significance of the findings in their particularly massive intensity results from their necessary differentiation--in the context of differential diagnosis--from a malignant tumor, in particular from a carcinoma in association with chronic inflammatory bowel disease, or from a villous adenoma. The indication of a need to operate results from the impossibility of being able definitely to rule out a malignant degeneration by means of clinical methods. Also, experience shows that with massive findings of the kind described a spontaneous disappearance cannot be expected. Finally, too, the clinical symptoms and the patients subjective complaints necessitate balanced surgical treatment, taking into consideration the site and the extent of the lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Bauknecht
- Department of General, Vascular, and Thorax Surgery, Auguste-Viktoria-Hospital, Berlin-Schöneberg
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Grosse G, Draguhn A, Höhne L, Tapp R, Veh RW, Ahnert-Hilger G. Expression of Kv1 potassium channels in mouse hippocampal primary cultures: development and activity-dependent regulation. J Neurosci 2000; 20:1869-82. [PMID: 10684888 PMCID: PMC6772941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Excitability and discharge behavior of neurons depends on the highly variable expression pattern of voltage-dependent potassium (Kv) channels throughout the nervous system. To learn more about distribution, development, and activity-dependent regulation of Kv channel subunit expression in the rodent hippocampus, we studied the protein expression of members of the Kv1 subfamily in mouse hippocampus in situ and in primary cultures. In adult hippocampus, Kv1 (1-6) channel alpha-subunits were present, whereas at postnatal day 2, none of these proteins could be detected in CA1-CA3 and dentate gyrus. Kv1.1 was the first channel to be observed at postnatal day 6. The delayed postnatal expression and most of the subcellular distribution observed in hippocampal sections were mimicked by cultured hippocampal neurons in which Kv channels appeared only after 10 days in vitro. This developmental upregulation was paralleled by a dramatic increase in total K(+) current, as well as an elevated GABA release in the presence of 4-aminopyridine. Thus, the developmental profile, subcellular localization, and functionality of Kv1 channels in primary culture of hippocampus closely resembles the in situ situation. Impairing secretion by clostridial neurotoxins or blocking activity by tetrodotoxin inhibited the expression of Kv1.1, Kv1.2, and Kv1.4, whereas the other Kv1 channels still appeared. This activity-dependent depression was only observed before the initial appearance of the respective channels and lost after they had been expressed. Our data show that hippocampal neurons in culture are a convenient model to study the developmental expression and regulation of Kv1 channels. The ontogenetic regulation and the activity-dependent expression of Kv1.1, Kv1.2, and Kv1.4 indicate that neuronal activity plays a crucial role for the development of the mature Kv channel pattern in hippocampal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Grosse
- Institut für Anatomie der Charité, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
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Mecke H, Börner-Klaussner B, Grosse G, Nadjari B, Hauptmann S. [Clinical behavior of serous and mucinous borderline tumors of the ovary with diploid DNA stem line. Follow-up studies after organ preserving and non-organ preserving therapy]. Zentralbl Gynakol 2000; 122:274-9. [PMID: 10857214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Even today, the situation is still unclear with regard to the radicality of the operation and any adjuvant therapy required in treatment of borderline tumors of the ovary. In the last two decades, treatment of these tumors in the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics at our hospital has depended on the stage of the disease and the age of the patient. It ranged from laparoscopic cyst extirpation to hysterectomy with bilateral adnectomy and omental resection and regional lymphnodectomy. From the end of 1985 to the end of 1992, 35 patients with borderline tumors of the ovaries were operated on. Histologically, 14 borderline tumors were mucinous, 21 were serous. A follow-up investigation was carried out five to 11 years after primary operation. In this period, no patient died of borderline tumor. Twenty-eight patients who were followed up were clinically free of recurrence, five patients are alive, but could not be followed up. Two patients have died of other diseases after five years. Only one patient received adjuvant chemotherapy. She could not be followed up. In the meantime, peritoneal implants were demonstrated at second-look laparoscopies in four out of 18 patients. Later, these could no longer be demonstrated (one patient) or did not affect the survival time (three patients) and thus ultimately was not pathologically relevant. Primarily, two of these four patient had stage Ia-Ic. The paraffin blocks of the preparations are still available from 26 patients, and additional investigations could be carried out. Nineteen percent of the borderline tumors showed micropapillary structures of an MPCS (= micropapillary serous carcinoma), which evidently did not have a negative effect on the prognosis. All borderline tumors showed diploid distributions in DNA cytometry. It is not possible to make a definitive treatment recommendation on the basis of this investigation because the number of patients followed up was too small.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Mecke
- Geburtshilflich-Gynäkologische Abteilung, Auguste-Viktoria-Krankenhaus, Berlin
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Abstract
Structure and dimension of the dendritic arbor are important determinants of information processing by the nerve cell, but mechanisms and molecules involved in dendritic growth are essentially unknown. We investigated early mechanisms of dendritic growth using mouse fetal hippocampal neurons in primary culture, which form processes during the first week in vitro. We detected a key component of regulated exocytosis, SNAP-25 (synaptosomal associated protein of 25 kDa), in axons and axonal terminals as well as in dendrites identified by the occurrence of the dendritic markers transferrin receptor and MAP2. Selective inactivation of SNAP-25 by botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNTA) resulted in inhibition of axonal growth and of vesicle recycling in axonal terminals. In addition, dendritic growth of hippocampal pyramidal and granule neurons was significantly inhibited by BoNTA. In contrast, cleavage of synaptobrevin by tetanus toxin had an effect on neither axonal nor dendritic growth. Our observations indicate that SNAP-25, but not synaptobrevin, is involved in constitutive axonal growth and dendrite formation by hippocampal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Grosse
- Institut für Anatomie, Universitätsklinikum Charité, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, Germany
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Arastéh K, Cordes C, Futh U, Grosse G, Dietz E, Staib F. Co-infection by Cryptococcus neoformans and Mycobacterium avium intracellulare in AIDS. Clinical and epidemiological aspects. Mycopathologia 1998; 140:115-20. [PMID: 9691498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In the observation of various opportunistic pathogens in HIV-positive persons, co-infection by Cryptococcus neoformans together with Mycobacterium avium intracellulare was found if there was a CD4 lymphocyte count as low as 3-20/microliters. In 1540 HIV-positive patients under treatment at a Berlin hospital (Auguste-Viktoria-Krankenhaus) during 1985-1994, all AIDS-relevant diseases were examined in a multivariate analysis as variables of influence on the manifestation of a systemic Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection. The analysis involved data on 36 cases of cryptococcosis and 202 cases with a typical clinical course in whom MAC had been detected at sterile body sites. As significant and independent factors of influence, the following were identified: C. neoformans infection, wasting syndrome, lower age, low CD4 lymphocyte count and preceding Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PcP) prophylaxis. Cryptococcosis ranged first with an ods ratio of 2.75. The concomitant manifestation of cryptococcosis and systemic MAC infection in six patients is shown. Because both opportunists, C. neoformans and avian mycobacteria, may have their common habitat in droppings of defined species of pet birds, a common source of infection deserves further clinical and epidemiological attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Arastéh
- Auguste Viktoria Hospital (AVK), Berlin, Germany.
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Droste A, Grosse G, Bachler B. [Nevus cell aggregates in axillary lymph nodes in simultaneous mucinous breast carcinoma]. Pathologe 1998; 19:305-7. [PMID: 9746916 DOI: 10.1007/s002920050288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Nevus cell aggregates in lymph nodes are uncommon. This benign phenomenon may be difficult to differentiate from metastatic neoplasia. We report the case of a 56-year-old patient who underwent breast biopsy, followed by radical mastectomy including lymphadenectomy. Histological examination revealed solid cell aggregates as foreign tissue in the capsule of 1 of 11 identified lymph nodes devoid of any keratin immunoreaction. Strong immunohistological staining for the S-100 protein confirmed the diagnosis of nevus cell aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Droste
- Institut für Pathologie, Auguste-Viktoria-Krankenhaus, Berlin-Schöneberg
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Grosse G, Tapp R, Wartenberg M, Sauer H, Fox PA, Grosse J, Gratzl M, Bergmann M. Prenatal hippocampal granule cells in primary cell culture form mossy fiber boutons at pyramidal cell dendrites. J Neurosci Res 1998; 51:602-11. [PMID: 9512004 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4547(19980301)51:5<602::aid-jnr7>3.0.co;2-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Mossy fiber boutons are the sites of synaptic signalling between hippocampal granule and pyramidal neurons. We studied the formation and localization of these terminals during development of prenatal hippocampal neurons in primary culture. Using the synaptic vesicle membrane proteins synaptophysin and synaptoporin as markers we observed that both proteins were mainly localized in perikarya and processes of fetal hippocampal neurons during the first days in vitro (DIV). Following DIV 6 synaptophysin was present in small terminals. After DIV 20 in addition large terminals immunoreactive for synaptophysin and synaptoporin were found, which were identified by electron microscopy as mossy fiber boutons impinging on pyramidal neuron dendrites. Synaptic vesicles and endosomes in the mossy fiber boutons were labeled when incubated with exogenous horseradish peroxidase, indicating that they were competent for exo-endocytosis. Taken together, our data show that hippocampal granule neurons grown in dissociated primary cultures form mossy fiber boutons containing synaptophysin and synaptoporin at pyramidal cell dendrites. Since the composition and the characteristic morphology of mossy fiber boutons formed in vitro is the same as observed in vivo we conclude that their development follows an intrinsic program.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Grosse
- Institut für Anatomie, Universitätsklinikum Charité, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, Germany
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