1
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Mathews A, Hughes JW, Terry JL, Baek SG. Deep Electric Field Predictions by Drift-Reduced Braginskii Theory with Plasma-Neutral Interactions Based on Experimental Images of Boundary Turbulence. Phys Rev Lett 2022; 129:235002. [PMID: 36563220 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.235002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We present two-dimensional turbulent electric field calculations via physics-informed deep learning consistent with (i) drift-reduced Braginskii theory under the framework of an axisymmetric fusion plasma with purely toroidal field and (ii) experimental estimates of the fluctuating electron density and temperature on open field lines obtained from analysis of gas puff imaging of a discharge on the Alcator C-Mod tokamak. The inclusion of effects from the locally puffed atomic helium on particle and energy sources within the reduced plasma turbulence model is found to strengthen correlations between the electric field and electron pressure. The neutrals are also directly associated with broadening the distribution of turbulent field amplitudes and increasing E×B shearing rates. This demonstrates a novel approach in plasma experiments by solving for nonlinear dynamics consistent with partial differential equations and data without encoding explicit boundary nor initial conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mathews
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J W Hughes
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J L Terry
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - S G Baek
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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2
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Odstrcil T, Laggner FM, Rosenthal AM, Bortolon A, Hughes JW, Spendlove JC, Wilks TM. Robust identification of multiple-input single-output system response for efficient pickup noise removal from tokamak diagnostics. Rev Sci Instrum 2022; 93:103503. [PMID: 36319373 DOI: 10.1063/5.0100988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Electromagnetic pickup noise in the tokamak environment imposes an imminent challenge for measuring weak diagnostic photocurrents in the nA range. The diagnostic signal can be contaminated by an unknown mixture of crosstalk signals from coils powered by currents in the kA range. To address this issue, an algorithm for robust identification of linear multi-input single-output (MISO) systems has been developed. The MISO model describes the dynamic relationship between measured signals from power sources and observed signals in the diagnostic and allows for a precise subtraction of the noise component. The proposed method was tested on experimental diagnostic data from the DIII-D tokamak, and it has reduced noise by up to 20 dB in the 1-20 kHz range.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Odstrcil
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186-5608, USA
| | - F M Laggner
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - A M Rosenthal
- MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - A Bortolon
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - J W Hughes
- MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | | | - T M Wilks
- MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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3
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Mathews A, Terry JL, Baek SG, Hughes JW, Kuang AQ, LaBombard B, Miller MA, Stotler D, Reiter D, Zholobenko W, Goto M. Deep modeling of plasma and neutral fluctuations from gas puff turbulence imaging. Rev Sci Instrum 2022; 93:063504. [PMID: 35778003 DOI: 10.1063/5.0088216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The role of turbulence in setting boundary plasma conditions is presently a key uncertainty in projecting to fusion energy reactors. To robustly diagnose edge turbulence, we develop and demonstrate a technique to translate brightness measurements of HeI line radiation into local plasma fluctuations via a novel integrated deep learning framework that combines neutral transport physics and collisional radiative theory for the 33D - 23P transition in atomic helium with unbounded correlation constraints between the electron density and temperature. The tenets for experimental validity are reviewed, illustrating that this turbulence analysis for ionized gases is transferable to both magnetized and unmagnetized environments with arbitrary geometries. Based on fast camera data on the Alcator C-Mod tokamak, we present the first two-dimensional time-dependent experimental measurements of the turbulent electron density, electron temperature, and neutral density, revealing shadowing effects in a fusion plasma using a single spectral line.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mathews
- MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J L Terry
- MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - S G Baek
- MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J W Hughes
- MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - A Q Kuang
- MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - B LaBombard
- MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M A Miller
- MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - D Stotler
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - D Reiter
- Institut für Laser- und Plasmaphysik, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Nordrhein-Westfalen 40225, Germany
| | - W Zholobenko
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Garching, Bayern 85748, Germany
| | - M Goto
- National Institute for Fusion Science, Toki-shi, Gifu-ken 509-5292, Japan
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4
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Mathews A, Francisquez M, Hughes JW, Hatch DR, Zhu B, Rogers BN. Uncovering turbulent plasma dynamics via deep learning from partial observations. Phys Rev E 2021; 104:025205. [PMID: 34525532 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.104.025205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
One of the most intensely studied aspects of magnetic confinement fusion is edge plasma turbulence which is critical to reactor performance and operation. Drift-reduced Braginskii two-fluid theory has for decades been widely applied to model boundary plasmas with varying success. Towards better understanding edge turbulence in both theory and experiment, we demonstrate that a physics-informed deep learning framework constrained by partial differential equations can accurately learn turbulent fields consistent with the two-fluid theory from partial observations of electron pressure which is not otherwise possible using conventional equilibrium models. This technique presents a paradigm for the advanced design of plasma diagnostics and validation of magnetized plasma turbulence theories in challenging thermonuclear environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mathews
- MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M Francisquez
- MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - J W Hughes
- MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - D R Hatch
- Institute for Fusion Studies, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78704, USA
| | - B Zhu
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - B N Rogers
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
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5
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Chen X, Ruiz JR, Howard NT, Guttenfelder W, Candy J, Hughes JW, Granetz RS, White AE. Feasibility study for a high-k temperature fluctuation diagnostic based on soft x-ray imaging. Rev Sci Instrum 2021; 92:053537. [PMID: 34243288 DOI: 10.1063/5.0043819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A new pseudolocal tomography algorithm is developed for soft X-ray(SXR) imaging measurements of the turbulent electron temperature fluctuations (δ Te) in tokamaks and stellarators. The algorithm overcomes the constraints of limited viewing ports on the vessel wall (viewing angle) and limited number of lines of sight (LOS). This is accomplished by increasing the number of LOS locally in a region of interest. Numerical modeling demonstrates that the wavenumber spectrum of the turbulence can be reliably reconstructed, with an acceptable number of viewing angles and LOS and suitable low SNR detectors. We conclude that a SXR imaging diagnostic for measurements of turbulent δ Te using a pseudolocal reconstruction algorithm is feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Chen
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J Ruiz Ruiz
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3NP, United Kingdom
| | - N T Howard
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - W Guttenfelder
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08536, USA
| | - J Candy
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92127, USA
| | - J W Hughes
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R S Granetz
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - A E White
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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6
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Rosenthal AM, Hughes JW, Bortolon A, Laggner FM, Wilks TM, Vieira R, Leccacorvi R, Marmar E, Nagy A, Freeman C, Mauzey D. A 1D Lyman-alpha profile camera for plasma edge neutral studies on the DIII-D tokamak. Rev Sci Instrum 2021; 92:033523. [PMID: 33820041 DOI: 10.1063/5.0024115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A one dimensional, absolutely calibrated pinhole camera system was installed on the DIII-D tokamak to measure edge Lyman-alpha (Ly-α) emission from hydrogen isotopes, which can be used to infer neutral density and ionization rate profiles. The system is composed of two cameras, each providing a toroidal fan of 20 lines of sight, viewing the plasma edge on the inboard and outboard side of DIII-D. The cameras' views lie in a horizontal plane 77 cm below the midplane. At its tangency radius, each channel provides a radial resolution of ∼2 cm full width at half maximum (FWHM) with a total coverage of 22 cm. Each camera consists of a rectangular pinhole, Ly-α reflective mirror, narrow-band Ly-α transmission filter, and a 20 channel AXUV photodetector. The combined mirror and transmission filter have a FWHM of 5 nm, centered near the Ly-α wavelength of 121.6 nm and is capable of rejecting significant, parasitic carbon-III (C-III) emission from intrinsic plasma impurities. To provide a high spatial resolution measurement in a compact footprint, the camera utilizes advanced engineering and manufacturing techniques including 3D printing, high stability mirror mounts, and a novel alignment procedure. Absolutely calibrated, spatially resolved Ly-α brightness measurements utilize a bright, isolated line with low parasitic surface reflections and enable quantitative comparison to modeling to study divertor neutral leakage, main chamber fueling, and radial particle transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Rosenthal
- MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J W Hughes
- MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - A Bortolon
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - F M Laggner
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - T M Wilks
- MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R Vieira
- MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R Leccacorvi
- MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - E Marmar
- MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - A Nagy
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - C Freeman
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - D Mauzey
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
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7
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Laggner FM, Bortolon A, Rosenthal AM, Wilks TM, Hughes JW, Freeman C, Golfinopoulos T, Nagy A, Mauzey D, Shafer MW. Absolute calibration of the Lyman-α measurement apparatus at DIII-D. Rev Sci Instrum 2021; 92:033522. [PMID: 33820112 DOI: 10.1063/5.0038134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The LLAMA (Lyman-Alpha Measurement Apparatus) diagnostic was recently installed on the DIII-D tokamak [Rosenthal et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. (submitted) (2020)]. LLAMA is a pinhole camera system with a narrow band Bragg mirror, a bandpass interference filter, and an absolute extreme ultraviolet photodiode detector array, which measures the Ly-α brightness in the toroidal direction on the inboard, high field side (HFS) and outboard, low field side (LFS). This contribution presents a setup and a procedure for an absolute calibration near the Ly-α line at 121.6 nm. The LLAMA in-vacuum components are designed as a compact, transferable setup that can be mounted in an ex situ vacuum enclosure that is equipped with an absolutely calibrated Ly-α source. The spectral purity and stability of the Ly-α source are characterized using a vacuum ultraviolet spectrometer, while the Ly-α source brightness is measured by a NIST-calibrated photodiode. The non-uniform nature of the Ly-α source emission was overcome by performing a calibration procedure that scans the Ly-α source position and employs a numerical optimization to determine the emission pattern. Nominal and measured calibration factors are determined and compared, showing agreement within their uncertainties. A first conversion of the measured signal obtained from DIII-D indicates that the Ly-α brightness on the HFS and LFS is on the order of 1020 Ph sr-1 m-2 s-1. The established calibration setup and procedure will be regularly used to re-calibrate the LLAMA during DIII-D vents to monitor possible degradation of optical components and detectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Laggner
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - A Bortolon
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - A M Rosenthal
- MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - T M Wilks
- MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J W Hughes
- MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - C Freeman
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - T Golfinopoulos
- MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - A Nagy
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - D Mauzey
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - M W Shafer
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
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8
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Saintilan NJ, Selby D, Hughes JW, Schlatter D, Kolb J, Boyce A. Mineral separation protocol for accurate and precise rhenium-osmium (Re-Os) geochronology and sulphur isotope composition of individual sulphide species. MethodsX 2020; 7:100944. [PMID: 32566491 PMCID: PMC7298518 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2020.100944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A temporal framework for mineral deposits is essential when addressing the history of their formation and conceptualizing genetic models of their origin. This knowledge is critical to understand how crust-forming processes are related to metal accumulations at specific time and conditions of Earth evolution. To this end, high-precision absolute geochronology utilising the rhenium-osmium (Re-Os) radiometric system in specific sulphide minerals is becoming a method of choice. Here, we present a procedure to obtain mineral separates of individual sulphide species that may coexist within specific mineralized horizons in ore deposits. This protocol is based on preliminary petrographic and paragenetic investigations of sulphide and gangue minerals using reflected and transmitted light microscopy. Our approach emphasizes the key role of a stepwise use of a Frantz isodynamic separator to produce mineral separates of individual sulphide species that are subsequently processed for Re-Os and sulphur isotope geochemistry.•Detailed method and its graphical illustration modified from an original procedure introduced by [1], [2].•Quality control and validation of monophasic mineral separates made by microscopic investigations and qualitative analysis of aliquots embedded in epoxy mounts.•The present method, which contributed to the successful results presented in the co-publication by Saintilan et al. (2020), demonstrates why other studies reporting Re-Os isotope data for mixtures of sulphide minerals should be considered with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Saintilan
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Durham, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom.,Department of Earth Sciences, Institute of Geochemistry and Petrology, ETH Zürich, Clausiusstraße 25, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - D Selby
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Durham, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom.,State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, School of Earth Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - J W Hughes
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Durham, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom.,Bluejay Mining Plc, 2nd Floor, 7-9 Swallow Street, London, W1B 4DE, United Kingdom
| | - D Schlatter
- Helvetica Exploration Services GmbH, Carl-Spitteler-Strasse 100, 8053 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - J Kolb
- Department of Geochemistry and Economic Geology, Institute of Applied Geosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Adenauerring 20b, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - A Boyce
- Isotope Geoscience Unit, SUERC, Rankine Avenue, East Kilbride, Glasgow G75 0QF, United Kingdom
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9
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Maingi R, Lumsdaine A, Allain JP, Chacon L, Gourlay SA, Greenfield CM, Hughes JW, Humphreys D, Izzo V, McLean H, Menard JE, Merrill B, Rapp J, Schmitz O, Spadaccini C, Wang Z, White AE, Wirth BD. Summary of the FESAC Transformative Enabling Capabilities Panel Report. Fusion Science and Technology 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/15361055.2019.1565912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Maingi
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - A. Lumsdaine
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
| | - J. P. Allain
- University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - L. Chacon
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico
| | - S. A. Gourlay
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, retired
| | | | - J. W. Hughes
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - V. Izzo
- University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - H. McLean
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California
| | - J. E. Menard
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - B. Merrill
- Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, Idaho
| | - J. Rapp
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
| | - O. Schmitz
- University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - C. Spadaccini
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California
| | - Z. Wang
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico
| | - A. E. White
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - B. D. Wirth
- University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee
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10
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Baek SG, Wallace GM, Bonoli PT, Brunner D, Faust IC, Hubbard AE, Hughes JW, LaBombard B, Parker RR, Porkolab M, Shiraiwa S, Wukitch S. Observation of Efficient Lower Hybrid Current Drive at High Density in Diverted Plasmas on the Alcator C-Mod Tokamak. Phys Rev Lett 2018; 121:055001. [PMID: 30118250 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.055001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Efficient lower hybrid current drive (LHCD) is demonstrated at densities up to n[over ¯]_{e}≈1.5×10^{20} m^{-3} in diverted plasmas on the Alcator C-Mod tokamak by operating at increased plasma current-and therefore reduced Greenwald density fraction. This density exceeds the nominal "LH density limit" at n[over ¯]_{e}≈1.0×10^{20} m^{-3} reported previously, above which an anomalous loss of current drive efficiency was observed. The recovery of current drive efficiency to a level consistent with engineering scalings is correlated with a reduction in density shoulders and turbulence levels in the far scrape-off layer. Concurrently, rf wave interaction with the edge and/or scrape-off-layer plasma is reduced, as indicated by a minimal broadening of the wave frequency spectrum measured at the plasma edge. These results have important implications for sustaining steady-state tokamak operation and indicate a pathway forward for implementing efficient LHCD in a reactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Baek
- MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - G M Wallace
- MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - P T Bonoli
- MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - D Brunner
- MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - I C Faust
- MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Munich, Bavaria 85748, Germany
| | - A E Hubbard
- MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J W Hughes
- MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - B LaBombard
- MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R R Parker
- MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M Porkolab
- MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - S Shiraiwa
- MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - S Wukitch
- MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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11
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Chang CS, Ku S, Tynan GR, Hager R, Churchill RM, Cziegler I, Greenwald M, Hubbard AE, Hughes JW. Fast Low-to-High Confinement Mode Bifurcation Dynamics in a Tokamak Edge Plasma Gyrokinetic Simulation. Phys Rev Lett 2017; 118:175001. [PMID: 28498701 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.175001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Transport barrier formation and its relation to sheared flows in fluids and plasmas are of fundamental interest in various natural and laboratory observations and of critical importance in achieving an economical energy production in a magnetic fusion device. Here we report the first observation of an edge transport barrier formation event in an electrostatic gyrokinetic simulation carried out in a realistic diverted tokamak edge geometry under strong forcing by a high rate of heat deposition. The results show that turbulent Reynolds-stress-driven sheared E×B flows act in concert with neoclassical orbit loss to quench turbulent transport and form a transport barrier just inside the last closed magnetic flux surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Chang
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - S Ku
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - G R Tynan
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - R Hager
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - R M Churchill
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - I Cziegler
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - M Greenwald
- MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - A E Hubbard
- MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J W Hughes
- MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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12
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Hughes JW, Hubbard AE, Mossessian DA, LaBombard B, Biewer TM, Granetz RS, Greenwald M, Hutchinson IH, Irby JH, Lin Y, Marmar ES, Porkolab M, Rice JE, Snipes JA, Terry JL, Wolfe S, Zhurovich K. H-Mode Pedestal and L-H Transition Studies on Alcator C-Mod. Fusion Science and Technology 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/fst07-a1425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. W. Hughes
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge Massachusetts 02139
| | - A. E. Hubbard
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge Massachusetts 02139
| | - D. A. Mossessian
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge Massachusetts 02139
| | - B. LaBombard
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge Massachusetts 02139
| | - T. M. Biewer
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge Massachusetts 02139
| | - R. S. Granetz
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge Massachusetts 02139
| | - M. Greenwald
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge Massachusetts 02139
| | - I. H. Hutchinson
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge Massachusetts 02139
| | - J. H. Irby
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge Massachusetts 02139
| | - Y. Lin
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge Massachusetts 02139
| | - E. S. Marmar
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge Massachusetts 02139
| | - M. Porkolab
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge Massachusetts 02139
| | - J. E. Rice
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge Massachusetts 02139
| | - J. A. Snipes
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge Massachusetts 02139
| | - J. L. Terry
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge Massachusetts 02139
| | - S. Wolfe
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge Massachusetts 02139
| | - K. Zhurovich
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge Massachusetts 02139
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13
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Basse NP, Dominguez A, Edlund EM, Fiore CL, Granetz RS, Hubbard AE, Hughes JW, Hutchinson IH, Irby JH, LaBombard B, Lin L, Lin Y, Lipschultz B, Liptac JE, Marmar ES, Mossessian DA, Parker RR, Porkolab M, Rice JE, Snipes JA, Tang V, Terry JL, Wolfe SM, Wukitch SJ, Zhurovich K, Bravenec RV, Phillips PE, Rowan WL, Kramer GJ, Schilling G, Scott SD, Zweben SJ. Diagnostic Systems on Alcator C-Mod. Fusion Science and Technology 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/fst07-a1434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. P. Basse
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - A. Dominguez
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - E. M. Edlund
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - C. L. Fiore
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - R. S. Granetz
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - A. E. Hubbard
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - J. W. Hughes
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - I. H. Hutchinson
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - J. H. Irby
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - B. LaBombard
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - L. Lin
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Y. Lin
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - B. Lipschultz
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - J. E. Liptac
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - E. S. Marmar
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - D. A. Mossessian
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - R. R. Parker
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - M. Porkolab
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - J. E. Rice
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - J. A. Snipes
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - V. Tang
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - J. L. Terry
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - S. M. Wolfe
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - S. J. Wukitch
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - K. Zhurovich
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - R. V. Bravenec
- Fusion Research Center, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - P. E. Phillips
- Fusion Research Center, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - W. L. Rowan
- Fusion Research Center, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - G. J. Kramer
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - G. Schilling
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - S. D. Scott
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - S. J. Zweben
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
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Rice JE, Marmar ES, Bonoli PT, Granetz RS, Greenwald MJ, Hubbard AE, Hughes JW, Hutchinson IH, Irby JH, LaBombard B, Lee WD, Lin Y, Mossessian D, Snipes JA, Wolfe SM, Wukitch SJ. Spontaneous Toroidal Rotation in Alcator C-Mod Plasmas with No Momentum Input. Fusion Science and Technology 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/fst07-a1423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. E. Rice
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307
| | - E. S. Marmar
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307
| | - P. T. Bonoli
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307
| | - R. S. Granetz
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307
| | - M. J. Greenwald
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307
| | - A. E. Hubbard
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307
| | - J. W. Hughes
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307
| | - I. H. Hutchinson
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307
| | - J. H. Irby
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307
| | - B. LaBombard
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307
| | - W. D. Lee
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307
| | - Y. Lin
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307
| | - D. Mossessian
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307
| | - J. A. Snipes
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307
| | - S. M. Wolfe
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307
| | - S. J. Wukitch
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307
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Cziegler I, Hubbard AE, Hughes JW, Terry JL, Tynan GR. Turbulence Nonlinearities Shed Light on Geometric Asymmetry in Tokamak Confinement Transitions. Phys Rev Lett 2017; 118:105003. [PMID: 28339277 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.105003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive study of fully frequency-resolved nonlinear kinetic energy transfer has been performed for the first time in a diverted tokamak, providing new insight into the parametric dependences of edge turbulence transitions. Measurements using gas puff imaging in the turbulent L-mode state illuminate the source of the long known but as yet unexplained "favorable-unfavorable" geometric asymmetry of the power threshold for transition to the turbulence-suppressed H mode. Results from the recently discovered I mode point to a competition between zonal flow (ZF) and geodesic-acoustic modes (GAM) for turbulent energy, while showing new evidence that the I-to-H transition is still dominated by ZFs. The availability of nonlinear drive for the GAM against net heat flux through the edge corresponds very well to empirical scalings found experimentally for accessing the I mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Cziegler
- York Plasma Institute, Department of Physics, University of York, Heslington YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - A E Hubbard
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J W Hughes
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J L Terry
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - G R Tynan
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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16
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Houshmandyar S, Yang ZJ, Phillips PE, Rowan WL, Hubbard AE, Rice JE, Hughes JW, Wolfe SM. Temperature gradient scale length measurement: A high accuracy application of electron cyclotron emission without calibration. Rev Sci Instrum 2016; 87:11E101. [PMID: 27910677 DOI: 10.1063/1.4955297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Calibration is a crucial procedure in electron temperature (Te) inference from a typical electron cyclotron emission (ECE) diagnostic on tokamaks. Although the calibration provides an important multiplying factor for an individual ECE channel, the parameter ΔTe/Te is independent of any calibration. Since an ECE channel measures the cyclotron emission for a particular flux surface, a non-perturbing change in toroidal magnetic field changes the view of that channel. Hence the calibration-free parameter is a measure of Te gradient. BT-jog technique is presented here which employs the parameter and the raw ECE signals for direct measurement of electron temperature gradient scale length.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Houshmandyar
- Institute for Fusion Studies, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Z J Yang
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - P E Phillips
- Institute for Fusion Studies, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - W L Rowan
- Institute for Fusion Studies, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - A E Hubbard
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - J E Rice
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - J W Hughes
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - S M Wolfe
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02129, USA
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17
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Diallo A, Hughes JW, Greenwald M, Labombard B, Davis E, Baek SG, Theiler C, Snyder P, Canik J, Walk J, Golfinopoulos T, Terry J, Churchill M, Hubbard A, Porkolab M, Delgado-Aparicio L, Reinke ML, White A. Observation of edge instability limiting the pedestal growth in tokamak plasmas. Phys Rev Lett 2014; 112:115001. [PMID: 24702380 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.115001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
With fusion device performance hinging on the edge pedestal pressure, it is imperative to experimentally understand the physical mechanism dictating the pedestal characteristics and to validate and improve pedestal predictive models. This Letter reports direct evidence of density and magnetic fluctuations showing the stiff onset of an edge instability leading to the saturation of the pedestal on the Alcator C-Mod tokamak. Edge stability analyses indicate that the pedestal is unstable to both ballooning mode and kinetic ballooning mode in agreement with observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Diallo
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - J W Hughes
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M Greenwald
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - B Labombard
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - E Davis
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - S-G Baek
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - C Theiler
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - P Snyder
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J Canik
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - J Walk
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - T Golfinopoulos
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J Terry
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M Churchill
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - A Hubbard
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M Porkolab
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | | | - M L Reinke
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - A White
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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18
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Rice JE, Podpaly YA, Reinke ML, Mumgaard R, Scott SD, Shiraiwa S, Wallace GM, Chouli B, Fenzi-Bonizec C, Nave MFF, Diamond PH, Gao C, Granetz RS, Hughes JW, Parker RR, Bonoli PT, Delgado-Aparicio L, Eriksson LG, Giroud C, Greenwald MJ, Hubbard AE, Hutchinson IH, Irby JH, Kirov K, Mailloux J, Marmar ES, Wolfe SM. Effects of magnetic shear on toroidal rotation in tokamak plasmas with lower hybrid current drive. Phys Rev Lett 2013; 111:125003. [PMID: 24093268 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.125003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Application of lower hybrid (LH) current drive in tokamak plasmas can induce both co- and countercurrent directed changes in toroidal rotation, depending on the core q profile. For discharges with q(0) <1, rotation increments in the countercurrent direction are observed. If the LH-driven current is sufficient to suppress sawteeth and increase q(0) above unity, the core toroidal rotation change is in the cocurrent direction. This change in sign of the rotation increment is consistent with a change in sign of the residual stress (the divergence of which constitutes an intrinsic torque that drives the flow) through its dependence on magnetic shear.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Rice
- PSFC MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Delgado-Aparicio L, Sugiyama L, Granetz R, Gates DA, Rice JE, Reinke ML, Bitter M, Fredrickson E, Gao C, Greenwald M, Hill K, Hubbard A, Hughes JW, Marmar E, Pablant N, Podpaly Y, Scott S, Wilson R, Wolfe S, Wukitch S. Formation and stability of impurity "snakes" in tokamak plasmas. Phys Rev Lett 2013; 110:065006. [PMID: 23432265 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.065006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
New observations of the formation and dynamics of long-lived impurity-induced helical "snake" modes in tokamak plasmas have recently been carried out on Alcator C-Mod. The snakes form as an asymmetry in the impurity ion density that undergoes a seamless transition from a small helically displaced density to a large crescent-shaped helical structure inside q<1, with a regularly sawtoothing core. The observations show that the conditions for the formation and persistence of a snake cannot be explained by plasma pressure alone. Instead, many features arise naturally from nonlinear interactions in a 3D MHD model that separately evolves the plasma density and temperature.
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White AE, Hubbard AE, Hughes JW, Bonoli PT, Austin ME, Bader A, Harvey RW, Lin Y, Ma Y, Reinke ML, Wolfe SM, Wukitch SJ. Survey of the TS-ECE Discrepancy and recent investigations in ICRF heated plasmas at Alcator C-Mod. EPJ Web of Conferences 2012. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/20123203009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Rice JE, Cziegler I, Diamond PH, Duval BP, Podpaly YA, Reinke ML, Ennever PC, Greenwald MJ, Hughes JW, Ma Y, Marmar ES, Porkolab M, Tsujii N, Wolfe SM. Rotation reversal bifurcation and energy confinement saturation in tokamak Ohmic L-mode plasmas. Phys Rev Lett 2011; 107:265001. [PMID: 22243160 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.107.265001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Direction reversals of intrinsic toroidal rotation have been observed in diverted Alcator C-Mod Ohmic L-mode plasmas following electron density ramps. For low density discharges, the core rotation is directed cocurrent, and reverses to countercurrent following an increase in the density above a certain threshold. Such reversals occur together with a decrease in density fluctuations with 2 cm(-1)≤k(θ)≤11 cm(-1) and frequencies above 70 kHz. There is a strong correlation between the reversal density and the density at which the Ohmic L-mode energy confinement changes from the linear to the saturated regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Rice
- Plasma Science & Fusion Center (PSFC), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Rice JE, Hughes JW, Diamond PH, Kosuga Y, Podpaly YA, Reinke ML, Greenwald MJ, Gürcan ÖD, Hahm TS, Hubbard AE, Marmar ES, McDevitt CJ, Whyte DG. Edge temperature gradient as intrinsic rotation drive in Alcator C-Mod tokamak plasmas. Phys Rev Lett 2011; 106:215001. [PMID: 21699305 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.106.215001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Intrinsic rotation has been observed in I-mode plasmas from the C-Mod tokamak, and is found to be similar to that in H mode, both in its edge origin and in the scaling with global pressure. Since both plasmas have similar edge ∇T, but completely different edge ∇n, it may be concluded that the drive of the intrinsic rotation is the edge ∇T rather than ∇P. Evidence suggests that the connection between gradients and rotation is the residual stress, and a scaling for the rotation from conversion of free energy to macroscopic flow is calculated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Rice
- PSFC, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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23
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Ince-Cushman A, Rice JE, Reinke M, Greenwald M, Wallace G, Parker R, Fiore C, Hughes JW, Bonoli P, Shiraiwa S, Hubbard A, Wolfe S, Hutchinson IH, Marmar E, Bitter M, Wilson J, Hill K. Observation of self-generated flows in tokamak plasmas with lower-hybrid-driven current. Phys Rev Lett 2009; 102:035002. [PMID: 19257362 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.102.035002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In Alcator C-Mod discharges lower hybrid waves have been shown to induce a countercurrent change in toroidal rotation of up to 60 km/s in the central region of the plasma (r/a approximately <0.4). This modification of the toroidal rotation profile develops on a time scale comparable to the current redistribution time (approximately 100 ms) but longer than the energy and momentum confinement times (approximately 20 ms). A comparison of the co- and countercurrent injected waves indicates that current drive (as opposed to heating) is responsible for the rotation profile modifications. Furthermore, the changes in central rotation velocity induced by lower hybrid current drive (LHCD) are well correlated with changes in normalized internal inductance. The application of LHCD has been shown to generate sheared rotation profiles and a negative increment in the radial electric field profile consistent with a fast electron pinch.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ince-Cushman
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, NW16, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Ward WR, Hughes JW, Faull WB, Cripps PJ, Sutherland JP, Sutherst JE. Observational study of temperature, moisture, pH and bacteria in straw bedding, and faecal consistency, cleanliness and mastitis in cows in four dairy herds. Vet Rec 2002; 151:199-206. [PMID: 12211391 DOI: 10.1136/vr.151.7.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A study of four dairy farms showed that much of the straw stored for bedding was too wet (over 15 per cent moisture content). Most of the beds, including their top surfaces, were damp (above 75 per cent relative humidity). The temperature of the surface of most of the straw beds was related to the air temperature, many being below 15 degrees C, but below the surface the temperatures of most beds reached between 15 degrees C and 45 degrees C within about a week of their being renewed. Bacterial counts also reached a plateau within one to two weeks. The pH of the top layers of straw was usually between 8.5 and 9.5. Adding lime daily to the top layer of the straw failed to raise the pH to levels at which Escherichia coli and Streptococcus uberis do not survive. Most of the counts of E coli and faecal streptococci in the top layers of straw were above 10(6) colony-forming units/g. Counts of E coli and S uberis were much higher in the beds of early lactation cows than in those of dry cows. Many of the early lactation cows were heavily and persistently contaminated with faeces. Dry cows were much cleaner. Groups of cows with firmer faeces were also cleaner. The farm with the lowest incidence of mastitis had the cleanest cows and the most satisfactory beds.
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Affiliation(s)
- W R Ward
- Division of Farm Animal Studies, University of Liverpool, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Leahurst, Neston
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Coleman WM, Boggess RK, Hughes JW, Taylor LT. Characterization and electrochemistry of manganese(III) complexes containing pentadentate ligands. Inorg Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ic50218a057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Coleman WM, Boggess RK, Hughes JW, Taylor LT. Electrochemical studies of manganese(II) complexes containing pentadentate ligands with O2N3, O3N2, and O2SN2 donor sets. Inorg Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ic50217a012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Women who smoke and take oral contraceptives (OCs) have significantly increased risk of cardiovascular disease, but the exact mechanismsfor the increased risk are not known. Cardiovascular reactivity to psychological stress may be one mechanism for the enhanced risk, but the small number of studies examining whether OC users who smoke have greater reactivity have produced mixed results. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of chronic cigarette smoking, acute nicotine administration, and OC use on cardiovascular and lipid reactivity. Sixty healthy women, half of whom had been using OCs for at least the previous 6 months, participated in the study. Approximately two thirds were smokers and were randomized to be tested after either a 12-hr nicotine deprivation or administration of nicotine gum. One third were nonsmokers. Heart rate, blood pressure, and lipid measures were taken at rest, during a videotaped speech task, and during recovery from the task. Results indicated that, among OC nonusers, there was no effect of smoking status or nicotine administration on cardiovascular reactivity. However, among OC users, nonsmokers had significantly greater heart rate and diastolic blood pressure reactivity to stress. These data show that acute nicotine administration, in the form of nicotine gum, has no effect on cardiovascular or lipid stress reactivity in women. However OC use among nonsmoking women is associated with greater cardiovascular reactivity to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G West
- Pennsylvania State University, USA
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Abstract
Arterialized and venous blood was compared to determine if the arterialization procedure enhances the detection of stress-related changes in catecholamines. Lipid and hematologic measures were also compared for possible distortion by arterialization. Fifteen men completed two stressors. Indwelling venous catheters were placed retrograde in each hand, and the right hand was warmed to a constant temperature. Blood samples were taken simultaneously from both hands, and plasma catecholamines were determined. Arterialization increased baseline epinephrine; there were no effects of arterialization on catecholamines during stress, nor in lipid or hematologic measures during baseline or stress. Thus, arterialization of blood results in small increases in resting epinephrine levels, but does not obscure lipid measures. More importantly, arterialization of venous blood does not enhance the detection of stress-related changes in catecholamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Stoney
- Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210-1222, USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between depressed mood and parasympathetic control of the heart in healthy men and women at rest and during two stressors. METHODS Fifty-three healthy college students completed a laboratory stress protocol that included a baseline resting period, a challenging speech task, and a forehead cold pressor task. Depressed mood was assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Parasympathetic cardiac control was measured as the high-frequency (0.12-0.40 Hz) component (HF) of heart rate variability using power spectrum analysis. Blood pressure, respiration rate, and respiration amplitude were measured simultaneously. RESULTS Participants were categorized as having a high or low depressed mood on the basis of median splits of their BDI scores. Those in the high depressed mood group had significantly greater reductions in HF during the speech task and significantly smaller increases in HF during the forehead cold pressor task than those in the low depressed mood group. Women had significantly greater reductions in HF during the speech task and smaller increases in HF during the forehead cold pressor task than men. However, gender and depressed mood did not interact to predict changes in HF. CONCLUSIONS Depressed mood is related to the magnitude of decrease in parasympathetic cardiac control during stressors in healthy men and women. These findings extend those of previous studies, in which a similar phenomenon was observed among patients with cardiac disease. Because the participants in this study were healthy, the relationship between depressed mood and parasympathetic cardiac control does not seem to be secondary to cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Hughes
- Ohio State University, Columbus 43210-1222, USA
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Abstract
In the current study, we examined lipid and cardiovascular responses to an acute stressor among men with and without a parental history of myocardial infarction. 37 men were selected from a large group who completed medical history questionnaires and interviews. Twenty-two men who denied parental history of heart disease (negative parental history) were compared with 15 men with one or both parents who had suffered a myocardial infarction (positive parental history). Total cholesterol, high- and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, heart rate, and blood pressure were measured at rest and during a videotaped speech stressor. Positive parental history men had significantly higher low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and blood pressure at baseline, significantly lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels at baseline, and significantly larger total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol reactivity, relative to negative parental history men. Because parental history is a risk factor for subsequent cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, these data suggest that lipid reactivity to stress may be biologically important.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Stoney
- Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210-1222, USA.
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Rearwin DT, Tang JH, Hughes JW. Causes of blindness among Navajo Indians: an update. J Am Optom Assoc 1997; 68:511-7. [PMID: 9279051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The causes of blindness among Navajo Indians, an ethnically distinct community within the United States, were last studied in 1982. This article presents an updated report on the causes of blindness among the Navajo. METHODS Staff optometrists at each of the hospitals and clinics on the Navajo Reservation collected information for each affected eye: date of onset, cause, blinding process, and best visual acuity. In terms of the total number of eyes affected, it was found that the most frequently encountered etiology was trauma, followed by congenital causes, diabetes mellitus, primary open-angle glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, and trachoma. CONCLUSIONS Considering raw numbers as well as preventability, it is suggested that trauma, diabetes mellitus, and primary open-angle glaucoma be targeted for a focused intervention of patient-as well as public-education aimed at reducing blindness from these causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Rearwin
- Southern California College of Optometry, Fullerton, USA
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Faull WB, Hughes JW, Clarkson MJ, Downham DY, Manson FJ, Merritt JB, Murray RD, Russell WB, Sutherst JE, Ward WR. Epidemiology of lameness in dairy cattle: the influence of cubicles and indoor and outdoor walking surfaces. Vet Rec 1996; 139:130-6. [PMID: 8863400 DOI: 10.1136/vr.139.6.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A survey of cubicles and indoor and outdoor walking surfaces on 37 farms served by four veterinary practices in Somerset, Cheshire, Wirral and west. Wales was carried out in 1989 to 1991. A study of the space requirements of Friesian/Holstein cows at pasture showed that they required approximately 240 cm x 120 cm lying space and a further 60 cm lunging space for rising. By these standards, 87 per cent of the cubicles were too short and 50 per cent were too wide or too narrow. Over 1500 observations on cows lying down, rising and standing indicated that only 12 per cent of the cubicles permitted real freedom of movement; 91 per cent of top partition rails were judged to be too low and 70 per cent of bottom rails too low or too high. In addition, the kerb was very high in 76 per cent of the cubicles. As a result, 10 per cent of cows appeared moderately or severely restricted when lying down, 33 per cent when rising and 55 per cent when standing. Over 2000 cubicle beds were also studied; 75 per cent had a concrete base and of those, 63 per cent were judged to have too little bedding and 11 per cent next to none. Higher incidences and prevalences of lameness were associated with limited borrowing space (P < 0.01) low bottom rails (P < 0.05), high kerbs (P < 0.05) and inadequate bedding (P < 0.01). Of 3190 walking surfaces, only 25 per cent were classified as satisfactory in the first winter and 34 per cent in the second. In general, surfaces in silage bays were too rough and those in other sites were too smooth. The farms with the smoothest indoor walking surfaces had a significantly higher incidence of lameness (P < 0.01). Of 3335 outdoor walking surfaces only 25 per cent were classified as satisfactory, and 70 per cent were too rough. The incidence of lameness was not significantly related to these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- W B Faull
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science and Animal Husbandry, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, South Wirral
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Murray RD, Downham DY, Clarkson MJ, Faull WB, Hughes JW, Manson FJ, Merritt JB, Russell WB, Sutherst JE, Ward WR. Epidemiology of lameness in dairy cattle: description and analysis of foot lesions. Vet Rec 1996; 138:586-91. [PMID: 8799985 DOI: 10.1136/vr.138.24.586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Information from 37 dairy farms, in four regions of England and Wales provided data on 8991 lesions and the preventive trimming of 4837 cows' feet. Of the total of 13,828 forms returned, veterinary surgeons treated 32 per cent and farmers or stockmen 46 per cent. Of the 8645 lesions associated with episodes of lameness, lesions in the hindlimbs accounted for 92 per cent, of which 65 per cent were in the outer claw, 20 per cent in the skin and 14 per cent in the inner claw. Sole ulcers (40 per cent) and white line lesions (29 per cent) were the predominant diseases of horn, and digital dermatitis (40 per cent) was the most common disease of the skin. Subjective assessments showed that sandcrack, penetration of the sole by foreign bodies and interdigital necrobacillosis were associated with the most severe cases of lameness. There was a significant seasonal effect in the reporting of lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Murray
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science and Animal Husbandry, University of Liverpool, Neston, South Wirral
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Clarkson MJ, Downham DY, Faull WB, Hughes JW, Manson FJ, Merritt JB, Murray RD, Russell WB, Sutherst JE, Ward WR. Incidence and prevalence of lameness in dairy cattle. Vet Rec 1996; 138:563-7. [PMID: 8795183 DOI: 10.1136/vr.138.23.563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A survey was made of 37 dairy farms in Wirral, mid-Cheshire, mid-Somerset and Dyfed, Wales, to assess the incidence and prevalence of lameness in the cows between May 1989 and September 1991. The incidence was obtained from records made whenever a cow was examined for lameness or received preventive foot-trimming. The mean annual incidence was 54.6 new cases per 100 cows with a range from 10.7 to 170.1 and the mean values during summer and winter were 22.9 and 31.7, respectively. The prevalence of lameness was measured by regular visits at which locomotion was scored on a scale of 1 to 5, and the prevalence of lameness was calculated for each visit as the proportion of cows with scores of 3 or more. The mean annual prevalence over the whole period was 20.6 per cent with a range from 2.0 to 53.9 per cent for the 37 farms. The mean prevalences during summer and winter were 18.6 and 25.0 per cent, respectively. The prevalence measured at a single visit in midsummer or midwinter was significantly correlated with the mean prevalence over the whole corresponding period and may be useful as an assessment of the extent of lameness in a herd and the efficacy of control measures. There was evidence that training farmers to recognise early cases of lameness and request veterinary treatment resulted in a marked reduction in the duration of cases of lameness.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Clarkson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science and Animal Husbandry, University of Liverpool, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Neston, South Wirral
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Abstract
Lying down and other behavioural activities of dairy cows were studied for three 24-hour periods in a straw yard. The cows spent a total of 13.6 hours in the straw yard and lay down for 9.7 hours. The lying down time in one observation was 10.8 hours and this period may be considered ideal because there was little disturbance during that observation. Significantly more time was spent lying down at night than in the day and significantly more time was spent lying down and ruminating than standing up and ruminating. The total time spent lying down was significantly positively correlated with the time spent lying down and ruminating. Ten hours or more spent lying down may be adequate for proper rest in dairy cattle. Straw yards are better than many cubicles for lying and a longer period spent lying down may be important for the prevention of lameness in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Singh
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science and Animal Husbandry, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, South Wirral
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Singh SS, Ward WR, Lautenbach K, Hughes JW, Murray RD. Behaviour of first lactation and adult dairy cows while housed and at pasture and its relationship with sole lesions. Vet Rec 1993; 133:469-74. [PMID: 8310615 DOI: 10.1136/vr.133.19.469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The times spent lying down and standing by first lactation and adult cows while they were housed and while they were at pasture were studied and related during the period of housing to the incidence of sole lesions in first lactation cows. First lactation cows lay down for a shorter time in the early housing period than later. First lactation and adult cows lay down for longer when at pasture. Maximum lying time was significantly longer and the frequency of lying lower on pasture than indoors. The times spent lying and standing and the frequency of lying were related to the incidence of sole lesions. Rumination time was not related to the occurrence of sole lesions although there were significant variations in rumination behaviour while the animals were housed and at pasture. The patterns of lying and other activities of first lactation and adult cows while they were housed were quite different from those while they were at pasture.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Singh
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science and Animal Husbandry, University of Liverpool Veterinary Field Station, Leahurst, Neston, South Wirral
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the proportion of patients with suspected proliferative diabetic retinopathy who did not receive the recommended follow-up ophthalmological evaluation and care, and to examine associations between various patient characteristics and the failure to obtain care. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The study cohort included all Navajo Indians identified by a retrospective review of records who had proliferative diabetic retinopathy diagnosed at an Indian Health Service Optometry Clinic between 1 October 1985 and 30 September 1988. Follow-up data were obtained by medical record reviews and by interviews with subjects. RESULTS Of 69 patients identified, 57 of 61 living patients were interviewed. Twenty-three (40.4%) had failed to obtain recommended follow-up. The RR for incomplete treatment among those without a vehicle in the household compared with those with a vehicle was 1.91 (95% CI 1.32-2.76). Other factors associated with incomplete treatment were female sex and marital status other than currently married. Twelve (21%) patients answered "no" to the question, "Have you been told that diabetes was affecting your eyes?" Eight of 38 (21%) who confirmed that they had been told that diabetes was affecting their eyes responded "no" to the question, "Do you think that diabetes is affecting your eyes?" However, the answers to these questions did not distinguish between patients who obtained or did not obtain recommended care. CONCLUSIONS Interventions to increase the proportion of Navajo Indians with diabetic retinopathy who receive appropriate ophthalmologic care must address the issue of transportation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Sugarman
- Navajo Area Indian Health Science, Shiprock, New Mexico
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Sternlieb G, Hughes JW. Demographics and housing in America. Popul Bull 1986; 41:1-35. [PMID: 12314155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
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Abstract
A zero-grazed herd of approximately 400 cows had a significant mastitis problem associated with Escherichia coli and Streptococcus uberis during a study over three and a half years. Dry cow therapy and post-milk teat dipping effectively controlled staphylococci and the bulk milk cell count averaged less than 400 X 10(3) cells/ml, but over 1800 clinical cases of mastitis occurred over this period, 32 per cent of which were associated with E coli and 25 per cent with Str uberis. Only 8 per cent of the cases associated with E coli showed obvious systemic disturbance and 75 per cent were cured following penicillin and streptomycin treatment. The incidence was highest during spring and summer when the housed cows were dirtiest. Gross teat-end contamination came mainly from sources other than cubicle bedding, and changing the bedding from sawdust to sand did not alter the incidence of clinical mastitis. It was not possible to maintain adequate cleanliness either inside or outside the parlour, nor maintain a trouble-free milking apparatus. The costs of mastitis in this herd during one year are calculated.
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Sternlieb G, Hughes JW. Some economic effects of recent migration patterns on central cities. Res Popul Econ 1981; 3:189-207. [PMID: 12265060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
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Lancaster RJ, Coup MR, Hughes JW. Toxicity of arsenic present in lakeweed. N Z Vet J 1971; 19:141-5. [PMID: 5289114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Davis AL, Hughes JW, Hance RL, Gault VL, McCord TJ. Synthesis and microbiological properties of some substituted derivatives of 3-amino-3,4-dihydrocarbostyril. J Med Chem 1970; 13:549-50. [PMID: 4909636 DOI: 10.1021/jm00297a050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Hughes JW. What are your patients reading today? Dent Econ 1969; 59:38-42. [PMID: 5248548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Hughes JW. Facts, after 20 years. J Fla State Dent Soc 1966; 37:20-5. [PMID: 5223315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Hughes JW. Utilization of temporary acrylic restorations for case presentation. 2. Dent Dig 1965; 71:547-9. [PMID: 5215522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Hughes JW. Utilization of temporary acrylic restorations for case presentation. 1. Dent Dig 1965; 71:494-9. [PMID: 5214369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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