13
|
Deen GF, Broutet N, Xu W, Knust B, Sesay FR, McDonald SLR, Ervin E, Marrinan JE, Gaillard P, Habib N, Liu H, Liu W, Thorson AE, Yamba F, Massaquoi TA, James F, Ariyarajah A, Ross C, Bernstein K, Coursier A, Klena J, Carino M, Wurie AH, Zhang Y, Dumbuya MS, Abad N, Idriss B, Wi T, Bennett SD, Davies T, Ebrahim FK, Meites E, Naidoo D, Smith SJ, Ongpin P, Malik T, Banerjee A, Erickson BR, Liu Y, Liu Y, Xu K, Brault A, Durski KN, Winter J, Sealy T, Nichol ST, Lamunu M, Bangura J, Landoulsi S, Jambai A, Morgan O, Wu G, Liang M, Su Q, Lan Y, Hao Y, Formenty P, Ströher U, Sahr F. Ebola RNA Persistence in Semen of Ebola Virus Disease Survivors - Final Report. N Engl J Med 2017; 377:1428-1437. [PMID: 26465681 PMCID: PMC5798881 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1511410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ebola virus has been detected in the semen of men after their recovery from Ebola virus disease (EVD). We report the presence of Ebola virus RNA in semen in a cohort of survivors of EVD in Sierra Leone. METHODS We enrolled a convenience sample of 220 adult male survivors of EVD in Sierra Leone, at various times after discharge from an Ebola treatment unit (ETU), in two phases (100 participants were in phase 1, and 120 in phase 2). Semen specimens obtained at baseline were tested by means of a quantitative reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction (RT-PCR) assay with the use of the target sequences of NP and VP40 (in phase 1) or NP and GP (in phase 2). This study did not evaluate directly the risk of sexual transmission of EVD. RESULTS Of 210 participants who provided an initial semen specimen for analysis, 57 (27%) had positive results on quantitative RT-PCR. Ebola virus RNA was detected in the semen of all 7 men with a specimen obtained within 3 months after ETU discharge, in 26 of 42 (62%) with a specimen obtained at 4 to 6 months, in 15 of 60 (25%) with a specimen obtained at 7 to 9 months, in 4 of 26 (15%) with a specimen obtained at 10 to 12 months, in 4 of 38 (11%) with a specimen obtained at 13 to 15 months, in 1 of 25 (4%) with a specimen obtained at 16 to 18 months, and in no men with a specimen obtained at 19 months or later. Among the 46 participants with a positive result in phase 1, the median baseline cycle-threshold values (higher values indicate lower RNA values) for the NP and VP40 targets were lower within 3 months after ETU discharge (32.4 and 31.3, respectively; in 7 men) than at 4 to 6 months (34.3 and 33.1; in 25), at 7 to 9 months (37.4 and 36.6; in 13), and at 10 to 12 months (37.7 and 36.9; in 1). In phase 2, a total of 11 participants had positive results for NP and GP targets (samples obtained at 4.1 to 15.7 months after ETU discharge); cycle-threshold values ranged from 32.7 to 38.0 for NP and from 31.1 to 37.7 for GP. CONCLUSIONS These data showed the long-term presence of Ebola virus RNA in semen and declining persistence with increasing time after ETU discharge. (Funded by the World Health Organization and others.).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gibrilla F Deen
- From the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.)
| | - Nathalie Broutet
- From the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.)
| | - Wenbo Xu
- From the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.)
| | - Barbara Knust
- From the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.)
| | - Foday R Sesay
- From the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.)
| | - Suzanna L R McDonald
- From the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.)
| | - Elizabeth Ervin
- From the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.)
| | - Jaclyn E Marrinan
- From the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.)
| | - Philippe Gaillard
- From the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.)
| | - Ndema Habib
- From the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.)
| | - Hongtu Liu
- From the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.)
| | - William Liu
- From the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.)
| | - Anna E Thorson
- From the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.)
| | - Francis Yamba
- From the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.)
| | - Thomas A Massaquoi
- From the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.)
| | - Faustin James
- From the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.)
| | - Archchun Ariyarajah
- From the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.)
| | - Christine Ross
- From the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.)
| | - Kyle Bernstein
- From the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.)
| | - Antoine Coursier
- From the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.)
| | - John Klena
- From the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.)
| | - Marylin Carino
- From the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.)
| | - Alie H Wurie
- From the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.)
| | - Yong Zhang
- From the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.)
| | - Marion S Dumbuya
- From the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.)
| | - Neetu Abad
- From the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.)
| | - Baimba Idriss
- From the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.)
| | - Teodora Wi
- From the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.)
| | - Sarah D Bennett
- From the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.)
| | - Tina Davies
- From the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.)
| | - Faiqa K Ebrahim
- From the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.)
| | - Elissa Meites
- From the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.)
| | - Dhamari Naidoo
- From the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.)
| | - Samuel J Smith
- From the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.)
| | - Patricia Ongpin
- From the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.)
| | - Tasneem Malik
- From the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.)
| | - Anshu Banerjee
- From the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.)
| | - Bobbie R Erickson
- From the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.)
| | - Yongjian Liu
- From the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.)
| | - Yang Liu
- From the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.)
| | - Ke Xu
- From the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.)
| | - Aaron Brault
- From the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.)
| | - Kara N Durski
- From the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.)
| | - Jörn Winter
- From the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.)
| | - Tara Sealy
- From the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.)
| | - Stuart T Nichol
- From the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.)
| | - Margaret Lamunu
- From the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.)
| | - James Bangura
- From the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.)
| | - Sihem Landoulsi
- From the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.)
| | - Amara Jambai
- From the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.)
| | - Oliver Morgan
- From the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.)
| | - Guizhen Wu
- From the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.)
| | - Mifang Liang
- From the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.)
| | - Qiudong Su
- From the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.)
| | - Yu Lan
- From the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.)
| | - Yanzhe Hao
- From the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.)
| | - Pierre Formenty
- From the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.)
| | - Ute Ströher
- From the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.)
| | - Foday Sahr
- From the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Crowe SJ, Maenner MJ, Kuah S, Erickson BR, Coffee M, Knust B, Klena J, Foday J, Hertz D, Hermans V, Achar J, Caleo GM, Van Herp M, Albariño CG, Amman B, Basile AJ, Bearden S, Belser JA, Bergeron E, Blau D, Brault AC, Campbell S, Flint M, Gibbons A, Goodman C, McMullan L, Paddock C, Russell B, Salzer JS, Sanchez A, Sealy T, Wang D, Saffa G, Turay A, Nichol ST, Towner JS. Prognostic Indicators for Ebola Patient Survival. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 22:217-23. [PMID: 26812579 PMCID: PMC4734506 DOI: 10.3201/eid2202.151250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine whether 2 readily available indicators predicted survival among patients with Ebola virus disease in Sierra Leone, we evaluated information for 216 of the 227 patients in Bo District during a 4-month period. The indicators were time from symptom onset to healthcare facility admission and quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR cycle threshold (Ct), a surrogate for viral load, in first Ebola virus-positive blood sample tested. Of these patients, 151 were alive when detected and had reported healthcare facility admission dates and Ct values available. Time from symptom onset to healthcare facility admission was not associated with survival, but viral load in the first Ebola virus-positive blood sample was inversely associated with survival: 52 (87%) of 60 patients with a Ct of >24 survived and 20 (22%) of 91 with a Ct of <24 survived. Ct values may be useful for clinicians making treatment decisions or managing patient or family expectations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Solomon Kuah
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (S.J. Crowe, M.J. Maenner, B.R. Erickson, B. Knust, J. Klena, C.G. Albariño, B. Amman, J.A. Belser, E. Bergeron, D. Blau, S. Campbell, M. Flint, A. Gibbons, L. McMullan, C. Paddock, J.S. Salzer, A. Sanchez, T. Sealy, D. Wang, S.T. Nichol, J.S. Towner)
- International Rescue Committee, New York, New York, USA (S. Kuah, M. Coffee, D. Hertz)
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Bo Town, Sierra Leone (J. Foday, G. Saffa, A. Turay)
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Brussels, Belgium (V. Hermans, M. Van Herp); Médecins Sans Frontières, London, UK (J. Achar, G.M. Caleo)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (A.J. Basile, S. Bearden, A.C. Brault, C. Goodman, B. Russell)
| | - Bobbie Rae Erickson
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (S.J. Crowe, M.J. Maenner, B.R. Erickson, B. Knust, J. Klena, C.G. Albariño, B. Amman, J.A. Belser, E. Bergeron, D. Blau, S. Campbell, M. Flint, A. Gibbons, L. McMullan, C. Paddock, J.S. Salzer, A. Sanchez, T. Sealy, D. Wang, S.T. Nichol, J.S. Towner)
- International Rescue Committee, New York, New York, USA (S. Kuah, M. Coffee, D. Hertz)
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Bo Town, Sierra Leone (J. Foday, G. Saffa, A. Turay)
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Brussels, Belgium (V. Hermans, M. Van Herp); Médecins Sans Frontières, London, UK (J. Achar, G.M. Caleo)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (A.J. Basile, S. Bearden, A.C. Brault, C. Goodman, B. Russell)
| | - Megan Coffee
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (S.J. Crowe, M.J. Maenner, B.R. Erickson, B. Knust, J. Klena, C.G. Albariño, B. Amman, J.A. Belser, E. Bergeron, D. Blau, S. Campbell, M. Flint, A. Gibbons, L. McMullan, C. Paddock, J.S. Salzer, A. Sanchez, T. Sealy, D. Wang, S.T. Nichol, J.S. Towner)
- International Rescue Committee, New York, New York, USA (S. Kuah, M. Coffee, D. Hertz)
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Bo Town, Sierra Leone (J. Foday, G. Saffa, A. Turay)
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Brussels, Belgium (V. Hermans, M. Van Herp); Médecins Sans Frontières, London, UK (J. Achar, G.M. Caleo)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (A.J. Basile, S. Bearden, A.C. Brault, C. Goodman, B. Russell)
| | - Barbara Knust
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (S.J. Crowe, M.J. Maenner, B.R. Erickson, B. Knust, J. Klena, C.G. Albariño, B. Amman, J.A. Belser, E. Bergeron, D. Blau, S. Campbell, M. Flint, A. Gibbons, L. McMullan, C. Paddock, J.S. Salzer, A. Sanchez, T. Sealy, D. Wang, S.T. Nichol, J.S. Towner)
- International Rescue Committee, New York, New York, USA (S. Kuah, M. Coffee, D. Hertz)
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Bo Town, Sierra Leone (J. Foday, G. Saffa, A. Turay)
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Brussels, Belgium (V. Hermans, M. Van Herp); Médecins Sans Frontières, London, UK (J. Achar, G.M. Caleo)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (A.J. Basile, S. Bearden, A.C. Brault, C. Goodman, B. Russell)
| | - John Klena
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (S.J. Crowe, M.J. Maenner, B.R. Erickson, B. Knust, J. Klena, C.G. Albariño, B. Amman, J.A. Belser, E. Bergeron, D. Blau, S. Campbell, M. Flint, A. Gibbons, L. McMullan, C. Paddock, J.S. Salzer, A. Sanchez, T. Sealy, D. Wang, S.T. Nichol, J.S. Towner)
- International Rescue Committee, New York, New York, USA (S. Kuah, M. Coffee, D. Hertz)
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Bo Town, Sierra Leone (J. Foday, G. Saffa, A. Turay)
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Brussels, Belgium (V. Hermans, M. Van Herp); Médecins Sans Frontières, London, UK (J. Achar, G.M. Caleo)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (A.J. Basile, S. Bearden, A.C. Brault, C. Goodman, B. Russell)
| | - Joyce Foday
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (S.J. Crowe, M.J. Maenner, B.R. Erickson, B. Knust, J. Klena, C.G. Albariño, B. Amman, J.A. Belser, E. Bergeron, D. Blau, S. Campbell, M. Flint, A. Gibbons, L. McMullan, C. Paddock, J.S. Salzer, A. Sanchez, T. Sealy, D. Wang, S.T. Nichol, J.S. Towner)
- International Rescue Committee, New York, New York, USA (S. Kuah, M. Coffee, D. Hertz)
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Bo Town, Sierra Leone (J. Foday, G. Saffa, A. Turay)
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Brussels, Belgium (V. Hermans, M. Van Herp); Médecins Sans Frontières, London, UK (J. Achar, G.M. Caleo)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (A.J. Basile, S. Bearden, A.C. Brault, C. Goodman, B. Russell)
| | - Darren Hertz
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (S.J. Crowe, M.J. Maenner, B.R. Erickson, B. Knust, J. Klena, C.G. Albariño, B. Amman, J.A. Belser, E. Bergeron, D. Blau, S. Campbell, M. Flint, A. Gibbons, L. McMullan, C. Paddock, J.S. Salzer, A. Sanchez, T. Sealy, D. Wang, S.T. Nichol, J.S. Towner)
- International Rescue Committee, New York, New York, USA (S. Kuah, M. Coffee, D. Hertz)
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Bo Town, Sierra Leone (J. Foday, G. Saffa, A. Turay)
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Brussels, Belgium (V. Hermans, M. Van Herp); Médecins Sans Frontières, London, UK (J. Achar, G.M. Caleo)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (A.J. Basile, S. Bearden, A.C. Brault, C. Goodman, B. Russell)
| | - Veerle Hermans
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (S.J. Crowe, M.J. Maenner, B.R. Erickson, B. Knust, J. Klena, C.G. Albariño, B. Amman, J.A. Belser, E. Bergeron, D. Blau, S. Campbell, M. Flint, A. Gibbons, L. McMullan, C. Paddock, J.S. Salzer, A. Sanchez, T. Sealy, D. Wang, S.T. Nichol, J.S. Towner)
- International Rescue Committee, New York, New York, USA (S. Kuah, M. Coffee, D. Hertz)
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Bo Town, Sierra Leone (J. Foday, G. Saffa, A. Turay)
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Brussels, Belgium (V. Hermans, M. Van Herp); Médecins Sans Frontières, London, UK (J. Achar, G.M. Caleo)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (A.J. Basile, S. Bearden, A.C. Brault, C. Goodman, B. Russell)
| | - Jay Achar
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (S.J. Crowe, M.J. Maenner, B.R. Erickson, B. Knust, J. Klena, C.G. Albariño, B. Amman, J.A. Belser, E. Bergeron, D. Blau, S. Campbell, M. Flint, A. Gibbons, L. McMullan, C. Paddock, J.S. Salzer, A. Sanchez, T. Sealy, D. Wang, S.T. Nichol, J.S. Towner)
- International Rescue Committee, New York, New York, USA (S. Kuah, M. Coffee, D. Hertz)
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Bo Town, Sierra Leone (J. Foday, G. Saffa, A. Turay)
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Brussels, Belgium (V. Hermans, M. Van Herp); Médecins Sans Frontières, London, UK (J. Achar, G.M. Caleo)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (A.J. Basile, S. Bearden, A.C. Brault, C. Goodman, B. Russell)
| | - Grazia M. Caleo
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (S.J. Crowe, M.J. Maenner, B.R. Erickson, B. Knust, J. Klena, C.G. Albariño, B. Amman, J.A. Belser, E. Bergeron, D. Blau, S. Campbell, M. Flint, A. Gibbons, L. McMullan, C. Paddock, J.S. Salzer, A. Sanchez, T. Sealy, D. Wang, S.T. Nichol, J.S. Towner)
- International Rescue Committee, New York, New York, USA (S. Kuah, M. Coffee, D. Hertz)
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Bo Town, Sierra Leone (J. Foday, G. Saffa, A. Turay)
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Brussels, Belgium (V. Hermans, M. Van Herp); Médecins Sans Frontières, London, UK (J. Achar, G.M. Caleo)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (A.J. Basile, S. Bearden, A.C. Brault, C. Goodman, B. Russell)
| | - Michel Van Herp
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (S.J. Crowe, M.J. Maenner, B.R. Erickson, B. Knust, J. Klena, C.G. Albariño, B. Amman, J.A. Belser, E. Bergeron, D. Blau, S. Campbell, M. Flint, A. Gibbons, L. McMullan, C. Paddock, J.S. Salzer, A. Sanchez, T. Sealy, D. Wang, S.T. Nichol, J.S. Towner)
- International Rescue Committee, New York, New York, USA (S. Kuah, M. Coffee, D. Hertz)
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Bo Town, Sierra Leone (J. Foday, G. Saffa, A. Turay)
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Brussels, Belgium (V. Hermans, M. Van Herp); Médecins Sans Frontières, London, UK (J. Achar, G.M. Caleo)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (A.J. Basile, S. Bearden, A.C. Brault, C. Goodman, B. Russell)
| | - César G. Albariño
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (S.J. Crowe, M.J. Maenner, B.R. Erickson, B. Knust, J. Klena, C.G. Albariño, B. Amman, J.A. Belser, E. Bergeron, D. Blau, S. Campbell, M. Flint, A. Gibbons, L. McMullan, C. Paddock, J.S. Salzer, A. Sanchez, T. Sealy, D. Wang, S.T. Nichol, J.S. Towner)
- International Rescue Committee, New York, New York, USA (S. Kuah, M. Coffee, D. Hertz)
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Bo Town, Sierra Leone (J. Foday, G. Saffa, A. Turay)
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Brussels, Belgium (V. Hermans, M. Van Herp); Médecins Sans Frontières, London, UK (J. Achar, G.M. Caleo)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (A.J. Basile, S. Bearden, A.C. Brault, C. Goodman, B. Russell)
| | - Brian Amman
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (S.J. Crowe, M.J. Maenner, B.R. Erickson, B. Knust, J. Klena, C.G. Albariño, B. Amman, J.A. Belser, E. Bergeron, D. Blau, S. Campbell, M. Flint, A. Gibbons, L. McMullan, C. Paddock, J.S. Salzer, A. Sanchez, T. Sealy, D. Wang, S.T. Nichol, J.S. Towner)
- International Rescue Committee, New York, New York, USA (S. Kuah, M. Coffee, D. Hertz)
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Bo Town, Sierra Leone (J. Foday, G. Saffa, A. Turay)
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Brussels, Belgium (V. Hermans, M. Van Herp); Médecins Sans Frontières, London, UK (J. Achar, G.M. Caleo)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (A.J. Basile, S. Bearden, A.C. Brault, C. Goodman, B. Russell)
| | - Alison Jane Basile
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (S.J. Crowe, M.J. Maenner, B.R. Erickson, B. Knust, J. Klena, C.G. Albariño, B. Amman, J.A. Belser, E. Bergeron, D. Blau, S. Campbell, M. Flint, A. Gibbons, L. McMullan, C. Paddock, J.S. Salzer, A. Sanchez, T. Sealy, D. Wang, S.T. Nichol, J.S. Towner)
- International Rescue Committee, New York, New York, USA (S. Kuah, M. Coffee, D. Hertz)
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Bo Town, Sierra Leone (J. Foday, G. Saffa, A. Turay)
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Brussels, Belgium (V. Hermans, M. Van Herp); Médecins Sans Frontières, London, UK (J. Achar, G.M. Caleo)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (A.J. Basile, S. Bearden, A.C. Brault, C. Goodman, B. Russell)
| | - Scott Bearden
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (S.J. Crowe, M.J. Maenner, B.R. Erickson, B. Knust, J. Klena, C.G. Albariño, B. Amman, J.A. Belser, E. Bergeron, D. Blau, S. Campbell, M. Flint, A. Gibbons, L. McMullan, C. Paddock, J.S. Salzer, A. Sanchez, T. Sealy, D. Wang, S.T. Nichol, J.S. Towner)
- International Rescue Committee, New York, New York, USA (S. Kuah, M. Coffee, D. Hertz)
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Bo Town, Sierra Leone (J. Foday, G. Saffa, A. Turay)
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Brussels, Belgium (V. Hermans, M. Van Herp); Médecins Sans Frontières, London, UK (J. Achar, G.M. Caleo)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (A.J. Basile, S. Bearden, A.C. Brault, C. Goodman, B. Russell)
| | - Jessica A. Belser
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (S.J. Crowe, M.J. Maenner, B.R. Erickson, B. Knust, J. Klena, C.G. Albariño, B. Amman, J.A. Belser, E. Bergeron, D. Blau, S. Campbell, M. Flint, A. Gibbons, L. McMullan, C. Paddock, J.S. Salzer, A. Sanchez, T. Sealy, D. Wang, S.T. Nichol, J.S. Towner)
- International Rescue Committee, New York, New York, USA (S. Kuah, M. Coffee, D. Hertz)
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Bo Town, Sierra Leone (J. Foday, G. Saffa, A. Turay)
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Brussels, Belgium (V. Hermans, M. Van Herp); Médecins Sans Frontières, London, UK (J. Achar, G.M. Caleo)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (A.J. Basile, S. Bearden, A.C. Brault, C. Goodman, B. Russell)
| | - Eric Bergeron
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (S.J. Crowe, M.J. Maenner, B.R. Erickson, B. Knust, J. Klena, C.G. Albariño, B. Amman, J.A. Belser, E. Bergeron, D. Blau, S. Campbell, M. Flint, A. Gibbons, L. McMullan, C. Paddock, J.S. Salzer, A. Sanchez, T. Sealy, D. Wang, S.T. Nichol, J.S. Towner)
- International Rescue Committee, New York, New York, USA (S. Kuah, M. Coffee, D. Hertz)
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Bo Town, Sierra Leone (J. Foday, G. Saffa, A. Turay)
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Brussels, Belgium (V. Hermans, M. Van Herp); Médecins Sans Frontières, London, UK (J. Achar, G.M. Caleo)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (A.J. Basile, S. Bearden, A.C. Brault, C. Goodman, B. Russell)
| | - Dianna Blau
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (S.J. Crowe, M.J. Maenner, B.R. Erickson, B. Knust, J. Klena, C.G. Albariño, B. Amman, J.A. Belser, E. Bergeron, D. Blau, S. Campbell, M. Flint, A. Gibbons, L. McMullan, C. Paddock, J.S. Salzer, A. Sanchez, T. Sealy, D. Wang, S.T. Nichol, J.S. Towner)
- International Rescue Committee, New York, New York, USA (S. Kuah, M. Coffee, D. Hertz)
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Bo Town, Sierra Leone (J. Foday, G. Saffa, A. Turay)
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Brussels, Belgium (V. Hermans, M. Van Herp); Médecins Sans Frontières, London, UK (J. Achar, G.M. Caleo)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (A.J. Basile, S. Bearden, A.C. Brault, C. Goodman, B. Russell)
| | - Aaron C. Brault
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (S.J. Crowe, M.J. Maenner, B.R. Erickson, B. Knust, J. Klena, C.G. Albariño, B. Amman, J.A. Belser, E. Bergeron, D. Blau, S. Campbell, M. Flint, A. Gibbons, L. McMullan, C. Paddock, J.S. Salzer, A. Sanchez, T. Sealy, D. Wang, S.T. Nichol, J.S. Towner)
- International Rescue Committee, New York, New York, USA (S. Kuah, M. Coffee, D. Hertz)
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Bo Town, Sierra Leone (J. Foday, G. Saffa, A. Turay)
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Brussels, Belgium (V. Hermans, M. Van Herp); Médecins Sans Frontières, London, UK (J. Achar, G.M. Caleo)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (A.J. Basile, S. Bearden, A.C. Brault, C. Goodman, B. Russell)
| | - Shelley Campbell
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (S.J. Crowe, M.J. Maenner, B.R. Erickson, B. Knust, J. Klena, C.G. Albariño, B. Amman, J.A. Belser, E. Bergeron, D. Blau, S. Campbell, M. Flint, A. Gibbons, L. McMullan, C. Paddock, J.S. Salzer, A. Sanchez, T. Sealy, D. Wang, S.T. Nichol, J.S. Towner)
- International Rescue Committee, New York, New York, USA (S. Kuah, M. Coffee, D. Hertz)
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Bo Town, Sierra Leone (J. Foday, G. Saffa, A. Turay)
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Brussels, Belgium (V. Hermans, M. Van Herp); Médecins Sans Frontières, London, UK (J. Achar, G.M. Caleo)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (A.J. Basile, S. Bearden, A.C. Brault, C. Goodman, B. Russell)
| | - Mike Flint
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (S.J. Crowe, M.J. Maenner, B.R. Erickson, B. Knust, J. Klena, C.G. Albariño, B. Amman, J.A. Belser, E. Bergeron, D. Blau, S. Campbell, M. Flint, A. Gibbons, L. McMullan, C. Paddock, J.S. Salzer, A. Sanchez, T. Sealy, D. Wang, S.T. Nichol, J.S. Towner)
- International Rescue Committee, New York, New York, USA (S. Kuah, M. Coffee, D. Hertz)
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Bo Town, Sierra Leone (J. Foday, G. Saffa, A. Turay)
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Brussels, Belgium (V. Hermans, M. Van Herp); Médecins Sans Frontières, London, UK (J. Achar, G.M. Caleo)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (A.J. Basile, S. Bearden, A.C. Brault, C. Goodman, B. Russell)
| | - Aridth Gibbons
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (S.J. Crowe, M.J. Maenner, B.R. Erickson, B. Knust, J. Klena, C.G. Albariño, B. Amman, J.A. Belser, E. Bergeron, D. Blau, S. Campbell, M. Flint, A. Gibbons, L. McMullan, C. Paddock, J.S. Salzer, A. Sanchez, T. Sealy, D. Wang, S.T. Nichol, J.S. Towner)
- International Rescue Committee, New York, New York, USA (S. Kuah, M. Coffee, D. Hertz)
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Bo Town, Sierra Leone (J. Foday, G. Saffa, A. Turay)
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Brussels, Belgium (V. Hermans, M. Van Herp); Médecins Sans Frontières, London, UK (J. Achar, G.M. Caleo)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (A.J. Basile, S. Bearden, A.C. Brault, C. Goodman, B. Russell)
| | - Christin Goodman
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (S.J. Crowe, M.J. Maenner, B.R. Erickson, B. Knust, J. Klena, C.G. Albariño, B. Amman, J.A. Belser, E. Bergeron, D. Blau, S. Campbell, M. Flint, A. Gibbons, L. McMullan, C. Paddock, J.S. Salzer, A. Sanchez, T. Sealy, D. Wang, S.T. Nichol, J.S. Towner)
- International Rescue Committee, New York, New York, USA (S. Kuah, M. Coffee, D. Hertz)
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Bo Town, Sierra Leone (J. Foday, G. Saffa, A. Turay)
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Brussels, Belgium (V. Hermans, M. Van Herp); Médecins Sans Frontières, London, UK (J. Achar, G.M. Caleo)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (A.J. Basile, S. Bearden, A.C. Brault, C. Goodman, B. Russell)
| | - Laura McMullan
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (S.J. Crowe, M.J. Maenner, B.R. Erickson, B. Knust, J. Klena, C.G. Albariño, B. Amman, J.A. Belser, E. Bergeron, D. Blau, S. Campbell, M. Flint, A. Gibbons, L. McMullan, C. Paddock, J.S. Salzer, A. Sanchez, T. Sealy, D. Wang, S.T. Nichol, J.S. Towner)
- International Rescue Committee, New York, New York, USA (S. Kuah, M. Coffee, D. Hertz)
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Bo Town, Sierra Leone (J. Foday, G. Saffa, A. Turay)
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Brussels, Belgium (V. Hermans, M. Van Herp); Médecins Sans Frontières, London, UK (J. Achar, G.M. Caleo)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (A.J. Basile, S. Bearden, A.C. Brault, C. Goodman, B. Russell)
| | - Christopher Paddock
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (S.J. Crowe, M.J. Maenner, B.R. Erickson, B. Knust, J. Klena, C.G. Albariño, B. Amman, J.A. Belser, E. Bergeron, D. Blau, S. Campbell, M. Flint, A. Gibbons, L. McMullan, C. Paddock, J.S. Salzer, A. Sanchez, T. Sealy, D. Wang, S.T. Nichol, J.S. Towner)
- International Rescue Committee, New York, New York, USA (S. Kuah, M. Coffee, D. Hertz)
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Bo Town, Sierra Leone (J. Foday, G. Saffa, A. Turay)
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Brussels, Belgium (V. Hermans, M. Van Herp); Médecins Sans Frontières, London, UK (J. Achar, G.M. Caleo)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (A.J. Basile, S. Bearden, A.C. Brault, C. Goodman, B. Russell)
| | - Brandy Russell
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (S.J. Crowe, M.J. Maenner, B.R. Erickson, B. Knust, J. Klena, C.G. Albariño, B. Amman, J.A. Belser, E. Bergeron, D. Blau, S. Campbell, M. Flint, A. Gibbons, L. McMullan, C. Paddock, J.S. Salzer, A. Sanchez, T. Sealy, D. Wang, S.T. Nichol, J.S. Towner)
- International Rescue Committee, New York, New York, USA (S. Kuah, M. Coffee, D. Hertz)
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Bo Town, Sierra Leone (J. Foday, G. Saffa, A. Turay)
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Brussels, Belgium (V. Hermans, M. Van Herp); Médecins Sans Frontières, London, UK (J. Achar, G.M. Caleo)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (A.J. Basile, S. Bearden, A.C. Brault, C. Goodman, B. Russell)
| | - Johanna S. Salzer
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (S.J. Crowe, M.J. Maenner, B.R. Erickson, B. Knust, J. Klena, C.G. Albariño, B. Amman, J.A. Belser, E. Bergeron, D. Blau, S. Campbell, M. Flint, A. Gibbons, L. McMullan, C. Paddock, J.S. Salzer, A. Sanchez, T. Sealy, D. Wang, S.T. Nichol, J.S. Towner)
- International Rescue Committee, New York, New York, USA (S. Kuah, M. Coffee, D. Hertz)
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Bo Town, Sierra Leone (J. Foday, G. Saffa, A. Turay)
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Brussels, Belgium (V. Hermans, M. Van Herp); Médecins Sans Frontières, London, UK (J. Achar, G.M. Caleo)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (A.J. Basile, S. Bearden, A.C. Brault, C. Goodman, B. Russell)
| | - Angela Sanchez
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (S.J. Crowe, M.J. Maenner, B.R. Erickson, B. Knust, J. Klena, C.G. Albariño, B. Amman, J.A. Belser, E. Bergeron, D. Blau, S. Campbell, M. Flint, A. Gibbons, L. McMullan, C. Paddock, J.S. Salzer, A. Sanchez, T. Sealy, D. Wang, S.T. Nichol, J.S. Towner)
- International Rescue Committee, New York, New York, USA (S. Kuah, M. Coffee, D. Hertz)
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Bo Town, Sierra Leone (J. Foday, G. Saffa, A. Turay)
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Brussels, Belgium (V. Hermans, M. Van Herp); Médecins Sans Frontières, London, UK (J. Achar, G.M. Caleo)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (A.J. Basile, S. Bearden, A.C. Brault, C. Goodman, B. Russell)
| | - Tara Sealy
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (S.J. Crowe, M.J. Maenner, B.R. Erickson, B. Knust, J. Klena, C.G. Albariño, B. Amman, J.A. Belser, E. Bergeron, D. Blau, S. Campbell, M. Flint, A. Gibbons, L. McMullan, C. Paddock, J.S. Salzer, A. Sanchez, T. Sealy, D. Wang, S.T. Nichol, J.S. Towner)
- International Rescue Committee, New York, New York, USA (S. Kuah, M. Coffee, D. Hertz)
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Bo Town, Sierra Leone (J. Foday, G. Saffa, A. Turay)
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Brussels, Belgium (V. Hermans, M. Van Herp); Médecins Sans Frontières, London, UK (J. Achar, G.M. Caleo)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (A.J. Basile, S. Bearden, A.C. Brault, C. Goodman, B. Russell)
| | - David Wang
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (S.J. Crowe, M.J. Maenner, B.R. Erickson, B. Knust, J. Klena, C.G. Albariño, B. Amman, J.A. Belser, E. Bergeron, D. Blau, S. Campbell, M. Flint, A. Gibbons, L. McMullan, C. Paddock, J.S. Salzer, A. Sanchez, T. Sealy, D. Wang, S.T. Nichol, J.S. Towner)
- International Rescue Committee, New York, New York, USA (S. Kuah, M. Coffee, D. Hertz)
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Bo Town, Sierra Leone (J. Foday, G. Saffa, A. Turay)
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Brussels, Belgium (V. Hermans, M. Van Herp); Médecins Sans Frontières, London, UK (J. Achar, G.M. Caleo)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (A.J. Basile, S. Bearden, A.C. Brault, C. Goodman, B. Russell)
| | - Gbessay Saffa
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (S.J. Crowe, M.J. Maenner, B.R. Erickson, B. Knust, J. Klena, C.G. Albariño, B. Amman, J.A. Belser, E. Bergeron, D. Blau, S. Campbell, M. Flint, A. Gibbons, L. McMullan, C. Paddock, J.S. Salzer, A. Sanchez, T. Sealy, D. Wang, S.T. Nichol, J.S. Towner)
- International Rescue Committee, New York, New York, USA (S. Kuah, M. Coffee, D. Hertz)
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Bo Town, Sierra Leone (J. Foday, G. Saffa, A. Turay)
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Brussels, Belgium (V. Hermans, M. Van Herp); Médecins Sans Frontières, London, UK (J. Achar, G.M. Caleo)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (A.J. Basile, S. Bearden, A.C. Brault, C. Goodman, B. Russell)
| | - Alhajie Turay
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (S.J. Crowe, M.J. Maenner, B.R. Erickson, B. Knust, J. Klena, C.G. Albariño, B. Amman, J.A. Belser, E. Bergeron, D. Blau, S. Campbell, M. Flint, A. Gibbons, L. McMullan, C. Paddock, J.S. Salzer, A. Sanchez, T. Sealy, D. Wang, S.T. Nichol, J.S. Towner)
- International Rescue Committee, New York, New York, USA (S. Kuah, M. Coffee, D. Hertz)
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Bo Town, Sierra Leone (J. Foday, G. Saffa, A. Turay)
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Brussels, Belgium (V. Hermans, M. Van Herp); Médecins Sans Frontières, London, UK (J. Achar, G.M. Caleo)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (A.J. Basile, S. Bearden, A.C. Brault, C. Goodman, B. Russell)
| | - Stuart T. Nichol
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (S.J. Crowe, M.J. Maenner, B.R. Erickson, B. Knust, J. Klena, C.G. Albariño, B. Amman, J.A. Belser, E. Bergeron, D. Blau, S. Campbell, M. Flint, A. Gibbons, L. McMullan, C. Paddock, J.S. Salzer, A. Sanchez, T. Sealy, D. Wang, S.T. Nichol, J.S. Towner)
- International Rescue Committee, New York, New York, USA (S. Kuah, M. Coffee, D. Hertz)
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Bo Town, Sierra Leone (J. Foday, G. Saffa, A. Turay)
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Brussels, Belgium (V. Hermans, M. Van Herp); Médecins Sans Frontières, London, UK (J. Achar, G.M. Caleo)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (A.J. Basile, S. Bearden, A.C. Brault, C. Goodman, B. Russell)
| | - Jonathan S. Towner
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (S.J. Crowe, M.J. Maenner, B.R. Erickson, B. Knust, J. Klena, C.G. Albariño, B. Amman, J.A. Belser, E. Bergeron, D. Blau, S. Campbell, M. Flint, A. Gibbons, L. McMullan, C. Paddock, J.S. Salzer, A. Sanchez, T. Sealy, D. Wang, S.T. Nichol, J.S. Towner)
- International Rescue Committee, New York, New York, USA (S. Kuah, M. Coffee, D. Hertz)
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Bo Town, Sierra Leone (J. Foday, G. Saffa, A. Turay)
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Brussels, Belgium (V. Hermans, M. Van Herp); Médecins Sans Frontières, London, UK (J. Achar, G.M. Caleo)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (A.J. Basile, S. Bearden, A.C. Brault, C. Goodman, B. Russell)
| |
Collapse
|