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Lin JB, Pepple KL, Concepcion C, Korshunova Y, Paley MA, Paley GL, Laurent J, Apte RS, Hassman LM. Aqueous Macrophages Contribute to Conserved CCL2 and CXCL10 Gradients in Uveitis. Ophthalmol Sci 2024; 4:100453. [PMID: 38650614 PMCID: PMC11033188 DOI: 10.1016/j.xops.2023.100453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Purpose Uveitis is a heterogenous group of inflammatory eye disease for which current cytokine-targeted immune therapies are effective for only a subset of patients. We hypothesized that despite pathophysiologic nuances that differentiate individual disease states, all forms of eye inflammation might share common mechanisms for immune cell recruitment. Identifying these mechanisms is critical for developing novel, broadly acting therapeutic strategies. Design Experimental study. Subjects Biospecimens from patients with active or inactive uveitis and healthy controls. Methods Protein concentration and single cell gene expression were assessed in aqueous fluid biopsies and plasma samples from deidentified patients with uveitis or healthy controls. Main Outcome Measures The concentration of 31 inflammatory proteins was measured in all aqueous samples, as well as plasma samples from patients with active uveitis. Chemokine and cytokine ligand and receptor expression were assessed in individual cell types from aqueous biopsies obtained from patients with active uveitis. Results We identified 6 chemokines that were both elevated in active uveitis compared with controls and enriched in aqueous compared with plasma during active uveitis (C-C motif chemokine ligand [CCL]2, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand [CXCL]10, CXCL9, CXCL8, CCL3, and CCL14), forming potential gradients for migration of immune cells from the blood to the eye. Of these, CCL2 and CXCL10 were consistently enriched in the aqueous of all patients in our cohort, as well as in a larger cohort of patients from a previously published study. These data suggest that CCL2 and CXCL10 are key mediators in immune cell migration to the eye during uveitis. Next, single cell RNA sequencing suggested that macrophages contribute to aqueous enrichment of CCL2 and CXCL10 during human uveitis. Finally, using chemokine ligand and receptor expression mapping, we identified a broad signaling network for macrophage-derived CCL2 and CXCL10 in human uveitis. Conclusions These data suggest that ocular macrophages may play a central role, via CCL2 and CXCL10 production, in recruiting inflammatory cells to the eye in patients with uveitis. Financial Disclosures Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph B. Lin
- John F. Hardesty, MD, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, Roy and Diana Vagelos Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Kathryn L. Pepple
- Department of Ophthalmology, Roger and Angie Karalis Johnson Retina Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Christian Concepcion
- John F. Hardesty, MD, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Yulia Korshunova
- John F. Hardesty, MD, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Michael A. Paley
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Grace L. Paley
- John F. Hardesty, MD, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Jennifer Laurent
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Rajendra S. Apte
- John F. Hardesty, MD, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Lynn M. Hassman
- John F. Hardesty, MD, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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Terao R, Lee TJ, Colasanti J, Pfeifer CW, Lin JB, Santeford A, Hase K, Yamaguchi S, Du D, Sohn BS, Sasaki Y, Yoshida M, Apte RS. LXR/CD38 activation drives cholesterol-induced macrophage senescence and neurodegeneration via NAD + depletion. Cell Rep 2024:114102. [PMID: 38636518 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Although dysregulated cholesterol metabolism predisposes aging tissues to inflammation and a plethora of diseases, the underlying molecular mechanism remains poorly defined. Here, we show that metabolic and genotoxic stresses, convergently acting through liver X nuclear receptor, upregulate CD38 to promote lysosomal cholesterol efflux, leading to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) depletion in macrophages. Cholesterol-mediated NAD+ depletion induces macrophage senescence, promoting key features of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), including subretinal lipid deposition and neurodegeneration. NAD+ augmentation reverses cellular senescence and macrophage dysfunction, preventing the development of AMD phenotype. Genetic and pharmacological senolysis protect against the development of AMD and neurodegeneration. Subretinal administration of healthy macrophages promotes the clearance of senescent macrophages, reversing the AMD disease burden. Thus, NAD+ deficit induced by excess intracellular cholesterol is the converging mechanism of macrophage senescence and a causal process underlying age-related neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Terao
- John F. Hardesty, MD Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tae Jun Lee
- John F. Hardesty, MD Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jason Colasanti
- John F. Hardesty, MD Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Charles W Pfeifer
- John F. Hardesty, MD Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joseph B Lin
- John F. Hardesty, MD Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Andrea Santeford
- John F. Hardesty, MD Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Keitaro Hase
- John F. Hardesty, MD Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shinobu Yamaguchi
- John F. Hardesty, MD Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daniel Du
- John F. Hardesty, MD Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Brian S Sohn
- John F. Hardesty, MD Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yo Sasaki
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mitsukuni Yoshida
- John F. Hardesty, MD Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Rajendra S Apte
- John F. Hardesty, MD Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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3
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Lin JB, Santeford A, Usmani D, Shah AV, Ruzycki PA, Apte RS. Cell-specific Systemic Immune Signatures Associated with Treatment Burden in Neovascular Age-related Macular Degeneration. Ophthalmol Sci 2024; 4:100410. [PMID: 38524380 PMCID: PMC10960064 DOI: 10.1016/j.xops.2023.100410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Purpose Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) accounts for the majority of severe vision loss in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Despite therapies that target VEGF, patients are often under-responsive, require frequent eye injections to control disease, and eventually lose some vision despite chronic therapy implicating a multifactorial etiology in treatment response. Genetic studies implicate systemic immunity in AMD and systemic immune cells accumulate within CNV lesions, yet a role for these cells in anti-VEGF response remains undetermined. The purpose of this study was to identify transcriptional signatures of circulating immune cells that are associated with high anti-VEGF treatment burden. Design Experimental pilot study. Participants Patients with neovascular AMD seen at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis and BJC Health System. Methods We profiled by single cell RNA sequencing the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 27 treatment-experienced patients with wet AMD. We stratified this cohort into 2 groups with low and high treatment burden (≤ 5 or ≥ 6 injections in the past 12 months, respectively). Main Outcome Measures Identification of immune cells associated with high treatment burden. Results Gene expression signature of CD16+ monocytes may be associated with high treatment burden. Conclusions These studies delineate potential signatures of circulating immune cells that may be associated with high treatment burden in neovascular AMD, potentially informing the development of diagnostic predictors of anti-VEGF response and new precision medicine-based approaches to complement anti-VEGF therapies. Financial Disclosures Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph B. Lin
- John F. Hardesty, MD, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, Roy & Diana Vagelos Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Andrea Santeford
- John F. Hardesty, MD, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Darksha Usmani
- John F. Hardesty, MD, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Aaditya V. Shah
- John F. Hardesty, MD, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Philip A. Ruzycki
- John F. Hardesty, MD, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Rajendra S. Apte
- John F. Hardesty, MD, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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Lin JB, Santeford A, Colasanti JJ, Lee Y, Shah AV, Wang TJ, Ruzycki PA, Apte RS. Targeting cell-type-specific, choroid-peripheral immune signaling to treat age-related macular degeneration. Cell Rep Med 2024; 5:101353. [PMID: 38232696 PMCID: PMC10829736 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of blindness featuring pathogenic neovascularization of the choroidal vasculature (CNV). Although systemic immunity plays a role in AMD, the ocular signals that recruit and activate immune cells remain poorly defined. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we prospectively profile peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 65 individuals including AMD and controls, which we integrate with existing choroid data. We generate a network of choroid-peripheral immune interactions dysregulated in AMD, including known AMD-relevant gene vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor 2. Additionally, we find CYR61 is upregulated in choroidal veins and may signal to circulating monocytes. In mice, we validate that CYR61 is abundant in endothelial cells within CNV lesions neighboring monocyte-derived macrophages. Mechanistically, CYR61 activates macrophage anti-angiogenic gene expression, and ocular Cyr61 knockdown increases murine CNV size, indicating CYR61 inhibits CNV. This study highlights the potential of multi-tissue human datasets to identify disease-relevant and potentially therapeutically modifiable targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph B Lin
- John F. Hardesty, MD, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Neurosciences Graduate Program, Roy and Diana Vagelos Division of Biology & Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Andrea Santeford
- John F. Hardesty, MD, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jason J Colasanti
- John F. Hardesty, MD, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Molecular Cell Biology Graduate Program, Roy and Diana Vagelos Division of Biology & Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yoon Lee
- John F. Hardesty, MD, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Aaditya V Shah
- John F. Hardesty, MD, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Tzu Jui Wang
- John F. Hardesty, MD, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Philip A Ruzycki
- John F. Hardesty, MD, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Rajendra S Apte
- John F. Hardesty, MD, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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5
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Lee TJ, Sasaki Y, Ruzycki PA, Ban N, Lin JB, Wu HT, Santeford A, Apte RS. Catalytic isoforms of AMP-activated protein kinase differentially regulate IMPDH activity and photoreceptor neuron function. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e173707. [PMID: 38227383 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.173707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) plays a crucial role in maintaining ATP homeostasis in photoreceptor neurons. AMPK is a heterotrimeric protein consisting of α, β, and γ subunits. The independent functions of the 2 isoforms of the catalytic α subunit, PRKAA1 and PRKAA2, are uncharacterized in specialized neurons, such as photoreceptors. Here, we demonstrate in mice that rod photoreceptors lacking PRKAA2, but not PRKAA1, showed altered levels of cGMP, GTP, and ATP, suggesting isoform-specific regulation of photoreceptor metabolism. Furthermore, PRKAA2-deficient mice displayed visual functional deficits on electroretinography and photoreceptor outer segment structural abnormalities on transmission electron microscopy consistent with neuronal dysfunction, but not neurodegeneration. Phosphoproteomics identified inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) as a molecular driver of PRKAA2-specific photoreceptor dysfunction, and inhibition of IMPDH improved visual function in Prkaa2 rod photoreceptor-knockout mice. These findings highlight a therapeutically targetable PRKAA2 isoform-specific function of AMPK in regulating photoreceptor metabolism and function through a potentially previously uncharacterized mechanism affecting IMPDH activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Jun Lee
- John F. Hardesty, MD Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences
- Department of Developmental Biology; and
| | - Yo Sasaki
- Department of Genetics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Philip A Ruzycki
- John F. Hardesty, MD Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences
- Department of Genetics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Norimitsu Ban
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Joseph B Lin
- John F. Hardesty, MD Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences
| | | | - Andrea Santeford
- John F. Hardesty, MD Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences
| | - Rajendra S Apte
- John F. Hardesty, MD Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences
- Department of Developmental Biology; and
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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6
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Pfeifer CW, Walsh JT, Santeford A, Lin JB, Beatty WL, Terao R, Liu YA, Hase K, Ruzycki PA, Apte RS. Dysregulated CD200-CD200R signaling in early diabetes modulates microglia-mediated retinopathy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2308214120. [PMID: 37903272 PMCID: PMC10636339 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2308214120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a neurovascular complication of diabetes. Recent investigations have suggested that early degeneration of the neuroretina may occur prior to the appearance of microvascular changes; however, the mechanisms underlying this neurodegeneration have been elusive. Microglia are the predominant resident immune cell in the retina and adopt dynamic roles in disease. Here, we show that ablation of retinal microglia ameliorates visual dysfunction and neurodegeneration in a type I diabetes mouse model. We also provide evidence of enhanced microglial contact and engulfment of amacrine cells, ultrastructural modifications, and transcriptome changes that drive inflammation and phagocytosis. We show that CD200-CD200R signaling between amacrine cells and microglia is dysregulated during early DR and that targeting CD200R can attenuate high glucose-induced inflammation and phagocytosis in cultured microglia. Last, we demonstrate that targeting CD200R in vivo can prevent visual dysfunction, microglia activation, and retinal inflammation in the diabetic mouse. These studies provide a molecular framework for the pivotal role that microglia play in early DR pathogenesis and identify a potential immunotherapeutic target for treating DR in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles W. Pfeifer
- John F. Hardesty, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, Roy and Diana Vagelos Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
| | - James T. Walsh
- John F. Hardesty, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
| | - Andrea Santeford
- John F. Hardesty, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
| | - Joseph B. Lin
- John F. Hardesty, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, Roy and Diana Vagelos Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
| | - Wandy L. Beatty
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
| | - Ryo Terao
- John F. Hardesty, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo1138665, Japan
| | - Yizhou A. Liu
- John F. Hardesty, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
| | - Keitaro Hase
- John F. Hardesty, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
| | - Philip A. Ruzycki
- John F. Hardesty, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
| | - Rajendra S. Apte
- John F. Hardesty, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
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7
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Lin JB, Mora A, Wang TJ, Santeford A, Usmani D, Ligon MM, Mysorekar IU, Apte RS. Loss of stearoyl-CoA desaturase 2 disrupts inflammatory response in macrophages. mBio 2023; 14:e0092523. [PMID: 37417745 PMCID: PMC10470784 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00925-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are innate immune cells that patrol tissues and are the first responders to detect infection. They orchestrate the host immune response in eliminating invading pathogens and the subsequent transition from inflammation to tissue repair. Macrophage dysfunction contributes to age-related pathologies, including low-grade inflammation in advanced age that is termed "inflammaging." Our laboratory has previously identified that macrophage expression of a fatty acid desaturase, stearoyl-CoA desaturase 2 (SCD2), declines with age. Herein, we delineate the precise cellular effects of SCD2 deficiency in murine macrophages. We found that deletion of Scd2 from macrophages dysregulated basal and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated transcription of numerous inflammation-associated genes. Specifically, deletion of Scd2 from macrophages decreased basal and LPS-induced expression of Il1b transcript that corresponded to decreased production of precursor IL1B protein and release of mature IL1B. Furthermore, we identified disruptions in autophagy and depletion of unsaturated cardiolipins in SCD2-deficient macrophages. To assess the functional relevance of SCD2 in the macrophage response to infection, we challenged SCD2-deficient macrophages with uropathogenic Escherichia coli and found that there was impaired clearance of intracellular bacteria. This increased burden of intracellular bacteria was accompanied by increased release of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL6 and TNF but decreased IL1B. Taken together, these results indicate that macrophage expression of Scd2 is necessary for maintaining the macrophage response to inflammatory stimuli. This link between fatty acid metabolism and fundamental macrophage effector functions may potentially be relevant to diverse age-related pathologies. IMPORTANCE Macrophages are immune cells that respond to infection, but their dysfunction is implicated in many age-related diseases. Recent evidence showed that macrophage expression of a fatty acid enzyme, stearoyl-CoA desaturase 2, declines in aged organisms. In this work, we characterize the effects when stearoyl-CoA desaturase 2 is deficient in macrophages. We identify aspects of the macrophage inflammatory response to infection that may be affected when expression of a key fatty acid enzyme is decreased, and these findings may provide cellular insight into how macrophages contribute to age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph B. Lin
- John F. Hardesty, MD Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, Roy and Diana Vagelos Division of Biology & Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Amy Mora
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Tzu Jui Wang
- John F. Hardesty, MD Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Andrea Santeford
- John F. Hardesty, MD Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Darksha Usmani
- John F. Hardesty, MD Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Marianne M. Ligon
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Indira U. Mysorekar
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Rajendra S. Apte
- John F. Hardesty, MD Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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8
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Liu YC, Niu HB, Lin JB. Comment on "Distinct spin-lattice and spin-phonon interactions in monolayer magnetic CrI" by L. Webster, L. Liang and J.-A. Yan, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2018, 20, 23546. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:17895-17897. [PMID: 35833802 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00720g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We point out four mistakes in the symmetry classification of vibrational modes of the CrI3 monolayer at the Γ point in Webster et al.'s paper [PCCP, 2018, 20, 23546]. The discrepancy of Raman activity of A2g mode as well as the misidentification of two optical modes A1u and A2u have been clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y C Liu
- Department of Applied Physics, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710054, China.
| | - H B Niu
- Department of Applied Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University City College, Xi'an 710018, China
| | - J B Lin
- National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
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9
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Sasaki Y, Kakita H, Kubota S, Sene A, Lee TJ, Ban N, Dong Z, Lin JB, Boye SL, DiAntonio A, Boye SE, Apte RS, Milbrandt J. SARM1 depletion rescues NMNAT1-dependent photoreceptor cell death and retinal degeneration. eLife 2020; 9:e62027. [PMID: 33107823 PMCID: PMC7591247 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Leber congenital amaurosis type nine is an autosomal recessive retinopathy caused by mutations of the NAD+ synthesis enzyme NMNAT1. Despite the ubiquitous expression of NMNAT1, patients do not manifest pathologies other than retinal degeneration. Here we demonstrate that widespread NMNAT1 depletion in adult mice mirrors the human pathology, with selective loss of photoreceptors highlighting the exquisite vulnerability of these cells to NMNAT1 loss. Conditional deletion demonstrates that NMNAT1 is required within the photoreceptor. Mechanistically, loss of NMNAT1 activates the NADase SARM1, the central executioner of axon degeneration, to trigger photoreceptor death and vision loss. Hence, the essential function of NMNAT1 in photoreceptors is to inhibit SARM1, highlighting an unexpected shared mechanism between axonal degeneration and photoreceptor neurodegeneration. These results define a novel SARM1-dependent photoreceptor cell death pathway and identifies SARM1 as a therapeutic candidate for retinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo Sasaki
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Hiroki Kakita
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
- Department of Perinatal and Neonatal Medicine, Aichi Medical UniversityAichiJapan
| | - Shunsuke Kubota
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Abdoulaye Sene
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Tae Jun Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Norimitsu Ban
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Zhenyu Dong
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Joseph B Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Sanford L Boye
- Department of Pediatrics, Powell Gene Therapy CenterGainesvilleUnited States
| | - Aaron DiAntonio
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
- Needleman Center for Neurometabolism and Axonal TherapeuticsSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Shannon E Boye
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cellular and Molecular TherapyGainesvilleUnited States
| | - Rajendra S Apte
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Jeffrey Milbrandt
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
- Needleman Center for Neurometabolism and Axonal TherapeuticsSt. LouisUnited States
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10
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Lin JB, Lin JB, Chen HC, Chen T, Apte RS. Combined SIRT3 and SIRT5 deletion is associated with inner retinal dysfunction in a mouse model of type 1 diabetes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3799. [PMID: 30846716 PMCID: PMC6406004 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40177-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a major cause of blindness in working adults in the industrialized world. In addition to vision loss caused by macular edema and pathological angiogenesis, DR patients often exhibit neuronal dysfunction on electrophysiological testing, suggesting that there may be an independent neuronal phase of disease that precedes vascular disease. Given the tremendous metabolic requirements of the retina and photoreceptors in particular, we hypothesized that derangements in metabolic regulation may accelerate retinal dysfunction in diabetes. As such, we induced hyperglycemia with streptozotocin in mice with monoallelic Nampt deletion from rod photoreceptors, mice lacking SIRT3, and mice lacking SIRT5 and tested multiple components of retinal function with electroretinography. None of these mice exhibited accelerated retinal dysfunction after induction of hyperglycemia, consistent with normal-appearing retinal morphology in hyperglycemic Sirt3−/− or Sirt5−/− mice. However, mice lacking both SIRT3 and SIRT5 (Sirt3−/−Sirt5−/− mice) exhibited significant evidence of inner retinal dysfunction after induction of hyperglycemia compared to hyperglycemic littermate controls, although this dysfunction was not accompanied by gross morphological changes in the retina. These results suggest that SIRT3 and SIRT5 may be involved in regulating neuronal dysfunction in DR and provide a foundation for future studies investigating sirtuin-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan B Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joseph B Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Howard C Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Teresa Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rajendra S Apte
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. .,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. .,Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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11
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Lin JB, Moolani HV, Sene A, Sidhu R, Kell P, Lin JB, Dong Z, Ban N, Ory DS, Apte RS. Macrophage microRNA-150 promotes pathological angiogenesis as seen in age-related macular degeneration. JCI Insight 2018; 3:120157. [PMID: 29618664 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.120157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage aging is pathogenic in diseases of the elderly, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a leading cause of blindness in older adults. However, the role of microRNAs, which modulate immune processes, in regulating macrophage dysfunction and thereby promoting age-associated diseases is underexplored. Here, we report that microRNA-150 (miR-150) coordinates transcriptomic changes in aged murine macrophages, especially those associated with aberrant lipid trafficking and metabolism in AMD pathogenesis. Molecular profiling confirmed that aged murine macrophages exhibit dysregulated ceramide and phospholipid profiles compared with young macrophages. Of translational relevance, upregulation of miR-150 in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells was also significantly associated with increased odds of AMD, even after controlling for age. Mechanistically, miR-150 directly targets stearoyl-CoA desaturase-2, which coordinates macrophage-mediated inflammation and pathologic angiogenesis, as seen in AMD, in a VEGF-independent manner. Together, our results implicate miR-150 as pathogenic in AMD and provide potentially novel molecular insights into diseases of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan B Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences
| | | | | | - Rohini Sidhu
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center.,Department of Medicine, and
| | - Pamela Kell
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center.,Department of Medicine, and
| | | | - Zhenyu Dong
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences
| | | | - Daniel S Ory
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center.,Department of Medicine, and
| | - Rajendra S Apte
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences.,Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center.,Department of Medicine, and.,Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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12
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Mast N, Lin JB, Anderson KW, Bjorkhem I, Pikuleva IA. Transcriptional and post-translational changes in the brain of mice deficient in cholesterol removal mediated by cytochrome P450 46A1 (CYP46A1). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187168. [PMID: 29073233 PMCID: PMC5658173 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 46A1 (CYP46A1) converts cholesterol to 24-hydroxycholesterol and thereby controls the major pathways of cholesterol removal from the brain. Cyp46a1-/- mice have a reduction in the rate of cholesterol biosynthesis in the brain and significant impairments to memory and learning. To gain insights into the mechanisms underlying Cyp46a1-/- phenotype, we used Cyp46a1-/- mice and quantified their brain sterol levels and the expression of the genes pertinent to cholesterol homeostasis. We also compared the Cyp46a1-/- and wild type brains for protein phosphorylation and ubiquitination. The data obtained enable the following inferences. First, there seems to be a compensatory upregulation in the Cyp46a1-/- brain of the pathways of cholesterol storage and CYP46A1-independent removal. Second, transcriptional regulation of the brain cholesterol biosynthesis via sterol regulatory element binding transcription factors is not significantly activated in the Cyp46a1-/- brain to explain a compensatory decrease in cholesterol biosynthesis. Third, some of the liver X receptor target genes (Abca1) are paradoxically upregulated in the Cyp46a1-/- brain, possibly due to a reduced activation of the small GTPases RAB8, CDC42, and RAC as a result of a reduced phosphorylation of RAB3IP and PAK1. Fourth, the phosphorylation of many other proteins (a total of 146) is altered in the Cyp46a1-/- brain, including microtubule associated and neurofilament proteins (the MAP and NEF families) along with proteins related to synaptic vesicles and synaptic neurotransmission (e.g., SLCs, SHANKs, and BSN). Fifth, the extent of protein ubiquitination is increased in the Cyp46a1-/- brain, and the affected proteins pertain to ubiquitination (UBE2N), cognition (STX1B and ATP1A2), cytoskeleton function (TUBA1A and YWHAZ), and energy production (ATP1A2 and ALDOA). The present study demonstrates the diverse potential effects of CYP46A1 deficiency on brain functions and identifies important proteins that could be affected by this deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Mast
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Joseph B. Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kyle W. Anderson
- Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ingemar Bjorkhem
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Irina A. Pikuleva
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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Lin JB, Chai WL, Zhang JM, Wang YP, Lin SW, Li HY, Wu SY. [Association between hypertension and serum microRNA21 and microRNA133a in ocean seamen]. Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing Za Zhi 2017; 34:412-5. [PMID: 27514547 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1001-9391.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the prevalence of hypertension in ocean seamen and major influencing factors, as well as the association between hypertension and serum microRNA21 and microRNA133a. METHODS Health examination and a questionnaire survey were performed for 780 ocean seamen who underwent physical examination in an international travel healthcare center in Fujian, China from January to June, 2014. TaqMan RT-qPCR was used to measure the serum levels of microRNA21 and microRNA133a in seamen with hypertension. RESULTS The prevalence of hypertension differed significantly between the ocean seamen with different ages, education levels, marital status, body mass index (BMI) values, drinking frequencies, and numbers of sailing years (P<0.05). The prevalence rate of hypertension in the ocean seamen increased with the increasing drinking frequency (χ(2)=9.02, P<0.05) , decreased with the increase in degree of education (χ(2)=11.578, P<0.05) , and increased with the increase in the number of sailing years (χ(2)=28.06, P<0.05). The hypertensive ocean seamen had significantly higher expression levels of microRNA21 and MicroRNA133a than the healthy ocean seamen (microRNA21: 7.87±5.46 vs 1.03±0.80, P<0.05; MicroRNA133a: 7.45±1.94 vs 4.52±1.15, P<0.05). The multivariate analysis showed that a high level of microRNA21 (OR=1.61, 95% CI: 1.22~2.11) , a high level of microRNA133a (OR=1.52, 95% CI: 1.24~1.87) , drinking (OR=1.64, 95% CI: 1.08~2.50) , overweight based on BMI (OR=1.18, 95%CI: 1.07~1.30) , and many sailing years (OR=2.89, 95% CI: 1.14~7.30) were risk factors for hypertension. CONCLUSION The prevention and treatment of hypertension in ocean seamen should be enhanced. Excessive drinking should be controlled, and sailing time should be arranged reasonably. The microRNA21 and microRNA133a may be associated with the development and progression of hypertension in ocean seamen.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Lin
- School of Public Health Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, China
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14
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Mast N, Anderson KW, Lin JB, Li Y, Turko IV, Tatsuoka C, Bjorkhem I, Pikuleva IA. Cytochrome P450 27A1 Deficiency and Regional Differences in Brain Sterol Metabolism Cause Preferential Cholestanol Accumulation in the Cerebellum. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:4913-4924. [PMID: 28190002 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.774760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 27A1 (CYP27A1 or sterol 27-hydroxylase) is a ubiquitous, multifunctional enzyme catalyzing regio- and stereospecific hydroxylation of different sterols. In humans, complete CYP27A1 deficiency leads to cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis or nodule formation in tendons and brain (preferentially in the cerebellum) rich in cholesterol and cholestanol, the 5α-saturated analog of cholesterol. In Cyp27a1-/- mice, xanthomas are not formed, despite a significant cholestanol increase in the brain and cerebellum. The mechanism behind cholestanol production has been clarified, yet little is known about its metabolism, except that CYP27A1 might metabolize cholestanol. It also is unclear why CYP27A1 deficiency results in preferential cholestanol accumulation in the cerebellum. We hypothesized that cholestanol might be metabolized by CYP46A1, the principal cholesterol 24-hydroxylase in the brain. We quantified sterols along with CYP27A1 and CYP46A1 in mouse models (Cyp27a1-/-, Cyp46a1-/-, Cyp27a1-/-Cyp46a1-/-, and two wild type strains) and human brain specimens. In vitro experiments with purified P450s were conducted as well. We demonstrate that CYP46A1 is involved in cholestanol removal from the brain and that several factors contribute to the preferential increase in cholestanol in the cerebellum arising from CYP27A1 deficiency. These factors include (i) low cerebellar abundance of CYP46A1 and high cerebellar abundance of CYP27A1, the lack of which probably selectively increases the cerebellar cholestanol production; (ii) spatial separation in the cerebellum of cholesterol/cholestanol-metabolizing P450s from a pool of metabolically available cholestanol; and (iii) weak cerebellar regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis. We identified a new physiological role of CYP46A1, an important brain enzyme and cytochrome P450 that could be activated pharmacologically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Mast
- From the Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and
| | - Kyle W Anderson
- the Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899.,the Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, Maryland 20850, and
| | - Joseph B Lin
- From the Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and
| | - Yong Li
- From the Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and
| | - Illarion V Turko
- the Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899.,the Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, Maryland 20850, and
| | - Curtis Tatsuoka
- Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Ingemar Bjorkhem
- the Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, 141 86 Huddinge, Sweden
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15
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Xu QP, He F, Liu ZQ, Xiong WM, Lin JB, Cai L. [Effect of gender on the prognosis of patients with non-small cell lung cancer]. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2017; 38:244-247. [PMID: 28231675 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-6450.2017.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To analyze the effect of gender on the prognosis of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods: Data of 1 195 patients with NSCLC were analyzed by Chi-square, Kaplan-Meier, log-rank tests and Cox regression models. Results: Women had a longer survival than men (median overall survival 31.64 versus 22.71 months, P<0.01) in the participants of this study. Differences seen in overall survival remained the similar, after stratified by age, pathologic types, clinical stage, sizes, pleural effusion and surgery of the patients, respectively. Data from the multivariate analysis revealed that factors as smoking, clinical stage, metastatic when diagnosis was made and surgery, but not gender, were independent prognostic factors for patients with NSCLC. After adjustment for potential confounders, we found that smoking was a major confounding factor, affecting the relationship between gender and prognosis of NSCLC. Conclusion: Gender did not seem an independent prognostic factor for NSCLC patients while the survival advantages of females might be attributed to the lower prevalence of smoking in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q P Xu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, The First Affiliated Hospital Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - F He
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, The First Affiliated Hospital Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Z Q Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, The First Affiliated Hospital Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - W M Xiong
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, The First Affiliated Hospital Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - J B Lin
- School of Public Health, Department of Chest Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - L Cai
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, The First Affiliated Hospital Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, China
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16
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Anderson KW, Mast N, Hudgens JW, Lin JB, Turko IV, Pikuleva IA. Mapping of the Allosteric Site in Cholesterol Hydroxylase CYP46A1 for Efavirenz, a Drug That Stimulates Enzyme Activity. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:11876-86. [PMID: 27056331 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.723577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 46A1 (CYP46A1) is a microsomal enzyme and cholesterol 24-hydroxylase that controls cholesterol elimination from the brain. This P450 is also a potential target for Alzheimer disease because it can be activated pharmacologically by some marketed drugs, as exemplified by efavirenz, the anti-HIV medication. Previously, we suggested that pharmaceuticals activate CYP46A1 allosterically through binding to a site on the cytosolic protein surface, which is different from the enzyme active site facing the membrane. Here we identified this allosteric site for efavirenz on CYP46A1 by using a combination of hydrogen-deuterium exchange coupled to MS, computational modeling, site-directed mutagenesis, and analysis of the CYP46A1 crystal structure. We also mapped the binding region for the CYP46A1 redox partner oxidoreductase and found that the allosteric and redox partner binding sites share a common border. On the basis of the data obtained, we propose the mechanism of CYP46A1 allostery and the pathway for the signal transmission from the P450 allosteric site to the active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle W Anderson
- From the Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, the Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, Maryland 20850, and
| | - Natalia Mast
- the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Jeffrey W Hudgens
- From the Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, the Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, Maryland 20850, and
| | - Joseph B Lin
- the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Illarion V Turko
- From the Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, the Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, Maryland 20850, and
| | - Irina A Pikuleva
- the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
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17
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Lin JB, Mast N, Bederman IR, Li Y, Brunengraber H, Björkhem I, Pikuleva IA. Cholesterol in mouse retina originates primarily from in situ de novo biosynthesis. J Lipid Res 2015; 57:258-64. [PMID: 26630912 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m064469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The retina, a thin tissue in the back of the eye, has two apparent sources of cholesterol: in situ biosynthesis and cholesterol available from the systemic circulation. The quantitative contributions of these two cholesterol sources to the retinal cholesterol pool are unknown and have been determined in the present work. A new methodology was used. Mice were given separately deuterium-labeled drinking water and chow containing 0.3% deuterium-labeled cholesterol. In the retina, the rate of total cholesterol input was 21 μg of cholesterol/g retina • day, of which 15 μg of cholesterol/g retina • day was provided by local biosynthesis and 6 μg of cholesterol/g retina • day was uptaken from the systemic circulation. Thus, local cholesterol biosynthesis accounts for the majority (72%) of retinal cholesterol input. We also quantified cholesterol input to mouse brain, the organ sharing important similarities with the retina. The rate of total cerebral cholesterol input was 121 μg of cholesterol/g brain • day with local biosynthesis providing 97% of total cholesterol input. Our work addresses a long-standing question in eye research and adds new knowledge to the potential use of statins (drugs that inhibit cholesterol biosynthesis) as therapeutics for age-related macular degeneration, a common blinding disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph B Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences,Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Natalia Mast
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences,Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Ilya R Bederman
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences,Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Henri Brunengraber
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Ingemar Björkhem
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Stockholm 141 86 Sweden
| | - Irina A Pikuleva
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences,Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
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18
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Mast N, Lin JB, Pikuleva IA. Marketed Drugs Can Inhibit Cytochrome P450 27A1, a Potential New Target for Breast Cancer Adjuvant Therapy. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 88:428-36. [PMID: 26082378 DOI: 10.1124/mol.115.099598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 CYP27A1 is the only enzyme in humans converting cholesterol to 27-hydroxycholesterol, an oxysterol of multiple functions, including tissue-specific modulation of estrogen and liver X receptors. Both receptors seem to mediate adverse effects of 27-hydroxycholesterol in breast cancer when the levels of this oxysterol are elevated. The present work assessed druggability of CYP27A1 as a potential antibreast cancer target. We selected 26 anticancer and noncancer medications, most approved by the Food and Drug Administration, and evaluated them first in vitro for inhibition of purified recombinant CYP27A1 and binding to the enzyme active site. Six strong CYP27A1 inhibitors/binders were identified. These were the two antibreast cancer pharmaceuticals anastrozole and fadrozole, antiprostate cancer drug bicalutamide, sedative dexmedetomidine, and two antifungals ravuconazole and posaconazole. Anastrozole was then tested in vivo on mice, which received subcutaneous drug injections for 1 week. Mouse plasma and hepatic 27-hydroxycholesterol levels were decreased 2.6- and 1.6-fold, respectively, whereas plasma and hepatic cholesterol content remained unchanged. Thus, pharmacologic CYP27A1 inhibition is possible in the whole body and individual organs, but does not negatively affect cholesterol elimination. Our results enhance the potential of CYP27A1 as an antibreast cancer target, could be of importance for the interpretation of Femara versus Anastrozole Clinical Evaluation Trial, and bring attention to posaconazole as a potential complementary anti-breast cancer medication. More medications on the US market may have unanticipated off-target inhibition of CYP27A1, and we propose strategies for their identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Mast
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Joseph B Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Irina A Pikuleva
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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19
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Wu CC, Hsieh CW, Lai PH, Lin JB, Liu YC, Wung BS. Upregulation of endothelial heme oxygenase-1 expression through the activation of the JNK pathway by sublethal concentrations of acrolein. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2006; 214:244-52. [PMID: 16480751 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2005.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2005] [Revised: 12/05/2005] [Accepted: 12/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Acrolein is a highly electrophilic alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehyde that is present in cigarette smoke. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is a cytoprotective enzyme activated by various such electrophilic compounds. In this study, the regulatory effects of acrolein upon the expression of HO-1 were investigated in endothelial cells (ECs). We demonstrate that acrolein induces the elevation of HO-1 protein levels, and subsequent enzyme activity, at non-cytotoxic concentrations. An additional alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehyde, cinnamaldehyde, was also found to increase HO-1 expression and have less cytotoxicity than acrolein. Moreover, acrolein-mediated HO-1 induction is abrogated in the presence of actinomycin D and cycloheximide. Nrf2 is a transcription factor involved in the induction of HO-1 through an antioxidant response element (ARE) in the promoter region of the HO-1 gene. We show that acrolein induces Nrf2 translocation and ARE-luciferase reporter activity. Acrolein was also found to induce the production of both superoxide and H2O2 at levels greater than 100 microM. However, with the exception of NAC, no antioxidant generated any effect upon acrolein-dependent HO-1 expression in ECs. Our present findings suggest that reactive oxygen species (ROS) may not be a major modulator for HO-1 induction. Using buthionine sulfoximine to deplete the intracellular GSH levels further enhanced the effects of acrolein. We also found that cellular GSH level was rapidly reduced after both 10 and 100 microM acrolein treatment. However, after 6 h of exposure to ECs, only 10 microM acrolein treatment increases GSH level. In addition, only the JNK inhibitor SP600125 and tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein had any significant inhibitory impact upon the upregulation of HO-1 by acrolein. Pretreatment with a range of other PI3 kinase inhibitors, including wortmannin and LY294002, showed no effects. Hence, we show in our current experiments that a sublethal concentration of acrolein is in fact a novel HO-1 inducer, and we further identify the principal underlying mechanisms involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
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20
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Wu CC, Hsu MC, Hsieh CW, Lin JB, Lai PH, Wung BS. Upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 by Epigallocatechin-3-gallate via the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt and ERK pathways. Life Sci 2005; 78:2889-97. [PMID: 16378625 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2005.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2005] [Accepted: 11/09/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is a cytoprotective enzyme activated by various phytochemicals and we examined the ability of Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the major constituent of green tea, to upregulate HO-1 expression in endothelial cells (ECs). We demonstrate that EGCG induces HO-1 expression in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Furthermore, EGCG-mediated HO-1 induction was abrogated in the presence of actinomycin D and cycloheximide, indicating that this upregulation of HO-1 occurred at the transcriptional level. EGCG also upregulates Nrf2 levels in nuclear extracts and increases ARE-luciferase activity. Furthermore, EGCG is the most potent inducer of HO-1 expression of the different green tea constituents that we analyzed, but had no detectable cytotoxic effects over the 25-100 microM dosage range. The inhibition of intracellular ROS production by N-acetylcysteine (NAC), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and the mitochondrial complex I inhibitor, rotenone, results in a decrease in EGCG-dependent HO-1 expression. In addition, we determined that tyrosine kinase is involved in EGCG induction of HO-1 as this is abrogated by genistein. ECs treated with EGCG exhibit activation of Akt and ERK1/2. In addition, pharmacological inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and MEK1/2, which are upstream of Akt and ERK1/2, respectively, attenuate EGCG-induced HO-1 expression. On the other hand, pretreatment of these cells with EGCG exerts significant cytoprotective effects against H2O2, suggesting that the induction of HO-1 is an important component in the protection against oxidative stress. Hence, EGCG is a novel phytochemical inducer of HO-1 expression and we further identify the principal underlying mechanisms involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine whether the activity of topoisomerase I (topo I), the target of the anti-neoplastic drug camptothecin (CPT), is elevated in cervical cancer and whether CPT can radiosensitize cervical tumors. METHODS The topo I activity of 11 normal cervix and 30 cervical carcinoma tumors was assayed by measuring the relaxation of supercoiled DNA. Subconfluent or postconfluent CaSki human cervical carcinoma cells were exposed to CPT (1-5000 ng/ml) and immediately X-irradiated (0-800 cGy). Cell survival was determined by clonogenic assay. RESULTS Mean topo I activity in cervical cancer (3.0 +/- 0.06 h(-1)) was significantly greater than in normal cervix tissue (0.29 +/- 0.06 h(-1)). Stage 3 and 4 cervical carcinoma specimens displayed a trend of greater topo I activity (5.88 +/- 3.7 h(-1)) than stage 1 and 2 tumors (2.57 +/- 0.47 h(-1)). No correlation between topo I protein levels and catalytic activity was found. Combined treatment of subconfluent CaSki cells with CPT and ionizing radiation resulted in additive killing of cells. Combined treatment of postconfluent CaSki cells with low doses of radiation (200 and 400 cGy) and 1 or 10 ng/ml CPT for 2 or 48 h produced significant cytotoxicity compared to CPT or radiation alone, which were ineffective at these doses. CONCLUSIONS Topo I activity is elevated in cervical cancer compared to normal cervix. The radiosensitivity of noncycling cells within cervical tumors may be increased by simultaneous treatment with low doses of CPT or other topo I inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Chen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
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Nguyen BT, Lazzari K, Abebe J, Mac I, Lin JB, Chang A, Wydner KL, Lawrence JB, Cram LS, Weier HU. In situ hybridization to chromosomes stabilized in gel microdrops. Cytometry 1995; 21:111-9. [PMID: 8582230 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.990210202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Conventional chromosome in situ hybridization procedures rely on fixation to glass slides followed by microscopic evaluation. This report describes the development of a microdrop in situ hybridization to chromosomes in suspension. Chromosomes encapsulated in gel microdrops (GMDs) composed of an agarose matrix withstood stringent hybridization and denaturation conditions. Because of the increased stability, hybridization to encapsulated chromosomes was detected by flow cytometry as well as conventional microscopy. Thus, the MISH method offers a means for chromosome hybridization without slides and may enable identification and isolation of chromosome using hybridization rather than nucleic acid binding dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B T Nguyen
- One Cell Systems, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Chen YS, Lin JB, Dai KS, Deng BX, Xu LZ, Lin CD, Jiang ZG. Gastric xanthelasma. Chin Med J (Engl) 1989; 102:639-43. [PMID: 2517621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric xanthelasmas are macroscopically well demarcated yellow or yellow-white plaques, and microscopically composed of typical foamy macrophages. Of 3870 patients who underwent upper gastrointestinal panendoscopic examinations, 30 (0.8%) were found to have gastric xanthelasma. A moderate predominance of males over females (M:F = 3.3:1) was noted. The age ranged between 21 and 69 years (mean 46.7). Frequency peaked in those from 40 to 60 years of age (53.3%). Single lesions were found in 26 patients and multiple in 4, with diameters of 1-6 mm, nearly 66.7% of which were 2-3 mm. Gastric xanthelasmas are most frequently found in the antrum (67.8%), especially along the lesser curvature. Associated chronic gastritis in the xanthelasma surrounding mucosa was found in the 30 patients and intestinal metaplasia in 4 (13.3%). The cause of gastric xanthelasma is unknown, but chronic gastritis may be the most plausible etiologic factor.
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Chang SM, Chang JG, Lin JB, Lin SC, Wei CF, Chen PH. Waldenström's macroglobulinemia with unilateral massive pleural effusion: report of a case. Taiwan Yi Xue Hui Za Zhi 1989; 88:286-8. [PMID: 2507732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
One rare case of Waldenström's macroglobulinemia with massive right-sided pleural effusion is reported. A 66-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital because of exertional dyspnea and chronic cough of three months' duration. Chest X-ray examination showed massive right-sided pleural effusion. Routine blood examination revealed severe anemia. Sternal bone marrow aspirate revealed a hypercellular marrow with replacement of 50% of the normal hematopoietic cells by a spectrum of lymphoid cells, including small lymphocytes, a few plasma-cytoid lymphocytes and immature plasma cells. The diagnosis was confirmed by serum protein electrophoresis and immunoglobulin assay. The effect of chemotherapy was satisfactory in the first two years as pleural effusion subsided completely and the marrow returned to near normal. But, the response was poor during the last 6 months. She died about 4 years after her first admission.
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Lin JB. [Thyroid tumors--a clinico-pathologic analysis of 514 cases]. Zhonghua Bing Li Xue Za Zhi 1985; 14:130-2. [PMID: 2935294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Lin JB. [Coexisting Wilm's tumor and papillary carcinoma of renal pelvis in an adult--a case report]. Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi 1983; 5:69-70. [PMID: 6303734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Zhou MH, Li Q, Bao YM, Lin JB, Chu YH. [Antifertility effect of 17 beta-hydroxy-7 alpha-methylandrost-5-en-3-one and its hormonal activity (author's transl)]. Yao Xue Xue Bao 1981; 16:8-13. [PMID: 7246164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Shu HD, Chu YH, Lin JB, Zhao ZF. Pharmacologic studies of 15-methyl prostaglandin F2 alpha(PGF2 alpha). Chin Med J (Engl) 1980; 93:114-8. [PMID: 6768510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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Lin JB. An analysis of glioneural elements in cystic teratoma of the ovary. Acta Obstet Gynaecol Jpn 1972; 19:185-98. [PMID: 4679419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Lin JB, Misaka N, Fukunaga W, Shimizu S. Hemangioma of the placenta. Case report and review of the literatures. Acta Obstet Gynaecol Jpn 1970; 17:107-14. [PMID: 5468585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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