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Chaurasia N, Mishra P, Garg S, Malik G. Sleep Quality in Patients With Schizophrenia in a Tertiary Care Center in Northern India. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2023; 25:23m03564. [PMID: 38198703 DOI: 10.4088/pcc.23m03564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective: To assess the quality of sleep among patients with schizophrenia. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted with 100 outpatients with schizophrenia recruited from a tertiary care center in Northern India from July 2022 to December 2022. Eligible participants were required to complete a demographic form, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). The severity of psychosis was assessed with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Results: The mean age of the participants was 38.87 years (SD = 10.564). The prevalence of poor sleep quality (PSQI ≥ 5) among the patients with schizophrenia was 78%, and the mean PSQI score was 11.2 (SD = 5.31). Most of the participants in whom the prevalence of poor sleep quality was marginally higher were female (51%). Of the 7 PSQI components, daytime dysfunction was more affected (49%) compared to the other 6 components. There was a positive correlation between PSQI and ISI scores (r = 0.805, P < .001). PSQI (U = 380, P < .001) and ISI scores (U = 517, P < .001) were significantly lower in schizophrenia patients taking benzodiazepines. The PANSS scores were not significantly correlated with PSQI or ISI scores. Conclusions: Most patients with schizophrenia suffered significantly from poor sleep quality. The results showed the deleterious impact of poor sleep on their daytime functioning, suggesting the need for comprehensive management of sleep problems in such patients. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2023;25(6):23m03564. Author affiliations are listed at the end of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Chaurasia
- Department of Psychiatry, Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, Uttarakhand, India
- Corresponding Author: Neha Chaurasia, PGDRP, Department of Psychiatry, Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, 248001, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Preeti Mishra
- Department of Psychiatry, Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Shobit Garg
- Department of Psychiatry, Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Gunjan Malik
- Department of Psychiatry, Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, Uttarakhand, India
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Malik G, Mishra P, Chaurasia N, Garg S. Sexual dysfunction in bipolar depression: Gender differences. J Family Med Prim Care 2023; 12:3356-3361. [PMID: 38361839 PMCID: PMC10866285 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_957_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective To find sexual dysfunction in acute-phase bipolar depression patients and subsequently characterize the gender-wise differences in sexual functioning. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional, descriptive, observational, purposeful, and hospital-based study was done with 45 patients (age range: 18-59 years) with moderate to severe acute phase bipolar depression (HAM-D scores >18). The domain-wise (Pleasure, Desire/Frequency Desire/Interest, Arousal/Excitement, and Orgasm/Completion) sexual functioning was assessed by the Change in Sexual Functioning Questionnaire (CSFQ-14) (≤41 for females, ≤47 for males as a cut-off for dysfunction). This study is registered in the CTRI (Clinical Trials Registry India, Number: CTRI-2021-07-035182). Results The prevalence of sexual dysfunction was 91% of bipolar disorder patients with more male participants (53.3%) compared to females (46.7%). The mean HAM-D score for the study sample was 27.93 ± 8.035. The female gender had more dysfunctional scores in desire/frequency (t = 2.229, P = 0.031), desire/interest (t = 2.448, P = 0.019), orgasm/completion (t = 2.974, P = 0.005), and overall total CSFQ (t = 2.946, P = 0.005). The odds of sexual dysfunction were significant given a one-unit increase in suicidal ideation in the index episode (adjusted OR = 1.222, 95% CI: 1.004-1.488, P = .049). Conclusion Acute-phase bipolar patients have very high sexual dysfunction rates. Females have both global and specific sexual response cycle deficits in comparison to acute phase bipolar depressed males. Future trials shall amuse neurobiology grounded, more individualistic sexual rehabilitation-based interventional paradigms, and longitudinal research models in acute phase bipolar depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunjan Malik
- Department of Psychiatry, Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Preeti Mishra
- Department of Psychiatry, Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Neha Chaurasia
- Department of Psychiatry, Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Shobit Garg
- Department of Psychiatry, Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
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Guo J, Malik G, Wasilenko S, Halloran B, Montano-Loza AJ, Zepeda-Gomez S. A118 BALLOON-ASSISTED ENTEROSCOPY TIMING INCREASES DIAGNOSTIC YIELD IN PATIENTS WITH OVERT OBSCURE GASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDING: A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY. J Can Assoc Gastroenterol 2023. [PMCID: PMC9991250 DOI: 10.1093/jcag/gwac036.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB) is defined as bleeding from an unknown etiology despite initial investigations with upper endoscopy and colonoscopy, of which 75-80% is attributed to a small bowel (SB) source. OGIB poses a significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenge, resulting in high morbidity and mortality with increased utilization of health care resources. Balloon-assisted enteroscopy (BAE) is a useful procedure for the evaluation and management of small bowel bleeding, with reported diagnostic and therapeutic rates up to 87% and 80%, respectively. Purpose This retrospective study aims to evaluate the diagnostic and therapeutic yields in a large cohort of adult patients presenting with different subtypes of OGIB who have undergone BAE, as well as to assess for association between various patient and disease factors, and clinical outcomes. Method We performed a retrospective review of 1057 cases of BAE at a large quaternary referral centre between 2016 to 2021 and 158 OGIB cases were identified. Sex, age, and, preprocedural variables including indication, time from video capsule endoscopy (VCE) to BAE and subclassification of SB bleed were collected. Endoscopic modality, findings, and therapeutic interventions were used to calculate diagnostic and therapeutic yields. The association between the timing of BAE relative to VCE and clinical outcomes including rebleeding rate, diagnostics and therapeutic yields were assessed. Bleeding free-survival was estimated using Kaplan-Meier function. All data analyses were performed with SPSS. Result(s) The overall diagnostic yield of BAE was 74%. Patients with active overt bleeding were found to have a statistically significant higher yield compared to those with inactive overt bleeding (94% vs 67%, P= 0.03). The therapeutic yield was 51%, with a significantly higher rate of injection therapy and hemoclip placement in those with active overt bleeding compared to those with inactive overt and occult bleeding (P< 0.001). BAE performed within 72 hours of overt GI bleeding was found to have a statistically significant higher diagnostic yield when compared to procedures performed after 72 hours (94% vs 67%, p =0.05). Univariable analysis revealed higher diagnostic yield in patients requiring transfusion within the past 12 months (P= 0.02) Finally, rebleeding-free survival in all patients at 1 year and 5 years was 98% and 68%, respectively. Image ![]()
Conclusion(s) Balloon-assisted enteroscopy continues to be an effective diagnostic and therapeutic modality for the investigation of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. Our retrospective study shows a higher diagnostic yield in those presenting with active overt GI bleed as well as those who underwent BAE within 72 hours of overt GI bleeding. Furthermore, patients who required transfusion within the past 12 months are more likely to have a positive BAE finding. Please acknowledge all funding agencies by checking the applicable boxes below None Disclosure of Interest None Declared
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Affiliation(s)
- J Guo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, The University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - G Malik
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, The University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - S Wasilenko
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, The University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - B Halloran
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, The University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - A J Montano-Loza
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, The University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - S Zepeda-Gomez
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, The University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Malik G, Chawan N, Mishra P, Garg S, Tikka SK, Tyagi P. Theta Burst Stimulation for Male Sexual Dysfunction in Bipolar Depression—A Case Series. Journal of Psychosexual Health 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/26318318221102125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gunjan Malik
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Namdev Chawan
- Department of Psychiatry, ESIC Medical College, Gulbarga, Karnataka, India
| | - Preeti Mishra
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Shobit Garg
- Department of Psychiatry, Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Sai Krishna Tikka
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) Bibinagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Priya Tyagi
- Department of Psychiatry, Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
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Malik G, Yang DY, Wong K. A206 GALLSTONE IMPACTION IN THE DESCENDING COLON WITH SUCCESSFUL ENDOSCOPIC REMOVAL. J Can Assoc Gastroenterol 2022. [PMCID: PMC8859216 DOI: 10.1093/jcag/gwab049.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Gallstone impaction in the colon is a rare complication of cholelithiasis, typically because of gallstones migrating into the colon via a cholecystocolonic fistula. Gastrointestinal obstruction from gallstones only develops in 0.3–0.5% of patients with cholelithiasis and accounts for 0.095% of all mechanical bowel obstruction. Successful treatment has been described with endoscopic and surgical techniques.
Aims
This report aims to present a case of colonic obstruction from gallstone that was successfully treated endoscopically.
Methods
We conducted a retrospective chart review on one patient including assessing the history of presenting illness along with biochemical, radiographic, and endoscopic results. We then conducted a narrative literature review on this subject matter.
Results
An 85-year-old male with known cholelithiasis complicated by prior cholecystitis presented with a 2-day history of generalized abdominal pain. Computed tomography (CT) showed fistulisation between the gallbladder and hepatic flexure. Follow-up CT with rectal contrast showed lack of contrast beyond an impacted gallstone in the descending colon (Figure 1A, 1B). The patient was deemed a poor surgical candidate thus endoscopic gallstone extraction was attempted. With a pediatric colonoscope, the 41mm x 51mm gallstone was visualized 70cm from anal verge (1C). The stone was too large to be extracted en-block with snare or basket. Attempts to cut the stone at its surface with a polypectomy snare and other tools were unsuccessful because of the roundness and smoothness of the stone. Although we could chip away at the surface, we were unable to break the seal of the stone against the colon mucosa. We found the most effective method was tunneling through the stone’s centre using a closed rat-tooth forceps, then angling the tip of the scope and pulling the scope back to break off fragments from within. A polypectomy snare was used to further breakup larger fragments to prevent repeat impaction (1D). There was underlying diverticular disease and mild ischemic changes to the mucosa but no stricture. The patient did well post-procedure and was able to tolerate oral intake, pass flatus, and pass bowel movements. He was discharged 3 days later.
A recent systematic review found a total of 38 cases of gallstone obstruction of the colon. Majority of patients (73.6%) ultimately required surgical intervention. Overall mortality is 13.1%.
Conclusions
Gallstone impaction in the colon is uncommon with successful endoscopic treatment seldomly described. This report describes a rare complication of gallstone disease that was successfully treated with widely available endoscopic tools.
Funding Agencies
None
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Affiliation(s)
- G Malik
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - D Y Yang
- Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - K Wong
- Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Mancha‐Ramirez AM, Yang X, Liang H, Junco J, Lee KP, Bovio SF, Espinoza M, Wool J, Slaga A, Glade DC, Hanes M, Malik G, Kim DJ, DiGiovanni J, Slaga TJ. Harnessing the gatekeepers of glucocorticoids for chemoprevention of non-melanoma skin cancer. Mol Carcinog 2019; 58:102-112. [PMID: 30302860 PMCID: PMC6563487 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite effective surgical methods for non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC), patients suffer from tissue damage, scarring, or even disfigurement; thus, there is a need for chemopreventive approaches. Because of the complex interplay between glucocorticoids (GCs), inflammation, and cancer, we sought to determine the role of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (11βHSD1 and 2) in regulating GCs during skin cancer development and progression. 11βHSDs modulate the activation of GCs in a tissue-specific manner and have been reported to play a role in development and progression of other types of cancer, but their role has not yet been reported in NMSC. Here, we found a significant upregulation of 11βHSD2 protein in skin cancer cells when compared to normal skin cells, suggesting a role for this enzyme in the multifactorial process of skin cancer development. In addition, inhibition of 11βHSD2 with siRNA resulted in significant reduction in colony formation in vitro. Finally, our in vivo study elucidated that inhibition of 11βHSD2 with pharmacological inhibitor, Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) could significantly diminish tumorigenesis in a well-studied in vivo mouse model of NMSC. Overall, these studies highlight for the first time a potential novel role for 11βHSD2 in NMSC development and may allow for new GC treatment approaches capable of avoiding deactivation by the enzyme. If 11βHSD2 can be inhibited as we have done here, or circumvented using modified GCs, this may lead to more efficacious outcomes for NMSC patients by preventing deactivation of the GC and minimizing resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M. Mancha‐Ramirez
- Department of PharmacologyThe University of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioTexas
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- Department of PharmacologyThe University of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioTexas
| | - Huiyun Liang
- Department of PharmacologyThe University of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioTexas
| | - Jacob Junco
- Department of PharmacologyThe University of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioTexas
| | - Kevin P. Lee
- Department of PharmacologyThe University of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioTexas
| | - Sarah F. Bovio
- Department of PharmacologyThe University of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioTexas
| | - Maricruz Espinoza
- Department of PharmacologyThe University of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioTexas
| | - Julia Wool
- Department of PharmacologyThe University of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioTexas
| | - Andrew Slaga
- Department of PharmacologyThe University of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioTexas
| | - Daniel C. Glade
- Department of PharmacologyThe University of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioTexas
| | - Martha Hanes
- Department of PharmacologyThe University of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioTexas
| | - Gunjan Malik
- Department of PharmacologyThe University of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioTexas
| | - Dae Joon Kim
- Department of PharmacologyThe University of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioTexas
- Department of Biomedical SciencesSchool of MedicineThe University of Texas Rio Grande ValleyEdinburgTexas
| | - John DiGiovanni
- College of PharmacyThe University of Texas at AustinAustinTexas
| | - Thomas J. Slaga
- Department of PharmacologyThe University of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioTexas
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Junco JJ, Cho J, Mancha A, Malik G, Wei S, Kim DJ, Liang H, DiGiovanni J, Slaga TJ. Role of AMPK and PPARα in the anti-skin cancer effects of ursolic acid. Mol Carcinog 2018; 57:1698-1706. [PMID: 30129681 PMCID: PMC6519015 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The phytonutrient ursolic acid (UA), present in apples, rosemary, and other plant sources, has anti-cancer properties in a number of systems, including skin cancers. However, few reports have examined upstream mechanisms by which UA may prevent or treat cancer. Recent reports have indicated UA induces death of cancer cell lines via AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an energy-sensing kinase which possesses both pro-metabolic and anti-cancer effects. Other studies have shown UA activates peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α (PPARα) and the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Here, we found the cytotoxic effect of UA in skin carcinoma cells required AMPK activation. In addition, two inhibitors of PPARα partially reversed the cytotoxic effects of UA, suggesting its effects are at least partially mediated through this receptor. Finally, inhibition of the GR did not reverse the effects of UA nor did this compound bind the GR under the conditions of experiments performed. Overall, studies elucidating the anti-cancer effects of UA may allow for the development of more potent analogues utilizing similar mechanisms. These studies may also reveal the mediators of any possible side effects or resistance mechanisms to UA therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob J. Junco
- Department of PharmacologyThe University of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioTexas
| | - Jiyoon Cho
- College of PharmacyThe University of Texas at AustinAustinTexas
| | - Anna Mancha
- Department of PharmacologyThe University of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioTexas
| | - Gunjan Malik
- Department of PharmacologyThe University of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioTexas
| | - Sung‐Jen Wei
- Department of PharmacologyThe University of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioTexas
- Edinburg Regional Academic Health Center, Medical Research DivisionThe University of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioEdinburgTexas
| | - Dae Joon Kim
- Department of PharmacologyThe University of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioTexas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of MedicineUniversity of Texas Rio Grande ValleyEdinburgTexas
| | - Huiyun Liang
- Department of PharmacologyThe University of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioTexas
| | - John DiGiovanni
- College of PharmacyThe University of Texas at AustinAustinTexas
| | - Thomas J. Slaga
- Department of PharmacologyThe University of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioTexas
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Malik G, Swyka RA, Tiwari VK, Fei X, Applegate GA, Berkowitz DB. A thiocyanopalladation/carbocyclization transformation identified through enzymatic screening: stereocontrolled tandem C-SCN and C-C bond formation. Chem Sci 2017; 8:8050-8060. [PMID: 29568453 PMCID: PMC5855125 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc04083k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein we describe a formal thiocyanopalladation/carbocyclization transformation and its parametrization and optimization using a new elevated temperature plate-based version of our visual colorimetric enzymatic screening method for reaction discovery. The carbocyclization step leads to C-SCN bond formation in tandem with C-C bond construction and is highly stereoselective, showing nearly absolute 1,2-anti-stereoinduction (5 examples) for substrates bearing allylic substitution, and nearly absolute 1,3-syn-stereoinduction (16 examples) for substrates bearing propargylic substitution. Based upon these high levels of stereoinduction, the dependence of the 1,2-stereoinduction upon cyclization substrate geometry, and the generally high preference for the transoid vinyl thiocyanate alkene geometry, a mechanistic model is proposed, involving (i) Pd(ii)-enyne coordination, (ii) thiocyanopalladation, (iii) migratory insertion and (iv) β-elimination. Examples of transition metal-mediated C-SCN bond formation that proceed smoothly on unactivated substrates and allow for preservation of the SCN moiety are lacking. Yet, the thiocyanate functionality is of great value for biophysical chemistry (vibrational Stark effect) and medicinal chemistry (S,N-heterocycle construction). The title transformation accommodates C-, O-, N- and S-bridged substrates (6 examples), thereby providing the corresponding carbocyclic or heterocyclic scaffolds. The reaction is also shown to be compatible with a significant range of substituents, varying in steric and electronic demand, including a wide range of substituted aromatics, fused bicyclic and heterocyclic systems, and even biaryl systems. Combination of this new transformation with asymmetric allylation and Grubbs ring-closing metathesis provides for a streamlined enantio- and diastereoselective entry into the oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octyl core of the natural products massarilactone and annuionone A, as also evidenced by low temperature X-ray crystal structure determination. Utilizing this bicyclic scaffold, we demonstrate the versatility of the thiocyanate moiety for structural diversification post-cyclization. Thus, the bridging vinyl thiocyanate moiety is smoothly elaborated into a range of derivative functionalities utilizing transformations that cleave the S-CN bond, add the elements of RS-CN across a π-system and exploit the SCN moiety as a cycloaddition partner (7 diverse examples). Among the new functionalities thereby generated are thiotetrazole and sulfonyl tetrazole heterocycles that serve as carboxylate and phosphate surrogates, respectively, highlighting the potential of this approach for future applications in medicinal chemistry or chemical biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Malik
- Department of Chemistry , University of Nebraska , Lincoln , NE 68588 , USA .
| | - R A Swyka
- Department of Chemistry , University of Nebraska , Lincoln , NE 68588 , USA .
| | - V K Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry , University of Nebraska , Lincoln , NE 68588 , USA .
| | - X Fei
- Department of Chemistry , University of Nebraska , Lincoln , NE 68588 , USA .
| | - G A Applegate
- Department of Chemistry , University of Nebraska , Lincoln , NE 68588 , USA .
| | - D B Berkowitz
- Department of Chemistry , University of Nebraska , Lincoln , NE 68588 , USA .
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Grizzle WE, Semmes OJ, Bigbee W, Zhu L, Malik G, Oelschlager DK, Manne B, Manne U. The Need for Review and Understanding of SELDI/MALDI Mass Spectroscopy Data Prior to Analysis. Cancer Inform 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/117693510500100106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple studies have reported that surface enhanced laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectroscopy (SELDI-TOF-MS) is useful in the early detection of disease based on the analysis of bodily fluids. Use of any multiplex mass spectroscopy based approach as in the analysis of bodily fluids to detect disease must be analyzed with great care due to the susceptibility of multiplex and mass spectroscopy methods to biases introduced via experimental design, patient samples, and/or methodology. Specific biases include those related to experimental design, patients, samples, protein chips, chip reader and spectral analysis. Contributions to biases based on patients include demographics (e.g., age, race, ethnicity, sex), homeostasis (e.g., fasting, medications, stress, time of sampling), and site of analysis (hospital, clinic, other). Biases in samples include conditions of sampling (type of sample container, time of processing, time to storage), conditions of storage, (time and temperature of storage), and prior sample manipulation (freeze thaw cycles). Also, there are many potential biases in methodology which can be avoided by careful experimental design including ensuring that cases and controls are analyzed randomly. All the above forms of biases affect any system based on analyzing multiple analytes and especially all mass spectroscopy based methods, not just SELDI-TOF-MS. Also, all current mass spectroscopy systems have relatively low sensitivity compared with immunoassays (e.g., ELISA). There are several problems which may be unique to the SELDI-TOF-MS system marketed by Ciphergen®. Of these, the most important is a relatively low resolution (±0.2%) of the bundled mass spectrometer which may cause problems with analysis of data. Foremost, this low resolution results in difficulties in determining what constitutes a “peak” if a peak matching approach is used in analysis. Also, once peaks are selected, the peaks may represent multiple proteins. In addition, because peaks may vary slightly in location due to instrumental drift, long term identification of the same peaks may prove to be a challenge. Finally, the Ciphergen® system has some “noise” of the baseline which results from the accumulation of charge in the detector system. Thus, we must be very aware of the factors that may affect the use of proteomics in the early detection of disease, in determining aggressive subsets of cancers, in risk assessment and in monitoring the effectiveness of novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - William Bigbee
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Liu Zhu
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | | | | | - Barkha Manne
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
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Kang S, Verma S, Teng G, Belke D, Svystonyuk D, Guzzardi D, Park D, Turnbull J, Malik G, Fedak P. DIRECT EFFECTS OF EMPAGLIFLOZIN ON EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX REMODELING IN HUMAN CARDIAC FIBROBLASTS: NOVEL TRANSLATIONAL CLUES TO EMPA-REG OUTCOME. Can J Cardiol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2017.07.330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Svystonyuk D, Malik G, Mewhort H, Guzzardi D, Park D, Belke D, Teng G, Fedak P. SIS-ECM BIOMATERIAL DECREASES HUMAN CARDIAC MYOFIBROBLAST ACTIVATION AND ATTENUATES LOCAL MATRIX REMODELING. Can J Cardiol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2015.07.412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Kapoor R, Malik G, Palta J, Hagan M. SU-E-T-469: Implementation of VAs Web-Based Radiotherapy Incident Reporting and Analysis System (RIRAS). Med Phys 2015. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4924831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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13
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Junco JJ, Mancha-Ramirez A, Malik G, Wei SJ, Kim DJ, Liang H, Slaga TJ. Ursolic acid and resveratrol synergize with chloroquine to reduce melanoma cell viability. Melanoma Res 2015; 25:103-12. [PMID: 25647735 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is associated with a 5-year survival rate of less than 20% once metastasized. Malignant melanoma cells exhibit increased levels of autophagy, a process of intracellular digestion that allows cells to survive various stresses including chemotherapies, resulting in reduced patient survival. Autophagy can be inhibited by chemicals like chloroquine (CQ), which prevents fusion of autophagosomes to lysosomes, resulting in autophagosome accumulation in most systems. Here, we describe how tested CQ to see whether it could sensitize B16F10 metastatic mouse melanoma cells to the anticancer activities of the natural compounds ursolic acid (UA) and resveratrol (RES). CQ with UA or RES strongly and synergistically reduced the viability of B16F10 mouse melanoma and A375 human melanoma cells. Surprisingly, flow cytometry of acridine orange-stained cells showed that UA or RES in combination with CQ significantly reduced autophagosome levels. Western blotting analysis revealed that CQ plus UA or RES paradoxically increased LC3II, indicative of autophagosome accumulation. In addition, CQ plus RES synergistically decreased the levels of both autophagy initiator beclin-1 and autophagy supporter p62. These results indicate that CQ with UA or RES strongly and synergistically reduces the viability of B16F10 and A375 melanoma cells. However, studies on B16F10 cells have shown that the synergistic effect was not mediated by inhibition of autophagy induced by UA or RES. These compounds are well-tolerated in humans, and CQ has shown promise as an adjuvant therapy. These combinations may be valuable treatment strategies for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob J Junco
- aDepartment of Pharmacology bEdinburg Regional Academic Health Center, Medical Research Division, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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Kapoor R, Palta J, Hagan M, Grover S, Malik G. SU-E-T-524: Web-Based Radiation Oncology Incident Reporting and Learning System (ROIRLS). Med Phys 2014. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4888857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Ursolic acid, present in apples, rosemary, and other sources, is known to inhibit tumor formation and tumor cell viability in multiple systems, including skin. However, various cancers are resistant to ursolic acid treatment. Herein, skin carcinoma cells (Ca3/7) as compared with skin papilloma cells (MT1/2) displayed more resistance to ursolic acid-induced cytotoxicity. Interestingly, Ca3/7 cells had elevated levels of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), an ATP-dependent efflux pump that mediates resistance to chemotherapy in preclinical and clinical settings, and not only accumulated less but also more rapidly expelled the P-gp substrate rhodamine 123 (Rh123) indicating ursolic acid is transported by P-gp. To determine whether P-gp inhibition can enhance ursolic acid-mediated cytotoxicity, cells were challenged with P-gp inhibitors verapamil or cyclosporin A. Alternatively, cells were pretreated with the natural compound resveratrol, a known chemotherapy sensitizer. Verapamil and resveratrol enhanced the effects of ursolic acid in both cell lines, whereas cyclosporin A only did so in Ca3/7 cells. Similarly, verapamil inhibited Rh123 efflux in both lines, whereas cyclosporin A only inhibited Rh123 efflux in Ca3/7 cells. Resveratrol did not inhibit Rh123 efflux in either line, indicating the synergistic effects of resveratrol and ursolic acid are not manifest by inhibition of P-gp-mediated efflux of ursolic acid. These results indicate that the anti-skin cancer effects of ursolic acid are enhanced with P-gp inhibitors. In addition, resveratrol and ursolic acid interact synergistically, but not through inhibition of P-gp. IMPLICATIONS Resveratrol and/or p-glycoprotein inhibitors in combination with ursolic acid are an effective anti-skin cancer regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob J Junco
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229.
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Knowles LM, Malik G, Pilch J. Plasma Fibronectin Promotes Tumor Cell Survival and Invasion through Regulation of Tie2. J Cancer 2013; 4:383-90. [PMID: 23833683 PMCID: PMC3701808 DOI: 10.7150/jca.6545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous research has shown that plasma fibronectin promotes lung metastasis by facilitating tumor cell invasion in clotted plasma. To evaluate the role of clotted plasma for tumor cell survival, we treated B16F1 cells embedded in a 3-dimensional matrix of fibrin with tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), a cytokine with anti-tumor activity. Under these conditions, TNFα caused significant cytotoxicity, which was prevented when we added plasma fibronectin to the fibrin clot. Fibronectin-mediated TNFα resistance was dependent on PI3-kinase, which also mediated the pro-adhesive and pro-invasive effects of plasma fibronectin on tumor cells. To further investigate the role of plasma fibronectin in tumor cell signaling, we performed a gene array that showed specific upregulation of Tie2 in B16F1 cells embedded in fibrin-fibronectin compared to fibrin. Importantly, inhibition of Tie2 resulted in decreased tumor cell invasion, reduced colony formation and increased tumor cell death in response to TNFα. Together, our findings indicate that plasma fibronectin induces tumor cell invasion and protects tumor cells from the cytotoxic effects of inflammatory mediators through up-regulation of Tie2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn M Knowles
- 1. Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Shadyside Medical Center, 5200 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
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Liang H, Kowalczyk P, Junco JJ, Klug-De Santiago HL, Malik G, Wei SJ, Slaga TJ. Differential effects on lung cancer cell proliferation by agonists of glucocorticoid and PPARα receptors. Mol Carcinog 2013; 53:753-63. [DOI: 10.1002/mc.22029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huiyun Liang
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology; University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; San Antonio, Texas
- Medical Research Division, Regional Academic Health Center at Edinburg; University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Edinburg, Texas
| | - Piotr Kowalczyk
- Department of Pharmacology; University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; San Antonio, Texas
| | - Jacob J. Junco
- Department of Pharmacology; University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; San Antonio, Texas
| | - Heather L. Klug-De Santiago
- Medical Research Division, Regional Academic Health Center at Edinburg; University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Edinburg, Texas
| | - Gunjan Malik
- Department of Pharmacology; University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; San Antonio, Texas
| | - Sung-Jen Wei
- Medical Research Division, Regional Academic Health Center at Edinburg; University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Edinburg, Texas
- Department of Pharmacology; University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; San Antonio, Texas
| | - Thomas J. Slaga
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology; University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; San Antonio, Texas
- Department of Pharmacology; University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; San Antonio, Texas
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Abstract
High-grade non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer is commonly treated with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin, an immunotherapeutic that depends on fibronectin and tumor cell integrin α5β1 for internalization into bladder cancer cells. We previously showed that the anti-angiogenic peptide CLT1 forms cytotoxic complexes with fibronectin that are cooperatively internalized into proliferating endothelium through ligation of integrins and chloride intracellular channel 1. While CLT1 has no effect on mature, differentiated cells, we show here that CLT1 is highly cytotoxic for a panel of bladder tumor cell lines as well as a variety of cell lines derived from kidney, lung, breast, and prostate cancer. Paralleling our previous results, we found CLT1-induced tumor cell death to be increased in the presence of fibronectin, which mediated CLT1 internalization and subsequent autophagic cell death in a mechanism that depends on tumor cell integrin α5β1 and chloride intracellular channel 3 (CLIC3). This mechanistic link was further supported by our results showing upregulation of α5β1 and CLIC3 in CLT1-responsive tumor cell lines and colocalization with CLT1 in tumor tissues. Incubating tumor tissue from patients with bladder cancer with fluorescein-conjugated CLT1 resulted in a strong and specific fluorescence whereas normal bladder tissue remained negative. On the basis of its affinity for bladder tumor tissue and strong antitumor effects, we propose that CLT1 could be useful for targeting bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn M Knowles
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Shadyside Medical Center, Suite G33, 5200 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
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Cossburn M, Tackley G, Baker K, Ingram G, Burtonwood M, Malik G, Pickersgill T, te Water Naudé J, Robertson N. The prevalence of neuromyelitis optica in South East Wales. Eur J Neurol 2011; 19:655-9. [PMID: 21967235 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2011.03529.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Neuromyeltis optica (NMO) is a neuroinflammatory disorder considered rare in Caucasian populations. However, accurate population-based epidemiological data for NMO and NMO spectrum disorder (NMO-SD) from Western populations employing validated diagnostic criteria remain limited. We sought therefore to estimate the prevalence and clinical features of NMO in a north European Caucasian population in South East Wales. METHODS Patients were identified by a comprehensive, multistage ascertainment strategy employing a regional neuroinflammatory disease register, hospital diagnostic databases personal physician referrals and regional requests for anti-aquaporin-4 antibodies (anti-AQP4). RESULTS Fourteen Caucasian patients (11 patients with NMO and three with NMO-SD) were identified in a population of 712,572 (19.6/million; 95% CIs: 12.2-29.7). There was an excess of females (female:male 12:2), 11/14 were anti-AQP4 positive and 5/14 had disease onset under the age of 20 years. CONCLUSION This study suggests that NMO and related spectrum disorders are at least as frequent in Northern European populations as in non-Caucasian populations and that the demographic profile of prevalent patients differs from clinic-based cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cossburn
- The Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Junco J, Cho J, Malik G, Carbajal S, Moore T, Tolstykh O, DiGiovanni J, Slaga T. Abstract B59: A combination of resveratrol and ursolic acid produces synergistic inhibitory effects on markers of skin tumor promotion. Cancer Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.fbcr11-b59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Resveratrol (RES), found in grapes and Ursolic Acid (UA), found in rosemary and apples, delay the onset and reduce the number of experimentally-induced skin tumors in mice and inhibit the oncogenic Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (Akt/mTOR) and Nuclear Factor kappa B (NF\#954;B) pathways. Based on their similar downstream effects via different proximal targets, we hypothesized that a combination treatment of RES and UA would synergize to produce a stronger inhibitory effect on skin tumor promotion.
Methods: The dorsal skin of FVB mice (n=8) were shaved and treated topically twice per week for 2 weeks with sub-optimal doses of 2 μmol UA, 2 μmol RES, or a combination of both in 200 μL acetone. Each treatment was followed 30 minutes later with topical application of 3.4 nmol of the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) in 200 μL acetone. Animals were sacrificed either 6 h (Western blotting) or 48 h (histology) after the final TPA treatment. The skins of five mice per group were removed and the epidermis was collected by scraping for Western blotting. For immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis of epidermal proliferation three mice per group were i.p. injected with 100 mg/kg Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) in PBS 30 min. prior to sacrifice. Mouse skin from treated areas was fixed in formalin, paraffin embedded, and analyzed via IHC.
Results: RES and UA in combination had a stronger effect on hallmarks of skin tumor promotion than was expected based on the sum of their individual inhibitory effects, indicating synergism between RES and UA. RES and UA in combination synergistically inhibited TPA-induced epidermal thickening (80.2% inhibition vs 66.1 % expected) and epidermal proliferation (100.0% inhibition vs 90.0% expected). Western blotting revealed that components of the NF\#954;B and Akt/mTOR pathways were synergistically downregulated by the RES + UA combination in mouse epidermis. TPA-induced Akt (thr308) phosphorylation (86.0% inhibition vs 26.6% expected) and NFkB subunit p65 (ser536) phosphorylation (100.0% inhibition vs 73.3% expected) were suppressed to a much stronger degree with the combination treatment than that predicted. Similar results were seen for other pathway components, such as p70S6K and ribosomal S6.
The synergistic activities of RES and UA were also manifest in the HaCaT human keratinocyte cell line. Cells were treated with sub-optimal doses of RES, UA, or RES + UA and stimulated with 10 ng/ml human tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) for 30 min. and cell lysates were analyzed via Western blotting. TNFα-mediated phosphorylation of p65 was not inhibited by 25 μM RES or 0.1 μM −1 μM UA, but combinations of RES + UA resulted in strong synergistic inhibition of p65 phosphorylation (>66% inhibition vs 0% expected). Also, when HaCaT cells were treated with NFkB- and Akt/mTOR-inhibitory doses of RES (150 μM-200 μM) and UA (5 μM-10 μM), a strong increase (5 fold) in phosphorylation/activation of the energy sensing AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) was observed by Western blotting. AMPK also inhibits NF\#954;B and Akt/mTOR activities in other systems, suggesting that AMPK activation may function as a mediator of the synergistic anti-tumor promoting effects of RES and UA.
Conclusions: These results indicate that UA and RES synergize to inhibit markers of tumor promotion in both in vivo and in vitro skin models. Future studies will further elucidate the synergistic mechanism of RES and UA and also determine if RES and UA have a synergistic preventive effect on skin tumor promotion during two-stage skin carcinogenesis in vivo. Supported by NIH grants CA079065, supplemental CA079065-10S1 (ARRA), CA129409 and CA037111.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Second AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Basic Cancer Research; 2011 Sep 14-18; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(18 Suppl):Abstract nr B59.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Junco
- 1University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX
| | | | - Gunjan Malik
- 1University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX
| | | | | | - Olga Tolstykh
- 1University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX
| | | | - Thomas Slaga
- 1University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Childhood asthma is a common condition and the prevalence has increased in many countries during the late 20th century. The Aberdeen schools asthma surveys reported rising lifetime prevalence of asthma between 1964 and 2004 in children aged 9-12 years, but a fall in wheeze in the last 3 years between 1999 and 2004. The present study tested the hypothesis that lifetime childhood asthma prevalence has fallen since 2004. METHODS Children aged 9-12 years who attended the same schools surveyed since 1964 were invited to participate. A lifetime history of asthma or eczema and also wheeze in the past 3 years and 12 months was ascertained from a questionnaire. Trends over 1999, 2004 and 2009 were analysed with adjustment for age, gender and an index of deprivation. RESULTS There were 2253 eligible children and 1196 (53%) questionnaires were returned. The lifetime prevalence of asthma rose from 24.3% in 1999 to 28.4% in 2004 but fell to 22.1% in 2009 (p<0.001), while wheeze in the last 3 years fell from 27.9% in 1999 to 25.2% in 2004 and fell further to 22.2% in 2009 (p<0.001). The lifetime prevalence of eczema among 9-12 year olds was 21.4% in 1999, 34.1% in 2004 and 30.7% in 2009 (p<0.001). Reductions in symptom prevalences between 2004 and 2009 were significant for girls but not boys. CONCLUSION The prevalence of lifetime asthma and wheeze appear to have fallen in school children, especially girls, although the low response rate means some caution is required when interpreting the results. Asthma prevalence remains high and the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Malik
- Department of Child Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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Malik G, Knowles LM, Dhir R, Xu S, Yang S, Ruoslahti E, Pilch J. Plasma fibronectin promotes lung metastasis by contributions to fibrin clots and tumor cell invasion. Cancer Res 2010; 70:4327-34. [PMID: 20501851 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-3312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The attachment of circulating tumor cells to the blood vessels of distant organs is an important step in metastasis. We show here that experimental lung metastasis by two cell lines, B16F1 melanoma and 3LL lung carcinoma, is greatly reduced in transgenic mice that lack plasma fibronectin. This multifunctional adhesive glycoprotein becomes cross-linked to fibrin during clotting. Here, we report that eliminating plasma fibronectin from the blood circulation reverses the prometastatic effects of blood clotting and tumor cell integrin alphavbeta3. In vitro studies showed that fibrin-fibronectin complexes, but not purified fibrin, supported tumor cell attachment and invasion. These functions correlate with the ability of fibrin-fibronectin complexes to induce the activation of integrin alphavbeta3. Our findings reveal an important contribution of plasma fibronectin in lung metastasis. Furthermore, they suggest that the previously noted effects of blood clotting on lung metastasis might be mediated in part by a fibronectin-alphavbeta3 integrin axis, in which plasma fibronectin has to be incorporated into the blood clot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunjan Malik
- Departments of Urology and Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Shadyside Medical Center, Prostate Cancer Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
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Kataria RS, Sunder S, Malik G, Mukesh M, Kathiravan P, Mishra BP. Genetic diversity and bottleneck analysis of Nagpuri buffalo breed of India based on microsatellite data. RUSS J GENET+ 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795409070102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kataria RS, Sunder S, Malik G, Mukesh M, Kathiravan P, Mishra BP. Genetic diversity and bottleneck analysis of Nagpuri buffalo breed of India based on microsatellite data. Genetika 2009; 45:941-948. [PMID: 19705746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In this study, 25 heterologous bovine microsatellite markers have been used for the assessment of genetic diversity in Nagpuri buffalo, an important breed of Central India. For this, 48 DNA samples of unrelated individuals of Nagpuri buffalo were PCR amplified and microsatellite alleles were resolved in 6% denaturing, silver stained Urea-PAGE gel. Genotypic status of individuals at each locus was identified manually and data analysis carried out using POPGENE software. Observed number of alleles varied from 2 (ILSTS073 locus) to 8 (HEL13 & ILSTS058 loci) with a mean of 5.24 alleles per locus. Moderate level of heterozygosity (0.45) indicated sufficient genetic diversity existing in this buffalo population. PIC values for the microsatellite loci analysed, ranged from 0.10 (ILSTS019 locus) to 0.81 (ILSTS058 locus) with a mean of 0.53. No shift in the frequency distribution of alleles and a normal L-shaped curve indicated non-existence of any bottleneck in Nagpuri. The study thus highlights the usefulness of heterologous bovine microsatellite markers to assess the genetic variability in buffalo breeds as well. Also various diversity indices suggest sufficient genetic variability within Nagpuri buffalo that can be utilized as initial guidelines for future breeding strategies and conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Kataria
- DNA Fingerprinting Unit, National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, P.B. 129, GT Road By-Pass, Karnal- 132 001, Haryana, India.
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Gupta N, Choudhary S, Malik G, Pandey A, Gupta SC. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in prion protein gene (PRNP) exon-3 in Gaddi sheep. Dev Biol (Basel) 2008; 132:261-266. [PMID: 18817311 DOI: 10.1159/000317169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Nine PCR-SSCP conformations in PRNPthe exon-3 genomic DNA segment covering codons 136, 154 and 171 were observed. DNA sequences revealed 9 unique variants (DQ885789-DQ885796). At codon 171 of exon-3, two alleles, Q and R, had a frequency of 0.336 and 0.664, respectively. Genotypes QQ, QR and RR were observed in 25.86, 15.51 and 58.62% of animals, respectively, showing deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. At codon 154, all genotypes were RR. At codon 136 AA, AV and W genotypes were 86.21, 10.34 and 3.44%, respectively, and frequencies of the alanine (A) and valine (V) alleles were 0.914 and 0.086, respectively, where the W genotype had lower frequency than expected. Polymorphisms were also observed at codons 137, 143 and 173 of exon-3.
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McLerran D, Grizzle WE, Feng Z, Thompson IM, Bigbee WL, Cazares LH, Chan DW, Dahlgren J, Diaz J, Kagan J, Lin DW, Malik G, Oelschlager D, Partin A, Randolph TW, Sokoll L, Srivastava S, Srivastava S, Thornquist M, Troyer D, Wright GL, Zhang Z, Zhu L, Semmes OJ. SELDI-TOF MS whole serum proteomic profiling with IMAC surface does not reliably detect prostate cancer. Clin Chem 2007; 54:53-60. [PMID: 18024530 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2007.091496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The analysis of bodily fluids using SELDI-TOF MS has been reported to identify signatures of spectral peaks that can be used to differentiate patients with a specific disease from normal or control patients. This report is the 2nd of 2 companion articles describing a validation study of a SELDI-TOF MS approach with IMAC surface sample processing to identify prostatic adenocarcinoma. METHODS We sought to derive a decision algorithm for classification of prostate cancer from SELDI-TOF MS spectral data from a new retrospective sample cohort of 400 specimens. This new cohort was selected to minimize possible confounders identified in the previous study described in the companion paper. RESULTS The resulting new classifier failed to separate patients with prostate cancer from biopsy-negative controls; nor did it separate patients with prostate cancer with Gleason scores <7 from those with Gleason scores > or =7. CONCLUSIONS In this, the 2nd stage of our planned validation process, the SELDI-TOF MS-based protein expression profiling approach did not perform well enough to advance to the 3rd (prospective study) stage. We conclude that the results from our previous studies-in which differentiation between prostate cancer and noncancer was demonstrated-are not generalizable. Earlier study samples likely had biases in sample selection that upon removal, as in the present study, resulted in inability of the technique to discriminate cancer from noncancer cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale McLerran
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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McLerran D, Grizzle WE, Feng Z, Bigbee WL, Banez LL, Cazares LH, Chan DW, Diaz J, Izbicka E, Kagan J, Malehorn DE, Malik G, Oelschlager D, Partin A, Randolph T, Rosenzweig N, Srivastava S, Srivastava S, Thompson IM, Thornquist M, Troyer D, Yasui Y, Zhang Z, Zhu L, Semmes OJ. Analytical validation of serum proteomic profiling for diagnosis of prostate cancer: sources of sample bias. Clin Chem 2007; 54:44-52. [PMID: 17981926 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2007.091470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This report and a companion report describe a validation of the ability of serum proteomic profiling via SELDI-TOF mass spectrometry to detect prostatic cancer. Details of this 3-stage process have been described. This report describes the development of the algorithm and results of the blinded test for stage 1. METHODS We derived the decision algorithm used in this study from the analysis of serum samples from patients with prostate cancer (n = 181) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) (n = 143) and normal controls (n = 220). We also derived a validation test set from a separate, geographically diverse set of serum samples from 42 prostate cancer patients and 42 controls without prostate cancer. Aliquots were subjected to randomization and blinded analysis, and data from each laboratory site were subjected to the decision algorithm and decoded. RESULTS Using the data collected from the validation test set, the decision algorithm was unsuccessful in separating cancer from controls with any predictive utility. Analysis of the experimental data revealed potential sources of bias. CONCLUSION The ability of the decision algorithm to successfully differentiate between prostate cancer, BPH, and control samples using data derived from serum protein profiling was compromised by bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale McLerran
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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Alone PV, Malik G, Krishnan A, Garg LC. Deletion mutations in N-terminal alpha1 helix render heat labile enterotoxin B subunit susceptible to degradation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:16056-61. [PMID: 17911243 PMCID: PMC2042161 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0707897104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) from enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli is a heterohexameric protein consisting of an enzymatically active A subunit, LTA, and a carrier pentameric B subunit, LTB. It is clear from the crystal structure of LTB that the N-terminal alpha1 helix lies outside the core structure. However, the function of the N-terminal alpha1 helix of LTB is unknown. The present work was carried out to investigate the effect of site-directed mutagenesis of the alpha1 helix on LTB synthesis. Six amino acids (PQSITE) located at positions 2-7 from the N terminus, including 4 aa from the alpha1 helix, were deleted by site-directed mutagenesis. The deletion resulted in complete inhibition of LTB expression in E. coli when expressed along with its signal sequence. A single amino acid deletion within the alpha1 helix also resulted in loss of expression. However, a single amino acid deletion outside the alpha1 helix did not affect LTB synthesis. Mutant proteins, whose synthesis was not detected in vivo, could be successfully translated in vitro by using the coupled transcription-translation system. Immunoblot analysis, Northern blot analysis, and in vitro transcription-translation data collectively indicate that the lack of synthesis of the mutant proteins is caused by the immediate degradation of the expressed product by cellular proteases rather than by faulty translation of mutant LTB mRNA. Coexpression of the LTA could not rescue the degradation of LTB mutants.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Bacterial Toxins/chemistry
- Bacterial Toxins/genetics
- Bacterial Toxins/metabolism
- Base Sequence
- DNA Primers/genetics
- Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli/genetics
- Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli/metabolism
- Enterotoxins/chemistry
- Enterotoxins/genetics
- Enterotoxins/metabolism
- Escherichia coli Proteins/chemistry
- Escherichia coli Proteins/genetics
- Escherichia coli Proteins/metabolism
- Genes, Bacterial
- Magnesium/metabolism
- Models, Molecular
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Protein Structure, Quaternary
- Protein Structure, Secondary
- RNA, Bacterial/genetics
- RNA, Bacterial/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Sequence Deletion
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj V. Alone
- Gene Regulation Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Gunjan Malik
- Gene Regulation Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Anuja Krishnan
- Gene Regulation Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Lalit C. Garg
- Gene Regulation Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
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Malik G, Rojahn E, Ward MD, Gretzer MB, Partin AW, Semmes OJ, Veltri RW. SELDI protein profiling of dunning R-3327 derived cell lines: identification of molecular markers of prostate cancer progression. Prostate 2007; 67:1565-75. [PMID: 17705230 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We recently demonstrated the protein expression profiling of Dunning rat tumor cell lines of varying metastatic potential (G (0%), AT-1 ( approximately 20%), and MLL (100%)) using SELDI-TOF-MS. As a parallel effort, we have been pursuing the identification of the protein(s) comprising the individual discriminatory "peaks" and evaluating their utility as potential biomarkers for prostate cancer progression. METHODS To identify the observed SELDI-TOF-MS m/z (mass/charge) values with discriminatory expression between different sublines, we employed a combination of chemical pre-fractionation, liquid chromatography, gel electrophoresis and tandem mass spectroscopy. Identified proteins were then verified by immuno-assay and Western analysis. RESULTS A 17.5 K m/z SELDI-TOF-MS peak was found to retain discriminatory value in each of two separate study-sets with an increased expression in the metastatic MLL line. Sequence identification and subsequent immunoassays verified that Histone H2B is the observed 17.5 K m/z SELDI peak. SELDI-based immuno-assay and Western Blotting revealed that Histone H2B is specifically over-expressed in metastatic MLL lines. CONCLUSIONS SELDI-TOF MS analysis of the Dunning prostate cancer cell lines confirmed the consistent overexpression of a 17.5 K m/z peak in metastatic MLL subline. The 17.5 kDa protein from MLL has been isolated and identified as Histone H2B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunjan Malik
- Center for Biomedical Proteomics, Virginia Prostate Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
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Kumar D, Sharma R, Pandey AK, Gour DS, Malik G, Ahlawat SPS, Jain A. Genetic diversity and bottleneck analysis of Indian bellary sheep by microsatellite markers. RUSS J GENET+ 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795407090050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kumar D, Sharma R, Pandey AK, Gour DS, Malik G, Ahlawat SPS, Jain A. Genetic diversity and bottleneck analysis of Indian bellary sheep by microsatellite markers. Genetika 2007; 43:1198-1208. [PMID: 17990518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Bellary sheep population variability and structure was investigated genetically utilizing FAO recommended microsatellite markers. Genetic variation at 20 microsatellite loci, population structure, and genetic bottleneck hypothesis were examined. Estimates of genetic variability such as effective number of alleles and gene diversities revealed substantial genetic variation frequently displayed by microsatellite markers. A total of 133 alleles were detected. Average polymorphism across the studied loci and expected gene diversity in the population were 1.419 +/- 0.405 and 0.684 +/- 0.140, respectively. No significant genotypic linkage disequilibrium was detected across population, suggesting no evidence of linkage between loci. The population was observed to be significantly differentiated into different groups, showed fairly high level of inbreeding (f = 0.253 +/- 0.050) and global heterozygote deficit. Population structure analysis indicated the intermixing/introduction of unique/rare alleles in these migrating flocks. A normal L-shaped distribution of mode-shift test, non-significant heterozygosity excess on the basis of different models, as revealed from Sign, Standardized differences and Wilcoxon sign rank tests suggested that there was no recent bottleneck. The study revealed that even breed with increasing population trend needs genetic management for the conservation and improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kumar
- Small Ruminant Molecular Genetics Laboratory, DNA Fingerprinting Unit, National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal-132 001, Haryana, India
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Gurusamy N, Malik G, Gorbunov N, Das D. Redox activation of Ref-1 potentiates cell survival following myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2007.03.573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Grizzle WE, Semmes OJ, Bigbee W, Zhu L, Malik G, Oelschlager DK, Manne B, Manne U. the need for review and understanding of SELDI/MALDI mass spectroscopy data prior to analysis. Cancer Inform 2007; 1:86-97. [PMID: 19305634 PMCID: PMC2657646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple studies have reported that surface enhanced laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectroscopy (SELDI-TOF-MS) is useful in the early detection of disease based on the analysis of bodily fluids. Use of any multiplex mass spectroscopy based approach as in the analysis of bodily fluids to detect disease must be analyzed with great care due to the susceptibility of multiplex and mass spectroscopy methods to biases introduced via experimental design, patient samples, and/or methodology. Specific biases include those related to experimental design, patients, samples, protein chips, chip reader and spectral analysis. Contributions to biases based on patients include demographics (e.g., age, race, ethnicity, sex), homeostasis (e.g., fasting, medications, stress, time of sampling), and site of analysis (hospital, clinic, other). Biases in samples include conditions of sampling (type of sample container, time of processing, time to storage), conditions of storage, (time and temperature of storage), and prior sample manipulation (freeze thaw cycles). Also, there are many potential biases in methodology which can be avoided by careful experimental design including ensuring that cases and controls are analyzed randomly. All the above forms of biases affect any system based on analyzing multiple analytes and especially all mass spectroscopy based methods, not just SELDI-TOF-MS. Also, all current mass spectroscopy systems have relatively low sensitivity compared with immunoassays (e.g., ELISA). There are several problems which may be unique to the SELDI-TOF-MS system marketed by Ciphergen(®). Of these, the most important is a relatively low resolution (±0.2%) of the bundled mass spectrometer which may cause problems with analysis of data. Foremost, this low resolution results in difficulties in determining what constitutes a "peak" if a peak matching approach is used in analysis. Also, once peaks are selected, the peaks may represent multiple proteins. In addition, because peaks may vary slightly in location due to instrumental drift, long term identification of the same peaks may prove to be a challenge. Finally, the Ciphergen(®) system has some "noise" of the baseline which results from the accumulation of charge in the detector system. Thus, we must be very aware of the factors that may affect the use of proteomics in the early detection of disease, in determining aggressive subsets of cancers, in risk assessment and in monitoring the effectiveness of novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - William Bigbee
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Correspondence: William Grizzle,
| | - Liu Zhu
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | | | | | - Barkha Manne
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
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Abstract
Triosephosphate isomerase (TPI), one of the key enzymes of the glycolytic pathway, is an attractive drug target against Mycobacterium tuberculosis as glycolysis provides the majority of the organism's energy requirements inside macrophages. To carry out biochemical and biophysical characterization, purified recombinant M. tuberculosis TPI produced in Escherichia coli was used. Mass spectrum analysis showed M. tuberculosis rTPI to be of 28 213 Da. The biologically active enzyme is a homodimer as determined by gel filtration chromatography. The M. tuberculosis TPI had a pH optimum in the range of 6-8 and a temperature optimum around 37 degrees C. Circular dichroism spectra analysis revealed that loss of secondary structure of rTPI occurs around 60 degrees C. Metal cations were not required for M. tuberculosis TPI activity. The k(cat) was 4.1 x 10(6) min(-1). Importantly, the apparent K(m) value of M. tuberculosis rTPI for the substrate glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is 84 microM which is sevenfold higher than the value reported for human TPI. The difference in K(m) is indicative of the difference in the active site of the human and M. tuberculosis TPI, which can be exploited for drug designing specifically targeting M. tuberculosis TPI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Mathur
- Gene Regulation Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
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Drake RR, Schwegler EE, Malik G, Diaz J, Block T, Mehta A, Semmes OJ. Lectin capture strategies combined with mass spectrometry for the discovery of serum glycoprotein biomarkers. Mol Cell Proteomics 2006; 5:1957-67. [PMID: 16760258 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m600176-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of mass spectrometry to identify disease biomarkers in clinical fluids like serum using high throughput protein expression profiling continues to evolve as technology development, clinical study design, and bioinformatics improve. Previous protein expression profiling studies have offered needed insight into issues of technical reproducibility, instrument calibration, sample preparation, study design, and supervised bioinformatic data analysis. In this overview, new strategies to increase the utility of protein expression profiling for clinical biomarker assay development are discussed with an emphasis on utilizing differential lectin-based glycoprotein capture and targeted immunoassays. The carbohydrate binding specificities of different lectins offer a biological affinity approach that complements existing mass spectrometer capabilities and retains automated throughput options. Specific examples using serum samples from prostate cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma subjects are provided along with suggested experimental strategies for integration of lectin-based methods into clinical fluid expression profiling strategies. Our example workflow incorporates the necessity of early validation in biomarker discovery using an immunoaffinity-based targeted analytical approach that integrates well with upstream discovery technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard R Drake
- Center for Biomedical Proteomics, Virginia Prostate Center, and Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, 23507, USA
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Malik G, Turner SW. Is the "instant flow" option on the NIOX analyser needed? Med Eng Phys 2006; 29:72-5. [PMID: 16531093 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2006.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2005] [Revised: 01/25/2006] [Accepted: 02/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Asthmatics have increased gaseous nitric oxide in their exhaled breath. Measurements of the fraction of nitric oxide in exhaled breath (FE(NO)) are used for the diagnosis and management of asthma. One analyser (the NIOX chemiluminescence analyser) has a feature (restriction of instant flow, IF) which we suspected was responsible for reducing the success rate for obtaining FE(NO) measurements whilst not affecting the measurement itself. In a study involving 38 children, median age 10 years, we observed that FE(NO) values taken in the same individual with and without IF restriction did not differ. We also observed that the success in obtaining a FE(NO) measurement was higher (57%) when IF was not restricted and was lower (41%) when IF was restricted, p=0.002. Our findings do not support the use of restriction of IF on the NIOX analyser.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Malik
- Department of Child Health, Royal Aberdeen Children's Hospital, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZG, United Kingdom
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Abstract
There has been an impressive emergence of mass spectrometry based technologies applied toward the study of proteins. Equally notable is the rapid adaptation of these technologies to biomedical approaches in the realm of clinical proteomics. Concerted efforts toward the elucidation of the proteomes of organ sites or specific disease state are proliferating and from these efforts come the promise of better diagnostics/prognostics and therapeutic intervention. Prostate cancer has been a focus of many such studies with the promise of improved care to patients via biomarkers derived from these proteomic approaches. The newer technologies provide higher analytical capabilities, employ automated liquid handling systems, fractionation techniques and bioinformatics tools for greater sensitivity and resolving power, more robust and higher throughput sample processing, and greater confidence in analytical results. In this prospects, we summarize the proteomic technologies applied to date in prostate cancer, along with their respective advantages and disadvantages. The development of newer proteomic strategies for use in future applications is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- O John Semmes
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Biomedical Proteomics, Virginia Prostate Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk 23507, USA.
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Abstract
Brucella melitensis Rev 1 organisms were salt-extracted and the cell surface proteins (BCSPs) were found to be mainly 39-42 kDa (group 2 porin proteins) in addition to 31.6, 32.5, 58.5 and 14.7 kDa proteins. DEAE-Sephadex anion-exchange column chromatography of BCSPs yielded fraction 1, which contained one major protein (39.8-42.0 kDa) and a minor protein (31.6 kDa). All these proteins were found to be immunogenic by Western blotting. Fraction 1 along with monophosphoryl lipid A and trehalose dicorynomycolate adjuvants as well as BCSPs alone induced significant (p < or = 0.05) protection in BALB/c mice. Both these immunizing agents produced almost equivalent protection to live B. melitensis Rev 1 vaccine at 15 and 30 days post challenge. Lymphocyte stimulation test as well as delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction revealed that both these preparations induced cell-mediated immune response. These preparations also induced humoral immune response as indicated by indirect ELISA. Neither of the immune responses was significantly less (p < or = 0.05) than that with live B. melitensis Rev 1 vaccine, except that their duration was short.
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Mahajan
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125 004, India.
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Semmes OJ, Feng Z, Adam BL, Banez LL, Bigbee WL, Campos D, Cazares LH, Chan DW, Grizzle WE, Izbicka E, Kagan J, Malik G, McLerran D, Moul JW, Partin A, Prasanna P, Rosenzweig J, Sokoll LJ, Srivastava S, Srivastava S, Thompson I, Welsh MJ, White N, Winget M, Yasui Y, Zhang Z, Zhu L. Evaluation of serum protein profiling by surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry for the detection of prostate cancer: I. Assessment of platform reproducibility. Clin Chem 2005; 51:102-12. [PMID: 15613711 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2004.038950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein expression profiling for differences indicative of early cancer has promise for improving diagnostics. This report describes the first stage of a National Cancer Institute/Early Detection Research Network-sponsored multiinstitutional evaluation and validation of this approach for detection of prostate cancer. METHODS Two sequential experimental phases were conducted to establish interlaboratory calibration and standardization of the surface-enhanced laser desorption (SELDI) instrumental and assay platform output. We first established whether the output from multiple calibrated Protein Biosystem II SELDI-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS) instruments demonstrated acceptable interlaboratory reproducibility. This was determined by measuring mass accuracy, resolution, signal-to-noise ratio, and normalized intensity of three m/z "peaks" present in a standard pooled serum sample. We next evaluated the ability of the calibrated and standardized instrumentation to accurately differentiate between selected cases of prostate cancer and control by use of an algorithm developed from data derived from a single site 2 years earlier. RESULTS When the described standard operating procedures were established at all laboratory sites, the across-laboratory measurements revealed a CV for mass accuracy of 0.1%, signal-to-noise ratio of approximately 40%, and normalized intensity of 15-36% for the three pooled serum peaks. This was comparable to the intralaboratory measurements of the same peaks. The instrument systems were then challenged with sera from a selected group of 14 cases and 14 controls. The classification agreement between each site and the established decision algorithm were examined by use of both raw peak intensity boosting and ranked peak intensity boosting. All six sites achieved perfect blinded classification for all samples when boosted alignment of raw intensities was used. Four of six sites achieved perfect blinded classification with ranked intensities, with one site passing the criteria of 26 of 28 correct and one site failing with 19 of 28 correct. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that "between-laboratory" reproducibility of SELDI-TOF-MS serum profiling approaches that of "within-laboratory" reproducibility as determined by measuring discrete m/z peaks over time and across laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- O John Semmes
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Cell Biology, Virginia Prostate Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA.
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Malik G, Ward MD, Gupta SK, Trosset MW, Grizzle WE, Adam BL, Diaz JI, Semmes OJ. Serum Levels of an Isoform of Apolipoprotein A-II as a Potential Marker for Prostate Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.1073.11.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose: We recently showed that protein expression profiling of serum using surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF MS) has potential as a diagnostic approach for detection of prostate cancer. As a parallel effort, we have been pursuing the identification of the protein(s) comprising the individual discriminatory “peaks” and evaluating their utility as potential biomarkers for prostate disease.
Experimental Design: We employed liquid chromatography, gel electrophoresis and tandem mass spectroscopy to isolate and identify a protein that correlates with observed SELDI-TOF MS mass/charge (m/z) values. Immunodepletion, immunoassay, and Western analysis were used to verify that the identified protein generated the observed SELDI peak. Subsequent immunohistochemistry was used to examine the expression of the proteins in prostate tumors.
Results: An 8,946 m/z SELDI-TOF MS peak was found to retain discriminatory value in each of two separate data sets with an increased expression in the diseased state. Sequence identification by liquid chromatography-MS/MS and subsequent immunoassays verified that an isoform of apolipoprotein A-II (ApoA-II) is the observed 8,946 m/z SELDI peak. Immunohistochemistry revealed that ApoA-II is overexpressed in prostate tumors. SELDI-based immunoassay revealed that an 8.9-kDa isoform of ApoA-II is specifically overexpressed in serum from individuals with prostate cancer. ApoA-II was also overexpressed in the serum of individuals with prostate cancer who have normal prostate-specific antigen (0-4.0 ng/mL).
Conclusions: We have identified an isoform of ApoA-II giving rise to an 8.9K m/z SELDI “peak” that is specifically overexpressed in prostate disease. The ability of ApoA-II to detect disease in patients with normal prostate-specific antigen suggests potential utility of the marker in identifying indolent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunjan Malik
- 1Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology and Departments of
| | | | | | - Michael W. Trosset
- 3Department of Mathematics, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia; and
| | | | - Bao-Ling Adam
- 1Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology and Departments of
| | - Jose I. Diaz
- 1Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology and Departments of
- 2Pathology and Anatomy, Virginia Prostate Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia
| | - O. John Semmes
- 1Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology and Departments of
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Malik G, Ward MD, Gupta SK, Trosset MW, Grizzle WE, Adam BL, Diaz JI, Semmes OJ. Serum levels of an isoform of apolipoprotein A-II as a potential marker for prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11:1073-85. [PMID: 15709174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We recently showed that protein expression profiling of serum using surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF MS) has potential as a diagnostic approach for detection of prostate cancer. As a parallel effort, we have been pursuing the identification of the protein(s) comprising the individual discriminatory "peaks" and evaluating their utility as potential biomarkers for prostate disease. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We employed liquid chromatography, gel electrophoresis and tandem mass spectroscopy to isolate and identify a protein that correlates with observed SELDI-TOF MS mass/charge (m/z) values. Immunodepletion, immunoassay, and Western analysis were used to verify that the identified protein generated the observed SELDI peak. Subsequent immunohistochemistry was used to examine the expression of the proteins in prostate tumors. RESULTS An 8,946 m/z SELDI-TOF MS peak was found to retain discriminatory value in each of two separate data sets with an increased expression in the diseased state. Sequence identification by liquid chromatography-MS/MS and subsequent immunoassays verified that an isoform of apolipoprotein A-II (ApoA-II) is the observed 8,946 m/z SELDI peak. Immunohistochemistry revealed that ApoA-II is overexpressed in prostate tumors. SELDI-based immunoassay revealed that an 8.9-kDa isoform of ApoA-II is specifically overexpressed in serum from individuals with prostate cancer. ApoA-II was also overexpressed in the serum of individuals with prostate cancer who have normal prostate-specific antigen (0-4.0 ng/mL). CONCLUSIONS We have identified an isoform of ApoA-II giving rise to an 8.9K m/z SELDI "peak" that is specifically overexpressed in prostate disease. The ability of ApoA-II to detect disease in patients with normal prostate-specific antigen suggests potential utility of the marker in identifying indolent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunjan Malik
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Virginia Prostate Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700 West Olney Road, Norfolk, VA 23501, USA
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Malyarenko DI, Cooke WE, Adam BL, Malik G, Chen H, Tracy ER, Trosset MW, Sasinowski M, Semmes OJ, Manos DM. Enhancement of sensitivity and resolution of surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometric records for serum peptides using time-series analysis techniques. Clin Chem 2004; 51:65-74. [PMID: 15550476 PMCID: PMC4507422 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2004.037283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measurement of peptide/protein concentrations in biological samples for biomarker discovery commonly uses high-sensitivity mass spectrometers with a surface-processing procedure to concentrate the important peptides. These time-of-flight (TOF) instruments typically have low mass resolution and considerable electronic noise associated with their detectors. The net result is unnecessary overlapping of peaks, apparent mass jitter, and difficulty in distinguishing mass peaks from background noise. Many of these effects can be reduced by processing the signal using standard time-series background subtraction, calibration, and filtering techniques. METHODS Surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization (SELDI) spectra were acquired on a PBS II instrument from blank, hydrophobic, and IMAC-Cu ProteinChip arrays (Ciphergen Biosystems, Inc.) incubated with calibration peptide mixtures or pooled serum. TOF data were recorded after single and multiple laser shots at different positions. Correlative analysis was used for time-series calibration. Target filters were used to suppress noise and enhance resolution after baseline removal and noise rescaling. RESULTS The developed algorithms compensated for the electronic noise attributable to detector overload, removed the baseline caused by charge accumulation, detected and corrected mass peak jitter, enhanced signal amplitude at higher masses, and improved the resolution by using a deconvolution filter. CONCLUSIONS These time-series techniques, when applied to SELDI-TOF data before any peak identification procedure, can improve the data to make the peak identification process simpler and more robust. These improvements may be applicable to most TOF instrumentation that uses analog (rather than counting) detectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariya I Malyarenko
- Departments of Applied Science, the College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23187-8795, USA.
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Wadsworth JT, Somers KD, Cazares LH, Malik G, Adam BL, Stack BC, Wright GL, Semmes OJ. Serum protein profiles to identify head and neck cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10:1625-32. [PMID: 15014013 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-0297-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE New and more consistent biomarkers of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are needed to improve early detection of disease and to monitor successful patient management. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a new proteomic technology could correctly identify protein expression profiles for cancer in patient serum samples. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry ProteinChip system was used to screen for differentially expressed proteins in serum from 99 patients with HNSCC and 102 normal controls. Protein peak clustering and classification analyses of the surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization spectral data were performed using the Biomarker Wizard and Biomarker Patterns software (version 3.0), respectively (Ciphergen Biosystems, Fremont, CA). RESULTS Several proteins, with masses ranging from 2778 to 20800 Da, were differentially expressed between HNSCC and the healthy controls. The serum protein expression profiles were used to develop and train a classification and regression tree algorithm, which reliably achieved a sensitivity of 83.3% and a specificity of 100% in discriminating HNSCC from normal controls. CONCLUSIONS We propose that this technique has potential for the development of a screening test for the detection of HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Trad Wadsworth
- Departments of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23507, USA.
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Drake R, Cazares L, Corsica A, Malik G, Schwegler E, Libby A, Wright G, Semmes OJ, Adam BL. Quality Control, Preparation, and Protein Stability Issues for Blood Serum and Plasma Used In Biomarker Discovery and Proteomic Profiling Assays. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.12665/j34.drake] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Wadsworth JT, Somers KD, Stack BC, Cazares L, Malik G, Adam BL, Wright GL, Semmes OJ. Identification of patients with head and neck cancer using serum protein profiles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 130:98-104. [PMID: 14732777 DOI: 10.1001/archotol.130.1.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND New and more consistent biomarkers of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are needed to improve early detection of disease and to monitor successful patient management. OBJECTIVE To determine if a new proteomic technology can correctly identify protein expression profiles for cancer in patient serum samples as well as detect the presence of a known tumor marker. DESIGN Direct proteomic analysis and comparison. METHODS The surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF) ProteinChip system was used to screen for differentially expressed proteins in serum samples from 99 patients with HNSCC, 25 "healthy" smokers, and 102 healthy (normal) controls. Protein peak clustering and classification analyses of the SELDI spectral data were performed. RESULTS Several proteins, with masses ranging from 2778 to 20,800 Da, were differentially expressed between patients with HNSCC and the normal controls. The serum protein expression profiles were used to develop a classification tree algorithm, which achieved a sensitivity of 83.3% and a specificity of 90% in discriminating HNSCC from normal and healthy smoker controls. The positive and negative predictive values were 80% and 92%, respectively. A peak with an average mass of 10,068 Da was detected in sera from HNSCC patients and identified as the known biomarker metallopanstimulin-1 (MPS-1), based on mass. Peak relative intensity of the 10,068-Da protein correlated consistently with MPS-1 levels detected by radioimmunoassay in serum samples of HNSCC patients and controls. The 10,068-Da peak was provisionally identified as MPS-1 by SELDI immunoassay. CONCLUSION We propose that this technique may allow for the development of a reliable screening test for the early detection and diagnosis of HNSCC, as well as the potential identification of tumor biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Trad Wadsworth
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk 23507, USA.
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Abstract
Interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) is a naturally occurring cytokine. It was the first cytokine used with clinical benefit in the treatment of viral hepatitis and malignancies. Patients with viral hepatitis B or C may have complications with glomerulonephritis (GN). Improvement in proteinuria with or without clearing of viral markers after IFN-alpha therapy has been reported. This encouraged us to offer IFN-alpha therapy to four patients with GN. These patients refused treatment with steroids and/or cyclophosphamide because of concerns about side effects. One patient with membranous GN and two patients with mesangial GN (MesGN) had a remission of nephrotic syndrome. In one patient with type II diabetes and MesGN, renal insufficiency and proteinuria did not subside; however, renal function remained stable. The mechanism of action of IFN-alpha is discussed, with its possible role in the treatment of primary GN.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Al-Wakeel
- Division of Nephrology, King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Malik G, Abdulrauf S, Yang XY, Gutierrez JA, Rempel SA. Expression of transforming growth factor-beta complex in arteriovenous malformations. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 1999; 38 Suppl:161-4. [PMID: 10235000 DOI: 10.2176/nmc.38.suppl_161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The factors responsible for the development of cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are not well known. Patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) have cutaneous vascular dysplasia and a high propensity to develop systemic and cerebral AVMs. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) complex has been implicated in HHT. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of TGF-beta 1, TGF-beta 2, TGF-beta 3, and their two receptors (R1 and R2) in AVMs and in normal brain vessels. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from 20 patients with cerebral AVMs (including two patients with HHT) were sequentially sectioned into 6 microns sections. Similar sections from normal brain tissue were obtained from five patients without AVMs and no intracranial pathology, who had died from unrelated causes. The normal tissue sections included large intracranial arteries, small arteries, venous sinuses, cortical veins, and brain tissue containing arterioles, capillaries, and venules. All specimens underwent immunohistochemical analyses with polyclonal antibodies to the following antigens: TGF-beta 1, TGF-beta 2, TGF-beta 3, and R1 and R2. The immunoreactivity, when present, was consistently noted in endothelial cells and in the medial smooth muscle. The intensity of vessel wall immunostaining was graded on a scale from 0 to 3. The mean staining grades of normal vessels for TGF-beta 1, TGF-beta 2, TGF-beta 3, R1, and R2 were 0.6 (range 0-1), 3, 2.8 (range 2-3), 1.6 (range 0-2), and 3, respectively, whereas the mean staining grades of AVM vessels were 0.3 (range 0-1), 0.8 (range 0-1), 0.6 (range 0-1), 1.4 (range 0-2), and 0.9 (range 0-1), respectively. The study thus demonstrated that normal brain vessels (arteries, veins, small vessels) have strong (range 2.8-3) immunostaining for TGF-beta 2, TGF-beta 3, and R2, and that the AVM nidus vessels have a paucity (range 0.8-0.9) of staining for these factors. In AVM vessels that had zero immunoreactivity to the above three factors, the vessel wall was fibrocollagenous rather than muscular. Further studies to examine the TGF-beta complex behavior in AVMs are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Malik
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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Abu-Eshy S, Malik G. Reply: Schistomiasis and appendicitis. Ann Saudi Med 1996; 16:477. [PMID: 17372524 DOI: 10.5144/0256-4947.1996.477a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Landi J, Silbergleit R, Mehta B, Khanna R, Malik G. Intact circle of Willis: Protection against SAH-induced vasospasm. Acad Radiol 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s1076-6332(05)80635-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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