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Madhusudhana S, Klinck H, Symes LB. Extensive data engineering to the rescue: building a multi-species katydid detector from unbalanced, atypical training datasets. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230444. [PMID: 38705172 PMCID: PMC11070257 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) is a powerful tool for studying ecosystems. However, its effective application in tropical environments, particularly for insects, poses distinct challenges. Neotropical katydids produce complex species-specific calls, spanning mere milliseconds to seconds and spread across broad audible and ultrasonic frequencies. However, subtle differences in inter-pulse intervals or central frequencies are often the only discriminatory traits. These extremities, coupled with low source levels and susceptibility to masking by ambient noise, challenge species identification in PAM recordings. This study aimed to develop a deep learning-based solution to automate the recognition of 31 katydid species of interest in a biodiverse Panamanian forest with over 80 katydid species. Besides the innate challenges, our efforts were also encumbered by a limited and imbalanced initial training dataset comprising domain-mismatched recordings. To overcome these, we applied rigorous data engineering, improving input variance through controlled playback re-recordings and by employing physics-based data augmentation techniques, and tuning signal-processing, model and training parameters to produce a custom well-fit solution. Methods developed here are incorporated into Koogu, an open-source Python-based toolbox for developing deep learning-based bioacoustic analysis solutions. The parametric implementations offer a valuable resource, enhancing the capabilities of PAM for studying insects in tropical ecosystems. This article is part of the theme issue 'Towards a toolkit for global insect biodiversity monitoring'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Madhusudhana
- Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
- K. Lisa Yang Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-0001, USA
| | - Holger Klinck
- K. Lisa Yang Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-0001, USA
| | - Laurel B. Symes
- K. Lisa Yang Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-0001, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Panama City 0843-03092, Republic of Panama
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Ghani B, Denton T, Kahl S, Klinck H. Global birdsong embeddings enable superior transfer learning for bioacoustic classification. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22876. [PMID: 38129622 PMCID: PMC10739890 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49989-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Automated bioacoustic analysis aids understanding and protection of both marine and terrestrial animals and their habitats across extensive spatiotemporal scales, and typically involves analyzing vast collections of acoustic data. With the advent of deep learning models, classification of important signals from these datasets has markedly improved. These models power critical data analyses for research and decision-making in biodiversity monitoring, animal behaviour studies, and natural resource management. However, deep learning models are often data-hungry and require a significant amount of labeled training data to perform well. While sufficient training data is available for certain taxonomic groups (e.g., common bird species), many classes (such as rare and endangered species, many non-bird taxa, and call-type) lack enough data to train a robust model from scratch. This study investigates the utility of feature embeddings extracted from audio classification models to identify bioacoustic classes other than the ones these models were originally trained on. We evaluate models on diverse datasets, including different bird calls and dialect types, bat calls, marine mammals calls, and amphibians calls. The embeddings extracted from the models trained on bird vocalization data consistently allowed higher quality classification than the embeddings trained on general audio datasets. The results of this study indicate that high-quality feature embeddings from large-scale acoustic bird classifiers can be harnessed for few-shot transfer learning, enabling the learning of new classes from a limited quantity of training data. Our findings reveal the potential for efficient analyses of novel bioacoustic tasks, even in scenarios where available training data is limited to a few samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burooj Ghani
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Tom Denton
- Google Research, San Francisco, California, USA.
| | - Stefan Kahl
- K. Lisa Yang Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA
- Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Holger Klinck
- K. Lisa Yang Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA
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Fleishman E, Cholewiak D, Gillespie D, Helble T, Klinck H, Nosal EM, Roch MA. Ecological inferences about marine mammals from passive acoustic data. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:1633-1647. [PMID: 37142263 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring on the basis of sound recordings, or passive acoustic monitoring, can complement or serve as an alternative to real-time visual or aural monitoring of marine mammals and other animals by human observers. Passive acoustic data can support the estimation of common, individual-level ecological metrics, such as presence, detection-weighted occupancy, abundance and density, population viability and structure, and behaviour. Passive acoustic data also can support estimation of some community-level metrics, such as species richness and composition. The feasibility of estimation and certainty of estimates is highly context dependent, and understanding the factors that affect the reliability of measurements is useful for those considering whether to use passive acoustic data. Here, we review basic concepts and methods of passive acoustic sampling in marine systems that often are applicable to marine mammal research and conservation. Our ultimate aim is to facilitate collaboration among ecologists, bioacousticians, and data analysts. Ecological applications of passive acoustics require one to make decisions about sampling design, which in turn requires consideration of sound propagation, sampling of signals, and data storage. One also must make decisions about signal detection and classification and evaluation of the performance of algorithms for these tasks. Investment in the research and development of systems that automate detection and classification, including machine learning, are increasing. Passive acoustic monitoring is more reliable for detection of species presence than for estimation of other species-level metrics. Use of passive acoustic monitoring to distinguish among individual animals remains difficult. However, information about detection probability, vocalisation or cue rate, and relations between vocalisations and the number and behaviour of animals increases the feasibility of estimating abundance or density. Most sensor deployments are fixed in space or are sporadic, making temporal turnover in species composition more tractable to estimate than spatial turnover. Collaborations between acousticians and ecologists are most likely to be successful and rewarding when all partners critically examine and share a fundamental understanding of the target variables, sampling process, and analytical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Fleishman
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Danielle Cholewiak
- Northeast Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
| | - Douglas Gillespie
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9XL, UK
| | - Tyler Helble
- Naval Information Warfare Center Pacific, San Diego, CA, 92152, USA
| | - Holger Klinck
- K. Lisa Yang Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Eva-Marie Nosal
- Department of Ocean and Resources Engineering, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Marie A Roch
- Department of Computer Science, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
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Rameau A, Andreadis K, Ganesan V, Lachs MS, Rosen T, Wang F, Maddox A, Klinck H, Khosla SM, de Luzan CF, Madhusudhana S. Acoustic Screening of the "Wet voice": Proof of Concept in an ex vivo Canine Laryngeal Model. Laryngoscope 2023; 133:2517-2524. [PMID: 36533566 PMCID: PMC10277308 DOI: 10.1002/lary.30525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current protocols for bedside swallow evaluation have high rates of false negative results. Though experts are not consistently able to screen for aspiration risk by assessing vocal quality, there is emerging evidence that vocal acoustic parameters are significantly different in patients at risk of aspiration. Herein, we aimed to determine whether the presence of material on the vocal folds in an excised canine laryngeal model may have an impact on acoustic and aerodynamic measures. METHODS Two ex vivo canine larynges were tested. Three liquids of different viscosities (1:100 diluted glycerin, pure glycerin, and honey-thick Varibar) were placed on the vocal folds at a constant volume. Acoustic and aerodynamic measures were obtained in both adducted and abducted vocal fold configurations. Intraglottal high-speed imaging was used to approximate the maximum divergence angle of the larynges in the studied conditions and examine its relationship to vocal efficiency (VE) and acoustic measures. RESULTS In glottic insufficiency conditions only, we found that several acoustic parameters could predict the presence of material on the vocal folds. Based on the combination of the aerodynamic and acoustic data, we found that decreased spectral energy in the higher harmonics was associated with decreased VE in the presence of material on the vocal folds and/or glottic insufficiency. CONCLUSION Decreased spectral energy in the higher harmonics of the voice was found to be a potential biomarker of swallowing dysfunction, as it correlates with decreased vocal efficiency due to material on the vocal folds and/or glottic insufficiency, both of which are known risk factors for aspiration. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA Laryngoscope, 133:2517-2524, 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Rameau
- Sean Parker Institute for the Voice, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Katerina Andreadis
- Sean Parker Institute for the Voice, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Vinayak Ganesan
- Sean Parker Institute for the Voice, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mark S Lachs
- Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Tony Rosen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine/New York - Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alexandra Maddox
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Holger Klinck
- K. Lisa Yang Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Sid M Khosla
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Charles Farbos de Luzan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Shyam Madhusudhana
- K. Lisa Yang Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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Baker CS, Claridge D, Dunn C, Fetherston T, Baker DN, Klinck H, Steel D. Quantification by droplet digital PCR and species identification by metabarcoding of environmental (e)DNA from Blainville's beaked whales, with assisted localization from an acoustic array. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291187. [PMID: 37703242 PMCID: PMC10499200 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Detection and identification of species, subspecies or stocks of whales, dolphins and porpoises at sea remain challenging, particularly for cryptic or elusive species like beaked whales (Family: Ziphiidae). Here we investigated the potential for using an acoustically assisted sampling design to collect environmental (e)DNA from beaked whales on the U.S. Navy's Atlantic Undersea Test and Evaluation Center (AUTEC) in The Bahamas. During 12 days of August 2019, we conducted 9 small-boat surveys and collected 56 samples of seawater (paired subsamples of 1L each, including controls) using both a spatial collection design in the absence of visual confirmation of whales, and a serial collection design in the proximity of whales at the surface. There were 7 sightings of whales, including 11 Blainville's beaked whales (Mesoplodon densirostris). All whales were located initially with the assistance of information from a bottom-mounted acoustic array available on the AUTEC range. Quantification by droplet digital (dd)PCR from the four spatial design collections showed no samples of eDNA above the threshold of detection and none of these 20 samples yielded amplicons for conventional or next-generation sequencing. Quantification of the 31 samples from four serial collections identified 11 likely positive detections. eDNA barcoding by conventional sequencing and eDNA metabarcoding by next-generation sequencing confirmed species identification for 9 samples from three of the four serial collections. We further resolved five intra-specific variants (i.e., haplotypes), two of which showed an exact match to previously published haplotypes and three that have not been reported previously to the international repository, GenBank. A minimum spanning network of the five eDNA haplotypes, with all other published haplotypes of Blainville's beaked whales, suggested the potential for further resolution of differences between oceanic populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Scott Baker
- Marine Mammal Institute, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, Newport, OR, United States of America
| | - Diane Claridge
- Bahamas Marine Mammal Research Organisation, Sandy Point, Abaco, The Bahamas
| | - Charlotte Dunn
- Bahamas Marine Mammal Research Organisation, Sandy Point, Abaco, The Bahamas
| | - Thomas Fetherston
- Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Newport, RI, United States of America
| | - Dorothy Nevé Baker
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, United States of America
| | - Holger Klinck
- Marine Mammal Institute, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, Newport, OR, United States of America
- Center for Conservation Bioacoustics Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Debbie Steel
- Marine Mammal Institute, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, Newport, OR, United States of America
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Sethi SS, Bick A, Ewers RM, Klinck H, Ramesh V, Tuanmu MN, Coomes DA. Limits to the accurate and generalizable use of soundscapes to monitor biodiversity. Nat Ecol Evol 2023; 7:1373-1378. [PMID: 37524796 PMCID: PMC10482675 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-023-02148-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Although eco-acoustic monitoring has the potential to deliver biodiversity insight on vast scales, existing analytical approaches behave unpredictably across studies. We collated 8,023 audio recordings with paired manual avifaunal point counts to investigate whether soundscapes could be used to monitor biodiversity across diverse ecosystems. We found that neither univariate indices nor machine learning models were predictive of species richness across datasets but soundscape change was consistently indicative of community change. Our findings indicate that there are no common features of biodiverse soundscapes and that soundscape monitoring should be used cautiously and in conjunction with more reliable in-person ecological surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarab S Sethi
- Conservation Research Institute and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Avery Bick
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Robert M Ewers
- Georgina Mace Centre for the Living Planet, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Holger Klinck
- K Lisa Yang Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Vijay Ramesh
- K Lisa Yang Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Project Dhvani, Bangalore, India
| | - Mao-Ning Tuanmu
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - David A Coomes
- Conservation Research Institute and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Li P, Liu X, Klinck H, Gruden P, Roch MA. Using deep learning to track time × frequency whistle contours of toothed whales without human-annotated training data. J Acoust Soc Am 2023; 154:502-517. [PMID: 37493330 DOI: 10.1121/10.0020274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Many odontocetes produce whistles that feature characteristic contour shapes in spectrogram representations of their calls. Automatically extracting the time × frequency tracks of whistle contours has numerous subsequent applications, including species classification, identification, and density estimation. Deep-learning-based methods, which train models using analyst-annotated whistles, offer a promising way to reliably extract whistle contours. However, the application of such methods can be limited by the significant amount of time and labor required for analyst annotation. To overcome this challenge, a technique that learns from automatically generated pseudo-labels has been developed. These annotations are less accurate than those generated by human analysts but more cost-effective to generate. It is shown that standard training methods do not learn effective models from these pseudo-labels. An improved loss function designed to compensate for pseudo-label error that significantly increases whistle extraction performance is introduced. The experiments show that the developed technique performs well when trained with pseudo-labels generated by two different algorithms. Models trained with the generated pseudo-labels can extract whistles with an F1-score (the harmonic mean of precision and recall) of 86.31% and 87.2% for the two sets of pseudo-labels that are considered. This performance is competitive with a model trained with 12 539 expert-annotated whistles (F1-score of 87.47%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Li
- Department of Computer Science, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182, USA
| | - Xiaobai Liu
- Department of Computer Science, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182, USA
| | - Holger Klinck
- K. Lisa Yang Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, Cornell University, New York 14850, USA
| | - Pina Gruden
- Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, Research Corporation of the University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - Marie A Roch
- Department of Computer Science, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182, USA
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Rameau A, Andreadis K, German A, Lachs MS, Rosen TE, Pitzrick MS, Symes LB, Klinck H. Changes in Cough Airflow and Acoustics After Injection Laryngoplasty. Laryngoscope 2023; 133 Suppl 3:S1-S14. [PMID: 35723533 PMCID: PMC9763552 DOI: 10.1002/lary.30255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS We explored the following hypotheses in a cohort of patients undergoing injection laryngoplasty: (1) glottic insufficiency affects voluntary cough airflow dynamics and restoring glottic competence may improve parameters of cough strength, (2) cough strength can be inferred from cough acoustic signal, and (3) glottic competence changes cough sounds and correlates with spectrogram morphology. STUDY TYPE/DESIGN Prospective interventional study. METHODS Subjects with glottic insufficiency secondary to unilateral vocal fold paresis, paralysis, or atrophy, and scheduled for injection laryngoplasty completed an instrumental assessment of voluntary cough airflow using a pneumotachometer and a protocolized voluntary cough sound recording. A Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare the differences between pre- and post-injection laryngoplasty in airflow and acoustic measures. A Spearman rank-order correlation was used to evaluate the association between airflow and acoustic cough measures. RESULTS Twenty-five patients (13F:12M, mean age 68.8) completed voluntary cough airflow measurements and 22 completed cough sound recordings. Following injection laryngoplasty, patients had a statistically significant decreased peak expiratory flow rise time (PEFRT) (mean change: -0.03 s, SD: 0.06, p = 0.04) and increased cough volume acceleration (mean change: 13.1 L/s2 , SD: 33.9, p = 0.03), suggesting improved cough effectiveness. Correlation of cough acoustic measures with airflow measures showed a weak relationship between PEFRT and acoustic energy (coefficient: -0.31, p = 0.04) and peak power density (coefficient: -0.35, p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Our study thus indicates that injection laryngoplasty may help avert aspiration in patients with glottic insufficiency by improving cough effectiveness and that improved cough airflow measures may be tracked with cough sounds. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3 Laryngoscope, 133:S1-S14, 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Rameau
- Sean Parker Institute for the Voice, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, U.S.A
| | - Katerina Andreadis
- Sean Parker Institute for the Voice, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, U.S.A
| | - Alexander German
- Sean Parker Institute for the Voice, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, U.S.A
| | - Mark S Lachs
- Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, U.S.A
| | - Tony E Rosen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, U.S.A
| | - Michael S. Pitzrick
- K. Lisa Yang Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, U.S.A
| | - Laurel Braden Symes
- K. Lisa Yang Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, U.S.A
| | - Holger Klinck
- K. Lisa Yang Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, U.S.A
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Barlow DR, Klinck H, Ponirakis D, Branch TA, Torres LG. Environmental conditions and marine heatwaves influence blue whale foraging and reproductive effort. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e9770. [PMID: 36861024 PMCID: PMC9968652 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal behavior is motivated by the fundamental need to feed and reproduce, and these behaviors can be inferred from spatiotemporal variations in biological signals such as vocalizations. Yet, linking foraging and reproductive effort to environmental drivers can be challenging for wide-ranging predator species. Blue whales are acoustically active marine predators that produce two distinct vocalizations: song and D calls. We examined environmental correlates of these vocalizations using continuous recordings from five hydrophones in the South Taranaki Bight region of Aotearoa New Zealand to investigate call behavior relative to ocean conditions and infer life history patterns. D calls were strongly correlated with oceanographic drivers of upwelling in spring and summer, indicating associations with foraging effort. In contrast, song displayed a highly seasonal pattern with peak intensity in fall, which aligned with the timing of conception inferred from whaling records. Finally, during a marine heatwave, reduced foraging (inferred from D calls) was followed by lower reproductive effort (inferred from song intensity).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn R. Barlow
- Geospatial Ecology of Marine Megafauna Lab, Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, Marine Mammal InstituteOregon State UniversityNewportOregonUSA
| | - Holger Klinck
- K. Lisa Yang Center for Conservation BioacousticsCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA,Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, Marine Mammal InstituteOregon State UniversityNewportOregonUSA
| | - Dimitri Ponirakis
- K. Lisa Yang Center for Conservation BioacousticsCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Trevor A. Branch
- School of Aquatic and Fisheries SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Leigh G. Torres
- Geospatial Ecology of Marine Megafauna Lab, Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, Marine Mammal InstituteOregon State UniversityNewportOregonUSA
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Kennedy AG, Ahmad AH, Klinck H, Johnson LM, Clink DJ. Evidence for acoustic niche partitioning depends on the temporal scale in two sympatric Bornean hornbill species. Biotropica 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.13205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy G. Kennedy
- K. Lisa Yang Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology Cornell University Ithaca New York USA
| | - Abdul Hamid Ahmad
- Faculty of Sustainable Agriculture Universiti Malaysia Sabah Kota Kinabalu Malaysia
| | - Holger Klinck
- K. Lisa Yang Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology Cornell University Ithaca New York USA
| | - Lynn M. Johnson
- Cornell Statistical Consulting Unit Cornell University Ithaca New York USA
| | - Dena J. Clink
- K. Lisa Yang Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology Cornell University Ithaca New York USA
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Clink DJ, Kier I, Ahmad AH, Klinck H. A workflow for the automated detection and classification of female gibbon calls from long-term acoustic recordings. Front Ecol Evol 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2023.1071640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) allows for the study of vocal animals on temporal and spatial scales difficult to achieve using only human observers. Recent improvements in recording technology, data storage, and battery capacity have led to increased use of PAM. One of the main obstacles in implementing wide-scale PAM programs is the lack of open-source programs that efficiently process terabytes of sound recordings and do not require large amounts of training data. Here we describe a workflow for detecting, classifying, and visualizing female Northern grey gibbon calls in Sabah, Malaysia. Our approach detects sound events using band-limited energy summation and does binary classification of these events (gibbon female or not) using machine learning algorithms (support vector machine and random forest). We then applied an unsupervised approach (affinity propagation clustering) to see if we could further differentiate between true and false positives or the number of gibbon females in our dataset. We used this workflow to address three questions: (1) does this automated approach provide reliable estimates of temporal patterns of gibbon calling activity; (2) can unsupervised approaches be applied as a post-processing step to improve the performance of the system; and (3) can unsupervised approaches be used to estimate how many female individuals (or clusters) there are in our study area? We found that performance plateaued with >160 clips of training data for each of our two classes. Using optimized settings, our automated approach achieved a satisfactory performance (F1 score ~ 80%). The unsupervised approach did not effectively differentiate between true and false positives or return clusters that appear to correspond to the number of females in our study area. Our results indicate that more work needs to be done before unsupervised approaches can be reliably used to estimate the number of individual animals occupying an area from PAM data. Future work applying these methods across sites and different gibbon species and comparisons to deep learning approaches will be crucial for future gibbon conservation initiatives across Southeast Asia.
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McGinn K, Kahl S, Peery MZ, Klinck H, Wood CM. Feature embeddings from the BirdNET algorithm provide insights into avian ecology. ECOL INFORM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoinf.2023.101995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Barlow DR, Klinck H, Ponirakis D, Holt Colberg M, Torres LG. Temporal occurrence of three blue whale populations in New Zealand waters from passive acoustic monitoring. J Mammal 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyac106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Describing spatial and temporal occurrence patterns of wild animal populations is important for understanding their evolutionary trajectories, population connectivity, and ecological niche specialization, with relevance for effective management. Throughout the world, blue whales produce stereotyped songs that enable identification of separate acoustic populations. We harnessed continuous acoustic recordings from five hydrophones deployed in the South Taranaki Bight (STB) region of Aotearoa New Zealand from January 2016 to February 2018. We examined hourly presence of songs from three different blue whale populations to investigate their contrasting ecological use of New Zealand waters. The New Zealand song was detected year-round with a seasonal cycle in intensity (peak February–July), demonstrating the importance of the region to the New Zealand population as both a foraging ground and potential breeding area. The Antarctic song was present in two distinct peaks each year (June–July; September–October) and predominantly at the offshore recording locations, suggesting northbound and southbound migration between feeding and wintering grounds. The Australian song was only detected during a 10-day period in January 2017, implying a rare vagrant occurrence. We therefore infer that the STB region is the primary niche of the New Zealand population, a migratory corridor for the Antarctic population, and outside the typical range of the Australian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn R Barlow
- Geospatial Ecology of Marine Megafauna Lab, Marine Mammal Institute, Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, Oregon State University , Newport, Oregon 97365 , USA
| | - Holger Klinck
- K. Lisa Yang Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14850 , USA
- Marine Mammal Institute, Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, Oregon State University , Newport, Oregon 97365 , USA
| | - Dimitri Ponirakis
- K. Lisa Yang Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14850 , USA
| | - Mattea Holt Colberg
- Geospatial Ecology of Marine Megafauna Lab, Marine Mammal Institute, Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, Oregon State University , Newport, Oregon 97365 , USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University , Corvallis, Oregon 97331 , USA
| | - Leigh G Torres
- Geospatial Ecology of Marine Megafauna Lab, Marine Mammal Institute, Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, Oregon State University , Newport, Oregon 97365 , USA
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14
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Conant PC, Li P, Liu X, Klinck H, Fleishman E, Gillespie D, Nosal EM, Roch MA. Silbido profundo: An open source package for the use of deep learning to detect odontocete whistles. J Acoust Soc Am 2022; 152:3800. [PMID: 36586843 DOI: 10.1121/10.0016631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This work presents an open-source matlab software package for exploiting recent advances in extracting tonal signals from large acoustic data sets. A whistle extraction algorithm published by Li, Liu, Palmer, Fleishman, Gillespie, Nosal, Shiu, Klinck, Cholewiak, Helble, and Roch [(2020). Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, July 19-24, Glasgow, Scotland, p. 10] is incorporated into silbido, an established software package for extraction of cetacean tonal calls. The precision and recall of the new system were over 96% and nearly 80%, respectively, when applied to a whistle extraction task on a challenging two-species subset of a conference-benchmark data set. A second data set was examined to assess whether the algorithm generalized to data that were collected across different recording devices and locations. These data included 487 h of weakly labeled, towed array data collected in the Pacific Ocean on two National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) cruises. Labels for these data consisted of regions of toothed whale presence for at least 15 species that were based on visual and acoustic observations and not limited to whistles. Although the lack of per whistle-level annotations prevented measurement of precision and recall, there was strong concurrence of automatic detections and the NOAA annotations, suggesting that the algorithm generalizes well to new data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Conant
- Department of Computer Science, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182, USA
| | - Pu Li
- Department of Computer Science, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182, USA
| | - Xiaobai Liu
- Department of Computer Science, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182, USA
| | - Holger Klinck
- K. Lisa Yang Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, New York, New York 14850, USA
| | - Erica Fleishman
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - Douglas Gillespie
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, KY16 9AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Eva-Marie Nosal
- Department of Ocean and Resources Engineering, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - Marie A Roch
- Department of Computer Science, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182, USA
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15
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Fregosi S, Harris DV, Matsumoto H, Mellinger DK, Martin SW, Matsuyama B, Barlow J, Klinck H. Detection probability and density estimation of fin whales by a Seaglider. J Acoust Soc Am 2022; 152:2277. [PMID: 36319244 DOI: 10.1121/10.0014793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A single-hydrophone ocean glider was deployed within a cabled hydrophone array to demonstrate a framework for estimating population density of fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) from a passive acoustic glider. The array was used to estimate tracks of acoustically active whales. These tracks became detection trials to model the detection function for glider-recorded 360-s windows containing fin whale 20-Hz pulses using a generalized additive model. Detection probability was dependent on both horizontal distance and low-frequency glider flow noise. At the median 40-Hz spectral level of 97 dB re 1 μPa2/Hz, detection probability was near one at horizontal distance zero with an effective detection radius of 17.1 km [coefficient of variation (CV) = 0.13]. Using estimates of acoustic availability and acoustically active group size from tagged and tracked fin whales, respectively, density of fin whales was estimated as 1.8 whales per 1000 km2 (CV = 0.55). A plot sampling density estimate for the same area and time, estimated from array data alone, was 1.3 whales per 1000 km2 (CV = 0.51). While the presented density estimates are from a small demonstration experiment and should be used with caution, the framework presented here advances our understanding of the potential use of gliders for cetacean density estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selene Fregosi
- Cooperative Institute for Marine Ecosystem and Resources Studies, Oregon State University and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, 2030 Southeast Marine Science Drive, Newport, Oregon 97365, USA
| | - Danielle V Harris
- Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental Modelling, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9LZ, United Kingdom
| | - Haruyoshi Matsumoto
- Cooperative Institute for Marine Ecosystem and Resources Studies, Oregon State University and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, 2030 Southeast Marine Science Drive, Newport, Oregon 97365, USA
| | - David K Mellinger
- Cooperative Institute for Marine Ecosystem and Resources Studies, Oregon State University and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, 2030 Southeast Marine Science Drive, Newport, Oregon 97365, USA
| | - Stephen W Martin
- National Marine Mammal Foundation, San Diego, California 92106, USA
| | - Brian Matsuyama
- National Marine Mammal Foundation, San Diego, California 92106, USA
| | - Jay Barlow
- Marine Mammal and Turtle Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Holger Klinck
- K. Lisa Yang Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
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16
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Palmer KJ, Wu GM, Clark C, Klinck H. Erratum: Accounting for the Lombard effect in estimating the probability of detection in passive acoustic surveys: Applications for single sensor mitigation and monitoring [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 151(1), 67-79 (2022)]. J Acoust Soc Am 2022; 152:1683. [PMID: 36182321 DOI: 10.1121/10.0013704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K J Palmer
- School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, Sir Harold Mitchell Building, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9TH, United Kingdom
| | - Gi-Mick Wu
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15 Leipzig, 04318, Germany
| | - Christopher Clark
- K. Lisa Yang Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, 159 Sapsucker Woods Road, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
| | - Holger Klinck
- K. Lisa Yang Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, 159 Sapsucker Woods Road, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
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17
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Comella I, Tasirin JS, Klinck H, Johnson LM, Clink DJ. Investigating note repertoires and acoustic tradeoffs in the duet contributions of a basal haplorrhine primate. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.910121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acoustic communication serves a crucial role in the social interactions of vocal animals. Duetting—the coordinated singing among pairs of animals—has evolved independently multiple times across diverse taxonomic groups including insects, frogs, birds, and mammals. A crucial first step for understanding how information is encoded and transferred in duets is through quantifying the acoustic repertoire, which can reveal differences and similarities on multiple levels of analysis and provides the groundwork necessary for further studies of the vocal communication patterns of the focal species. Investigating acoustic tradeoffs, such as the tradeoff between the rate of syllable repetition and note bandwidth, can also provide important insights into the evolution of duets, as these tradeoffs may represent the physical and mechanical limits on signal design. In addition, identifying which sex initiates the duet can provide insights into the function of the duets. We have three main goals in the current study: (1) provide a descriptive, fine-scale analysis of Gursky’s spectral tarsier (Tarsius spectrumgurskyae) duets; (2) use unsupervised approaches to investigate sex-specific note repertoires; and (3) test for evidence of acoustic tradeoffs in the rate of note repetition and bandwidth of tarsier duet contributions. We found that both sexes were equally likely to initiate the duets and that pairs differed substantially in the duration of their duets. Our unsupervised clustering analyses indicate that both sexes have highly graded note repertoires. We also found evidence for acoustic tradeoffs in both male and female duet contributions, but the relationship in females was much more pronounced. The prevalence of this tradeoff across diverse taxonomic groups including birds, bats, and primates indicates the constraints that limit the production of rapidly repeating broadband notes may be one of the few ‘universals’ in vocal communication. Future carefully designed playback studies that investigate the behavioral response, and therefore potential information transmitted in duets to conspecifics, will be highly informative.
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18
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Tolkova I, Klinck H. Source separation with an acoustic vector sensor for terrestrial bioacoustics. J Acoust Soc Am 2022; 152:1123. [PMID: 36050162 DOI: 10.1121/10.0013505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Passive acoustic monitoring is emerging as a low-cost, non-invasive methodology for automated species-level population surveys. However, systems for automating the detection and classification of vocalizations in complex soundscapes are significantly hindered by the overlap of calls and environmental noise. We propose addressing this challenge by utilizing an acoustic vector sensor to separate contributions from different sound sources. More specifically, we describe and implement an analytical pipeline consisting of (1) calculating direction-of-arrival, (2) decomposing the azimuth estimates into angular distributions for individual sources, and (3) numerically reconstructing source signals. Using both simulation and experimental recordings, we evaluate the accuracy of direction-of-arrival estimation through the active intensity method (AIM) against the baselines of white noise gain constraint beamforming (WNC) and multiple signal classification (MUSIC). Additionally, we demonstrate and compare source signal reconstruction with simple angular thresholding and a wrapped Gaussian mixture model. Overall, we show that AIM achieves higher performance than WNC and MUSIC, with a mean angular error of about 5°, robustness to environmental noise, flexible representation of multiple sources, and high fidelity in source signal reconstructions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Tolkova
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Holger Klinck
- K. Lisa Yang Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
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19
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Barlow DR, Estrada Jorge M, Klinck H, Torres LG. Shaken, not stirred: blue whales show no acoustic response to earthquake events. R Soc Open Sci 2022; 9:220242. [PMID: 35845856 PMCID: PMC9277279 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying how animals respond to disturbance events bears relevance for understanding consequences to population health. We investigate whether blue whales respond acoustically to naturally occurring episodic noise by examining calling before and after earthquakes (27 040 calls, 32 earthquakes; 27 January-29 June 2016). Two vocalization types were evaluated: New Zealand blue whale song and downswept vocalizations ('D calls'). Blue whales did not alter the number of D calls, D call received level or song intensity following earthquakes (paired t-tests, p > 0.7 for all). Linear models accounting for earthquake strength and proximity revealed significant relationships between change in calling activity surrounding earthquakes and prior calling activity (D calls: R 2 = 0.277, p < 0.0001; song: R 2 = 0.080, p = 0.028); however, these same relationships were true for 'null' periods without earthquakes (D calls: R 2 = 0.262, p < 0.0001; song: R 2 = 0.149, p = 0.0002), indicating that the pattern is driven by blue whale calling context regardless of earthquake presence. Our findings that blue whales do not respond to episodic natural noise provide context for interpreting documented acoustic responses to anthropogenic noise sources, including shipping traffic and petroleum development, indicating that they potentially evolved tolerance for natural noise sources but not novel noise from anthropogenic origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn R. Barlow
- Geospatial Ecology of Marine Megafauna Lab, Marine Mammal Institute, and Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, Oregon State University, Newport, Oregon, USA
| | - Mateo Estrada Jorge
- Geospatial Ecology of Marine Megafauna Lab, Marine Mammal Institute, and Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, Oregon State University, Newport, Oregon, USA
- Department of Computer Science and Department of Physics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Holger Klinck
- K. Lisa Yang Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
- Marine Mammal Institute, Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, Oregon State University, Newport, Oregon, USA
| | - Leigh G. Torres
- Geospatial Ecology of Marine Megafauna Lab, Marine Mammal Institute, and Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, Oregon State University, Newport, Oregon, USA
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20
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Abstract
Involving the general public in research through free bird sound identification apps such as BirdNET can generate tens of millions of bird observations globally, helping citizen science to power avian ecology
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor M. Wood
- K. Lisa Yang Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Stefan Kahl
- K. Lisa Yang Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Ashakur Rahaman
- K. Lisa Yang Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Holger Klinck
- K. Lisa Yang Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
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21
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Cooley LA, Costa DP, Hannah SM, Hindle AG, Holser RR, Horning M, Klinck H, Ponganis PJ, Williams CL, McDonald BI. Research Handling Effects on Stress Hormones, Blood Parameters, and Heart Rate in Juvenile Northern Elephant Seals (
Mirounga angustirostris
). FASEB J 2022. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2022.36.s1.r5726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel P. Costa
- Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of California, Santa CruzSanta CruzCA
| | | | | | - Rachel R. Holser
- Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of California, Santa CruzSanta CruzCA
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22
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Hannah SM, Williams CL, Hindle AG, Cooley LA, Ponganis PJ, Horning M, Klinck H, Costa DP, McDonald BI. Examining the Plasticity of the Dive Response in Relation to Dive Behavior of Northern Elephant Seals. FASEB J 2022. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2022.36.s1.r5937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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23
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Tuia D, Kellenberger B, Beery S, Costelloe BR, Zuffi S, Risse B, Mathis A, Mathis MW, van Langevelde F, Burghardt T, Kays R, Klinck H, Wikelski M, Couzin ID, van Horn G, Crofoot MC, Stewart CV, Berger-Wolf T. Perspectives in machine learning for wildlife conservation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:792. [PMID: 35140206 PMCID: PMC8828720 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-27980-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Inexpensive and accessible sensors are accelerating data acquisition in animal ecology. These technologies hold great potential for large-scale ecological understanding, but are limited by current processing approaches which inefficiently distill data into relevant information. We argue that animal ecologists can capitalize on large datasets generated by modern sensors by combining machine learning approaches with domain knowledge. Incorporating machine learning into ecological workflows could improve inputs for ecological models and lead to integrated hybrid modeling tools. This approach will require close interdisciplinary collaboration to ensure the quality of novel approaches and train a new generation of data scientists in ecology and conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devis Tuia
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Benjamin Kellenberger
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sara Beery
- Department of Computing and Mathematical Sciences, California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Blair R Costelloe
- Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Radolfzell, Germany
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Silvia Zuffi
- Institute for Applied Mathematics and Information Technologies, IMATI-CNR, Pavia, Italy
| | - Benjamin Risse
- Computer Science Department, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Alexander Mathis
- School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mackenzie W Mathis
- School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Tilo Burghardt
- Computer Science Department, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Roland Kays
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Holger Klinck
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Martin Wikelski
- Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Radolfzell, Germany
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Iain D Couzin
- Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Radolfzell, Germany
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Grant van Horn
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Margaret C Crofoot
- Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Radolfzell, Germany
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Charles V Stewart
- Department of Computer Science, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Tanya Berger-Wolf
- Translational Data Analytics Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Departments of Computer Science and Engineering; Electrical and Computer Engineering; Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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24
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Palmer KJ, Wu GM, Clark C, Klinck H. Accounting for the Lombard effect in estimating the probability of detection in passive acoustic surveys: Applications for single sensor mitigation and monitoring. J Acoust Soc Am 2022; 151:67. [PMID: 35105031 DOI: 10.1121/10.0009168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The detection range of calling animals is commonly described by the passive sonar equations. However, the sonar equations do not account for interactions between source and ambient sound level, i.e., the Lombard effect. This behavior has the potential to introduce non-linearities into the sonar equations and result in incorrectly predicted detection ranges. Here, we investigate the relationship between ambient sound and effective detection ranges for North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) in Cape Cod Bay, MA, USA using a sparse array of acoustic recorders. Generalized estimating equations were used to model the probability that a call was detected as a function of distance between the calling animal and the sensor and the ambient sound level. The model suggests a non-linear relationship between ambient sound levels and the probability of detecting a call. Comparing the non-linear model to the linearized version of the same model resulted in 12 to 25% increases in the effective detection range. We also found evidence of the Lombard effect suggesting that it is the most plausible cause for the non-linearity in the relationship. Finally, we suggest a simple modification to the sonar equation for estimating detection probability for single sensor monitoring applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Palmer
- School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, Sir Harold Mitchell Building, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9TH, United Kingdom
| | - Gi-Mick Wu
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15 Leipzig, 04318, Germany
| | - Christopher Clark
- K. Lisa Yang Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, 159 Sapsucker Woods Road, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
| | - Holger Klinck
- K. Lisa Yang Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, 159 Sapsucker Woods Road, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
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25
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Shiu Y, Palmer KJ, Roch MA, Fleishman E, Liu X, Nosal EM, Helble T, Cholewiak D, Gillespie D, Klinck H. Author Correction: Deep neural networks for automated detection of marine mammal species. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21189. [PMID: 34675335 PMCID: PMC8530998 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00460-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shiu
- Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA.
| | - K J Palmer
- Department of Computer Science, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Marie A Roch
- Department of Computer Science, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Erica Fleishman
- Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Xiaobai Liu
- Department of Computer Science, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Eva-Marie Nosal
- Department of Ocean and Resources Engineering, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Tyler Helble
- System Center Pacific, US Navy, Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command, San Diego, CA, 92152, USA
| | - Danielle Cholewiak
- Northeast Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
| | - Douglas Gillespie
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 8LB, Scotland
| | - Holger Klinck
- Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
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26
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Duporge I, Spiegel MP, Thomson ER, Chapman T, Lamberth C, Pond C, Macdonald DW, Wang T, Klinck H. Determination of optimal flight altitude to minimise acoustic drone disturbance to wildlife using species audiograms. Methods Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isla Duporge
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit Department of Zoology University of OxfordRecanati‐Kaplan Centre Abingdon UK
| | - Marcus P. Spiegel
- School of Geography and the Environment University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | | | - Tatiana Chapman
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit Department of Zoology University of OxfordRecanati‐Kaplan Centre Abingdon UK
| | - Curt Lamberth
- Department of Zoology University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - Caroline Pond
- Department of Zoology University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - David W. Macdonald
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit Department of Zoology University of OxfordRecanati‐Kaplan Centre Abingdon UK
| | - Tiejun Wang
- Faculty of Geo‐Information Science and Earth Observation University of Twente Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Holger Klinck
- Center for Conservation Bioacoustics Cornell Lab of Ornithology Cornell University Ithaca New York USA
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27
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Reid DS, Wood CM, Whitmore SA, Berigan WJ, Keane JJ, Sawyer SC, Shaklee PA, Kramer HA, Kelly KG, Reiss A, Kryshak N, Gutiérrez R, Klinck H, Peery MZ. Noisy neighbors and reticent residents: Distinguishing resident from non-resident individuals to improve passive acoustic monitoring. Glob Ecol Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Bruce Martin S, Gaudet BJ, Klinck H, Dugan PJ, Miksis-Olds JL, Mellinger DK, Mann DA, Boebel O, Wilson CC, Ponirakis DW, Moors-Murphy H. Erratum: Hybrid millidecade spectra: A practical format for exchange of long-term ambient sound data [JASA Express Lett. 1(1), 011203 (2021)]. JASA Express Lett 2021; 1:081201. [PMID: 36154245 DOI: 10.1121/10.0005818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In the original paper [JASA Express Lett. 1(1), 011203 (2021)], a method for processing, storing, and sharing high-bandwidth, passive acoustic spectral data that optimizes data volume while maintaining reasonable data resolution was proposed. The format was a hybrid that uses 1-Hz resolution up to 455 Hz and millidecade frequency bands above 455 Hz. The choice of 455 Hz was based on a method of computing the edge frequencies of millidecade bands that is not compatible with summing millidecades to decidecades. This has been corrected. The new transition frequency is the first frequency with a millidecade with greater than 1 Hz, 435 Hz.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bruce Martin
- JASCO Applied Sciences, 32 Troop Avenue, Suite 202, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, B3B 1Z1, Canada
| | - Briand J Gaudet
- JASCO Applied Sciences, 32 Troop Avenue, Suite 202, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, B3B 1Z1, Canada
| | - Holger Klinck
- Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
| | - Peter J Dugan
- Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
| | - Jennifer L Miksis-Olds
- Center for Acoustics Research and Education, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA
| | - David K Mellinger
- Cooperative Institute for Marine Resources Studies, Oregon State University and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Newport, Oregon 97365, USA
| | - David A Mann
- Loggerhead Instruments, Sarasota, Florida 34238, USA
| | - Olaf Boebel
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Colleen C Wilson
- JASCO Applied Sciences, 32 Troop Avenue, Suite 202, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, B3B 1Z1, Canada
| | - Dimitri W Ponirakis
- Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
| | - Hilary Moors-Murphy
- Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia B2Y 4A2, Canada , , , , , , , , , ,
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Madhusudhana S, Shiu Y, Klinck H, Fleishman E, Liu X, Nosal EM, Helble T, Cholewiak D, Gillespie D, Širović A, Roch MA. Improve automatic detection of animal call sequences with temporal context. J R Soc Interface 2021; 18:20210297. [PMID: 34283944 PMCID: PMC8292017 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2021.0297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Many animals rely on long-form communication, in the form of songs, for vital functions such as mate attraction and territorial defence. We explored the prospect of improving automatic recognition performance by using the temporal context inherent in song. The ability to accurately detect sequences of calls has implications for conservation and biological studies. We show that the performance of a convolutional neural network (CNN), designed to detect song notes (calls) in short-duration audio segments, can be improved by combining it with a recurrent network designed to process sequences of learned representations from the CNN on a longer time scale. The combined system of independently trained CNN and long short-term memory (LSTM) network models exploits the temporal patterns between song notes. We demonstrate the technique using recordings of fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) songs, which comprise patterned sequences of characteristic notes. We evaluated several variants of the CNN + LSTM network. Relative to the baseline CNN model, the CNN + LSTM models reduced performance variance, offering a 9–17% increase in area under the precision–recall curve and a 9–18% increase in peak F1-scores. These results show that the inclusion of temporal information may offer a valuable pathway for improving the automatic recognition and transcription of wildlife recordings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Madhusudhana
- K. Lisa Yang Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Yu Shiu
- K. Lisa Yang Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Holger Klinck
- K. Lisa Yang Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.,Marine Mammal Institute, Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Erica Fleishman
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Xiaobai Liu
- Department of Computer Science, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Eva-Marie Nosal
- Department of Ocean and Resources Engineering, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Tyler Helble
- US Navy, Naval Information Warfare Center Pacific, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Danielle Cholewiak
- Northeast Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Douglas Gillespie
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Ana Širović
- Marine Biology Department, Texas A&M University at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Marie A Roch
- Department of Computer Science, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
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Barlow DR, Klinck H, Ponirakis D, Garvey C, Torres LG. Temporal and spatial lags between wind, coastal upwelling, and blue whale occurrence. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6915. [PMID: 33767285 PMCID: PMC7994810 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86403-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding relationships between physical drivers and biological response is central to advancing ecological knowledge. Wind is the physical forcing mechanism in coastal upwelling systems, however lags between wind input and biological responses are seldom quantified for marine predators. Lags were examined between wind at an upwelling source, decreased temperatures along the upwelling plume's trajectory, and blue whale occurrence in New Zealand's South Taranaki Bight region (STB). Wind speed and sea surface temperature (SST) were extracted for austral spring-summer months between 2009 and 2019. A hydrophone recorded blue whale vocalizations October 2016-March 2017. Timeseries cross-correlation analyses were conducted between wind speed, SST at different locations along the upwelling plume, and blue whale downswept vocalizations (D calls). Results document increasing lag times (0-2 weeks) between wind speed and SST consistent with the spatial progression of upwelling, culminating with increased D call density at the distal end of the plume three weeks after increased wind speeds at the upwelling source. Lag between wind events and blue whale aggregations (n = 34 aggregations 2013-2019) was 2.09 ± 0.43 weeks. Variation in lag was significantly related to the amount of wind over the preceding 30 days, which likely influences stratification. This study enhances knowledge of physical-biological coupling in upwelling ecosystems and enables improved forecasting of species distribution patterns for dynamic management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn R Barlow
- Geospatial Ecology of Marine Megafauna Lab, Marine Mammal Institute, and Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Newport, OR, USA.
| | - Holger Klinck
- Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Marine Mammal Institute, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Newport, OR, USA
| | - Dimitri Ponirakis
- Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Leigh G Torres
- Geospatial Ecology of Marine Megafauna Lab, Marine Mammal Institute, and Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Newport, OR, USA
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Wood CM, Kahl S, Chaon P, Peery MZ, Klinck H. Survey coverage, recording duration and community composition affect observed species richness in passive acoustic surveys. Methods Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Connor M. Wood
- Center for Conservation Bioacoustics Cornell Lab of Ornithology Cornell University Ithaca NY USA
| | - Stefan Kahl
- Center for Conservation Bioacoustics Cornell Lab of Ornithology Cornell University Ithaca NY USA
| | - Philip Chaon
- San Jose State Research Foundation San Jose CA USA
| | - M. Zachariah Peery
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology University of Wisconsin – Madison Madison WI USA
| | - Holger Klinck
- Center for Conservation Bioacoustics Cornell Lab of Ornithology Cornell University Ithaca NY USA
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Fournet MEH, Silvestri M, Clark CW, Klinck H, Rice AN. Limited vocal compensation for elevated ambient noise in bearded seals: implications for an industrializing Arctic Ocean. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20202712. [PMID: 33622137 PMCID: PMC7934916 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.2712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vocalizing animals have several strategies to compensate for elevated ambient noise. These behaviours evolved under historical conditions, but compensation limits are quickly being reached in the Anthropocene. Acoustic communication is essential to male bearded seals that vocalize for courtship and defending territories. As Arctic sea ice declines, industrial activities and associated anthropogenic noise are likely to increase. Documenting how seals respond to noise and identifying naturally occurring behavioural thresholds would indicate either their resilience or vulnerability to changing soundscapes. We investigated whether male bearded seals modified call amplitudes in response to changing ambient noise levels. Vocalizing seals increased their call amplitudes until ambient noise levels reached an observable threshold, above which call source levels stopped increasing. The presence of a threshold indicates limited noise compensation for seals, which still renders them vulnerable to acoustic masking of vocal signals. This behavioural threshold and response to noise is critical for developing management plans for an industrializing Arctic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle E. H. Fournet
- Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Margherita Silvestri
- Department of Environmental Biology, Marine Ecology Lab, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università 32, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Christopher W. Clark
- Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Holger Klinck
- Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
- Marine Mammal Institute, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Newport, OR 97365, USA
| | - Aaron N. Rice
- Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
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Clink DJ, Groves T, Ahmad AH, Klinck H. Not by the light of the moon: Investigating circadian rhythms and environmental predictors of calling in Bornean great argus. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246564. [PMID: 33592004 PMCID: PMC7886196 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Great argus pheasants are known for their elaborate visual mating displays, but relatively little is known about their general ecology. The use of passive acoustic monitoring-which relies on long-term autonomous recorders-can provide insight into the behavior of visually cryptic, yet vocal species such as the great argus. Here we report the results of an analysis of vocal behavior of the Bornean great argus (Argusianus argus grayi) in Sabah, Malaysia, using data collected with 11 autonomous recording units. Great argus regularly emitted two call types, the long call and the short call, and we found that although both call types were emitted throughout the day, the short calls were more likely to occur during the morning hours (06:00-12:00LT). Great argus were less likely to call if there was rain, irrespective of the time of day. A substantial portion of calls at our site (~20%) were emitted between the hours of 18:00-06:00LT. We found that for nighttime calls, calling activity increased during new moon periods and decreased during periods of rain. We attribute the negative influence of rain on calling to increased energetic costs of thermoregulation during wet periods, and propose that the influence of the lunar cycle may be related to increased predation risk during periods with high levels of moonlight. Little is known about the behavioral ecology of great argus on Borneo, so it is difficult to know if the results we report are typical, or if we would see differences in calling activity patterns depending on breeding season or changes in food availability. We advocate for future studies of great argus pheasant populations using paired camera and acoustic recorders, which can provide further insight into the behavior of this cryptic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dena J. Clink
- Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Tom Groves
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Abdul Hamid Ahmad
- Faculty of Sustainable Agriculture, University Malaysia Sabah, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Holger Klinck
- Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
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Wood CM, Zulla C, Whitmore S, Reid D, Kramer HA, Keane JJ, Sawyer SC, Roberts KN, Dotters BP, Klinck H, Berigan W, Gutiérrez RJ, Peery MZ. Illuminating the Nocturnal Habits of Owls with Emerging Tagging Technologies. WILDLIFE SOC B 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/wsb.1156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Connor M. Wood
- University of Wisconsin‐Madison 1630 Linden Drive Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Ceeanna Zulla
- University of Wisconsin‐Madison 1630 Linden Drive Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Sheila Whitmore
- University of Wisconsin‐Madison 1630 Linden Drive Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Dana Reid
- University of Wisconsin‐Madison 1630 Linden Drive Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - H. Anu Kramer
- University of Wisconsin‐Madison 1630 Linden Drive Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - John J. Keane
- U.S. Forest Service Pacific Southwest Research Station 1731 Research Park Drive Davis CA 95618 USA
| | - Sarah C. Sawyer
- U.S. Forest Service Region 5 1323 Club Dr Vallejo CA 94592 USA
| | | | | | - Holger Klinck
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology 159 Sapsucker Woods Rd Ithaca NY 14850 USA
| | - William Berigan
- University of Wisconsin‐Madison 1630 Linden Drive Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - R. J. Gutiérrez
- University of Wisconsin‐Madison 1630 Linden Drive Madison WI 53706 USA
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Wood CM, Klinck H, Gustafson M, Keane JJ, Sawyer SC, Gutiérrez RJ, Peery MZ. Using the ecological significance of animal vocalizations to improve inference in acoustic monitoring programs. Conserv Biol 2021; 35:336-345. [PMID: 32297668 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent bioacoustic advances have facilitated large-scale population monitoring for acoustically active species. Animal sounds, however, can of information that is underutilized in typical approaches to passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) that treat sounds simply as detections. We developed 3 methods of extracting additional ecological detail from acoustic data that are applicable to a broad range of acoustically active species. We conducted landscape-scale passive acoustic surveys of a declining owl species and an invasive congeneric competitor in California. We then used sex-specific vocalization frequency to inform multistate occupancy models; call rates at occupied sites to characterize interactions with interspecific competitors and assess habitat quality; and a flexible multivariate approach to differentiate individuals based on vocal characteristics. The multistate occupancy models yielded novel estimates of breeding status occupancy rates that were more robust to false detections and captured known habitat associations more consistently than single-state occupancy models agnostic to sex. Call rate was related to the presence of a competitor but not habitat quality and thus could constitute a useful behavioral metric for interactions that are challenging to detect in an occupancy framework. Quantifying multivariate distance between groups of vocalizations provided a novel quantitative means of discriminating individuals with ≥20 vocalizations and a flexible tool for balancing type I and II errors. Therefore, it appears possible to estimate site turnover and demographic rates, rather than just occupancy metrics, in PAM programs. Our methods can be applied individually or in concert and are likely generalizable to many acoustically active species. As such, they are opportunities to improve inferences from PAM data and thus benefit conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor M Wood
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1630 Linden Drive, 237 Russell Labs, Madison, WI, 53706, U.S.A
| | - Holger Klinck
- Bioacoustics Research Program, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, 159 Sapsucker Woods Road, Ithaca, NY, 14850, U.S.A
| | - Michaela Gustafson
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1630 Linden Drive, 237 Russell Labs, Madison, WI, 53706, U.S.A
| | - John J Keane
- Pacific Southwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA, 94710, U.S.A
| | - Sarah C Sawyer
- USDA Forest Service Region 5, 1323 Club Dr, Vallejo, CA, 94592, U.S.A
| | - R J Gutiérrez
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1630 Linden Drive, 237 Russell Labs, Madison, WI, 53706, U.S.A
| | - M Zachariah Peery
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1630 Linden Drive, 237 Russell Labs, Madison, WI, 53706, U.S.A
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Martin SB, Gaudet BJ, Klinck H, Dugan PJ, Miksis-Olds JL, Mellinger DK, Mann DA, Boebel O, Wilson CC, Ponirakis DW, Moors-Murphy H. Hybrid millidecade spectra: A practical format for exchange of long-term ambient sound data. JASA Express Lett 2021; 1:011203. [PMID: 36154092 DOI: 10.1121/10.0003324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This Letter proposes a frequency scaling for processing, storing, and sharing high-bandwidth, passive acoustic spectral data that optimizes data volume while maintaining reasonable data resolution. The format is a hybrid that uses 1 Hz resolution up to 455 Hz and millidecade frequency bands above 455 Hz. This hybrid is appropriate for many types of soundscape analysis, including detecting different types of soundscapes and regulatory applications like computing weighted sound exposure levels. Hybrid millidecade files are compressed compared to the 1 Hz equivalent such that one research center could feasibly store data from hundreds of projects for sharing among researchers globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bruce Martin
- JASCO Applied Sciences, 32 Troop Ave, Suite 202, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, B3B 1Z1, Canada
| | - Briand J Gaudet
- JASCO Applied Sciences, 32 Troop Ave, Suite 202, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, B3B 1Z1, Canada
| | - Holger Klinck
- Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
| | - Peter J Dugan
- Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
| | - Jennifer L Miksis-Olds
- Center for Acoustics Research and Education, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA
| | - David K Mellinger
- Cooperative Institute for Marine Resources Studies, Oregon State University, and NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Newport, Oregon 97365, USA
| | - David A Mann
- Loggerhead Instruments, Sarasota, Florida 34238, USA
| | - Olaf Boebel
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Colleen C Wilson
- JASCO Applied Sciences, 32 Troop Ave, Suite 202, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, B3B 1Z1, Canada
| | - Dimitri W Ponirakis
- Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
| | - Hilary Moors-Murphy
- Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia B2Y 4A2, Canada , , , , , , , , , ,
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Clink DJ, Klinck H. Unsupervised acoustic classification of individual gibbon females and the implications for passive acoustic monitoring. Methods Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dena J. Clink
- Center for Conservation Bioacoustics Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology Cornell University Ithaca NY USA
| | - Holger Klinck
- Center for Conservation Bioacoustics Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology Cornell University Ithaca NY USA
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Davis GE, Baumgartner MF, Corkeron PJ, Bell J, Berchok C, Bonnell JM, Bort Thornton J, Brault S, Buchanan GA, Cholewiak DM, Clark CW, Delarue J, Hatch LT, Klinck H, Kraus SD, Martin B, Mellinger DK, Moors‐Murphy H, Nieukirk S, Nowacek DP, Parks SE, Parry D, Pegg N, Read AJ, Rice AN, Risch D, Scott A, Soldevilla MS, Stafford KM, Stanistreet JE, Summers E, Todd S, Van Parijs SM. Exploring movement patterns and changing distributions of baleen whales in the western North Atlantic using a decade of passive acoustic data. Glob Chang Biol 2020; 26:4812-4840. [PMID: 32450009 PMCID: PMC7496396 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Six baleen whale species are found in the temperate western North Atlantic Ocean, with limited information existing on the distribution and movement patterns for most. There is mounting evidence of distributional shifts in many species, including marine mammals, likely because of climate-driven changes in ocean temperature and circulation. Previous acoustic studies examined the occurrence of minke (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) and North Atlantic right whales (NARW; Eubalaena glacialis). This study assesses the acoustic presence of humpback (Megaptera novaeangliae), sei (B. borealis), fin (B. physalus), and blue whales (B. musculus) over a decade, based on daily detections of their vocalizations. Data collected from 2004 to 2014 on 281 bottom-mounted recorders, totaling 35,033 days, were processed using automated detection software and screened for each species' presence. A published study on NARW acoustics revealed significant changes in occurrence patterns between the periods of 2004-2010 and 2011-2014; therefore, these same time periods were examined here. All four species were present from the Southeast United States to Greenland; humpback whales were also present in the Caribbean. All species occurred throughout all regions in the winter, suggesting that baleen whales are widely distributed during these months. Each of the species showed significant changes in acoustic occurrence after 2010. Similar to NARWs, sei whales had higher acoustic occurrence in mid-Atlantic regions after 2010. Fin, blue, and sei whales were more frequently detected in the northern latitudes of the study area after 2010. Despite this general northward shift, all four species were detected less on the Scotian Shelf area after 2010, matching documented shifts in prey availability in this region. A decade of acoustic observations have shown important distributional changes over the range of baleen whales, mirroring known climatic shifts and identifying new habitats that will require further protection from anthropogenic threats like fixed fishing gear, shipping, and noise pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve E. Davis
- NOAA Northeast Fisheries Science CenterWoods HoleMAUSA
- University of Massachusetts BostonBostonMAUSA
| | | | | | - Joel Bell
- Naval Facilities Engineering Command AtlanticNorfolkVAUSA
| | | | - Julianne M. Bonnell
- Integrated Statistics, Under contract to the NOAA Northeast Fisheries Science CenterWoods HoleMAUSA
| | | | | | | | | | - Christopher W. Clark
- Center for Conservation BioacousticsCornell Lab of OrnithologyCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
| | | | - Leila T. Hatch
- NOAA Stellwagen Bank National Marine SanctuaryScituateMAUSA
| | - Holger Klinck
- Center for Conservation BioacousticsCornell Lab of OrnithologyCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
| | - Scott D. Kraus
- Anderson Cabot Center for Ocean LifeNew England AquariumBostonMAUSA
| | | | - David K. Mellinger
- Oregon State University and NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental LaboratoryNewportORUSA
| | - Hilary Moors‐Murphy
- Fisheries and Oceans CanadaBedford Institute of OceanographyDartmouthNSCanada
| | - Sharon Nieukirk
- Oregon State University and NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental LaboratoryNewportORUSA
| | - Douglas P. Nowacek
- Nicholas School of the EnvironmentDuke University Marine LaboratoryBeaufortNCUSA
- Pratt School of EngineeringDuke UniversityDurhamNCUSA
| | | | - Dawn Parry
- Center for Conservation BioacousticsCornell Lab of OrnithologyCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
| | - Nicole Pegg
- Integrated Statistics, Under contract to the NOAA Northeast Fisheries Science CenterWoods HoleMAUSA
| | - Andrew J. Read
- Nicholas School of the EnvironmentDuke University Marine LaboratoryBeaufortNCUSA
| | - Aaron N. Rice
- Center for Conservation BioacousticsCornell Lab of OrnithologyCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
| | - Denise Risch
- The Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)ObanUK
| | - Alyssa Scott
- Integrated Statistics, Under contract to the NOAA Northeast Fisheries Science CenterWoods HoleMAUSA
| | | | | | - Joy E. Stanistreet
- Fisheries and Oceans CanadaBedford Institute of OceanographyDartmouthNSCanada
| | - Erin Summers
- Maine Department of Marine ResourcesWest Boothbay HarborMEUSA
| | - Sean Todd
- Allied WhaleCollege of the AtlanticBar HarborMEUSA
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Shiu Y, Palmer KJ, Roch MA, Fleishman E, Liu X, Nosal EM, Helble T, Cholewiak D, Gillespie D, Klinck H. Publisher Correction: Deep neural networks for automated detection of marine mammal species. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11000. [PMID: 32601444 PMCID: PMC7324604 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67560-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shiu
- Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA.
| | - K J Palmer
- Department of Computer Science, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Marie A Roch
- Department of Computer Science, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Erica Fleishman
- Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Xiaobai Liu
- Department of Computer Science, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Eva-Marie Nosal
- Department of Ocean and Resources Engineering, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Tyler Helble
- US Navy, Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command, System Center Pacific, San Diego, CA, 92152, USA
| | - Danielle Cholewiak
- Northeast Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
| | - Douglas Gillespie
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St. Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 8LB, Scotland
| | - Holger Klinck
- Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
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Matthews LP, Fournet MEH, Gabriele C, Klinck H, Parks SE. Acoustically advertising male harbour seals in southeast Alaska do not make biologically relevant acoustic adjustments in the presence of vessel noise. Biol Lett 2020; 16:20190795. [PMID: 32264795 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2019.0795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquatically breeding harbour seal (Phoca vitulina) males use underwater vocalizations during the breeding season to establish underwater territories, defend territories against intruder males, and possibly to attract females. Vessel noise overlaps in frequency with these vocalizations and could negatively impact breeding success by limiting communication space. In this study, we investigated whether harbour seals employed anti-masking strategies to maintain communication in the presence of vessel noise in Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve, Alaska. Harbour seals in this location did not sufficiently adjust source levels or acoustic parameters of vocalizations to compensate for acoustic masking. Instead, for every 1 dB increase in ambient noise, signal excess decreased by 0.84 dB, indicating a reduction in communication space when vessels passed. We suggest that harbour seals may already be acoustically advertising at or near a biologically maximal sound level and therefore lack the ability to increase call amplitude to adjust to changes in their acoustic environment. This may have significant implications for this aquatically breeding pinniped, particularly for populations in high noise regions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michelle E H Fournet
- Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Christine Gabriele
- Humpback Whale Monitoring Program, Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve, PO Box 140, Gustavus, AK 99826, USA
| | - Holger Klinck
- Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Susan E Parks
- Biology Department, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
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42
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Clink DJ, Ahmad AH, Klinck H. Brevity is not a universal in animal communication: evidence for compression depends on the unit of analysis in small ape vocalizations. R Soc Open Sci 2020; 7:200151. [PMID: 32431905 PMCID: PMC7211885 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.200151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Evidence for compression, or minimization of code length, has been found across biological systems from genomes to human language and music. Two linguistic laws-Menzerath's Law (which states that longer sequences consist of shorter constituents) and Zipf's Law of abbreviation (a negative relationship between signal length and frequency of use)-are predictions of compression. It has been proposed that compression is a universal in animal communication, but there have been mixed results, particularly in reference to Zipf's Law of abbreviation. Like songbirds, male gibbons (Hylobates muelleri) engage in long solo bouts with unique combinations of notes which combine into phrases. We found strong support for Menzerath's Law as the longer a phrase, the shorter the notes. To identify phrase types, we used state-of-the-art affinity propagation clustering, and were able to predict phrase types using support vector machines with a mean accuracy of 74%. Based on unsupervised phrase type classification, we did not find support for Zipf's Law of abbreviation. Our results indicate that adherence to linguistic laws in male gibbon solos depends on the unit of analysis. We conclude that principles of compression are applicable outside of human language, but may act differently across levels of organization in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dena J. Clink
- Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Abdul Hamid Ahmad
- Faculty of Sustainable Agriculture, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Sandakan Campus, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Holger Klinck
- Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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43
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Clink DJ, Tasirin JS, Klinck H. Vocal individuality and rhythm in male and female duet contributions of a nonhuman primate. Curr Zool 2020; 66:173-186. [PMID: 32440276 PMCID: PMC7233616 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoz035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Duetting, or the stereotypical, repeated and often coordinated vocalizations between 2 individuals arose independently multiple times in the Order Primates. Across primate species, there exists substantial variation in terms of timing, degree of overlap, and sex-specificity of duet contributions. There is increasing evidence that primates can modify the timing of their duet contributions relative to their partner, and this vocal flexibility may have been an important precursor to the evolution of human language. Here, we present the results of a fine-scale analysis of Gursky's spectral tarsier Tarsius spectrumgurskyae duet phrases recorded in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Specifically, we aimed to investigate individual-level variation in the female and male contributions to the duet, quantify individual- and pair-level differences in duet timing, and measure temporal precision of duetting individuals relative to their partner. We were able to classify female duet phrases to the correct individual with an 80% accuracy using support vector machines, whereas our classification accuracy for males was lower at 64%. Females were more variable than males in terms of timing between notes. All tarsier phrases exhibited some degree of overlap between callers, and tarsiers exhibited high temporal precision in their note output relative to their partners. We provide evidence that duetting tarsier individuals can modify their note output relative to their duetting partner, and these results support the idea that flexibility in vocal exchanges-a precursor to human language-evolved early in the primate lineage and long before the emergence of modern humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dena J Clink
- Bioacoustics Research Program, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Johny S Tasirin
- Faculty of Agriculture, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, Indonesia
| | - Holger Klinck
- Bioacoustics Research Program, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
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44
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Nieukirk SL, Mellinger DK, Dziak RP, Matsumoto H, Klinck H. Multi-year occurrence of sei whale calls in North Atlantic polar waters. J Acoust Soc Am 2020; 147:1842. [PMID: 32237857 DOI: 10.1121/10.0000931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In 2009-2014, autonomous hydrophones were deployed on established long-term moorings in the Fram Strait and Greenland Sea to record multi-year, seasonal occurrence of vocalizing cetaceans. Sei whales have rarely been observed north of ∼72°N, yet there was acoustic evidence of sei whale presence in the Fram Strait for several months during all five years of the study. More sei whale calls were recorded at the easternmost moorings in the Fram Strait, likely because of the presence of warm Atlantic water and a strong front concentrating prey in this area. Sei whale vocalizations were not recorded at the Greenland Sea 2009-2010 mooring, either because this area is not part of the northward migratory path of sei whales or because oceanographic conditions were not suitable for foraging. No clear relationship between whale presence and water temperature data collected coincident with acoustic data was observed, but decadal time series of water temperature data collected in the eastern Fram Strait by others exhibit a warming trend, which may make conditions suitable for sei whales. Continued monitoring of the region will be required to determine if the presence of sei whales in these polar waters is ephemeral or a common occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon L Nieukirk
- Cooperative Institute for Marine Resources Studies, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - David K Mellinger
- Cooperative Institute for Marine Resources Studies, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - Robert P Dziak
- NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Newport, Oregon 97365, USA
| | - Haru Matsumoto
- Cooperative Institute for Marine Resources Studies, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - Holger Klinck
- Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
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45
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Fregosi S, Harris DV, Matsumoto H, Mellinger DK, Negretti C, Moretti DJ, Martin SW, Matsuyama B, Dugan PJ, Klinck H. Comparison of fin whale 20 Hz call detections by deep-water mobile autonomous and stationary recorders. J Acoust Soc Am 2020; 147:961. [PMID: 32113295 DOI: 10.1121/10.0000617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Acoustically equipped deep-water mobile autonomous platforms can be used to survey for marine mammals over intermediate spatiotemporal scales. Direct comparisons to fixed recorders are necessary to evaluate these tools as passive acoustic monitoring platforms. One glider and two drifting deep-water floats were simultaneously deployed within a deep-water cabled hydrophone array to quantitatively assess their survey capabilities. The glider was able to follow a pre-defined track while float movement was somewhat unpredictable. Fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) 20 Hz pulses were recorded by all hydrophones throughout the two-week deployment. Calls were identified using a template detector, which performed similarly across recorder types. The glider data contained up to 78% fewer detections per hour due to increased low-frequency flow noise present during glider descents. The glider performed comparably to the floats and fixed recorders at coarser temporal scales; hourly and daily presence of detections did not vary by recorder type. Flow noise was related to glider speed through water and dive state. Glider speeds through water of 25 cm/s or less are suggested to minimize flow noise and the importance of glider ballasting, detector characterization, and normalization by effort when interpreting glider-collected data and applying it to marine mammal density estimation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selene Fregosi
- Cooperative Institute for Marine Resources Studies, Oregon State University and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, 2030 Southeast Marine Science Drive, Newport, Oregon 97365, USA
| | - Danielle V Harris
- Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental Modelling, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom
| | - Haruyoshi Matsumoto
- Cooperative Institute for Marine Resources Studies, Oregon State University and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, 2030 Southeast Marine Science Drive, Newport, Oregon 97365, USA
| | - David K Mellinger
- Cooperative Institute for Marine Resources Studies, Oregon State University and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, 2030 Southeast Marine Science Drive, Newport, Oregon 97365, USA
| | - Christina Negretti
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - David J Moretti
- Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Newport, Rhode Island 02841, USA
| | - Stephen W Martin
- National Marine Mammal Foundation, San Diego, California 92106, USA
| | - Brian Matsuyama
- National Marine Mammal Foundation, San Diego, California 92106, USA
| | - Peter J Dugan
- Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
| | - Holger Klinck
- Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
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46
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Clink DJ, Hamid Ahmad A, Klinck H. Gibbons aren't singing in the rain: presence and amount of rainfall influences ape calling behavior in Sabah, Malaysia. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1282. [PMID: 31992788 PMCID: PMC6987162 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57976-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Early morning calling occurs across diverse taxa, which may be related to optimal conditions for sound transmission. There exists substantial inter- and intra-specific variation in calling time which is influenced by intrinsic, social and/or environmental factors. Here, we investigate environmental predictors of calling in gibbons. We hypothesized that male solos- which occur earlier and tend to be longer than duets-would be more influenced by environmental variables, if earlier, longer calling bouts are energetically costly, and therefore limited by overnight energy expenditure. Our top model for male solo events included amount of rain in the previous 24 hours, and explained 30% of the variance, whereas the top model for duet events (which included presence and amount of rainfall) explained only 5% of the variance. Rain the previous night led to a later start time of male solos (~30 minutes), but our top model for duet start time did not include any reliable predictors. Male solo events appear to be more influenced by environmental factors, and duets may be influenced more by social factors. Our results are in line with previous studies that show that changes in overnight conditions -which may alter energy expenditure -can influence early morning calling behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dena J Clink
- Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, Cornell University, 159 Sapsucker Woods Road, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA.
| | - Abdul Hamid Ahmad
- Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Holger Klinck
- Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, Cornell University, 159 Sapsucker Woods Road, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
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47
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Shiu Y, Palmer KJ, Roch MA, Fleishman E, Liu X, Nosal EM, Helble T, Cholewiak D, Gillespie D, Klinck H. Deep neural networks for automated detection of marine mammal species. Sci Rep 2020; 10:607. [PMID: 31953462 PMCID: PMC6969184 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57549-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep neural networks have advanced the field of detection and classification and allowed for effective identification of signals in challenging data sets. Numerous time-critical conservation needs may benefit from these methods. We developed and empirically studied a variety of deep neural networks to detect the vocalizations of endangered North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis). We compared the performance of these deep architectures to that of traditional detection algorithms for the primary vocalization produced by this species, the upcall. We show that deep-learning architectures are capable of producing false-positive rates that are orders of magnitude lower than alternative algorithms while substantially increasing the ability to detect calls. We demonstrate that a deep neural network trained with recordings from a single geographic region recorded over a span of days is capable of generalizing well to data from multiple years and across the species’ range, and that the low false positives make the output of the algorithm amenable to quality control for verification. The deep neural networks we developed are relatively easy to implement with existing software, and may provide new insights applicable to the conservation of endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shiu
- Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA.
| | - K J Palmer
- Department of Computer Science, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Marie A Roch
- Department of Computer Science, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Erica Fleishman
- Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Xiaobai Liu
- Department of Computer Science, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Eva-Marie Nosal
- Department of Ocean and Resources Engineering, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Tyler Helble
- US Navy, Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command, System Center Pacific, San Diego, CA, 92152, USA
| | - Danielle Cholewiak
- Northeast Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
| | - Douglas Gillespie
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St. Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 8LB, Scotland
| | - Holger Klinck
- Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
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48
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Bouffaut L, Madhusudhana S, Labat V, Boudraa AO, Klinck H. A performance comparison of tonal detectors for low-frequency vocalizations of Antarctic blue whales. J Acoust Soc Am 2020; 147:260. [PMID: 32006980 DOI: 10.1121/10.0000609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Extraction of tonal signals embedded in background noise is a crucial step before classification and separation of low-frequency sounds of baleen whales. This work reports results of comparing five tonal detectors, namely the instantaneous frequency estimator, YIN estimator, harmonic product spectrum, cost-function-based detector, and ridge detector. Comparisons, based on a low-frequency adaptation of the Silbido scoring feature, employ five metrics, which quantify the effectiveness of these detectors to retrieve tonal signals that have a wide range of signal to noise ratios (SNRs) and the quality of the detection results. Ground-truth data were generated by embedding 20 synthetic Antarctic blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus intermedia) calls in randomly extracted 30-min noise segments from a 79 h-library recorded by an Ocean Bottom Seismometer in the Indian Ocean during 2012-2013. Monte-Carlo simulations were performed using 20 trials per SNR, ranging from 0 dB to 15 dB. Overall, the tonal detection results show the superiority of the cost-function-based and the ridge detectors, over the other detectors, for all SNR values. More particularly, for lower SNRs (⩽3 dB), these two methods outperformed the other three with high recall, low fragmentation, and high coverage scores. For SNRs ⩾7 dB, the five methods performed similarly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Bouffaut
- Institut de Recherche de l'Ecole Navale, EA3634, Ecole Navale / Arts et Métiers ParisTech - BCRM Brest CC600, 29240 Brest Cedex 9, France
| | - Shyam Madhusudhana
- Bioacoustics Research Program, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, 159 Sapsucker Woods Road, Ithaca, New York, 14850, USA
| | - Valérie Labat
- Institut de Recherche de l'Ecole Navale, EA3634, Ecole Navale / Arts et Métiers ParisTech - BCRM Brest CC600, 29240 Brest Cedex 9, France
| | - Abdel-Ouahab Boudraa
- Institut de Recherche de l'Ecole Navale, EA3634, Ecole Navale / Arts et Métiers ParisTech - BCRM Brest CC600, 29240 Brest Cedex 9, France
| | - Holger Klinck
- Bioacoustics Research Program, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, 159 Sapsucker Woods Road, Ithaca, New York, 14850, USA
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49
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Barlow J, Griffiths ET, Klinck H, Harris DV. Diving behavior of Cuvier's beaked whales inferred from three-dimensional acoustic localization and tracking using a nested array of drifting hydrophone recorders. J Acoust Soc Am 2018; 144:2030. [PMID: 30404483 DOI: 10.1121/1.5055216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Echolocation pulses from Cuvier's beaked whales are used to track the whales' three-dimensional diving behavior in the Catalina Basin, California. In 2016, five 2-element vertical hydrophone arrays were suspended from the surface and drifted at ∼100-m depth. Cuvier's beaked whale pulses were identified, and vertical detection angles were estimated from time-differences-of-arrival of either direct-path signals received on two hydrophones or direct-path and surface-reflected signals received on the same hydrophone. A Bayesian state-space model is developed to track the diving behavior. The model is fit to these detection angle estimates from at least four of the drifting vertical arrays. Results show that the beaked whales were producing echolocation pulses and are presumed to be foraging at a mean depth of 967 m (standard deviation = 112 m), approximately 300 m above the bottom in this basin. Some whales spent at least some time at or near the bottom. Average swim speed was 1.2 m s-1, but swim direction varied during a dive. The average net horizontal speed was 0.6 m s-1. Results are similar to those obtained from previous tagging studies of this species. These methods may allow expansion of dive studies to other whale species that are difficult to tag.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Barlow
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, Marine Mammal and Turtle Division, 8901 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Emily T Griffiths
- Ocean Associates, Inc., 4007 North Arlington Street, Arlington, Virginia 22207, USA
| | - Holger Klinck
- Bioacoustics Research Program, Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, Cornell University, 159 Sapsucker Woods Road, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
| | - Danielle V Harris
- Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental Modelling, The Observatory, Buchanan Gardens, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9LZ, United Kingdom
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50
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Fournet MEH, Gabriele CM, Culp DC, Sharpe F, Mellinger DK, Klinck H. Some things never change: multi-decadal stability in humpback whale calling repertoire on Southeast Alaskan foraging grounds. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13186. [PMID: 30262835 PMCID: PMC6160409 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31527-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigating long term trends in acoustic communication is essential for understanding the role of sound in social species. Humpback whales are an acoustically plastic species known for producing rapidly-evolving song and a suite of non-song vocalizations (“calls”) containing some call types that exhibit short-term stability. By comparing the earliest known acoustic recordings of humpback whales in Southeast Alaska (from the 1970’s) with recordings collected in the 1990’s, 2000’s, and 2010’s, we investigated the long-term repertoire stability of calls on Southeast Alaskan foraging grounds. Of the sixteen previously described humpback whale call types produced in Southeast Alaska, twelve were detected in both 1976 and 2012, indicating stability over a 36-year time period; eight call types were present in all four decades and every call type was present in at least three decades. We conclude that the conservation of call types at this temporal scale is indicative of multi-generational persistence and confirms that acoustic communication in humpback whales is comprised of some highly stable call elements in strong contrast to ever-changing song.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle E H Fournet
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA. .,Alaska Whale Foundation, Petersburg, Alaska, USA. .,Cooperative Institute for Marine Resources Studies, Oregon State University and NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Newport, Oregon, USA.
| | - Christine M Gabriele
- Humpback Whale Monitoring Program, Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve, Gustavus, Alaska, USA
| | - David C Culp
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Fred Sharpe
- Alaska Whale Foundation, Petersburg, Alaska, USA
| | - David K Mellinger
- Cooperative Institute for Marine Resources Studies, Oregon State University and NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Newport, Oregon, USA
| | - Holger Klinck
- Bioacoustics Research Program, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, USA
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