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Huang Q, Bateman BL, Michel NL, Pidgeon AM, Radeloff VC, Heglund P, Allstadt AJ, Nowakowski AJ, Wong J, Sauer JR. Modeled distribution shifts of North American birds over four decades based on suitable climate alone do not predict observed shifts. Sci Total Environ 2023; 857:159603. [PMID: 36272474 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As climate change alters the global environment, it is critical to understand the relationship between shifting climate suitability and species distributions. Key questions include whether observed changes in population abundance are aligned with the velocity and direction of shifts predicted by climate suitability models and if the responses are consistent among species with similar ecological traits. We examined the direction and velocity of the observed abundance-based distribution centroids compared with the model-predicted bioclimatic distribution centroids of 250 bird species across the United States from 1969 to 2011. We hypothesized that there is a significant positive correlation in both direction and velocity between the observed and the modeled shifts. We then tested five additional hypotheses that predicted differential shifting velocity based on ecological adaptability and climate change exposure. Contrary to our hypotheses, we found large differences between the observed and modeled shifts among all studied bird species and within specific ecological guilds. However, temperate migrants and habitat generalist species tended to have higher velocity of observed shifts than other species. Neotropical migratory and wetland birds also had significantly different observed velocities than their counterparts, which may be due to their climate change exposure. The velocity based on modeled bioclimatic suitability did not exhibit significant differences among most guilds. Boreal forest birds were the only guild with significantly faster modeled-shifts than the other groups, suggesting an elevated conservation risk for high latitude and altitude species. The highly idiosyncratic species responses to climate and the mismatch between shifts in modeled and observed distribution centroids highlight the challenge of predicting species distribution change based solely on climate suitability and the importance of non-climatic factors traits in shaping species distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongyu Huang
- Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA.
| | - Brooke L Bateman
- Science Division, National Audubon Society, 225 Varick St, New York, NY 10014, USA
| | - Nicole L Michel
- Science Division, National Audubon Society, 225 Varick St, New York, NY 10014, USA
| | - Anna M Pidgeon
- Forest and Wildlife Ecology Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Volker C Radeloff
- Forest and Wildlife Ecology Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Patricia Heglund
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, NWRS, Region 3, 2630 Fanta Reed Road, La Crosse, WI 54603, USA
| | - Andrew J Allstadt
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, 5600 West American Boulevard, Bloomington, MN 55437, USA
| | - A Justin Nowakowski
- Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA; Moore Center for Science, Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Dr #600, Arlington, VA 22202, USA
| | - Jesse Wong
- Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA
| | - John R Sauer
- USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, 12100 Beech Forest Road, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
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Zimmerman GS, Millsap BA, Abadi F, Gedir JV, Kendall WL, Sauer JR. Estimating allowable take for an increasing bald eagle population in the United States. J Wildl Manage 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.22158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guthrie S. Zimmerman
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of Migratory Bird Management 3020 State University Drive East Modoc Hall, Suite 2007 Sacramento CA 95819 USA
| | - Brian A. Millsap
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of Migratory Bird Management 2105 Osuna NE Albuquerque NM 87113 USA
| | - Fitsum Abadi
- Department of Fish Wildlife, and Conservation Ecology, New Mexico State University P. O. Box 30003, MSC 4901 Las Cruces NM 88003 USA
| | - Jay V. Gedir
- Department of Fish Wildlife, and Conservation Ecology, New Mexico State University P. O. Box 30003, MSC 4901 Las Cruces NM 88003 USA
| | - William L. Kendall
- U.S. Geological Survey, Colorado Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit Colorado State University 1484 Campus Delivery Fort Collins CO 80523 USA
| | - John R. Sauer
- U.S. Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center 12100 Beech Forest Road Laurel MD 20708 USA
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Link WA, Sauer JR, Niven DK. Model selection for the North American Breeding Bird Survey. Ecol Appl 2020; 30:e02137. [PMID: 32324930 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) provides data that can be used in complex, multiscale analyses of population change, while controlling for scale-specific nuisance factors. Many alternative models can be fit to the data, but most model selection procedures are not appropriate for hierarchical models. Leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV), in which relative model fit is assessed by omitting an observation and assessing the prediction of a model fit using the remainder of the data, provides a reasonable approach for assessing models, but is time consuming and not feasible to apply for all observations in large data sets. We report the first large-scale formal model selection for BBS data, applying LOOCV to stratified random samples of observations from BBS data. Our results are for 548 species of North American birds, comparing the fit of four alternative models that differ in year effect structures and in descriptions of extra-Poisson overdispersion. We use a hierarchical model among species to evaluate posterior probabilities that models are best for individual species. Models in which differences in year effects are conditionally independent (D models) were generally favored over models in which year effects are modeled by a slope parameter and a random year effect (S models), and models in which extra-Poisson overdispersion effects are independent and t-distributed (H models) tended to be favored over models where overdispersion was independent and normally distributed. Our conclusions lead us to recommend a change from the conventional S model to D and H models for the vast majority of species (544/548). Comparison of estimated population trends based on the favored model relative to the S model currently used for BBS summaries indicates no consistent differences in estimated trends. Of the 18 species that showed large differences in estimated trends between models, estimated trends from the default S model were more extreme, reflecting the influence of the slope parameter in that model for species that are undergoing large population changes. WAIC, a computationally simpler alternative to LOOCV, does not appear to be a reliable alternative to LOOCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Link
- U.S. Geological Survey Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, Maryland, 20708, USA
| | - John R Sauer
- U.S. Geological Survey Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, Maryland, 20708, USA
| | - Daniel K Niven
- U.S. Geological Survey Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, Maryland, 20708, USA
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Rosenberg KV, Dokter AM, Blancher PJ, Sauer JR, Smith AC, Smith PA, Stanton JC, Panjabi A, Helft L, Parr M, Marra PP. Decline of the North American avifauna. Science 2019; 366:120-124. [PMID: 31604313 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw1313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 511] [Impact Index Per Article: 102.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Species extinctions have defined the global biodiversity crisis, but extinction begins with loss in abundance of individuals that can result in compositional and functional changes of ecosystems. Using multiple and independent monitoring networks, we report population losses across much of the North American avifauna over 48 years, including once-common species and from most biomes. Integration of range-wide population trajectories and size estimates indicates a net loss approaching 3 billion birds, or 29% of 1970 abundance. A continent-wide weather radar network also reveals a similarly steep decline in biomass passage of migrating birds over a recent 10-year period. This loss of bird abundance signals an urgent need to address threats to avert future avifaunal collapse and associated loss of ecosystem integrity, function, and services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth V Rosenberg
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA. .,American Bird Conservancy, Washington, DC 20008, USA
| | - Adriaan M Dokter
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Peter J Blancher
- National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - John R Sauer
- Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, United States Geological Survey, Laurel, MD 20708-4017, USA
| | - Adam C Smith
- Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Paul A Smith
- National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Jessica C Stanton
- Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, United States Geological Survey, La Crosse, WI, USA
| | - Arvind Panjabi
- Bird Conservancy of the Rockies, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Laura Helft
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Michael Parr
- American Bird Conservancy, Washington, DC 20008, USA
| | - Peter P Marra
- Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, P.O. Box 37012 MRC 5503, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA.,Present address: Department of Biology and McCourt School of Public Policy, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Guthrie S. Zimmerman
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife ServiceDivision of Migratory Bird Management3020 State University Drive East, Modoc Hall, Suite 2007SacramentoCA95819USA
| | - Brian A. Millsap
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife ServiceDivision of Migratory Bird Management2105 Osuna NEAlbuquerqueNM87113USA
| | - Michael L. Avery
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection ServiceWildlife Services, National Wildlife Research CenterFlorida Field Station, 2820 E. University AvenueGainesvilleFL32641USA
| | - John R. Sauer
- U.S. Geological SurveyPatuxent Wildlife Research Center12100 Beech Forest RoadLaurelMD20708USA
| | - Michael C. Runge
- U.S. Geological SurveyPatuxent Wildlife Research Center12100 Beech Forest RoadLaurelMD20708USA
| | - Kenneth D. Richkus
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife ServiceDivision of Migratory Bird Management5275 Leesburg PikeFalls ChurchVA22041USA
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Link WA, Schofield MR, Barker RJ, Sauer JR. On the robustness of N-mixture models. Ecology 2018; 99:1547-1551. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William A. Link
- USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center; Laurel Maryland 20708 USA
| | - Matthew R. Schofield
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Richard J. Barker
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
| | - John R. Sauer
- USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center; Laurel Maryland 20708 USA
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Huang Q, Sauer JR, Dubayah RO. Multidirectional abundance shifts among North American birds and the relative influence of multifaceted climate factors. Glob Chang Biol 2017; 23:3610-3622. [PMID: 28295885 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Shifts in species distributions are major fingerprint of climate change. Examining changes in species abundance structures at a continental scale enables robust evaluation of climate change influences, but few studies have conducted these evaluations due to limited data and methodological constraints. In this study, we estimate temporal changes in abundance from North American Breeding Bird Survey data at the scale of physiographic strata to examine the relative influence of different components of climatic factors and evaluate the hypothesis that shifting species distributions are multidirectional in resident bird species in North America. We quantify the direction and velocity of the abundance shifts of 57 permanent resident birds over 44 years using a centroid analysis. For species with significant abundance shifts in the centroid analysis, we conduct a more intensive correlative analysis to identify climate components most strongly associated with composite change of abundance within strata. Our analysis focus on two contrasts: the relative importance of climate extremes vs. averages, and of temperature vs. precipitation in strength of association with abundance change. Our study shows that 36 species had significant abundance shifts over the study period. The average velocity of the centroid is 5.89 km·yr-1 . The shifted distance on average covers 259 km, 9% of range extent. Our results strongly suggest that the climate change fingerprint in studied avian distributions is multidirectional. Among 6 directions with significant abundance shifts, the northwestward shift was observed in the largest number of species (n = 13). The temperature/average climate model consistently has greater predictive ability than the precipitation/extreme climate model in explaining strata-level abundance change. Our study shows heterogeneous avian responses to recent environmental changes. It highlights needs for more species-specific approaches to examine contributing factors to recent distributional changes and for comprehensive conservation planning for climate change adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongyu Huang
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, USA
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - John R Sauer
- U.S. Geological Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Ralph O Dubayah
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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Ahrestani FS, Saracco JF, Sauer JR, Pardieck KL, Royle JA. An integrated population model for bird monitoring in North America. Ecol Appl 2017; 27:916-924. [PMID: 28036137 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Integrated population models (IPMs) provide a unified framework for simultaneously analyzing data sets of different types to estimate vital rates, population size, and dynamics; assess contributions of demographic parameters to population changes; and assess population viability. Strengths of an IPM include the ability to estimate latent parameters and improve the precision of parameter estimates. We present a hierarchical IPM that combines two broad-scale avian monitoring data sets: count data from the North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) and capture-recapture data from the Monitoring Avian Productivity and Survivorship (MAPS) program. These data sets are characterized by large numbers of sample sites and observers, factors capable of inducing error in the sampling and observation processes. The IPM integrates the data sets by modeling the population abundance as a first-order autoregressive function of the previous year's population abundance and vital rates. BBS counts were modeled as a log-linear function of the annual index of population abundance, observation effects (observer identity and first survey year), and overdispersion. Vital rates modeled included adult apparent survival, estimated from a transient Cormack-Jolly-Seber model using MAPS data, and recruitment (surviving hatched birds from the previous season + dispersing adults) estimated as a latent parameter. An assessment of the IPM demonstrated it could recover true parameter values from 200 simulated data sets. The IPM was applied to data sets (1992-2008) of two bird species, Gray Catbird (Dumetella carolinensis) and Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina) in the New England/Mid-Atlantic coastal Bird Conservation Region of the United States. The Gray Catbird population was relatively stable (trend +0.4% per yr), while the Wood Thrush population nearly halved (trend -4.5% per yr) over the 17-yr study period. IPM estimates of population growth rates, adult survival, and detection and residency probabilities were similar and as precise as estimates from the stand-alone BBS and CJS models. A benefit of using the IPM was its ability to estimate the latent recruitment parameter. Annual growth rates for both species correlated more with recruitment than survival, and the relationship for Wood Thrush was stronger than for Gray Catbird. The IPM's unified modeling framework facilitates integration of these important data sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshid S Ahrestani
- The Institute of Bird Populations, P.O. Box 1346, Point Reyes, California, 94956, USA
- Foundation for Ecological Research, Advocacy and Learning, Pondicherry, 605012, India
| | - James F Saracco
- The Institute of Bird Populations, P.O. Box 1346, Point Reyes, California, 94956, USA
| | - John R Sauer
- USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, 11510 American Holly Drive, Laurel, Maryland, 20708, USA
| | - Keith L Pardieck
- USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, 11510 American Holly Drive, Laurel, Maryland, 20708, USA
| | - J Andrew Royle
- USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, 11510 American Holly Drive, Laurel, Maryland, 20708, USA
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Stephens PA, Mason LR, Green RE, Gregory RD, Sauer JR, Alison J, Aunins A, Brotons L, Butchart SHM, Campedelli T, Chodkiewicz T, Chylarecki P, Crowe O, Elts J, Escandell V, Foppen RPB, Heldbjerg H, Herrando S, Husby M, Jiguet F, Lehikoinen A, Lindström Å, Noble DG, Paquet JY, Reif J, Sattler T, Szép T, Teufelbauer N, Trautmann S, van Strien AJ, van Turnhout CAM, Vorisek P, Willis SG. Consistent response of bird populations to climate change on two continents. Science 2016; 352:84-7. [PMID: 27034371 DOI: 10.1126/science.aac4858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Global climate change is a major threat to biodiversity. Large-scale analyses have generally focused on the impacts of climate change on the geographic ranges of species and on phenology, the timing of ecological phenomena. We used long-term monitoring of the abundance of breeding birds across Europe and the United States to produce, for both regions, composite population indices for two groups of species: those for which climate suitability has been either improving or declining since 1980. The ratio of these composite indices, the climate impact indicator (CII), reflects the divergent fates of species favored or disadvantaged by climate change. The trend in CII is positive and similar in the two regions. On both continents, interspecific and spatial variation in population abundance trends are well predicted by climate suitability trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip A Stephens
- Conservation Ecology Group, School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Lucy R Mason
- Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Centre for Conservation Science, The Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire SG19 2DL, UK
| | - Rhys E Green
- Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Centre for Conservation Science, The Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire SG19 2DL, UK. Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Richard D Gregory
- Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Centre for Conservation Science, The Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire SG19 2DL, UK
| | - John R Sauer
- United States Geological Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, 12100 Beech Forest Road, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
| | - Jamie Alison
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Ainars Aunins
- Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Jelgavas iela 1, Riga, LV-1004, Latvia
| | - Lluís Brotons
- Center for Mediterranean Forest Research, Centre Tecnològic Forestal de Catalunya, InForest JRU, Solsona 25280, Spain. REAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Catalonia, Spain. CSIC, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Stuart H M Butchart
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK. BirdLife International, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, UK
| | - Tommaso Campedelli
- MITO2000 National Committee; c/o Dream Italia, Via Garibaldi 3, 52015, Pratovecchio-Stia, Arezzo, Italy
| | - Tomasz Chodkiewicz
- Ogólnopolskie Towarzystwo Ochrony Ptaków, Odrowąża 24,05-270 Marki, Poland
| | - Przemysław Chylarecki
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wilcza 64, 00-679 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Olivia Crowe
- BirdWatch Ireland, Unit 20 Block D Bullford Business Campus, Kilcoole, County Wicklow, Ireland
| | - Jaanus Elts
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise Street 46, 51014 Tartu, Estonia. Estonian Ornithological Society, Veski 4, 51005 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Virginia Escandell
- Sociedad Española de Ornitología/BirdLife Melquiades Biencinto, 34, 28053 Madrid. Spain
| | - Ruud P B Foppen
- European Bird Census Council, Post Office Box 6521, 6503 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands. Sovon Dutch Centre for Field Ornithology, Post Office Box 6521, 6503 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands. Department of Animal Ecology and Ecophysiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Post Office Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Henning Heldbjerg
- Dansk Ornitologisk Forening-BirdLife Denmark and University of Aarhus, Vesterbrogade 140, 1620 København V, Denmark
| | - Sergi Herrando
- European Bird Census Council-Catalan Ornithological Institute, Natural History Museum of Barcelona, Plaça Leonardo da Vinci 4-5, 08019 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Magne Husby
- Section for Science, Nord University, 7600 Levanger, Norway
| | - Frédéric Jiguet
- UMR7204 Sorbonne Universités-MNHN-CNRS-UPMC, CESCO, CRBPO, CP 135, 43 Rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Aleksi Lehikoinen
- The Helsinki Lab of Ornithology, Finnish Museum of Natural History, Post Office Box 17, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Åke Lindström
- Biodiversity Unit, Department of Biology, Lund University, Ecology Building, S-223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - David G Noble
- The British Trust for Ornithology, The Nunnery, Thetford, Norfolk IP24 2PU, UK
| | - Jean-Yves Paquet
- Natagora, Département Études, Rue Nanon 98, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Jiri Reif
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic. Department of Zoology and Laboratory of Ornithology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17 Listopadu 50, 771 43 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Thomas Sattler
- Swiss Ornithological Institute, Seerose 1, 6204 Sempach, Switzerland
| | - Tibor Szép
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Nyíregyháza, Sóstói út 31/b, 4400 Nyíregyháza, Hungary
| | | | - Sven Trautmann
- Dachverband Deutscher Avifaunisten e.V. (Federation of German Avifaunists), An den Speichern 6, D-48157 Münster, Germany
| | - Arco J van Strien
- Statistics Netherlands, Post Office Box 24500, 2490 HA The Hague, Netherlands
| | - Chris A M van Turnhout
- Sovon Dutch Centre for Field Ornithology, Post Office Box 6521, 6503 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands. Department of Animal Ecology and Ecophysiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Post Office Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Petr Vorisek
- Department of Zoology and Laboratory of Ornithology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17 Listopadu 50, 771 43 Olomouc, Czech Republic. Pan-European Common Bird Monitoring Scheme, Czech Society for Ornithology, Na Bělidle 252/34, CZ-15000 Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Stephen G Willis
- Conservation Ecology Group, School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
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Link WA, Sauer JR. Bayesian Cross-Validation for Model Evaluation and Selection, with Application to the North American Breeding Survey. Ecology 2015; 97:1746-1758. [DOI: 10.1890/15-1286.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Zimmerman GS, Sauer JR, Fleming K, Link WA, Garrettson PR. Combining waterfowl and breeding bird survey data to estimate wood duck breeding population size in the Atlantic Flyway. J Wildl Manage 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guthrie S. Zimmerman
- United States Fish and Wildlife Service; Division of Migratory Bird Management; 3020 State University Drive East, Modoc Hall, Suite 2007 Sacramento CA 95819 USA
| | - John R. Sauer
- United States Geological Survey; Patuxent Wildlife Research Center; 12100 Beech Forest Road Laurel MD 20708 USA
| | - Kathy Fleming
- United States Fish and Wildlife Service; Division of Migratory Bird Management; 11510 American Holly Drive Laurel MD 20708 USA
| | - William A. Link
- United States Geological Survey; Patuxent Wildlife Research Center; 12100 Beech Forest Road Laurel MD 20708 USA
| | - Pamela R. Garrettson
- United States Fish and Wildlife Service; Division of Migratory Bird Management; 11510 American Holly Drive Laurel MD 20708 USA
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- John R. Sauer
- United States Geological Survey; Patuxent Wildlife Research Center; 12100 Beech Forest Road Laurel MD 20708 USA
| | - Guthrie S. Zimmerman
- United States Fish and Wildlife Service; Division of Migratory Bird Management; 3020 State University Drive East Modoc Hall Suite 2007 Sacramento CA 95819 USA
| | - Jon D. Klimstra
- United States Fish and Wildlife Service; Division of Migratory Bird Management; 11510 American Holly Drive Laurel MD 20708 USA
| | - William A. Link
- United States Geological Survey; Patuxent Wildlife Research Center; 12100 Beech Forest Road Laurel MD 20708 USA
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Millsap BA, Zimmerman GS, Sauer JR, Nielson RM, Otto M, Bjerre E, Murphy R. Golden eagle population trends in the western United States: 1968-2010. J Wildl Manage 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian A. Millsap
- Division of Migratory Bird Management; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; 2105 Osuna NE Albuquerque NM 87113 USA
| | - Guthrie S. Zimmerman
- Division of Migratory Bird Management; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; 3020 State University Drive East, Modoc Hall, Suite 2007 Sacramento CA 95819 USA
| | - John R. Sauer
- U.S. Geological Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center; 12100 Beech Forest Road Laurel MD 20708 USA
| | - Ryan M. Nielson
- Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc.; 415 W. 17th Street, Suite 200 Cheyenne WY 82001 USA
| | - Mark Otto
- Division of Migratory Bird Management; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center; 11510 American Holly Drive Laurel MD 20708 USA
| | - Emily Bjerre
- Division of Migratory Bird Management; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center; 11510 American Holly Drive Laurel MD 20708 USA
| | - Robert Murphy
- Division of Migratory Bird Management; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; P.O. Box 1306 Albuquerque NM 87103 USA
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Mattsson BJ, Zipkin EF, Gardner B, Blank PJ, Sauer JR, Royle JA. Explaining local-scale species distributions: relative contributions of spatial autocorrelation and landscape heterogeneity for an avian assemblage. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55097. [PMID: 23393564 PMCID: PMC3564802 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding interactions between mobile species distributions and landcover characteristics remains an outstanding challenge in ecology. Multiple factors could explain species distributions including endogenous evolutionary traits leading to conspecific clustering and endogenous habitat features that support life history requirements. Birds are a useful taxon for examining hypotheses about the relative importance of these factors among species in a community. We developed a hierarchical Bayes approach to model the relationships between bird species occupancy and local landcover variables accounting for spatial autocorrelation, species similarities, and partial observability. We fit alternative occupancy models to detections of 90 bird species observed during repeat visits to 316 point-counts forming a 400-m grid throughout the Patuxent Wildlife Research Refuge in Maryland, USA. Models with landcover variables performed significantly better than our autologistic and null models, supporting the hypothesis that local landcover heterogeneity is important as an exogenous driver for species distributions. Conspecific clustering alone was a comparatively poor descriptor of local community composition, but there was evidence for spatial autocorrelation in all species. Considerable uncertainty remains whether landcover combined with spatial autocorrelation is most parsimonious for describing bird species distributions at a local scale. Spatial structuring may be weaker at intermediate scales within which dispersal is less frequent, information flows are localized, and landcover types become spatially diversified and therefore exhibit little aggregation. Examining such hypotheses across species assemblages contributes to our understanding of community-level associations with conspecifics and landscape composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brady J Mattsson
- Western Ecological Research Center, United States Geological Survey, Sacramento, California, United States of America.
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16
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Sauer JR, Blank PJ, Zipkin EF, Fallon JE, Fallon FW. Using multi-species occupancy models in structured decision making on managed lands. J Wildl Manage 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Zimmerman GS, Sauer JR, Link WA, Otto M. Composite analysis of black duck breeding population surveys in eastern North America. J Wildl Manage 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- John R. Sauer
- United States Geological Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, 12100 Beech Forest Road, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
| | - Mark C. Otto
- United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of Migratory Bird Management, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, 11510 American Holly Drive, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
| | - William L. Kendall
- United States Geological Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, 12100 Beech Forest Road, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
| | - Guthrie S. Zimmerman
- United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of Migratory Bird Management, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, 11510 American Holly Drive, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
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19
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Butchart SHM, Walpole M, Collen B, van Strien A, Scharlemann JPW, Almond REA, Baillie JEM, Bomhard B, Brown C, Bruno J, Carpenter KE, Carr GM, Chanson J, Chenery AM, Csirke J, Davidson NC, Dentener F, Foster M, Galli A, Galloway JN, Genovesi P, Gregory RD, Hockings M, Kapos V, Lamarque JF, Leverington F, Loh J, McGeoch MA, McRae L, Minasyan A, Hernández Morcillo M, Oldfield TEE, Pauly D, Quader S, Revenga C, Sauer JR, Skolnik B, Spear D, Stanwell-Smith D, Stuart SN, Symes A, Tierney M, Tyrrell TD, Vié JC, Watson R. Global biodiversity: indicators of recent declines. Science 2010; 328:1164-8. [PMID: 20430971 DOI: 10.1126/science.1187512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1648] [Impact Index Per Article: 117.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
In 2002, world leaders committed, through the Convention on Biological Diversity, to achieve a significant reduction in the rate of biodiversity loss by 2010. We compiled 31 indicators to report on progress toward this target. Most indicators of the state of biodiversity (covering species' population trends, extinction risk, habitat extent and condition, and community composition) showed declines, with no significant recent reductions in rate, whereas indicators of pressures on biodiversity (including resource consumption, invasive alien species, nitrogen pollution, overexploitation, and climate change impacts) showed increases. Despite some local successes and increasing responses (including extent and biodiversity coverage of protected areas, sustainable forest management, policy responses to invasive alien species, and biodiversity-related aid), the rate of biodiversity loss does not appear to be slowing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart H M Butchart
- United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK.
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20
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Aljamali MN, Ramakrishnan VG, Weng H, Tucker JS, Sauer JR, Essenberg RC. Microarray analysis of gene expression changes in feeding female and male lone star ticks, Amblyomma americanum (L). Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 2009; 71:236-53. [PMID: 19514082 PMCID: PMC2740618 DOI: 10.1002/arch.20318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A collection of EST clones from female tick Amblyomma americanum salivary glands was hybridized to RNA from different feeding stages of female tick salivary glands and from unfed or feeding adult male ticks. In the female ticks, the expression patterns changed dramatically upon starting feeding, then changed again towards the end of feeding. On beginning feeding, genes possibly involved in survival on the host increased in expression as did many housekeeping genes. As feeding progressed, some of the survival genes were downregulated, while others were upregulated. When the tick went into the rapid feeding phase, many of the survival genes were downregulated, while a number of transport-associated genes and genes possibly involved in organ degeneration increased. In the males, the presence of females during feeding made a small difference, but feeding made a larger difference. Males showed clear differences from females in expression, as well. Protein synthesis genes were expressed more in all male groups than in the partially fed females, while the putative secreted genes involved in avoiding host defenses were expressed less.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majd N Aljamali
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
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21
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Russell RE, Royle JA, Saab VA, Lehmkuhl JF, Block WM, Sauer JR. Modeling the effects of environmental disturbance on wildlife communities: avian responses to prescribed fire. Ecol Appl 2009; 19:1253-1263. [PMID: 19688932 DOI: 10.1890/08-0910.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Prescribed fire is a management tool used to reduce fuel loads on public lands in forested areas in the western United States. Identifying the impacts of prescribed fire on bird communities in ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forests is necessary for providing land management agencies with information regarding the effects of fuel reduction on sensitive, threatened, and migratory bird species. Recent developments in occupancy modeling have established a framework for quantifying the impacts of management practices on wildlife community dynamics. We describe a Bayesian hierarchical model of multi-species occupancy accounting for detection probability, and we demonstrate the model's usefulness for identifying effects of habitat disturbances on wildlife communities. Advantages to using the model include the ability to estimate the effects of environmental impacts on rare or elusive species, the intuitive nature of the modeling, the incorporation of detection probability, the estimation of parameter uncertainty, the flexibility of the model to suit a variety of experimental designs, and the composite estimate of the response that applies to the collection of observed species as opposed to merely a small subset of common species. Our modeling of the impacts of prescribed fire on avian communities in a ponderosa pine forest in Washington indicate that prescribed fire treatments result in increased occupancy rates for several bark-insectivore, cavity-nesting species including a management species of interest, Black-backed Woodpeckers (Picoides arcticus). Three aerial insectivore species, and the ground insectivore, American Robin (Turdus migratorius), also responded positively to prescribed fire, whereas three foliage insectivores and two seed specialists, Clark's Nutcracker (Nucifraga columbiana) and the Pine Siskin (Carduelis pinus), declined following treatments. Land management agencies interested in determining the effects of habitat manipulations on wildlife communities can use these methods to provide guidance for future management activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin E Russell
- U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 1648 S. 7th Avenue, Montana State University Campus, Bozeman, Montana 59717, USA.
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22
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Aljamali MN, Hern L, Kupfer D, Downard S, So S, Roe BA, Sauer JR, Essenberg RC. Transcriptome analysis of the salivary glands of the female tick Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae). Insect Mol Biol 2009; 18:129-154. [PMID: 19320755 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2009.00863.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Ticks infest a wide range of hosts while bypassing their immune, inflammatory and haemostatic responses during their extended feeding, which may last for more than two weeks. Here, we present a transcriptome analysis of 3868 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from three cDNA libraries generated from the salivary glands of adult female Ambyomma americanum ticks at different stages of feeding. We applied a normalization step for one library, significantly decreasing the abundance of mitochondrial sequences amongst the 2292 sequences from the normalized library. Our ESTs include homologues that may modulate haemostatic, immune and inflammatory responses of the hosts. Other ESTs probably represent important components of the highly efficient secretory pathways for salivary proteins and concomitantly transmitted pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Aljamali
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, USA
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23
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Blouin EF, de la Fuente J, Garcia-Garcia JC, Sauer JR, Saliki JT, Kocan KM. Applications of a cell culture system for studying the interaction ofAnaplasmamarginale with tick cells. Anim Health Res Rev 2007. [DOI: 10.1079/ahrr200241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
AbstractA cell culture system for the tick-borne rickettsiaAnaplasma marginaleoffers new opportunities for research on this economically important pathogen of cattle.A. marginalemultiplies in membrane-bound inclusions in host cells. Whereas erythrocytes appear to be the only site of infection in cattle,A. marginaleundergoes a complex developmental cycle in ticks and transmission occurs via the salivary glands during feeding. We recently developed a cell culture system forA. marginaleusing a cell line derived from embryos ofIxodes scapularis. Here we review the use of this cell culture system for studying the interaction ofA. marginalewith tick cells. Several assays were developed using theA. marginale/tick cell system. An adhesion assay was developed for the identification of proteins required byA. marginalefor adhesion to tick cells. The effect of antibodies against selected major surface proteins in inhibitingA. marginaleinfection was tested in an assay that allowed further confirmation of the role of surface proteins in the infection of tick cells. A drug screening assay forA. marginalewas developed and provides a method of initial drug selection without the use of cattle. The culture system was used to test for enhancing effects of tick saliva and saliva components onA. marginaleinfection. The tick cell culture system has proved to be a good model for studyingA. marginale–tick interactions. Information gained from these studies may be applicable to other closely related tick-borne pathogens that have been propagated in the same tick cell line.
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24
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Abstract
We present a combined analysis of data from two large-scale surveys of bird populations. The North American Breeding Bird Survey is conducted each summer; the Christmas Bird Count is conducted in early winter. The temporal staggering of these surveys allows investigation of seasonal components of population change, which we illustrate with an examination of the effects of severe winters on the Carolina Wren (Thryothorus ludovicianus). Our analysis uses a hierarchical log-linear model with controls for survey-specific sampling covariates. Temporal change in population size is modeled seasonally, with covariates for winter severity. Overall, the winter-spring seasons are associated with 82% of the total population variation for Carolina Wrens, and an additional day of snow cover during winter-spring is associated with an incremental decline of 1.1% of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Link
- USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, Maryland 20708, USA.
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25
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Anyomi FM, Bior AD, Essenberg RC, Sauer JR. Gene expression in male tick salivary glands is affected by feeding in the presence of females. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 2006; 63:159-68. [PMID: 17103403 DOI: 10.1002/arch.20151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we have compared gene expression in the salivary glands of male Dermacentor andersoni ticks fed in the presence or absence of females to that in unfed males. We have established that the patterns of expression are different using arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction following reverse transcription of RNA (RAP-PCR) and differential display. Our results indicate a significant difference in salivary gland gene expression between fed and unfed males and also between males fed in the presence of females versus males fed in the absence of females. This difference in expression was partially confirmed by hybridization of probes made from mRNA from the three groups of ticks against the cloned gene fragments. Gene fragments for septin, utrophin, eukaryotic chain release factor 3, and elongation factor 2 were identified in this study, though the majority of fragments were not similar to anything in the databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix M Anyomi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078-3035, USA
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Nichols
- USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, 12100 Beech Forest Road, Laurel, Maryland 20708-4017, USA.
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27
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Abstract
The salivary glands are the organs of osmoregulation in ticks and, as such, are critical to the biological success of ticks both during the extended period off the host and also during the feeding period on the host. Absorption of water vapour from unsaturated air into hygroscopic fluid produced by the salivary glands permit the tick to remain hydrated and viable during the many months between blood-meals. When feeding, the tick is able to return about 70% of the fluid and ion content of the blood-meal into the host by salivation into the feeding site. This saliva also contains many bioactive protein and lipid components that aid acquisition of the blood-meal. The salivary glands are the site of pathogen development and the saliva the route of transmission. The importance of the multifunctional salivary glands to tick survival and vector competency makes the glands a potential target for intervention. Here we review the cell biology of tick salivary glands and discuss the application of new approaches such as expressed sequence tag projects and RNA interference to this important area in the field of tick and tick-borne pathogen research.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Bowman
- School of Biological Sciences (Zoology), University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK.
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28
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Ramakrishnan VG, Aljamali MN, Sauer JR, Essenberg RC. Application of RNA interference in tick salivary gland research. J Biomol Tech 2005; 16:297-305. [PMID: 16522848 PMCID: PMC2291763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Ticks are obligate ectoparasites that feed on a variety of hosts including mammals, birds and reptiles. Prolonged attachment on the host and an ability to transmit a wide variety of pathogens are the special features of tick feeding. Salivary glands are the major route for secretion of excess fluid, several proteins, and factors that counteract the host immune response and hence play a significant role in the success of tick feeding. RNA interference (RNAi) enables scientists to silence genes encoding proteins in an absolutely sequence specific manner at the mRNA level. This technique has already been successfully employed in analyzing roles of proteins of important functions or in assigning roles to several proteins of unknown functions in a variety of animals. In this review, we outline the process of RNAi and the applicability of RNAi in tick salivary gland research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay G Ramakrishnan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, 74078, USA
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29
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Karim S, Miller NJ, Valenzuela J, Sauer JR, Mather TN. RNAi-mediated gene silencing to assess the role of synaptobrevin and cystatin in tick blood feeding. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 334:1336-42. [PMID: 16040003 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2005] [Accepted: 07/12/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In addition to being the conduit for pathogens into hosts, tick saliva contains a broad array of secretory products that facilitate prolonged tick attachment and blood feeding. Proteins found in tick saliva modulate host hemostasis and immune responses. However, it is not clear whether ticks manipulate the immune responses of their hosts by disrupting the antigen-processing pathways of the hosts. Protein secretion into tick saliva from the salivary glands is due to exocytosis of vesicular membrane-bound granular material regulated by SNARE complex proteins. Proteins associated with vesicles (v-SNAREs) are essential components of the exocytotic process. In this study, we assessed the functional significance of synaptobrevin, a SNARE protein, and cystatin, a cysteine protease inhibitor to blood feeding success, in the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum, using in vivo RNA interference. In separate experiments, tick salivary cystatin and synpatobrevin genes were silenced by injecting adult ticks with 500 ng of dsRNA complementing each gene sequence. Silencing was demonstrated by reduced transcript in midguts and salivary glands. Additionally, disrupting expression of cystatin and synaptobrevin by RNAi reduced the ability of ticks to feed successfully, as demonstrated by feeding inhibition and reduced engorgement weights. Moreover, normal ticks exposed to a rabbit previously exposed to cystatin-silenced ticks exhibited significant resistance to tick feeding. Based on these findings, ticks appear to skillfully evade the host immune system by secreting cystatin, which disrupts normal antigen processing in antigen-presenting cells of hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Karim
- Center for Vector-Borne Disease, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA.
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Abstract
Prostaglandins (PGs) are oxygenated metabolites of polyunsaturated fatty acids, most notably arachidonic acid, that act as 'local hormones', regulating a plethora of physiological processes in mammals and other vertebrates. For a long time, PGs were reported only in higher vertebrates, but more recently they have been reported in lower organisms such as bacteria, yeasts and protozoa, and much information is now available on PGs in insects. Prostaglandins are increasingly reported to exist at the host-parasite interface and are thought to aid the parasite by modulating the inflammatory and immune response. Ticks secrete saliva containing extremely high concentrations of PGs into the host, and in this article Alan Bowman, Jack Dillwith and John Sauer provide a synopsis of the information, to date, on the presence, synthesis and proposed roles for these tick salivary PGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Bowman
- Department of Entomology, 127 Noble Research Center, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078-0464, USA.
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31
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Karim S, Ramakrishnan VG, Tucker JS, Essenberg RC, Sauer JR. Amblyomma americanum salivary gland homolog of nSec1 is essential for saliva protein secretion. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 324:1256-63. [PMID: 15504350 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.09.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor proteins assemble in tight core complexes which promote fusion of carrier vesicles with target compartments. Members of this class of proteins are expressed in all eukaryotic cells and distributed in distinct subcellular compartments. All vesicle transport mechanisms known to date have an essential requirement for a member of the Sec1 protein family, including the nSec1 in regulated exocytosis. A homolog of nSec1 was cloned and sequenced from the salivary glands of partially fed female ticks. Double-stranded RNA was used to specifically reduce the amount of nSec1 mRNA and protein in female adult tick salivary glands. This reduction was accompanied by a decrease in anticoagulant protein release by the glands and by abnormalities in feeding by dsRNA treated ticks. We report the efficacy of double-stranded RNA-mediated interference in "knocking down" nSec1 both in vivo and in vitro in tick salivary glands and the applicability of this technique for studying the mechanism of exocytosis in tick salivary glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Karim
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, 127 Noble Research Center, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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32
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Alpizar-Jara R, Nichols JD, Hines JE, Sauer JR, Pollock KH, Rosenberry CS. The relationship between species detection probability and local extinction probability. Oecologia 2004; 141:652-60. [PMID: 15375685 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-004-1641-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2004] [Accepted: 05/26/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In community-level ecological studies, generally not all species present in sampled areas are detected. Many authors have proposed the use of estimation methods that allow detection probabilities that are <1 and that are heterogeneous among species. These methods can also be used to estimate community-dynamic parameters such as species local extinction probability and turnover rates (Nichols et al. Ecol Appl 8:1213-1225; Conserv Biol 12:1390-1398). Here, we present an ad hoc approach to estimating community-level vital rates in the presence of joint heterogeneity of detection probabilities and vital rates. The method consists of partitioning the number of species into two groups using the detection frequencies and then estimating vital rates (e.g., local extinction probabilities) for each group. Estimators from each group are combined in a weighted estimator of vital rates that accounts for the effect of heterogeneity. Using data from the North American Breeding Bird Survey, we computed such estimates and tested the hypothesis that detection probabilities and local extinction probabilities were negatively related. Our analyses support the hypothesis that species detection probability covaries negatively with local probability of extinction and turnover rates. A simulation study was conducted to assess the performance of vital parameter estimators as well as other estimators relevant to questions about heterogeneity, such as coefficient of variation of detection probabilities and proportion of species in each group. Both the weighted estimator suggested in this paper and the original unweighted estimator for local extinction probability performed fairly well and provided no basis for preferring one to the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell Alpizar-Jara
- Departamento de Matemática, Universidade de Evora, Rua Romão Ramalho 59, 7000-671 Evora, Portugal.
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33
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Karim S, Ramakrishnan VG, Tucker JS, Essenberg RC, Sauer JR. Amblyomma americanum salivary glands: double-stranded RNA-mediated gene silencing of synaptobrevin homologue and inhibition of PGE2 stimulated protein secretion. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2004; 34:407-413. [PMID: 15041024 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2004.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2003] [Accepted: 01/22/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Protein secretion into the saliva from the tick salivary glands is due to exocytosis of vesicular membrane bound granular material regulated by SNARE complex proteins after salivary gland stimulation by PGE2 [Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 32 (2002) 1711]. Proteins associated with vesicles (v-SNAREs) are essential components of the exocytotic process. Synaptobrevin is a key v-SNARE in all secreting cells studied to date. A vesicle-associated synaptobrevin cDNA fragment homologue from the salivary glands of partially fed lone star tick females was cloned and sequenced. Double-stranded (ds) RNA interference (RNAi) is an effective method to silence specific gene expression. The functional role of synaptobrevin in protein secretion in partially fed tick salivary glands was studied with an in vitro RNAi method. Incubation of isolated salivary glands with double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) transcribed from a tick salivary gland synaptobrevin cDNA fragment resulted in decreased expression of the transcript, a reduction in the level of synaptobrevin protein and inhibition of PGE2 stimulated anticoagulant protein secretion by isolated salivary glands. We demonstrate the applicability of RNAi for studying individual steps in the mechanism of PGE2 stimulated exocytosis in the salivary glands of ixodid ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Karim
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, 127 Noble Research Center, Stillwater, OK 74078-3033, USA
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34
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Narasimhan S, Montgomery RR, DePonte K, Tschudi C, Marcantonio N, Anderson JF, Sauer JR, Cappello M, Kantor FS, Fikrig E. Disruption of Ixodes scapularis anticoagulation by using RNA interference. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:1141-6. [PMID: 14745044 PMCID: PMC337020 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0307669100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ixodes scapularis ticks transmit many pathogens, including Borrelia burgdorferi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and Babesia microti. Vaccines directed against arthropod proteins injected into the host during tick engorgement could prevent numerous infectious diseases. Salp14, a salivary anticoagulant, poses a key target for such intervention. Salp14 is the prototypic member of a family of potential I. scapularis anticoagulants, expressed and secreted in tick saliva during tick feeding. RNA interference was used to assess the role of Salp14 in tick feeding. Salp14 and its paralogs were silenced, as demonstrated by the reduction of mRNA and protein specific for these antigens. Tick salivary glands lacking Salp14 had reduced anticoagulant activity, as revealed by a 60-80% reduction of anti-factor Xa activity. Silencing the expression of salp14 and its paralogs also reduced the ability of I. scapularis to feed, as demonstrated by a 50-70% decline in the engorgement weights. Because ticks have several anticoagulants, it is likely that the expression of multiple anticoagulants in I. scapularis saliva would have to be ablated simultaneously to abolish tick feeding. These studies demonstrate that RNA interference can silence I. scapularis genes and disrupt their physiologic function in vivo, and they identify vaccine candidates that can alter vector engorgement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Narasimhan
- Sections of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Madden RD, Sauer JR, Dillwith JW. A proteomics approach to characterizing tick salivary secretions. Exp Appl Acarol 2004; 32:77-87. [PMID: 15198089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The saliva of ticks contains a complex mixture of bioactive molecules including proteins that modulate host responses ensuring successful feeding. The limited amount of saliva that can be obtained from ticks has hampered characterization of salivary proteins using traditional protein chemistry. Recent improvements in two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, and bioinformatics provide new tools to characterize small amounts of protein. These methods were employed to characterize salivary proteins from Amblyomma americanum and Amblyvomma maculatum. Salivation was induced by injection of dopamine and theophylline. It was necessary to desalt and concentrate saliva before analysis by 2-D electrophoresis. Comparison of 1-D and 2-D gel patterns revealed that the major protein component of saliva did not appear on 2-D gels. Characterization of this protein showed that it was identical to the major protein present in the hemolymph of both tick species. Protein profiles obtained by 1-D and 2-D gel electrophoresis were similar for both tick species, however, higher concentrations of lower molecular weight proteins were present in A. maculatum. Protein analysis by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and western blot analysis showed that except for the most abundant protein with a molecular weight of 95 kDa, all of the proteins detected were of host origin. It is not known if this is an artifact of the collection method or has physiological significance. In either case, in these species of ticks, host proteins will have to be removed from saliva samples prior to 2-D analysis in order to characterize lower abundance proteins of tick origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin D Madden
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, 127 Noble Research Center, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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Fezza F, Dillwith JW, Bisogno T, Tucker JS, Di Marzo V, Sauer JR. Endocannabinoids and related fatty acid amides, and their regulation, in the salivary glands of the lone star tick. Biochim Biophys Acta 2003; 1633:61-7. [PMID: 12842196 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-1981(03)00087-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The salivary glands and saliva from the lone star tick Amblyomma americanum (L.) were analyzed for the presence of the two endogenous agonists of cannabinoid receptors, N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), as well as of the anandamide congener, N-palmitoylethanolamine (PEA), an anti-inflammatory and analgesic mediator that is inactive at cannabinoid receptors. Two very sensitive mass-spectrometric techniques were used for this purpose. Both 2-AG and PEA, as well as other N-acylethanolamines (NAEs), were identified in salivary glands, but anandamide was below detection. The levels of 2-AG were considerably higher in the salivary glands of partially fed than replete females. Ex vivo gland stimulation with arachidonic acid increased the levels of 2-AG, but not of PEA or other NAEs, and caused the formation of anandamide and of the potent analgesic compound N-arachidonoylglycine. Instead, the amounts of anandamide, 2-AG and PEA were not influenced by treatment of salivary glands with dopamine, which stimulates saliva secretion. The possible biosynthetic precursors of anandamide, PEA and other NAEs were also detected in salivary glands, whereas only PEA was detected in tick saliva. These data demonstrate for the first time that the salivary glands of an obligate ectoparasite species can make endocannabinoids and/or related congeners with analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity, which possibly participate in the inhibition of the host defense reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filomena Fezza
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Via Campi Flegrei 34, Comprensorio Olivetti, Fabbricato 70, I-80078 Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy
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Aljamali MN, Bior AD, Sauer JR, Essenberg RC. RNA interference in ticks: a study using histamine binding protein dsRNA in the female tick Amblyomma americanum. Insect Mol Biol 2003; 12:299-305. [PMID: 12752664 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2583.2003.00416.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi), a gene silencing process, has been recently exploited to determine gene function by degrading specific mRNAs in several eukaryotic organisms. We constructed a double stranded RNA (dsRNA) from a previously cloned putative Amblyomma americanum histamine binding protein (HBP) to test the significance of using this methodology in the assessment of the function and importance of gene products in ectoparasitic ticks. The female salivary glands incubated in vitro with HBP dsRNA had a significantly lower histamine binding ability. In addition, the injection of HBP dsRNA into the unfed females led both to a reduced histamine binding ability in the isolated salivary glands and to an aberrant tick feeding pattern or host response. Molecular data demonstrated less expression of the HBP mRNA in the RNAi group. Taken together, these results suggest that RNAi might be an important tool for assessing the significance of tick salivary gland secreted proteins modulating responses at the tick-host interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Aljamali
- Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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Sauer JR, Fallon JE, Johnson R. Use of North American Breeding Bird Survey Data to Estimate Population Change for Bird Conservation Regions. J Wildl Manage 2003. [DOI: 10.2307/3802778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Blouin EF, de la Fuente J, Garcia-Garcia JC, Sauer JR, Saliki JT, Kocan KM. Applications of a cell culture system for studying the interaction of Anaplasma marginale with tick cells. Anim Health Res Rev 2002; 3:57-68. [PMID: 12665106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
A cell culture system for the tick-borne rickettsia Anaplasma marginale offers new opportunities for research on this economically important pathogen of cattle. A. marginale multiplies in membrane-bound inclusions in host cells. Whereas erythrocytes appear to be the only site of infection in cattle, A. marginale undergoes a complex developmental cycle in ticks and transmission occurs via the salivary glands during feeding. We recently developed a cell culture system for A. marginale using a cell line derived from embryos of Ixodes scapularis. Here we review the use of this cell culture system for studying the interaction of A. marginale with tick cells. Several assays were developed using the A. marginale/tick cell system. An adhesion assay was developed for the identification of proteins required by A. marginale for adhesion to tick cells. The effect of antibodies against selected major surface proteins in inhibiting A. marginale infection was tested in an assay that allowed further confirmation of the role of surface proteins in the infection of tick cells. A drug screening assay for A. marginale was developed and provides a method of initial drug selection without the use of cattle. The culture system was used to test for enhancing effects of tick saliva and saliva components on A. marginale infection. The tick cell culture system has proved to be a good model for studying A. marginale-tick interactions. Information gained from these studies may be applicable to other closely related tick-borne pathogens that have been propagated in the same tick cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmour F Blouin
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078-2007, USA.
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Karim S, Essenberg RC, Dillwith JW, Tucker JS, Bowman AS, Sauer JR. Identification of SNARE and cell trafficking regulatory proteins in the salivary glands of the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum (L.). Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2002; 32:1711-1721. [PMID: 12429123 DOI: 10.1016/s0965-1748(02)00111-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) stimulates secretion of tick salivary gland proteins via a phosphoinositide signaling pathway and mobilization of intracellular Ca(2+) (). Highly conserved intracellular SNARE (soluble NSF attachment protein receptors) complex proteins are associated with the mechanism of protein secretion in vertebrate and invertebrate neuronal and non-neuronal cells. Proteins in the salivary glands of partially fed female lone star ticks cross-react individually with antibodies to synaptobrevin-2 (vesicle (v)-SNARE), syntaxin-1A, syntaxin-2 and SNAP-25 (target (t)-SNAREs), cytosolic alpha/beta SNAP and NSF (N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein), Ca(2+) sensitive synaptotagmin, vesicle associated synaptophysin, and regulatory cell trafficking GTPases Rab3A and nSec1. V-SNARE and t-SNARE proteins form an SDS-resistant, boiling sensitive core complex in the salivary glands. Antibodies to SNARE complex proteins inhibit PGE(2)-stimulated secretion of anticoagulant protein in permeabilized tick salivary glands. We conclude that SNARE and cell trafficking regulatory proteins are present and functioning in the process of PGE(2)-stimulated Ca(2+) regulated protein secretion in tick salivary glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Karim
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater 74078, USA
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Bior AD, Essenberg RC, Sauer JR. Comparison of differentially expressed genes in the salivary glands of male ticks, Amblyomma americanum and Dermacentor andersoni. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2002; 32:645-655. [PMID: 12020839 DOI: 10.1016/s0965-1748(01)00143-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Genes expressed differentially in the salivary glands of unfed and fed male ticks, Amblyomma americanum (L.), were identified, cloned and sequenced, and some were compared with those expressed in the salivary glands of Dermacentor andersoni. Total protein and RNA increased sixfold in the salivary glands of fed male A. americanum, while in fed male D. andersoni salivary glands, RNA increased approximately 3.5 times. Feeding D. andersoni in the presence of females increased total RNA by 25% over those fed in the absence of females. Complementary DNAs were synthesized from RNA obtained from unfed and fed ticks and amplified using RNA arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (RAP-PCR) with three different primers in separate reactions. Differential display showed clear banding differences between the fed and the unfed ticks in A. americanum and D. andersoni. Sixty-one cDNA fragments that appeared to be from differentially expressed genes in A. americanum were isolated, cloned and sequenced. Hybridization reactions with labeled cDNA probes confirmed the differential expression of many of the genes in unfed and fed ticks' salivary glands; however, many of the bands contained more than one fragment and some of the fragments isolated from apparently differential bands were not specific. Sequences for 28 of the cDNA fragments (150-600 nucleotides in length) demonstrated similarity to genes in the databases, but nine of these were similar to sequences of unknown function. Some of the gene fragments identified may be important to tick feeding or tick salivary gland physiology, including a histamine-binding protein, an organic ion transporter, an apoptosis inhibitor, a cathepsin-B-like cysteine protease, proteins involved in gene regulation and several proteins involved in protein synthesis. Cross-hybridization of identified cDNAs from A. americanum with cDNA probes synthesized from D. andersoni total RNA did not show significant similarity between the two species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelaziz D Bior
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 246 Noble Research Center, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater 74078-3035, USA
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Cam E, Nichols JD, Hines JE, Sauer JR, Alpizar-Jara R, Flather CH. Disentangling Sampling and Ecological Explanations Underlying Species-Area Relationships. Ecology 2002. [DOI: 10.2307/3071918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Aljamali M, Bowman AS, Dillwith JW, Tucker JS, Yates GW, Essenberg RC, Sauer JR. Identity and synthesis of prostaglandins in the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum (L.), as assessed by radio-immunoassay and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2002; 32:331-341. [PMID: 11804805 DOI: 10.1016/s0965-1748(01)00113-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
High concentrations of PGE(2) and PGF(2alpha) were identified by radio-immunoassay (RIA) and/or gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) in the hemolymph, salivary glands and saliva of the lone star tick Amblyomma americanum (L.). Binding studies indicated that PGE(2) was free and not bound to any proteins in the hemolymph. A small amount of 6-keto-PGF(1alpha) (breakdown product of PGI(2); prostacyclin) was also found in the salivary glands but not in the hemolymph or saliva. Neither PGD(2) nor PGA(2)/B(2) was detected in any tick material investigated. Although PGE(2) was found in the gut contents, only small amounts of label crossed the gut into the hemolymph during artificial feeding with labeled PGE(2), indicating that the high amounts of PGE(2) in hemolymph and salivary glands are not sequestered from the host blood meal. Isolated salivary glands and salivary gland homogenates demonstrated robust synthesis of PGE(2) at high concentrations of exogenous arachidonic acid. Synthesis by the salivary glands was monitored by measuring increasing PGE(2) with increasing arachidonic acid by RIA, GC/MS and labeled PGE(2) in the presence of labeled arachidonic acid. Synthesis was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by indomethacin indicating that the cyclooxygenase synthesizing prostaglandins in ticks shares similarities to the enzyme found in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majd Aljamali
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, 246 Noble Research Center, Stillwater, OK 74078-3035, USA
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Abstract
The rapid development of new genetic tools has boosted the gene discovery machinery. RNA interference (RNAi), a gene silencing process, has been recently used in several eukaryotic organisms to elucidate the function(s) of unknown genes and biochemical pathways. We used the dsRNA technique in Amlyomma americanum female ticks to test the applicability of the RNAi approach in ticks. Incubation of tick salivary glands (TSGs) in vitro and in vivo injection into whole female ticks with histamine binding protein (HBP) dsRNA led to a reduction in the HBP transcripts in the dsRNA treated groups. The dsRNA-injected ticks had a profound difference in their feeding pattern compared to control ticks that might reflect an increase in local histamine concentrations at the feeding sites. To our knowledge, this is the first RNAi study in ticks. In conclusion, RNAi can be applied in ticks and might be used to test the function of key proteins crucial for avoiding host defense at the tick-host interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majd N Aljamali
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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Madden RD, Sauer JR, Dillwith JW. A proteomics approach to characterizing tick salivary secretions. Exp Appl Acarol 2002; 28:77-87. [PMID: 14570118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The saliva of ticks contains a complex mixture of bioactive molecules including proteins that modulate host responses ensuring successful feeding. The limited amount of saliva that can be obtained from ticks has hampered characterization of salivary proteins using traditional protein chemistry. Recent improvements in two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, and bioinformatics provide new tools to characterize small amounts of protein. These methods were employed to characterize salivary proteins from Amblyomma americanum and Amblyvomma maculatum. Salivation was induced by injection of dopamine and theophylline. It was necessary to desalt and concentrate saliva before analysis by 2-D electrophoresis. Comparison of 1-D and 2-D gel patterns revealed that the major protein component of saliva did not appear on 2-D gels. Characterization of this protein showed that it was identical to the major protein present in the hemolymph of both tick species. Protein profiles obtained by 1-D and 2-D gel electrophoresis were similar for both tick species, however, higher concentrations of lower molecular weight proteins were present in A. maculatum. Protein analysis by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and western blot analysis showed that except for the most abundant protein with a molecular weight of 95 kDa, all of the proteins detected were of host origin. It is not known if this is an artifact of the collection method or has physiological significance. In either case, in these species of ticks, host proteins will have to be removed from saliva samples prior to 2-D analysis in order to characterize lower abundance proteins of tick origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin D Madden
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, 127 Noble Research Center, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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