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Macdonald T, Dinnes J, Maniatopoulos G, Taylor-Phillips S, Shinkins B, Hogg J, Dunbar JK, Solebo AL, Sutton H, Attwood J, Pogose M, Given-Wilson R, Greaves F, Macrae C, Pearson R, Bamford D, Tufail A, Liu X, Denniston AK. Target Product Profile for a Machine Learning-Automated Retinal Imaging Analysis Software for Use in English Diabetic Eye Screening: Protocol for a Mixed Methods Study. JMIR Res Protoc 2024; 13:e50568. [PMID: 38536234 PMCID: PMC11007610 DOI: 10.2196/50568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic eye screening (DES) represents a significant opportunity for the application of machine learning (ML) technologies, which may improve clinical and service outcomes. However, successful integration of ML into DES requires careful product development, evaluation, and implementation. Target product profiles (TPPs) summarize the requirements necessary for successful implementation so these can guide product development and evaluation. OBJECTIVE This study aims to produce a TPP for an ML-automated retinal imaging analysis software (ML-ARIAS) system for use in DES in England. METHODS This work will consist of 3 phases. Phase 1 will establish the characteristics to be addressed in the TPP. A list of candidate characteristics will be generated from the following sources: an overview of systematic reviews of diagnostic test TPPs; a systematic review of digital health TPPs; and the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence's Evidence Standards Framework for Digital Health Technologies. The list of characteristics will be refined and validated by a study advisory group (SAG) made up of representatives from key stakeholders in DES. This includes people with diabetes; health care professionals; health care managers and leaders; and regulators and policy makers. In phase 2, specifications for these characteristics will be drafted following a series of semistructured interviews with participants from these stakeholder groups. Data collected from these interviews will be analyzed using the shortlist of characteristics as a framework, after which specifications will be drafted to create a draft TPP. Following approval by the SAG, in phase 3, the draft will enter an internet-based Delphi consensus study with participants sought from the groups previously identified, as well as ML-ARIAS developers, to ensure feasibility. Participants will be invited to score characteristic and specification pairs on a scale from "definitely exclude" to "definitely include," and suggest edits. The document will be iterated between rounds based on participants' feedback. Feedback on the draft document will be sought from a group of ML-ARIAS developers before its final contents are agreed upon in an in-person consensus meeting. At this meeting, representatives from the stakeholder groups previously identified (minus ML-ARIAS developers, to avoid bias) will be presented with the Delphi results and feedback of the user group and asked to agree on the final contents by vote. RESULTS Phase 1 was completed in November 2023. Phase 2 is underway and expected to finish in March 2024. Phase 3 is expected to be complete in July 2024. CONCLUSIONS The multistakeholder development of a TPP for an ML-ARIAS for use in DES in England will help developers produce tools that serve the needs of patients, health care providers, and their staff. The TPP development process will also provide methods and a template to produce similar documents in other disease areas. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/50568.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trystan Macdonald
- Ophthalmology Department, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, University Hospitals Birmingham National Health Service Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Aging, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health and Care Research Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jacqueline Dinnes
- National Institute for Health and Care Research Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Bethany Shinkins
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffry Hogg
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ameenat Lola Solebo
- Population Policy and Practice, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - John Attwood
- Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Alder Hey Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rosalind Given-Wilson
- St. George's University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Felix Greaves
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, London, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carl Macrae
- Nottingham University Business School, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Russell Pearson
- Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Adnan Tufail
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaoxuan Liu
- Ophthalmology Department, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, University Hospitals Birmingham National Health Service Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Aging, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health and Care Research Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alastair K Denniston
- Ophthalmology Department, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, University Hospitals Birmingham National Health Service Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Aging, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health and Care Research Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Centre for Regulatory Science and Innovation, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health and Care Research Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields and University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
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Atkin C, Crosby B, Dunn K, Price G, Marston E, Crawford C, O’Hara M, Morgan C, Levermore M, Gallier S, Modhwadia S, Attwood J, Perks S, Denniston AK, Gkoutos G, Dormer R, Rosser A, Ignatowicz A, Fanning H, Sapey E. Perceptions of anonymised data use and awareness of the NHS data opt-out amongst patients, carers and healthcare staff. Res Involv Engagem 2021; 7:40. [PMID: 34127076 PMCID: PMC8201435 DOI: 10.1186/s40900-021-00281-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND England operates a National Data Opt-Out (NDOO) for the secondary use of confidential health data for research and planning. We hypothesised that public awareness and support for the secondary use of health data and the NDOO would vary by participant demography and healthcare experience. We explored patient/public awareness and perceptions of secondary data use, grouping potential researchers into National Health Service (NHS), academia or commercial. We assessed awareness of the NDOO system amongst patients, carers, healthcare staff and the public. We co-developed recommendations to consider when sharing unconsented health data for research. METHODS A patient and public engagement program, co-created and including patient and public workshops, questionnaires and discussion groups regarding anonymised health data use. RESULTS There were 350 participants in total. Central concerns for health data use included unauthorised data re-use, the potential for discrimination and data sharing without patient benefit. 94% of respondents were happy for their data to be used for NHS research, 85% for academic research and 68% by health companies, but less than 50% for non-healthcare companies and opinions varied with demography and participant group. Questionnaires showed that knowledge of the NDOO was low, with 32% of all respondents, 53% of all NHS staff and 29% of all patients aware of the NDOO. Recommendations to guide unconsented secondary health data use included that health data use should benefit patients; data sharing decisions should involve patients/public. That data should remain in close proximity to health services with the principles of data minimisation applied. Further, that there should be transparency in secondary health data use, including publicly available lists of projects, summaries and benefits. Finally, organisations involved in data access decisions should participate in programmes to increase knowledge of the NDOO, to ensure public members were making informed choices about their own data. CONCLUSION The majority of participants in this study reported that the use of healthcare data for secondary purposes was acceptable when accessed by NHS. Academic and health-focused companies. However, awareness was limited, including of the NDOO. Further development of publicly-agreed recommendations for secondary health data use may improve both awareness and confidence in secondary health data use.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Atkin
- PIONEER Hub in Acute Care, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2GW UK
| | - B. Crosby
- PIONEER HDR-UK Data Hub in Acute Care, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2GW UK
| | - K. Dunn
- HDR-UK Midlands Physical Site, University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2GW UK
| | - G. Price
- Patient Involvement and Engagement Lead, PIONEER, London, UK
| | - E. Marston
- Research Support Services, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
| | - C. Crawford
- Research and Development, University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2GW UK
| | - M. O’Hara
- University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2GW UK
| | - C. Morgan
- Public author, B15 2GW Birmingham, UK
| | - M. Levermore
- Medical Devices Technology International Limited (MDTi), The KaCe Building, Victoria Passage, Wolverhampton, West Midlands WV1 4LG UK
- Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, West Midlands UK
| | - S. Gallier
- Technical Director, PIONEER HDR-UK Data Hub in Acute Care, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2GW UK
| | - S. Modhwadia
- PIONEER HDR-UK Data Hub in Acute Care, University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2GW UK
| | - J. Attwood
- Informatics, University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2GW UK
| | - S. Perks
- Informatics, University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2GW UK
| | - A. K. Denniston
- Director of INSIGHT - the Health Data Research Hub for Eye Health, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2GW UK
- Centre for Regulatory Science and Innovation, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, B15 2GW UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre (Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and University College London), Birmingham, UK
| | - G. Gkoutos
- Alan Turing Institute, HDR-UK Associated Researcher, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2GW UK
| | - R. Dormer
- Insignia Medical Systems Limited, Paterson House, Hatch Warren Lane, Basingstoke, Hampshire, RG22 4RA UK
| | - A. Rosser
- West Midlands Ambulance Service Foundation Trust, Millennium Point, Waterfront Business Park, Waterfront Way, Brierley Hill, West Midlands, DY5 1LX UK
| | - A. Ignatowicz
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
| | - H. Fanning
- Research and Development, University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2GW UK
| | - E. Sapey
- PIONEER, HDR-UK Health Data Research Hub in Acute Care, Birmingham Acute Care Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2GW UK
- Department of Acute Medicine, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, B15 2GW UK
- NIHR CRF, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, B15 2GW UK
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Gallier S, Price G, Pandya H, McCarmack G, James C, Ruane B, Forty L, Crosby BL, Atkin C, Evans R, Dunn KW, Marston E, Crawford C, Levermore M, Modhwadia S, Attwood J, Perks S, Doal R, Gkoutos G, Dormer R, Rosser A, Fanning H, Sapey E. Infrastructure and operating processes of PIONEER, the HDR-UK Data Hub in Acute Care and the workings of the Data Trust Committee: a protocol paper. BMJ Health Care Inform 2021; 28:e100294. [PMID: 33849921 PMCID: PMC8051388 DOI: 10.1136/bmjhci-2020-100294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Health Data Research UK designated seven UK-based Hubs to facilitate health data use for research. PIONEER is the Hub in Acute Care. PIONEER delivered workshops where patients/public citizens agreed key principles to guide access to unconsented, anonymised, routinely collected health data. These were used to inform the protocol. METHODS This paper describes the PIONEER infrastructure and data access processes. PIONEER is a research database and analytical environment that links routinely collected health data across community, ambulance and hospital healthcare providers. PIONEER aims ultimately to improve patient health and care, by making health data discoverable and accessible for research by National Health Service, academic and commercial organisations. The PIONEER protocol incorporates principles identified in the public/patient workshops. This includes all data access requests being reviewed by the Data Trust Committee, a group of public citizens who advise on whether requests should be supported prior to licensed access. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION East Midlands-Derby REC (20/EM/0158): Confidentiality Advisory Group (20/CAG/0084). www.PIONEERdatahub.co.uk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzy Gallier
- PIONEER Health Data Research Hub, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Gary Price
- PIONEER Data Hub, University of Birmingham College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham, UK
| | - Hina Pandya
- PIONEER Data Hub, University of Birmingham College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham, UK
| | - Gillian McCarmack
- PIONEER Data Hub, University of Birmingham College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham, UK
| | - Chris James
- PIONEER Data Hub, University of Birmingham College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham, UK
| | - Bob Ruane
- PIONEER Data Hub, University of Birmingham College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham, UK
| | - Laura Forty
- PIONEER Data Hub, University of Birmingham College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham, UK
| | - Benjamin L Crosby
- PIONEER Data Hub, University of Birmingham College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham, UK
| | - Catherine Atkin
- PIONEER Data Hub, University of Birmingham College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ralph Evans
- PIONEER Data Hub, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Kevin W Dunn
- HDR-UK Midlands Physical Site, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Eliot Marston
- Research Support Services, University of Birmingham College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham, UK
| | - Clark Crawford
- Research and Development Governance, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Martin Levermore
- Medical Devices Technology International Limited (MDTi), Wolverhampton, West Midlands, UK
- Faculty of Business, Law and Social Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Shekha Modhwadia
- PIONEER Data Hub, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - John Attwood
- Health Informatics, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Stephen Perks
- PIONEER Health Informatics, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Rima Doal
- PIONEER Health Data Research Hub, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Georgios Gkoutos
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham, UK
| | - Richard Dormer
- Insignia Medical Systems Limited, Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK
| | - Andy Rosser
- West Midlands Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust, Brierley Hill, West Midlands, UK
| | - Hilary Fanning
- Research and Development, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Elizabeth Sapey
- PIONEER Data Hub, University of Birmingham College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham, UK
- Acute Medicine, Birmingham Acute Care Research, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
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Hughes M, Sundgren PC, Fan X, Foerster B, Nan B, Welsh RC, Williamson JA, Attwood J, Maly PV, Chenevert TL, McCune W, Gebarski S. Diffusion tensor imaging in patients with acute onset of neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus: a prospective study of apparent diffusion coefficient, fractional anisotropy values, and eigenvalues in different regions of the brain. Acta Radiol 2007; 48:213-22. [PMID: 17354144 DOI: 10.1080/02841850601105825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate whether apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), fractional anisotropy (FA), and eigenvalues in neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE) patients differ from those of healthy controls. MATERIAL AND METHODS Eight NPSLE patients (aged 23-55 years, mean 42.9 years) and 20 healthy age-matched controls (aged 22-59 years, mean 44.4 years) underwent conventional brain magnetic resonance (MR) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). The ADC, FA, principal eigenvalue (lambda parallel), and the corresponding average perpendicular eigenvalue (lambda perpendicular) (=(lambda2+lambda3)/2) were measured in selected regions of normal appearing gray and white matter brain parenchyma. For statistical evaluation of differences between the two groups, a Student's t-test was used. The P value for statistical significance was set to P=0.0025 after Bonferroni correction for multiple measurements. RESULTS Significantly increased ADC values were demonstrated in normal-appearing areas in the insular cortex (P<0.001), thalamus (P<0.001), and the parietal and frontal white matter (P<0.001 and P<0.001, respectively) in NPSLE patients. Significantly decreased FA values were demonstrated in normal-appearing thalamus (P<0.001), corpus callosum (P=0.002), and in the parietal and frontal white matter (P<0.001 and P<0.001, respectively) in NPSLE patients compared to healthy controls. The lambda perpendicular was significantly higher in several of these regions in NPSLE patients compared to healthy controls. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates alterations in normal-appearing gray and white matter brain parenchyma of patients with NPSLE by means of abnormal ADC, FA, and eigenvalues. These alterations may be based on loss of tissue integrity in part due to demyelination. It is possible that DTI in the future could assist in the diagnosis of NPSLE and possibly help to further elucidate the pathogenesis of NPSLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hughes
- Department of Radiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan Health Systems, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Eckhardt F, Lewin J, Cortese R, Rakyan VK, Attwood J, Burger M, Burton J, Cox TV, Davies R, Down TA, Haefliger C, Horton R, Howe K, Jackson DK, Kunde J, Koenig C, Liddle J, Niblett D, Otto T, Pettett R, Seemann S, Thompson C, West T, Rogers J, Olek A, Berlin K, Beck S. DNA methylation profiling of human chromosomes 6, 20 and 22. Nat Genet 2006; 38:1378-85. [PMID: 17072317 PMCID: PMC3082778 DOI: 10.1038/ng1909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 933] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2006] [Accepted: 09/18/2006] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
DNA methylation is the most stable type of epigenetic modification modulating the transcriptional plasticity of mammalian genomes. Using bisulfite DNA sequencing, we report high-resolution methylation profiles of human chromosomes 6, 20 and 22, providing a resource of about 1.9 million CpG methylation values derived from 12 different tissues. Analysis of six annotation categories showed that evolutionarily conserved regions are the predominant sites for differential DNA methylation and that a core region surrounding the transcriptional start site is an informative surrogate for promoter methylation. We find that 17% of the 873 analyzed genes are differentially methylated in their 5' UTRs and that about one-third of the differentially methylated 5' UTRs are inversely correlated with transcription. Despite the fact that our study controlled for factors reported to affect DNA methylation such as sex and age, we did not find any significant attributable effects. Our data suggest DNA methylation to be ontogenetically more stable than previously thought.
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MESH Headings
- 5' Untranslated Regions
- Adult
- Age Factors
- Aged
- Animals
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 20/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 20/metabolism
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22/metabolism
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6/metabolism
- CpG Islands
- DNA Methylation
- Epigenesis, Genetic
- Evolution, Molecular
- Female
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Middle Aged
- Organ Specificity
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Sex Characteristics
- Species Specificity
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Eckhardt
- Epigenomics AG, Kleine Präsidentstrasse 1, 10178 Berlin, Germany
| | - Joern Lewin
- Epigenomics AG, Kleine Präsidentstrasse 1, 10178 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rene Cortese
- Epigenomics AG, Kleine Präsidentstrasse 1, 10178 Berlin, Germany
| | - Vardhman K. Rakyan
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - John Attwood
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Burger
- Epigenomics AG, Kleine Präsidentstrasse 1, 10178 Berlin, Germany
| | - John Burton
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Tony V. Cox
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Rob Davies
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas A. Down
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | | | - Roger Horton
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Howe
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - David K. Jackson
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | | | - Christoph Koenig
- Epigenomics AG, Kleine Präsidentstrasse 1, 10178 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jennifer Liddle
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - David Niblett
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Otto
- Epigenomics AG, Kleine Präsidentstrasse 1, 10178 Berlin, Germany
| | - Roger Pettett
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Stefanie Seemann
- Epigenomics AG, Kleine Präsidentstrasse 1, 10178 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Tony West
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Rogers
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Olek
- Epigenomics AG, Kleine Präsidentstrasse 1, 10178 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kurt Berlin
- Epigenomics AG, Kleine Präsidentstrasse 1, 10178 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Beck
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
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Abstract
DNA methylation is one mechanism of epigenetic gene regulation and influences gene expression by recruiting methylcytosine-binding proteins and/or inducing changes in chromatin structure. In mammals, DNA methylation is mediated by at least four DNA methyltransferase (Dnmt) enzymes, including Dnmt1, Dnmt2, Dnmt3a, and Dnmt3b. To understand fully how DNA methylation is involved in gene regulation, knowledge of Dnmt mRNA transcript levels is required, both as a surrogate measure of Dnmt protein levels and also to facilitate an understanding of the regulation of expression of the corresponding genes. Measurement of transcript levels has traditionally been achieved by Northern blot analysis and more recently either by the ribonuclease protection assay or by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), followed by agarose gel electrophoresis. In the past few years, a form of PCR has been developed that measures the accumulation of PCR product in real time. In conjunction with RT, real-time RT-PCR has become a widely accepted tool for measuring mRNA transcript levels and is now probably the method of choice. This technique is both sensitive and specific and allows for the rapid assessment of Dnmt mRNA transcript levels as well transcripts for other genes that may be involved in DNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Attwood
- Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
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Kaplan MJ, Lu Q, Wu A, Attwood J, Richardson B. Demethylation of promoter regulatory elements contributes to perforin overexpression in CD4+ lupus T cells. J Immunol 2004; 172:3652-61. [PMID: 15004168 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.6.3652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Inhibiting DNA methylation in CD4+ T cells causes aberrant gene expression and autoreactive monocyte/macrophage killing in vitro, and the hypomethylated cells cause a lupus-like disease in animal models. Similar decreases in T cell DNA methylation occur in idiopathic lupus, potentially contributing to disease pathogenesis. The genes affected by DNA hypomethylation are largely unknown. Using DNA methylation inhibitors and oligonucleotide arrays we have identified perforin as a methylation-sensitive gene. Our group has also reported that DNA methylation inhibitors increase CD4+ T cell perforin by demethylating a conserved methylation-sensitive region that is hypomethylated in primary CD8+ cells, which express perforin, but is largely methylated in primary CD4+ cells, which do not. As lupus T cells also have hypomethylated DNA and promiscuously kill autologous monocytes/macrophages, we hypothesized that perforin may be similarly overexpressed in lupus T cells and contribute to the monocyte killing. We report that CD4+ T cells from patients with active, but not inactive, lupus overexpress perforin, and that overexpression is related to demethylation of the same sequences suppressing perforin transcription in primary CD4+ T cells and demethylated by DNA methylation inhibitors. Further, the perforin inhibitor concanamycin A blocks autologous monocyte killing by CD4+ lupus T cells, suggesting that the perforin is functional. We conclude that demethylation of specific regulatory elements contributes to perforin overexpression in CD4+ lupus T cells. Our results also suggest that aberrant perforin expression in CD4+ lupus T cells may contribute to monocyte killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana J Kaplan
- Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Jennings JE, Sundgren PC, Attwood J, McCune J, Maly P. Value of MRI of the brain in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and neurologic disturbance. Neuroradiology 2003; 46:15-21. [PMID: 14648006 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-003-1049-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2003] [Accepted: 05/19/2003] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to review the frequency and pattern of signal abnormalities seen on conventional MRI in patients with suspected neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NP-SLE). We reviewed 116 MRI examinations of the brain performed on 85 patients with SLE, (81 women, four men, aged 21-78 years, mean 40.6 years) presenting with neurological disturbances. MRI was normal or nearly normal in 34%. In 60% high-signal lesions were observed on T2-weighted images, frequently in the frontal and parietal subcortical white matter. Infarct-like lesions involving gray and white matter were demonstrated in 21 of cases. Areas of restricted diffusion were seen in 12 of the 67 patients who underwent diffusion-weighted imaging. Other abnormalities included loss of brain volume, hemorrhage, meningeal enhancement, and bilateral high signal in occipital white-matter. The MRI findings alone did not allow us to distinguish between thromboembolic and inflammatory events in many patients. Some patients with normal MRI improved clinically while on immunosuppressive therapy. More sensitive and/or specific imaging methods, such as spectroscopy and perfusion-weighted imaging, should be investigated in these subgroups of patients with suspected NP-SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Jennings
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor 48109, USA
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Lu Q, Wu A, Ray D, Deng C, Attwood J, Hanash S, Pipkin M, Lichtenheld M, Richardson B. DNA methylation and chromatin structure regulate T cell perforin gene expression. J Immunol 2003; 170:5124-32. [PMID: 12734359 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.10.5124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Perforin is a cytotoxic effector molecule expressed in NK cells and a subset of T cells. The mechanisms regulating its expression are incompletely understood. We observed that DNA methylation inhibition could increase perforin expression in T cells, so we examined the methylation pattern and chromatin structure of the human perforin promoter and upstream enhancer in primary CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells as well as in an NK cell line that expresses perforin, compared with fibroblasts, which do not express perforin. The entire region was nearly completely unmethylated in the NK cell line and largely methylated in fibroblasts. In contrast, only the core promoter was constitutively unmethylated in primary CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells, and expression was associated with hypomethylation of an area residing between the upstream enhancer at -1 kb and the distal promoter at -0.3 kb. Treating T cells with the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-azacytidine selectively demethylated this area and increased perforin expression. Selective methylation of this region suppressed promoter function in transfection assays. Finally, perforin expression and hypomethylation were associated with localized sensitivity of the 5' flank to DNase I digestion, indicating an accessible configuration. These results indicate that DNA methylation and chromatin structure participate in the regulation of perforin expression in T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianjin Lu
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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11
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Deng C, Lu Q, Zhang Z, Rao T, Attwood J, Yung R, Richardson B. Hydralazine may induce autoimmunity by inhibiting extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway signaling. Arthritis Rheum 2003; 48:746-56. [PMID: 12632429 DOI: 10.1002/art.10833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether hydralazine might decrease DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) expression and induce autoimmunity by inhibiting extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway signaling. METHODS The effect of hydralazine on DNMT was tested in vitro using enzyme inhibition studies, and in vivo by measuring messenger RNA (mRNA) levels and enzyme activity. Effects on ERK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and p38 pathway signaling were tested using immunoblotting. Murine T cells treated with hydralazine or an ERK pathway inhibitor were injected into mice and anti-DNA antibodies were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS In vitro, hydralazine did not inhibit DNMT activity. Instead, hydralazine inhibited ERK pathway signaling, thereby decreasing DNMT1 and DNMT3a mRNA expression and DNMT enzyme activity similar to mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitors. Inhibiting T cell ERK pathway signaling with an MEK inhibitor was sufficient to induce anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies in a murine model of drug-induced lupus, similar to the effect of hydralazine. CONCLUSION Hydralazine reproduces the lupus ERK pathway signaling abnormality and its effects on DNMT expression, and inhibiting this pathway induces autoimmunity. Hydralazine-induced lupus could be caused in part by inducing the same ERK pathway signaling defect that occurs in idiopathic lupus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Deng
- Astrozeneca, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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12
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Waterston RH, Lindblad-Toh K, Birney E, Rogers J, Abril JF, Agarwal P, Agarwala R, Ainscough R, Alexandersson M, An P, Antonarakis SE, Attwood J, Baertsch R, Bailey J, Barlow K, Beck S, Berry E, Birren B, Bloom T, Bork P, Botcherby M, Bray N, Brent MR, Brown DG, Brown SD, Bult C, Burton J, Butler J, Campbell RD, Carninci P, Cawley S, Chiaromonte F, Chinwalla AT, Church DM, Clamp M, Clee C, Collins FS, Cook LL, Copley RR, Coulson A, Couronne O, Cuff J, Curwen V, Cutts T, Daly M, David R, Davies J, Delehaunty KD, Deri J, Dermitzakis ET, Dewey C, Dickens NJ, Diekhans M, Dodge S, Dubchak I, Dunn DM, Eddy SR, Elnitski L, Emes RD, Eswara P, Eyras E, Felsenfeld A, Fewell GA, Flicek P, Foley K, Frankel WN, Fulton LA, Fulton RS, Furey TS, Gage D, Gibbs RA, Glusman G, Gnerre S, Goldman N, Goodstadt L, Grafham D, Graves TA, Green ED, Gregory S, Guigó R, Guyer M, Hardison RC, Haussler D, Hayashizaki Y, Hillier LW, Hinrichs A, Hlavina W, Holzer T, Hsu F, Hua A, Hubbard T, Hunt A, Jackson I, Jaffe DB, Johnson LS, Jones M, Jones TA, Joy A, Kamal M, Karlsson EK, Karolchik D, Kasprzyk A, Kawai J, Keibler E, Kells C, Kent WJ, Kirby A, Kolbe DL, Korf I, Kucherlapati RS, Kulbokas EJ, Kulp D, Landers T, Leger JP, Leonard S, Letunic I, Levine R, Li J, Li M, Lloyd C, Lucas S, Ma B, Maglott DR, Mardis ER, Matthews L, Mauceli E, Mayer JH, McCarthy M, McCombie WR, McLaren S, McLay K, McPherson JD, Meldrim J, Meredith B, Mesirov JP, Miller W, Miner TL, Mongin E, Montgomery KT, Morgan M, Mott R, Mullikin JC, Muzny DM, Nash WE, Nelson JO, Nhan MN, Nicol R, Ning Z, Nusbaum C, O'Connor MJ, Okazaki Y, Oliver K, Overton-Larty E, Pachter L, Parra G, Pepin KH, Peterson J, Pevzner P, Plumb R, Pohl CS, Poliakov A, Ponce TC, Ponting CP, Potter S, Quail M, Reymond A, Roe BA, Roskin KM, Rubin EM, Rust AG, Santos R, Sapojnikov V, Schultz B, Schultz J, Schwartz MS, Schwartz S, Scott C, Seaman S, Searle S, Sharpe T, Sheridan A, Shownkeen R, Sims S, Singer JB, Slater G, Smit A, Smith DR, Spencer B, Stabenau A, Stange-Thomann N, Sugnet C, Suyama M, Tesler G, Thompson J, Torrents D, Trevaskis E, Tromp J, Ucla C, Ureta-Vidal A, Vinson JP, Von Niederhausern AC, Wade CM, Wall M, Weber RJ, Weiss RB, Wendl MC, West AP, Wetterstrand K, Wheeler R, Whelan S, Wierzbowski J, Willey D, Williams S, Wilson RK, Winter E, Worley KC, Wyman D, Yang S, Yang SP, Zdobnov EM, Zody MC, Lander ES. Initial sequencing and comparative analysis of the mouse genome. Nature 2002; 420:520-62. [PMID: 12466850 DOI: 10.1038/nature01262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4791] [Impact Index Per Article: 217.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2002] [Accepted: 10/31/2002] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The sequence of the mouse genome is a key informational tool for understanding the contents of the human genome and a key experimental tool for biomedical research. Here, we report the results of an international collaboration to produce a high-quality draft sequence of the mouse genome. We also present an initial comparative analysis of the mouse and human genomes, describing some of the insights that can be gleaned from the two sequences. We discuss topics including the analysis of the evolutionary forces shaping the size, structure and sequence of the genomes; the conservation of large-scale synteny across most of the genomes; the much lower extent of sequence orthology covering less than half of the genomes; the proportions of the genomes under selection; the number of protein-coding genes; the expansion of gene families related to reproduction and immunity; the evolution of proteins; and the identification of intraspecies polymorphism.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Composition
- Chromosomes, Mammalian/genetics
- Conserved Sequence/genetics
- CpG Islands/genetics
- Evolution, Molecular
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genes/genetics
- Genetic Variation/genetics
- Genome
- Genome, Human
- Genomics
- Humans
- Mice/classification
- Mice/genetics
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Models, Animal
- Multigene Family/genetics
- Mutagenesis
- Neoplasms/genetics
- Physical Chromosome Mapping
- Proteome/genetics
- Pseudogenes/genetics
- Quantitative Trait Loci/genetics
- RNA, Untranslated/genetics
- Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid/genetics
- Selection, Genetic
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sex Chromosomes/genetics
- Species Specificity
- Synteny
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13
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Yung R, Ray D, Eisenbraun JK, Deng C, Attwood J, Eisenbraun MD, Johnson K, Miller RA, Hanash S, Richardson B. Unexpected effects of a heterozygous dnmt1 null mutation on age-dependent DNA hypomethylation and autoimmunity. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2001; 56:B268-76. [PMID: 11382789 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/56.6.b268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation modifies gene expression. Methylation patterns are established during ontogeny, but they change with aging, usually with a net decrease in methylation. The significance of this change in T cells is unknown, but it could contribute to autoimmunity, senescence, or both. We examined the effects of a null mutation in DNA methyltransferase 1 (Dnmt1), a gene maintaining DNA methylation patterns, on immune aging. Whereas aged control mice developed hypomethylated DNA, autoimmunity, and signs of immune senescence as predicted, the knockout mice surprisingly increased DNA methylation and developed signs of autoimmunity and senescence more slowly. To identify potential mechanisms, we compared transcripts of DNA methyltransferase and methylcytosine binding protein family members in control and knockout mice. MeCP2, a methylcytosine binding protein involved in gene suppression and chromatin inactivation, was the only transcript differentially expressed between old knockout mice and controls, and thus it is a candidate for a gene product mediating these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Yung
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
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14
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Mullikin JC, Hunt SE, Cole CG, Mortimore BJ, Rice CM, Burton J, Matthews LH, Pavitt R, Plumb RW, Sims SK, Ainscough RM, Attwood J, Bailey JM, Barlow K, Bruskiewich RM, Butcher PN, Carter NP, Chen Y, Clee CM, Coggill PC, Davies J, Davies RM, Dawson E, Francis MD, Joy AA, Lamble RG, Langford CF, Macarthy J, Mall V, Moreland A, Overton-Larty EK, Ross MT, Smith LC, Steward CA, Sulston JE, Tinsley EJ, Turney KJ, Willey DL, Wilson GD, McMurray AA, Dunham I, Rogers J, Bentley DR. An SNP map of human chromosome 22. Nature 2000; 407:516-20. [PMID: 11029003 DOI: 10.1038/35035089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The human genome sequence will provide a reference for measuring DNA sequence variation in human populations. Sequence variants are responsible for the genetic component of individuality, including complex characteristics such as disease susceptibility and drug response. Most sequence variants are single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), where two alternate bases occur at one position. Comparison of any two genomes reveals around 1 SNP per kilobase. A sufficiently dense map of SNPs would allow the detection of sequence variants responsible for particular characteristics on the basis that they are associated with a specific SNP allele. Here we have evaluated large-scale sequencing approaches to obtaining SNPs, and have constructed a map of 2,730 SNPs on human chromosome 22. Most of the SNPs are within 25 kilobases of a transcribed exon, and are valuable for association studies. We have scaled up the process, detecting over 65,000 SNPs in the genome as part of The SNP Consortium programme, which is on target to build a map of 1 SNP every 5 kilobases that is integrated with the human genome sequence and that is freely available in the public domain.
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15
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Leonard C, Fanning N, Attwood J, Buckley M. The effect of fatigue, sleep deprivation and onerous working hours on the physical and mental wellbeing of pre-registration house officers. Ir J Med Sci 1998; 167:22-5. [PMID: 9540294 DOI: 10.1007/bf02937548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The potential deleterious effects of doctors' long and arduous shifts have received relatively scant attention. This study addressed the effect of a 32 h on-call shift on 16 pre-registration medical house officers in St. James's Hospital, Dublin. We assessed 5 psychological parameters (Tension-Anxiety, Depression-Dejection, Vigour-Activity, Fatigue-Inertia and Confusion-Bewilderment) as well as 5 simple tests of alertness and concentration both pre- and post-call. The doctors were randomly assigned to be tested either pre- or post-call. On average the doctors got 4.5 hours sleep during a 32 h shift. This long shift had an adverse effect on all the psychological parameters (p < 0.05) except Depression-Dejection. The total mood disturbance score, which has been shown to correlate well with general psychological well-being, deteriorated significantly after the 32 h shift, p < 0.005. Two of the simple tests of alertness and concentration (Trail-making test and Stroop Color-Word test) also showed a significant fall-off in performance with sleep deprivation, p < 0.05, although the remaining tests (Delayed Story Recall, Critical Flicker Fusion and Three Minute Grammatical Reasoning Test) were not significantly impaired by the 32 h shift. This study shows that prolonged periods of duty without sleep adversely affect junior doctors, both in their psychological well-being and in their ability to carry out simple tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Leonard
- Department of Medicine, St. James's Hospital, Dublin
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16
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Haddad L, Day LB, Attwood J, Povey S, Humphries SE, Day IN. Development of a microsatellite-based approach to co-segregation analysis of familial hypercholesterolaemic kindreds. Ann Hum Genet 1997; 61:497-506. [PMID: 9543550 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-1809.1997.6160497.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Co-segregation studies based on a selection of intragenic restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) gene have been used extensively both for research and diagnostic studies of familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) families, because direct mutation screening remains complex. Here we describe the development and application of a more efficient approach to co-segregation studies based on highly informative dinucleotide and tetranucleotide repeats flanking the LDLR gene. A series of microsatellites (D19S391, D19S394, D19S221 and D19S179) were selected for study on the basis of linkage analysis in the CEPH families using intragenic polymorphisms for a TA repeat (exon 18) in the LDLR gene, and earlier data for a Pvu II polymorphism (intron 15). A physical map of the region of chromosome 19 also contributed to this selection. One marker in particular, D19S394, sited 150 kilobases telomeric to the gene, was extremely useful, displaying 90% heterozygosity, robust PCR of tetranucleotide repeats without stutter bands, and no recombination with the LDLR gene (theta = 0, LOD 68). Use of this marker in the families of twenty-three FH probands from Hampshire demonstrated co-segregation of the hyperlipidaemia phenotype with the LDLR gene region, except in one family with defective apolipoprotein B-100, and a family turning out to display familial combined hyperlipidaemia. This approach should facilitate the search for any families where FH does not co-segregate with the LDLR gene, and will enhance the repertoire of molecular diagnostic tools available for FH.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Haddad
- Department of Medicine, Rayne Institute, University College London Medical School
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17
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Povey S, Attwood J, Chadwick B, Frezal J, Haines JL, Knowles M, Kwiatkowski DJ, Olopade OI, Slaugenhaupt S, Spurr NK, Smith M, Steel K, White JA, Pericak-Vance MA. Report on the Fifth International Workshop on Chromosome 9 held at Eynsham, Oxfordshire, UK, September 4-6, 1996. Ann Hum Genet 1997; 61:183-206. [PMID: 9250350 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-1809.1997.6130183.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The Fifth International workshop on chromosome 9 comprised a gathering of 36 scientists from seven countries and included a fairly even distribution of interests along chromosome 9 as well as a strong input from more global activities and from comparative mapping. At least eight groups had participated in the goal set at the previous workshop which was to improve the fine genetic mapping in different regions of chromosome 9 by meiotic breakpoint mapping in allocated regions and this has resulted in some greatly improved order information. Excellent computing facilities were available and all contributed maps were entered not only into SIGMA (and thence submitted to GDB) but also into a dedicated version of ACEDB which can be accessed on the Web in the form of one of 28 slices into which the chromosome has been arbitrarily divided. It was generally agreed that the amount of data is now overwhelming and that the integration and validation of all data is not only unrealistic in a short meeting but probably impossible until the whole chromosome has been sequenced and fully annotated. Sequence-ready contigs presented at the meeting totalled about 3 MB which is about one fiftieth of the estimated length. The single biggest barrier to integration of maps is the problem of non-standard nomenclature of loci. In the past 2 workshops efforts have been made to compare traditional 'consensus' maps made by human insight (still probably best for small specific regions) with those generated with some computer assistance (such as SIGMA) and those generated objectively by defined computer algorithms such as ldb. Since no single form of map or representation is entirely satisfactory for all purposes the maps reproduced in the published version of the report are confined to one of the genetic maps, in which Genethon and older markers have been incorporated, a Sigma map of the genes as symbols together with a listing of known 'disease' genes on chromosome 9, and a revised assessment of the mouse map together with a list of mouse loci predicted to be on human chromosome 9. One of the 28 ACEDB slices is also shown to illustrate strengths and weaknesses of this approach. Workshop files include not only all maps available at the time but also details of loci and details of the meiotic breakpoints in the CEPH families (http:/(/)www.gene.ucl.ac.uk/scw9db.shtml) .
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Affiliation(s)
- S Povey
- MRC Human Biochemical Genetics Unit, Galton laboratory, University College London, UK
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18
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Cox SA, Attwood J, Bryant SP, Bains R, Povey S, Rebello M, Kapsetaki M, Moschonas NK, Grzeschik KH, Otto M, Dixon M, Sudworth HE, Kooy RF, Wright A, Teague P, Terrenato L, Vergnaud G, Monfouilloux S, Weissenbach J, Alibert O, Dib C, Fauré S, Bakker E, Pearson NM, Spurr NK. European Gene Mapping Project (EUROGEM): breakpoint panels for human chromosomes based on the CEPH reference families. Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain. Ann Hum Genet 1996; 60:447-86. [PMID: 9024576 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.1996.tb01614.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Meiotic breakpoint panels for human chromosomes 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20 and X were constructed from genotypes from the CEPH reference families. Each recombinant chromosome included has a breakpoint well-supported with reference to defined quantitative criteria. The panels were constructed at both a low-resolution, useful for a first-pass localization, and high-resolution, for a more precise placement. The availability of such panels will reduce the number of genotyping experiments necessary to order new polymorphisms with respect to existing genetic markers. This paper shows only a representative sample of the breakpoints detected. The complete data are available on the World Wide Web (URL http:/(/)www.icnet.uk/axp/hgr/eurogem++ +/HTML/data.html) or by anonymous ftp (ftp.gene.ucl.ac.uk in/pub/eurogem/maps/breakpoints).
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Cox
- Human Genetic Resources Laboratory, Imperial Cancer Research Fund. Potters Bar, Herts, UK
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19
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Abstract
An algorithm for detecting well-characterised breakpoints in human family data has been developed and implemented as a computer program. The well-established program CRI-Map is used to perform the necessary likelihood analysis and generate the individual chromosomes, and then a set of user-defined parameters is used to detect the breakpoints, sort them by their position and classify them according to their support. A further program produces PostScript figures giving a visual representation of the breakpoints. The programs can be applied to data from human chromosomes, and the resulting breakpoint panels used to place new markers rapidly on to the map by typing only a few key individuals and their ancestors. A service has been established on the World Wide Web for chromosome 9, allowing workers to fill in an on-line form requesting a suitable panel of breakpoints to facilitate the mapping of new markers. A key feature of this approach is that all of the computing is done whilst detecting the breakpoints, after which new markers can be positioned without any need for a computer. CROSSFIND has been used to generate all the meiotic breakpoint panels shown in the preceding paper by members of the Eurogem Collaboration (Cox et al 1996).
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Affiliation(s)
- J Attwood
- MRC Human Biochemical Genetics Unit, London, UK.
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20
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Morrison K, Papapetrou C, Attwood J, Hol F, Lynch SA, Sampath A, Hamel B, Burn J, Sowden J, Stott D, Mariman E, Edwards YH. Genetic mapping of the human homologue (T) of mouse T(Brachyury) and a search for allele association between human T and spina bifida. Hum Mol Genet 1996; 5:669-74. [PMID: 8733136 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/5.5.669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe a genetic analysis of the human homologue (T) of the mouse T (Brachyury) gene; human T was recently cloned in our laboratory. The protein product of the T gene is a transcription factor crucial in vertebrates for the formation of normal mesoderm. T mutant Brachyury mice die in midgestation with severe defects in posterior mesodermal tissues; heterozygous mice are viable but have posterior axial malformations. In addition to its importance in development, T has intrigued geneticists because of its association with the mouse t-haplotype; this haplotype is a variant form of the t-complex and is characterized by transmission ratio distortion, male sterility and recombination suppression. We have identified a common polymorphism of human T by single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) and used this in mapping studies and to re-investigate the idea that human T is involved in susceptibility to the multifactorial, neural tube defect, spina bifida. Our mapping data show that human T maps to 6q27 and lies between two other genes of the t-complex, TCP1 and TCP10. These data add to the evidence that in man the genes of the t-complex are split into two main locations on the short and long arms of chromosome 6. We have used an allele association test which is independent of mode of inheritance and penetrance to analyse data from the spina bifida families. Using this test we find evidence for a significant (p = 0.02) association between transmission of the TIVS7-2 allele of the human T gene and spina bifida.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Morrison
- MRC Human Biochemical Genetics Unit, University College London, UK
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21
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Brett PM, Le Bourdelles B, See CG, Whiting PJ, Attwood J, Woodward K, Robertson MM, Kalsi G, Povey S, Gurling HM. Genomic cloning and localization by FISH and linkage analysis of the human gene encoding the primary subunit NMDAR1 (GRIN1) of the NMDA receptor channel. Ann Hum Genet 1994; 58:95-100. [PMID: 7979163 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.1994.tb01879.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A cDNA clone of the NMDAR1 (isoform E) has been used to screen both lambda and cosmid genomic libraries. A genomic phage clone was identified and sequenced and was found to contain some of the 3' coding regions of the GRIN1 gene. This clone was used to localize the gene using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) to normal chromosomes, and also to a lymphoblastoid cell line containing a translocation involving chromosomes 9 and 15. FISH localized the gene to chromosome 9q34.3. The clone was used to screen a panel of genomic DNAs cut with 20 restriction enzymes. A VNTR sequence 5' to the gene, which was polymorphic for a number of restriction enzymes, was detected. A PvuII fragment of the genomic clone was found to detect the VNTR on Southern hybridization. The polymorphic VNTR marker was mapped against chromosome 9q34 markers using linkage analysis in the CEPH families. The GRIN1 gene was linked to D9S7 with a maximum lod score of 20.09 at zero recombination fraction in males and 0.03% recombination in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Brett
- University College London Medical School, Academic Department of Psychiatry
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22
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Povey S, Burley MW, Attwood J, Benham F, Hunt D, Jeremiah SJ, Franklin D, Gillett G, Malas S, Robson EB. Two loci for tuberous sclerosis: one on 9q34 and one on 16p13. Ann Hum Genet 1994; 58:107-27. [PMID: 7979156 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.1994.tb01881.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
32 families informative for the segregation of Tuberous sclerosis (TSC) have been examined for genetic markers on chromosomes 9, 11, 12 and 16. In one large family there was clear evidence of linkage to markers on chromosome 16p13.3 (lodscore with D16S291 of 4.7 at theta = 0) but other families were too small to give individually convincing lodscores. Combined results for all families gave positive results with ABO/DBH on chromosome 9 (max lod 2.63) and with D16S291 on chromosome 16 (max lod 3.98) at values of theta of 0.2 in each case. Further analysis showed strong evidence for heterogeneity with approximately half the families linked to a locus TSC1 on chromosome 9 between ASS and D9S298 and half to TSC2 on chromosome 16 close to D16S291. There was no definite support for a third locus although in many families this could not be excluded. In three families the segregation pattern of TSC remains unexplained. In two of these the family apparently segregates for TSC1 but in each case a single affected individual appeared to exclude the whole of the candidate region. Preliminary analysis of clinical features did not reveal any definite differences in incidence of mental handicap between individuals in different linkage groups or with different sex of the parent of origin. The frequencies of periungual fibromas and facial angiofibromas were also similar in both linkage groups. The difficulties of detecting linkage in small families where there is locus heterogeneity are discussed. The program ZZ was found to be helpful in this respect.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Povey
- MRC Human Biochemical Genetics Unit (UCL), Galton Laboratory, London
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23
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Abstract
This paper describes the Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain (CEPH) consortium linkage map of chromosome 9. A total of 124 markers were typed in the CEPH family DNAs by 14 contributing laboratories; of these, 42 loci are ordered on the map with likelihood support of at least 1000:1. The uniquely placed markers include 31 that can be typed by PCR. A further 28 markers that can be typed by PCR are approximately positioned on the map. Multilocus linkage analysis with CRI-MAP has produced male, female, and sex-averaged maps extending for 176, 237, and 209 cM, respectively, while sex-averaged maps produced with MAPMAKER and the multiple two-point program MAP extended for 170 and 129 cM, respectively. The male map contains only two intervals greater than 10 cM, and the mean genetic distance between the 42 uniquely placed loci is 4.3 cM. However, no markers were available to anchor the map at either telomere or the centromere. The results confirm the high level of interference suggested by chiasma maps of chromosome 9. Detailed meiotic breakpoints for three of the families are shown. These can be used to provide rapid placement of any new marker without the need for statistical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Attwood
- MRC Human Biochemical Genetics Unit, Galton Laboratory, University College London, England
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24
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Spurr NK, Bryant SP, Attwood J, Nyberg K, Cox SA, Mills A, Bains R, Warne D, Cullin L, Povey S. European Gene Mapping Project (EUROGEM): genetic maps based on the CEPH reference families. Eur J Hum Genet 1994; 2:193-203. [PMID: 7834280 DOI: 10.1159/000472364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- N K Spurr
- Human Genetic Resources Unit (HGR), Imperial Cancer Research Fund (ICRF), Clare Hall Laboratories, South Mimms, UK
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25
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Sherrington R, Mankoo B, Attwood J, Kalsi G, Curtis D, Buetow K, Povey S, Gurling H. Cloning of the human dopamine D5 receptor gene and identification of a highly polymorphic microsatellite for the DRD5 locus that shows tight linkage to the chromosome 4p reference marker RAF1P1. Genomics 1993; 18:423-5. [PMID: 8288248 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1993.1489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We identified a cosmid clone with exact sequence homology to part of the human dopamine D5 receptor gene (DRD5) after screening a cosmid library with the human DRD1 gene. The dopamine D5 receptor was mapped to chromosome 4p15.1-p15.3 by in situ hybridization and using a somatic cell hybrid panel. We report here the further localization of the DRD5 gene following identification of a highly polymorphic dinucleotide repeat sequence in the cosmid clone. The microsatellite (D5(CT/GT/GA)n) had 12 alleles with a polymorphic information content value of 0.77. Linkage analysis in 39 CEPH pedigrees demonstrated tight linkage to the chromosome 4p reference marker RAF1P1 (Zmaxf 20.66 at theta f 0.05 and ZmaxM 16.57 at theta m 0.07).
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sherrington
- Academic Department of Psychiatry, University College London Medical School, United Kingdom
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26
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Foster K, Ferrell R, King-Underwood L, Povey S, Attwood J, Rennick R, Humphries SE, Henney AM. Description of a dinucleotide repeat polymorphism in the human elastin gene and its use to confirm assignment of the gene to chromosome 7. Ann Hum Genet 1993; 57:87-96. [PMID: 8368807 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.1993.tb00890.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Informative polymorphisms have been very difficult to detect in the elastin gene, and this has hampered the analysis of heritable connective tissue disorders, notably the Marfan syndrome. We have recently detected a dinucleotide repeat polymorphism in intron 17 of the human elastin gene consisting of 8 alleles with sizes between 161 and 175 bp. Analysis of 540 chromosomes from unrelated Caucasian individuals revealed a bimodal frequency distribution typical of (dC-dA)n.(dG-dT)n repeat polymorphisms, with allele frequencies ranging from 0.004 (161 bp) to 0.574 (163 bp). As the elastin gene was originally assigned to chromosome 2q31-ter and because more recent data have suggested an assignment to 7q11.1-21.1, we have genotyped a sub-set of the CEPH pedigrees and carried out pairwise linkage analysis with markers on chromosomes 7 and 2. Lod-scores of between +3.70 and +13.69 were obtained with markers spanning 7p13-q22.1, whilst negative lod-scores were observed with the chromosome 2 markers. Analysis of type II human ovarian teratomas placed the elastin gene within 11 cM of the centromere on chromosome 7. Additionally, we detected the dinucleotide repeat in human-rodent cell hybrids containing chromosome 7, but not those containing chromosome 2. These data confirm the assignment of elastin to chromosome 7 and provide a new, highly informative marker for the analysis of heritable disorders of connective tissue for which elastin is a candidate gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Foster
- Department of Medicine, Rayne Institute, UCL Medical School, London, UK
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27
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Mitchison HM, Thompson AD, Mulley JC, Kozman HM, Richards RI, Callen DF, Stallings RL, Doggett NA, Attwood J, McKay TR. Fine genetic mapping of the Batten disease locus (CLN3) by haplotype analysis and demonstration of allelic association with chromosome 16p microsatellite loci. Genomics 1993; 16:455-60. [PMID: 8314582 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1993.1210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Batten disease, juvenile onset neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by accumulation of autofluorescent lipopigment in neurons and other cell types. The disease locus (CLN3) has previously been assigned to chromosome 16p. The genetic localization of CLN3 has been refined by analyzing 70 families using a high-resolution map of 15 marker loci encompassing the CLN3 region on 16p. Crossovers in three maternal meioses allowed localization of CLN3 to the interval between D16S297 and D16S57. Within that interval alleles at three highly polymorphic dinucleotide repeat loci (D16S288, D16S298, D16S299) were found to be in strong linkage disequilibrium with CLN3. Analysis of haplotypes suggests that a majority of CLN3 chromosomes have arisen from a single founder mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Mitchison
- Department of Paediatrics, University College London Medical School, Rayne Institute, United Kingdom
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28
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Spurr NK, Cox S, Bryant SP, Attwood J, Robson EB, Shields DC, Steinbrueck T, Jenkins T, Murray JC, Kidd KK. The CEPH consortium linkage map of human chromosome 2. Genomics 1992; 14:1055-63. [PMID: 1478647 DOI: 10.1016/s0888-7543(05)80129-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain (CEPH) consortium linkage map of chromosome 2. The map contains 36 loci defined by genotyping generated from the CEPH family DNAs. A total of 73 different markers were typed by 14 contributing laboratories; of these, 36 loci are ordered on the map with likelihood support of at least 1000:1. Markers are placed along the length of the chromosome but no markers were available to anchor the map at either telomere or the centromere. Multilocus linkage analysis has produced male, female, and sex-averaged maps extending for 261, 430, and 328 cM, respectively. The sex-averaged map contains five intervals greater than 15 cM and the mean genetic distance between the 36 uniquely placed loci is 9.1 cM.
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Spurr
- Human Genetic Resources Unit, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, Potters Bar, Herts, England
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29
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Abstract
The gene MUC3 which codes for a mucin expressed in intestine (Gum et al. 1990) has previously been mapped, using somatic cell hybrids, to chromosome 7. We describe here the regional localization of MUC3 to chromosome 7q22 by in situ hybridization. Preliminary linkage analysis using CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain) families supports this assignment and places MUC3 in the same linkage group as COL1A2 and CFTR.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Fox
- MRC Human Biochemical Genetics Unit, Galton Laboratory, University College London, UK
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30
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Cotter LA, Healy M, Buckley M, O’Morain C, Keane C, O’Moore RR, Dickey W, Roberts G, Orr G, Porter K, McCrory D, Halliday MI, Hoper M, Crockard A, Rowlands BJ, Chua A, Dinan T, Dunbar B, Weir DG, Keeling PWN, Johnston BT, Collins JSA, McFarland RJ, Love AHG, Darzi A, Speakman CTN, Spigelman A, Henry MM, fnTanner WA, fnMcEntee GP, fnKeane FB, Tighe O, Bennett M, Mulcahy H, Williams NN, Duignan JP, Bouchier-Hayes D, O’Donoghue D, Croke DT, Hill AD, Walsh TN, Hennessy TPJ, Goggin M, Joyce WP, Prendergast C, Gibney E, Traynor OJ, Hyland J, O’Brien S, Fitzgerald MX, Hegarty JE, Leahy A, Grace P, Qureshi A, Leader M, Broe P, Eustace S, Blake N, McDevitt J, Feighery CF, O’Farrelly C, Kelleher D, O’Connell MA, Stokes MA, Hill GL, Gaffney P, O’Leary J, Doyle C, Hogan J, Gaffney A, Attwood SEA, Murphy P, Stephens RB, Wilson RH, Gilliland R, Kee F, Sloan JM, Moorehead RJ, ’Suilleabhain G, Horgan A, Kirwan WO, Deans GT, Heatley M, Williamson K, Parks TG, Rowland BJ, Spence RAJ, Mealy K, Burke P, Herlyn M, Redmond HP, Clery AP, Deasy JM, Austin O, Meenan J, Canili RJ, Mathias PM, Beattie S, Hamilton H, Geoghegan JG, Cheng CA, Lawson DC, Pappas TN, Collins R, Beatie S, Collins JK, O’Sullivan G, Corbett A, Clements WDB, MacMathuna P, Lombard M, Gimson A, Westaby D, Williams R, Duggan M, Lennon J, Crowe J, Ritchie AJ, Johnston F, McGuigan J, Gibbons JRP, Buchanan KD, Gilvarry JM, Robinson R, Fielding JF, Lawler M, Humphries P, Sheils O, O’Briain DS, McCarthy J, McDermott M, Hourihane D, Gallagher H, Barry M, Lennon F, Hederman WP, O’Connell PR, Gorey TF, Fitzpatrick JM, Daly JM, Carthy JE, Redmond H, Croake D, Grace PA, Campbell G, Maguire O, Lynch S, Atwood J, Madrigal L, Attwood J, Murphy A, Shovlin P, Hegarty J, Egleston V, Mealy K, MacErlean DP, Johnston S, O’Malley K, McEntee G, Smyth E, Moran B, Plant G, Rees M, Brindley N, Osborne H, Lane B, Lynch G, Geraghty J, Murphy D, O’Brien M, Harte P. Irish Society of Gastroenterology. Abstracts. Ir J Med Sci 1992; 161:81-97. [PMID: 1517062 DOI: 10.1007/bf02983720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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31
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Cachon-Gonzalez MB, Delhanty JD, Burn J, Tsioupra K, Davis MB, Attwood J, Chapman P. Linkage analysis in adenomatous polyposis coli: the use of four closely linked DNA probes in 20 UK families. J Med Genet 1991; 28:681-5. [PMID: 1658324 PMCID: PMC1017054 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.28.10.681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Linkage analysis was carried out on 20 unselected UK families segregating for adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) using four closely linked DNA probes. Significant lod scores were obtained between APC and three markers: pi 227 (D5S37) theta = 0.16; C11p11 (D5S71) theta = 0.10; and YN5.48 (D5S81) theta = 0.00. The fourth, ECB27 (D5S98), gave low lod scores. The APC gene showed linkage with at least one of the probes used in all families, which is in agreement with previous publications. Combined lod scores are now sufficiently high to allow the use of these probes in presymptomatic diagnosis. Despite the fact that 61% of persons at risk were informative for at least one DNA marker, only 15% were informative with flanking probes. One prenatal diagnosis was performed where the initial request had been for sterilisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Cachon-Gonzalez
- Department of Genetics and Biometry, Galton Laboratory, University College, London
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32
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Janssen LA, Povey S, Attwood J, Sandkuyl LA, Lindhout D, Flodman P, Smith M, Sampson JR, Haines JL, Merkens EC. A comparative study on genetic heterogeneity in tuberous sclerosis: evidence for one gene on 9q34 and a second gene on 11q22-23. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1991; 615:306-15. [PMID: 2039153 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb37772.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L A Janssen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Hospital Dijkzigt, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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33
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Haines JL, Amos J, Attwood J, Bech-Hansen NT, Burley M, Conneally PM, Connor JM, Fahsold R, Flodman P, Fryer A. Genetic heterogeneity in tuberous sclerosis. Study of a large collaborative dataset. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1991; 615:256-64. [PMID: 1674844 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb37767.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis (TSC) is a multisystem autosomal dominant hamartosis whose genetics is complicated by reduced penetrance and widely varying clinical expression. Results of linkage analyses have variously suggested two different locations for a TSC gene. A collaborative dataset has been assembled to clarify the issue of genetic heterogeneity. We have now analyzed the data from a combined sample of 111 families. Using Ott's HOMOG programs, we completed three tests of homogeneity: (1) for chromosome 9q, (2) for chromosome 11q, and (3) for the combined 9q and 11q data. For test 1 the chi-square (1 df) was 21.54 (p less than 0.001), for test 2 the chi-square (1 df) was 0.13 (p greater than 0.35), and for test 3 the chi-square (2 df) was 37.61 (p less than 0.0001). Additionally, we examined the combined data for evidence that a third, as yet unlinked locus exists. Results of this last test were suggestive but not significant. Clearly loci for TSC are present on both chromosomes 9q and 11q. The maximum likelihood estimate of the proportion of chromosome 9q-linked families is 0.38, for chromosome 11q-linked families is 0.47, and for the unlinked type 0.15. Alternative explanations for these latter families include chance sampling of recombinants, nongenetic phenocopies, or misclassification.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Haines
- Molecular Neurogenetics Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
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34
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Povey S, Attwood J, Janssen LA, Burley M, Smith M, Flodman P, Morton NE, Edwards JH, Sampson JR, Yates JR. An attempt to map two genes for tuberous sclerosis using novel two-point methods. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1991; 615:298-305. [PMID: 1674846 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb37771.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Povey
- MRC Human Biochemical Genetics Unit, University College London, England
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35
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Griffiths B, Matthews DJ, West L, Attwood J, Povey S, Swallow DM, Gum JR, Kim YS. Assignment of the polymorphic intestinal mucin gene (MUC2) to chromosome 11p15. Ann Hum Genet 1990; 54:277-85. [PMID: 1980995 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.1990.tb00383.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A cDNA coding for a mucin expressed in intestine has recently been cloned (Gum et al. 1989). We describe here the use of this cDNA to map the gene (MUC2) to human chromosome 11 using somatic cell hybrids, and to make the regional localization to 11p15 by in situ hybridization. Analysis of the CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain) families revealed that MUC2 forms part of the tight linkage group on 11p15 which contains HRAS, INS, TH and HBBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Griffiths
- MRC Human Biochemical Genetics Unit, University College London
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36
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Edwards Y, Williams S, West L, Lipowicz S, Sheer D, Attwood J, Spurr N, Sarkar R, Saha N, Povey S. The polymorphic human DNA sequence D8S8 assigned to 8q13-21.1, close to the carbonic anhydrase gene cluster, by isotopic and nonisotopic in situ hybridization and by linkage analysis. Ann Hum Genet 1990; 54:131-9. [PMID: 1974408 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.1990.tb00369.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Restriction fragment length polymorphism at the D8S8 locus is explained by the occurrence of at least two alternative alleles at two separate TaqI sites; TaqI-A allele frequencies 0.73 and 0.27 and TaqI-B allele frequencies 0.94 and 0.06. The D8S8 locus has been assigned to 8q13-21.1, near to the carbonic anhydrase (CA) gene cluster, by in situ hybridization to metaphase chromosomes using both tritium and immunofluorescently labelled probes. Linkage analysis using the CEPH family DNA panel indicates a close genetic linkage between D8S8 and CA3, with a lod score of +7.80 at theta = 0.05 in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Edwards
- MRC Human Biochemical Genetics Unit, Galton Laboratory, University College London
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37
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Whitehouse DB, Attwood J, Green C, Bruce M, McQuade M, Tippett P. Inheritance and linkage data for an unusual combination of genes (at the LKE, PI and C6 loci) in a single large sibship. Ann Hum Genet 1988; 52:197-201. [PMID: 3250330 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.1988.tb01097.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of the groups of a large sibship showed that the locus for the blood group LKE is not closely linked to the loci for MNS, Rh, HLA, Pi, Gm and C6 and is genetically independent of the loci for P1, K, Xg, Au, secretor, and C3. The locus for the Auberger (Au) blood group was shown to be genetically independent of the locus for the blood group Kell and of the loci for C3, C6, Gc, HLA, Pi and Gm groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Whitehouse
- MRC Human Biochemical Genetics Unit, University College London
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Affiliation(s)
- J Attwood
- Genetics & Biometry Dept. U.C.L., London
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39
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Abstract
Spontaneous chromosome instability is well established for the dominantly inherited cancer prone condition, familial polyposis coli (FPC), but conflicting results have been obtained regarding sensitivity to mitomycin C (MMC). We have investigated cell survival in fibroblasts and the induction of sister chromatid exchanges and chromosome damage in lymphocytes and fibroblasts after MMC treatment. We can find no evidence for a differential response of FPC cells as measured by any of these parameters, although individual FPC fibroblast cultures did show an enhanced chromosomal response. Overall, the FPC mutation does not appear to result in defective DNA repair in response to MMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Mazzullo
- Department of Genetics and Biometry, University College London
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40
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Abstract
A single patient is presented in whom breast reconstruction after mastectomy for breast cancer has been achieved by sequential use of soft-tissue expansion followed by permanent silicone implant placement and thoracic flap advancement to define the inframammary fold. This procedure may play a useful role in patients in whom other, more complex methods of breast reconstruction are not selected or indicated and in particular in patients in whom bilateral silicone implants are utilized.
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Miners JO, Attwood J, Wing LM, Birkett DJ. Influence of cimetidine, sulfinpyrazone, and cigarette smoking on theobromine metabolism in man. Drug Metab Dispos 1985; 13:598-601. [PMID: 2865110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Theobromine metabolism and clearance were investigated at steady-state under chronic oral dosing conditions in eight healthy volunteers, four of whom were cigarette smokers. The subjects were studied before and after separate 1 week pretreatments with cimetidine (1 g/day) and sulfinpyrazone (800 mg/day). Theobromine plasma clearance (ClTB) was 33% higher in smokers than in non-smokers due to induction of all metabolic pathways (3-demethylation, 7-demethylation, and formation of 6-amino-5-(N-methylformylamino)-1-methyluracil (AMMU]. 7-Demethylation was induced by cigarette smoking to a greater extent than the other pathways. Cimetidine pretreatment inhibited theobromine 3-demethylation and AMMU formation resulting in a 27% decrease in ClTB in the combined smoker/nonsmoker group. The 7-demethylation pathway was unaffected by cimetidine. In contrast, sulfinpyrazone pretreatment increased ClTB by 50% in the whole group by approximately equal induction of each metabolic pathway. The extent of induction due to sulfinpyrazone was 2.4-fold greater in nonsmokers than in smokers. When compared with previous data relating to theophylline, the results suggest that theobromine 3-demethylation is mediated by the same form(s) of cytochrome P-450 involved in theophylline demethylation, while a second form(s) of cytochrome P-450 is involved in theobromine 7-demethylation and theophylline 8-hydroxylation. In addition, since AMMU formation was inhibited by cimetidine and induced by cigarette smoking and sulfinpyrazone, it would appear that the conversion of theobromine to AMMU is also mediated by cytochrome P-450.
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42
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Horrell R, Attwood J, Hodgson J. Determinants of social relations in sexually active groups of dairy heifers. Appl Anim Behav Sci 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1591(84)90076-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Miners JO, Attwood J, Birkett DJ. Determinants of acetaminophen metabolism: effect of inducers and inhibitors of drug metabolism on acetaminophen's metabolic pathways. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1984; 35:480-6. [PMID: 6705446 DOI: 10.1038/clpt.1984.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Acetaminophen metabolism and clearance after a single 1 gm oral dose of the drug was investigated in 12 healthy men, six of whom were cigarette smokers, and in six men who were receiving anticonvulsant drugs for epilepsy. The 12 healthy subjects were studied before and after 1 wk of pretreatment with cimetidine (1 gm/day) or sulfinpyrazone (800 mg/day). There was no significant difference in acetaminophen clearance (ClAP) between nonsmokers and smokers; cimetidine pretreatment had no effect on ClAP. Neither cigarette smoking nor cimetidine pretreatment had a significant effect on any of the metabolic pathways of acetaminophen. In contrast, sulfinpyrazone pretreatment increased ClAP by 23% (from 5.70 +/- 0.21 to 7.00 +/- 0.39 ml/min/kg) and ClAP was 46% greater in the epileptic subjects who received anticonvulsant drugs than in the control group (8.32 +/- 0.45 and 5.70 +/- 0.21 ml/ml/kg). In both cases the increase in ClAP was a result of induction of acetaminophen glucuronidation and oxidation; clearance of the glucuronic acid conjugate was 26% and 59% greater and clearance of the glutathione-derived conjugates (reflecting the activity of the oxidative pathway) was 43% and 60% greater in the groups given sulfinpyrazone and anticonvulsants, respectively.
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Abstract
Paracetamol metabolism was investigated in eight healthy males, eight healthy females and eight healthy females receiving oral contraceptive steroids (OCS). Paracetamol clearance was 22% greater in males compared to the control female group. This difference was entirely due to increased activity of the glucuronidation pathway in males, there being no sex-related differences in the sulphation or oxidative metabolism of paracetamol. Paracetamol clearance in females using OCS was 49% greater than in the control females. Glucuronidation and oxidative metabolism were both induced in OCS users (by 78% and 36% respectively) but sulphation was not altered. Although sex-related differences in paracetamol metabolism are unlikely to be of clinical importance, induction of paracetamol metabolism by OCS may have clinical and toxicological consequences.
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45
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Birkett DJ, Miners JO, Attwood J. Evidence for a dual action of sulphinpyrazone on drug metabolism in man: theophylline-sulphinpyrazone interaction. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1983; 15:567-9. [PMID: 6860533 PMCID: PMC1427728 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1983.tb02093.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of sulphinpyrazone administration on the metabolic and renal clearances of theophylline in man were investigated. Sulphinpyrazone increased total plasma theophylline clearance by 22%. This was the sum of increases in metabolic clearances by 3-demethylation (32%), 1-demethylation (30%) and 8-oxidation (22%) and of a decrease in renal clearance (27%). It is proposed that sulphinpyrazone has differential effects on at least two forms of cytochrome P-450 inhibiting one enzyme or group of enzymes which metabolises tolbutamide, phenytoin and S(-)warfarin and inducing a form (or forms) which metabolises theophylline, antipyrine and R(+)warfarin.
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Birkett DJ, Miners JO, Attwood J. Secondary metabolism of theophylline biotransformation products in man--route of formation of 1-methyluric acid. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1983; 15:117-9. [PMID: 6849735 PMCID: PMC1427820 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1983.tb01475.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The route of formation of 1-methyluric acid (1MU) from theophylline has been investigated by i.v. administration of 1-methylxanthine (1MX) before and after allopurinol treatment and of 1,3-dimethyluric acid (1,3DMU) to healthy male volunteers. 1,3DMU was recovered unchanged in urine and was not demethylated to 1MU. By contrast after administration of 1MX the major part of the dose was recovered as 1MU. After allopurinol this was reversed with most of the 1MX dose being excreted unchanged and only a minor amount as 1MU. The results show that 1MU derived from theophylline is formed by an initial 3-demethylation to 1MX and then a rapid xanthine oxidase mediated 8-oxidation. No 1MU is formed by 3-demethylation of 1,3DMU.
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Miners JO, Attwood J, Birkett DJ. Theobromine metabolism in man. Drug Metab Dispos 1982; 10:672-5. [PMID: 6130921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of allopurinol on the plasma clearance and metabolism of theobromine have been investigated under multiple-dosing conditions. Allopurinol had no effect on the clearance of theobromine, indicating that the elimination of this compound is dependent on enzyme systems other than xanthine oxidase, presumably the hepatic mixed-function oxidases. The excretion of 3-methylxanthine, 6-amino-5-(N-methylformylamino)-1-methyluracil, and unchanged theobromine were similarly unaffected by the allopurinol treatment. Although allopurinol abolished the formation of 7-methyluric acid (7MU) and increased the excretion of 7-methylxanthine (7MX), the metabolic clearance to (7MX + 7MU) was not significantly different with and without allopurinol. It is proposed that the secondary biotransformation of 7MX to 7MU is mediated by xanthine oxidase.
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Delhanty JD, Parrington JM, Casey G, Attwood J, West L, Kirk D, Corney G. Growth, DNA repair, sister chromatid exchange and chromosome studies in fibroblasts from Huntington's disease patients. Ann Hum Genet 1981; 45:181-98. [PMID: 6459055 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.1981.tb00320.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast cultures from six unrelated Huntington's Disease (HD) patients and controls and one affected relative of an HD patient were used in studies of cell growth, DNA repair, sister chromatid exchange (SCE) and chromosome aberrations. There were no significant differences in background levels of SCEs or of chromosome aberrations between HD cultures and controls. Preliminary results using epidermal growth factor indicated that HD cells may have a lowered relative response to this polypeptide hormone. Cell growth studies showed no correlation between growth rate and HD. Increased cell saturation density was recorded in cell lines from four of the HD patients; the remaining three lines from affected individuals (two of them related) were indistinguishable from control cultures. This variation may reflect genetic heterogeneity in HD. An apparent deficiency in DNA repair capacity following UV irradiation in cultures from three HD patients was subsequently shown to be the result of the increased cell saturation densities in these cultures.
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Delhanty JD, Attwood J, Wilkie D. The effect of Lampren on human cells in culture. Br J Exp Pathol 1974; 55:13-9. [PMID: 4835794 PMCID: PMC2072662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The rimino phenazine, Lampren, substantially inhibits mitosis and cell growth in cultured human fibroblasts at concentrations as low as 2·5 μg/ml; lethal effects were evident at high doses. Cells exposed to 5 μg/ml of the drug for not more than 24 hours had begun to recover by the third day with the appearance of mitoses. The addition of small amounts of the drug to respiring cells markedly stimulated oxygen uptake by the cells; at high concentrations oxygen uptake was depressed, demonstrating a direct effect of the drug on respiration.
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