1
|
Subbakrishna Adishesha A, Vanselow DJ, La Riviere P, Cheng KC, Huang SX. Sinogram domain angular upsampling of sparse-view micro-CT with dense residual hierarchical transformer and attention-weighted loss. Comput Methods Programs Biomed 2023; 242:107802. [PMID: 37738839 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2023.107802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Reduced angular sampling is a key strategy for increasing scanning efficiency of micron-scale computed tomography (micro-CT). Despite boosting throughput, this strategy introduces noise and extrapolation artifacts due to undersampling. In this work, we present a solution to this issue, by proposing a novel Dense Residual Hierarchical Transformer (DRHT) network to recover high-quality sinograms from 2×, 4× and 8× undersampled scans. DRHT is trained to utilize limited information available from sparsely angular sampled scans and once trained, it can be applied to recover higher-resolution sinograms from shorter scan sessions. Our proposed DRHT model aggregates the benefits of a hierarchical- multi-scale structure along with the combination of local and global feature extraction through dense residual convolutional blocks and non-overlapping window transformer blocks respectively. We also propose a novel noise-aware loss function named KL-L1 to improve sinogram restoration to full resolution. KL-L1, a weighted combination of pixel-level and distribution-level cost functions, leverages inconsistencies in noise distribution and uses learnable spatial weight maps to improve the training of the DRHT model. We present ablation studies and evaluations of our method against other state-of-the-art (SOTA) models over multiple datasets. Our proposed DRHT network achieves an average increase in peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) of 17.73 dB and a structural similarity index (SSIM) of 0.161, for 8× upsampling, across the three diverse datasets, compared to their respective Bicubic interpolated versions. This novel approach can be utilized to decrease radiation exposure to patients and reduce imaging time for large-scale CT imaging projects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel J Vanselow
- Penn State College of Medicine, The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Hershey, 17033, PA, USA; Penn State College of Medicine, Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Hershey, 17033, PA, USA.
| | - Patrick La Riviere
- University of Chicago, Department of Radiology, Chicago, 60637, IL, USA.
| | - Keith C Cheng
- Penn State College of Medicine, The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Hershey, 17033, PA, USA; Penn State College of Medicine, Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Hershey, 17033, PA, USA.
| | - Sharon X Huang
- Pennsylvania State University, College of Information Sciences and Technology, University Park, 16802, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ang KC, Canfield VA, Foster TC, Harbaugh TD, Early KA, Harter RL, Reid KP, Leong SL, Kawasawa Y, Liu D, Hawley JW, Cheng KC. Native American genetic ancestry and pigmentation allele contributions to skin color in a Caribbean population. eLife 2023; 12:e77514. [PMID: 37294081 PMCID: PMC10371226 DOI: 10.7554/elife.77514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Our interest in the genetic basis of skin color variation between populations led us to seek a Native American population with genetically African admixture but low frequency of European light skin alleles. Analysis of 458 genomes from individuals residing in the Kalinago Territory of the Commonwealth of Dominica showed approximately 55% Native American, 32% African, and 12% European genetic ancestry, the highest Native American genetic ancestry among Caribbean populations to date. Skin pigmentation ranged from 20 to 80 melanin units, averaging 46. Three albino individuals were determined to be homozygous for a causative multi-nucleotide polymorphism OCA2NW273KV contained within a haplotype of African origin; its allele frequency was 0.03 and single allele effect size was -8 melanin units. Derived allele frequencies of SLC24A5A111T and SLC45A2L374F were 0.14 and 0.06, with single allele effect sizes of -6 and -4, respectively. Native American genetic ancestry by itself reduced pigmentation by more than 20 melanin units (range 24-29). The responsible hypopigmenting genetic variants remain to be identified, since none of the published polymorphisms predicted in prior literature to affect skin color in Native Americans caused detectable hypopigmentation in the Kalinago.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khai C Ang
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
- Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
| | - Victor A Canfield
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
- Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
| | - Tiffany C Foster
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
- Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
| | - Thaddeus D Harbaugh
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
- Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
| | - Kathryn A Early
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
- Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
| | - Rachel L Harter
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
| | - Katherine P Reid
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
- Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
| | - Shou Ling Leong
- Department of Family & Community Medicine, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
| | - Yuka Kawasawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
- Institute of Personalized Medicine, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
| | - Dajiang Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
| | | | - Keith C Cheng
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
- Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yakovlev MA, Liang K, Zaino CR, Vanselow DJ, Sugarman AL, Lin AY, La Riviere PJ, Zheng Y, Silverman JD, Leichty JC, Huang SX, Cheng KC. Quantitative Geometric Modeling of Blood Cells from X-ray Histotomograms of Whole Zebrafish Larvae. bioRxiv 2023:2023.05.23.541939. [PMID: 37292910 PMCID: PMC10245913 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.23.541939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tissue phenotyping is foundational to understanding and assessing the cellular aspects of disease in organismal context and an important adjunct to molecular studies in the dissection of gene function, chemical effects, and disease. As a first step toward computational tissue phenotyping, we explore the potential of cellular phenotyping from 3-Dimensional (3D), 0.74 µm isotropic voxel resolution, whole zebrafish larval images derived from X-ray histotomography, a form of micro-CT customized for histopathology. As proof of principle towards computational tissue phenotyping of cells, we created a semi-automated mechanism for the segmentation of blood cells in the vascular spaces of zebrafish larvae, followed by modeling and extraction of quantitative geometric parameters. Manually segmented cells were used to train a random forest classifier for blood cells, enabling the use of a generalized cellular segmentation algorithm for the accurate segmentation of blood cells. These models were used to create an automated data segmentation and analysis pipeline to guide the steps in a 3D workflow including blood cell region prediction, cell boundary extraction, and statistical characterization of 3D geometric and cytological features. We were able to distinguish blood cells at two stages in development (4- and 5-days-post-fertilization) and wild-type vs. polA2 huli hutu ( hht ) mutants. The application of geometric modeling across cell types to and across organisms and sample types may comprise a valuable foundation for computational phenotyping that is more open, informative, rapid, objective, and reproducible.
Collapse
|
4
|
Cheng KC, Burdine RD, Dickinson ME, Ekker SC, Lin AY, Lloyd KCK, Lutz CM, MacRae CA, Morrison JH, O'Connor DH, Postlethwait JH, Rogers CD, Sanchez S, Simpson JH, Talbot WS, Wallace DC, Weimer JM, Bellen HJ. Promoting validation and cross-phylogenetic integration in model organism research. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:276675. [PMID: 36125045 PMCID: PMC9531892 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Model organism (MO) research provides a basic understanding of biology and disease due to the evolutionary conservation of the molecular and cellular language of life. MOs have been used to identify and understand the function of orthologous genes, proteins, cells and tissues involved in biological processes, to develop and evaluate techniques and methods, and to perform whole-organism-based chemical screens to test drug efficacy and toxicity. However, a growing richness of datasets and the rising power of computation raise an important question: How do we maximize the value of MOs? In-depth discussions in over 50 virtual presentations organized by the National Institutes of Health across more than 10 weeks yielded important suggestions for improving the rigor, validation, reproducibility and translatability of MO research. The effort clarified challenges and opportunities for developing and integrating tools and resources. Maintenance of critical existing infrastructure and the implementation of suggested improvements will play important roles in maintaining productivity and facilitating the validation of animal models of human biology and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keith C Cheng
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.,Institute for Computational and Data Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Rebecca D Burdine
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Mary E Dickinson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77007, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77007, USA
| | - Stephen C Ekker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55906, USA
| | - Alex Y Lin
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - K C Kent Lloyd
- Mouse Biology Program, School of Medicinel, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95618, USA.,Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95618, USA
| | - Cathleen M Lutz
- The Jackson Laboratory, Genetic Resource Science, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - Calum A MacRae
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 360 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - John H Morrison
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - David H O'Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University ofWisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | | | - Crystal D Rogers
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Susan Sanchez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Julie H Simpson
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93117, USA
| | - William S Talbot
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Douglas C Wallace
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jill M Weimer
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
| | - Hugo J Bellen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Neurological Research Institute (TCH), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77007, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wu YT, Bennett HC, Chon U, Vanselow DJ, Zhang Q, Muñoz-Castañeda R, Cheng KC, Osten P, Drew PJ, Kim Y. Quantitative relationship between cerebrovascular network and neuronal cell types in mice. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110978. [PMID: 35732133 PMCID: PMC9271215 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebrovasculature and its mural cells must meet brain regional energy demands, but how their spatial relationship with different neuronal cell types varies across the brain remains largely unknown. Here we apply brain-wide mapping methods to comprehensively define the quantitative relationships between the cerebrovasculature, capillary pericytes, and glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons, including neuronal nitric oxide synthase-positive (nNOS+) neurons and their subtypes in adult mice. Our results show high densities of vasculature with high fluid conductance and capillary pericytes in primary motor sensory cortices compared with association cortices that show significant positive and negative correlations with energy-demanding parvalbumin+ and vasomotor nNOS+ neurons, respectively. Thalamo-striatal areas that are connected to primary motor sensory cortices also show high densities of vasculature and pericytes, suggesting dense energy support for motor sensory processing areas. Our cellular-resolution resource offers opportunities to examine spatial relationships between the cerebrovascular network and neuronal cell composition in largely understudied subcortical areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Ting Wu
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Hannah C Bennett
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Uree Chon
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Daniel J Vanselow
- Department of Pathology, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Qingguang Zhang
- Center for Neural Engineering, Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | | | - Keith C Cheng
- Department of Pathology, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Pavel Osten
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Patrick J Drew
- Center for Neural Engineering, Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Yongsoo Kim
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yakovlev MA, Vanselow DJ, Ngu MS, Zaino CR, Katz SR, Ding Y, Parkinson D, Wang SY, Ang KC, La Riviere P, Cheng KC. A wide-field micro-computed tomography detector: micron resolution at half-centimetre scale. J Synchrotron Radiat 2022; 29:505-514. [PMID: 35254315 PMCID: PMC8900834 DOI: 10.1107/s160057752101287x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ideal three-dimensional imaging of complex samples made up of micron-scale structures extending over mm to cm, such as biological tissues, requires both wide field of view and high resolution. For existing optics and detectors used for micro-CT (computed tomography) imaging, sub-micron pixel resolution can only be achieved for fields of view of <2 mm. This article presents a unique detector system with a 6 mm field-of-view image circle and 0.5 µm pixel size that can be used in micro-CT units utilizing both synchrotron and commercial X-ray sources. A resolution-test pattern with linear microstructures and whole adult Daphnia magna were imaged at beamline 8.3.2 of the Berkeley Advanced Light Source. Volumes of 10000 × 10000 × 7096 isotropic 0.5 µm voxels were reconstructed over a 5.0 mm × 3.5 mm field of view. Measurements in the projection domain confirmed a 0.90 µm measured spatial resolution that is largely Nyquist-limited. This unprecedented combination of field of view and resolution dramatically reduces the need for sectional scans and computational stitching for large samples, ultimately offering the means to elucidate changes in tissue and cellular morphology in the context of larger, whole, intact model organisms and specimens. This system is also anticipated to benefit micro-CT imaging in materials science, microelectronics, agricultural science and biomedical engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maksim A. Yakovlev
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
- Biomedical Sciences PhD Program, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Daniel J. Vanselow
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mee Siing Ngu
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Carolyn R. Zaino
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Spencer R. Katz
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yifu Ding
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dula Parkinson
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | | | - Khai Chung Ang
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
- Penn State Zebrafish Functional Genomics Core, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Keith C. Cheng
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Katz SR, Yakovlev MA, Vanselow DJ, Ding Y, Lin AY, Parkinson DY, Wang Y, Canfield VA, Ang KC, Cheng KC. Whole-organism 3D quantitative characterization of zebrafish melanin by silver deposition micro-CT. eLife 2021; 10:68920. [PMID: 34528510 PMCID: PMC8445617 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously described X-ray histotomography, a high-resolution, non-destructive form of X-ray microtomography (micro-CT) imaging customized for three-dimensional (3D), digital histology, allowing quantitative, volumetric tissue and organismal phenotyping (Ding et al., 2019). Here, we have combined micro-CT with a novel application of ionic silver staining to characterize melanin distribution in whole zebrafish larvae. The resulting images enabled whole-body, computational analyses of regional melanin content and morphology. Normalized micro-CT reconstructions of silver-stained fish consistently reproduced pigment patterns seen by light microscopy, and further allowed direct quantitative comparisons of melanin content across wild-type and mutant samples, including subtle phenotypes not previously noticed. Silver staining of melanin for micro-CT provides proof-of-principle for whole-body, 3D computational phenomic analysis of a specific cell type at cellular resolution, with potential applications in other model organisms and melanocytic neoplasms. Advances such as this in whole-organism, high-resolution phenotyping provide superior context for studying the phenotypic effects of genetic, disease, and environmental variables.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Spencer R Katz
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, United States.,The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, United States.,Medical Scientist Training Program, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, United States
| | - Maksim A Yakovlev
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, United States.,The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, United States
| | - Daniel J Vanselow
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, United States.,The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, United States
| | - Yifu Ding
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, United States.,The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, United States.,Medical Scientist Training Program, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, United States
| | - Alex Y Lin
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, United States.,The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, United States
| | | | - Yuxin Wang
- Mobile Imaging Innovations, Inc, Palatine, United States
| | - Victor A Canfield
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, United States.,The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, United States
| | - Khai C Ang
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, United States.,The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, United States.,Zebrafish Functional Genomics Core, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, United States
| | - Keith C Cheng
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, United States.,The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, United States.,Zebrafish Functional Genomics Core, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Van Nuffel S, Ang KC, Lin AY, Cheng KC. Chemical Imaging of Retinal Pigment Epithelium in Frozen Sections of Zebrafish Larvae Using ToF-SIMS. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2021; 32:255-261. [PMID: 33112610 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Variants of the SLC24A5 gene, which encodes a putative potassium-dependent sodium-calcium exchanger (NCKX5) that most likely resides in the melanosome or its precursor, affect pigmentation in both humans and zebrafish (Danio rerio). This finding suggests that genetic variations influencing human skin pigmentation alter melanosome biogenesis via ionic changes. Gaining an understanding of how changes in the ionic environment of organelles impact melanosome morphogenesis and pigmentation will require a spatially resolved way to characterize the chemical environment of melanosomes in pigmented tissue such as retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). The imaging mass spectrometry technique most suited for this type of cell and tissue analysis is time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) because it is able to detect many biochemical species with high sensitivity and with submicron spatial resolution. Here, we describe chemical imaging of the RPE in frozen-hydrated sections of larval zebrafish using cryo-ToF-SIMS. To facilitate the data interpretation, positive and negative polarity ToF-SIMS image data were transformed into a single hyperspectral data set and analyzed using principal component analysis. The combination of a novel protocol and the use of multivariate data analysis allowed us to discover new marker ions that are attributable to leucodopachrome, a metabolite specific to the biosynthesis of eumelanin. The described methodology may be adapted for the investigation of other classes of molecules in frozen tissues from zebrafish and other organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan Van Nuffel
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Khai C Ang
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
- Penn State Zebrafish Functional Genomics Core, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Alex Y Lin
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
- Penn State Zebrafish Functional Genomics Core, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Keith C Cheng
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
- Penn State Zebrafish Functional Genomics Core, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yang H, Luan Y, Liu T, Lee HJ, Fang L, Wang Y, Wang X, Zhang B, Jin Q, Ang KC, Xing X, Wang J, Xu J, Song F, Sriranga I, Khunsriraksakul C, Salameh T, Li D, Choudhary MNK, Topczewski J, Wang K, Gerhard GS, Hardison RC, Wang T, Cheng KC, Yue F. A map of cis-regulatory elements and 3D genome structures in zebrafish. Nature 2020; 588:337-343. [PMID: 33239788 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2962-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The zebrafish (Danio rerio) has been widely used in the study of human disease and development, and about 70% of the protein-coding genes are conserved between the two species1. However, studies in zebrafish remain constrained by the sparse annotation of functional control elements in the zebrafish genome. Here we performed RNA sequencing, assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing (ATAC-seq), chromatin immunoprecipitation with sequencing, whole-genome bisulfite sequencing, and chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C) experiments in up to eleven adult and two embryonic tissues to generate a comprehensive map of transcriptomes, cis-regulatory elements, heterochromatin, methylomes and 3D genome organization in the zebrafish Tübingen reference strain. A comparison of zebrafish, human and mouse regulatory elements enabled the identification of both evolutionarily conserved and species-specific regulatory sequences and networks. We observed enrichment of evolutionary breakpoints at topologically associating domain boundaries, which were correlated with strong histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) and CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) signals. We performed single-cell ATAC-seq in zebrafish brain, which delineated 25 different clusters of cell types. By combining long-read DNA sequencing and Hi-C, we assembled the sex-determining chromosome 4 de novo. Overall, our work provides an additional epigenomic anchor for the functional annotation of vertebrate genomes and the study of evolutionarily conserved elements of 3D genome organization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yu Luan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Tingting Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hyung Joo Lee
- Department of Genetics, The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Li Fang
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yanli Wang
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Program, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Xiaotao Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bo Zhang
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Program, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Qiushi Jin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Khai Chung Ang
- Department of Pathology and Penn State Zebrafish Functional Genomics Core, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Xing
- Department of Genetics, The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Fan Song
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Program, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Iyyanki Sriranga
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Tarik Salameh
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Program, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Daofeng Li
- Department of Genetics, The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mayank N K Choudhary
- Department of Genetics, The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jacek Topczewski
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kai Wang
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Glenn S Gerhard
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ross C Hardison
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Genetics, The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Keith C Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Penn State Zebrafish Functional Genomics Core, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Feng Yue
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA. .,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cheng KC, Wong WY, Chan HC, Leung KK, Yu SM, Chan CS, So HS. Prostatic Arterial Embolisation in Men with Benign Prostatic Enlargement and Refractory Retention Considered High-risk Surgical Candidates. Hong Kong Journal of Radiology 2020. [DOI: 10.12809/hkjr2016980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- KC Cheng
- Department of Surgery, United Christian Hospital, Kwun Tong, Hong Kong
| | - WY Wong
- Department of Radiology, Hong Kong Adventist Hospital, Tsuen Wan, Hong Kong
| | - HC Chan
- Department of Surgery, United Christian Hospital, Kwun Tong, Hong Kong
| | - KK Leung
- Department of Surgery, United Christian Hospital, Kwun Tong, Hong Kong
| | - SM Yu
- Department of Surgery, United Christian Hospital, Kwun Tong, Hong Kong
| | - CS Chan
- Department of Surgery, United Christian Hospital, Kwun Tong, Hong Kong
| | - HS So
- Department of Surgery, United Christian Hospital, Kwun Tong, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Anatomical atlases in standard coordinates are necessary for the interpretation and integration of research findings in a common spatial context. However, the two most-used mouse brain atlases, the Franklin-Paxinos (FP) and the common coordinate framework (CCF) from the Allen Institute for Brain Science, have accumulated inconsistencies in anatomical delineations and nomenclature, creating confusion among neuroscientists. To overcome these issues, we adopt here the FP labels into the CCF to merge the labels in the single atlas framework. We use cell type-specific transgenic mice and an MRI atlas to adjust and further segment our labels. Moreover, detailed segmentations are added to the dorsal striatum using cortico-striatal connectivity data. Lastly, we digitize our anatomical labels based on the Allen ontology, create a web-interface for visualization, and provide tools for comprehensive comparisons between the CCF and FP labels. Our open-source labels signify a key step towards a unified mouse brain atlas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uree Chon
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Penn State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Daniel J Vanselow
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Penn State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Keith C Cheng
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Penn State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Yongsoo Kim
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Penn State University, Hershey, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cheng KC, Lam WC, Chan HC, Ngo CC, Cheung MH, So HS, Lam KM. Emergency attendances and hospitalisations for complications after transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsies: a five-year retrospective multicentre study. Hong Kong Med J 2019; 25:349-355. [PMID: 31601774 DOI: 10.12809/hkmj197825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Transrectal ultrasound-guided (TRUS) prostate biopsy is an established procedure for diagnosis of prostate cancer. Complications after TRUS biopsy are not well reported in Hong Kong. This study evaluated the 5-year incidences of TRUS biopsy complications and potential risk factors for those complications. METHODS This was a retrospective review of biopsies performed from 2013 to 2017 in two local hospitals, using data retrieved from electronic medical records. The primary outcome was the occurrence of complications requiring either emergency attendances or hospitalisations within 30 days after biopsy. Potential risk factors were examined using multiple logistic regression analysis. RESULTS In total, 1699 men were included (mean age ± standard deviation: 67 ± 7 years; median prostate-specific antigen level: 7.9 μg/L [interquartile range, 5.5-12.6 μg/L]); 4.3% had pre-biopsy bacteriuria. Overall, 5.7% and 3.8% of post-biopsy complications required emergency attendances and hospitalisations, respectively. Gross haematuria and rectal bleeding requiring emergency attendances developed in 2.1% and 0.4% of men; 0.8% and 0.4% required hospitalisations. Furthermore, 1.5% of men developed acute urinary retention requiring hospitalisations; 1.9% and 1.2% had post-biopsy infections requiring emergency attendances and hospitalisations, respectively, and 0.9% had urosepsis requiring hospitalisations. Prostate volume >48 cc was associated with an increased risk of post-biopsy retention (odds ratio 2.75, 95% confidence interval: 1.23-4.17). CONCLUSIONS The rate of overall complications after TRUS biopsy was low. The most common complications requiring emergency attendances and hospitalisations were gross haematuria and acute urinary retention, respectively. Prostate volume >48 cc increased the risk of post-biopsy urinary retention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K C Cheng
- Department of Surgery, United Christian Hospital, Kwun Tong, Hong Kong
| | - W C Lam
- Department of Surgery, United Christian Hospital, Kwun Tong, Hong Kong
| | - H C Chan
- Department of Surgery, United Christian Hospital, Kwun Tong, Hong Kong
| | - C C Ngo
- Department of Surgery, Tseung Kwan O Hospital, Tseung Kwan O, Hong Kong
| | - M H Cheung
- Department of Surgery, Tseung Kwan O Hospital, Tseung Kwan O, Hong Kong
| | - H S So
- Department of Surgery, United Christian Hospital, Kwun Tong, Hong Kong
| | - K M Lam
- Private Practice, Chiron Medical, Central, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ding Y, Vanselow DJ, Yakovlev MA, Katz SR, Lin AY, Clark DP, Vargas P, Xin X, Copper JE, Canfield VA, Ang KC, Wang Y, Xiao X, De Carlo F, van Rossum DB, La Riviere P, Cheng KC. Computational 3D histological phenotyping of whole zebrafish by X-ray histotomography. eLife 2019; 8:44898. [PMID: 31063133 PMCID: PMC6559789 DOI: 10.7554/elife.44898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Organismal phenotypes frequently involve multiple organ systems. Histology is a powerful way to detect cellular and tissue phenotypes, but is largely descriptive and subjective. To determine how synchrotron-based X-ray micro-tomography (micro-CT) can yield 3-dimensional whole-organism images suitable for quantitative histological phenotyping, we scanned whole zebrafish, a small vertebrate model with diverse tissues, at ~1 micron voxel resolutions. Micro-CT optimized for cellular characterization (histotomography) allows brain nuclei to be computationally segmented and assigned to brain regions, and cell shapes and volumes to be computed for motor neurons and red blood cells. Striking individual phenotypic variation was apparent from color maps of computed densities of brain nuclei. Unlike histology, the histotomography also allows the study of 3-dimensional structures of millimeter scale that cross multiple tissue planes. We expect the computational and visual insights into 3D cell and tissue architecture provided by histotomography to be useful for reference atlases, hypothesis generation, comprehensive organismal screens, and diagnostics. Diagnosing diseases, such as cancer, requires scientists and doctors to understand how cells respond to different medical conditions. A common way of studying these microscopic cell changes is by an approach called histology: thin slices of centimeter-sized samples of tissues are taken from patients, stained to distinguish cellular components, and examined for abnormal features. This powerful technique has revolutionized biology and medicine. But despite its frequent use, histology comes with limitations. To allow individual cells to be distinguished, tissues are cut into slices less than 1/20th of a millimeter thick. Histology’s dependence upon such thin slices makes it impossible to see the entirety of cells and structures that are thicker than the slice, or to accurately measure three-dimensional features such as shape or volume. Larger internal structures within the human body are routinely visualized using a technique known as computerized tomography, CT for short – whereby dozens of x-ray images are compiled together to generate a three-dimensional image. This technique has also been applied to image smaller structures. However, the resolution (the ability to distinguish between objects) and tissue contrast of these images has been insufficient for histology-based diagnosis across all cell types. Now, Ding et al. have developed a new method, by optimizing multiple components of CT scanning, that begins to provide the higher resolution and contrast needed to make diagnoses that require histological detail. To test their modified CT system, Ding et al. created three-dimensional images of whole zebrafish, measuring three millimeters to about a centimeter in length. Adjusting imaging parameters and views of these images made it possible to study features of larger-scale structures, such as the gills and the gut, that are normally inaccessible to histology. As a result of this unprecedented combination of high resolution and scale, computer analysis of these images allowed Ding et al. to measure cellular features such as size and shape, and to determine which cells belong to different brain regions, all from single reconstructions. Surprisingly, visualization of how tightly the brain cells are packed revealed striking differences between the brains of sibling zebrafish that were born the same day. This new method could be used to study changes across hundreds of cell types in any millimeter to centimetre-sized organism or tissue sample. In the future, the accurate measurements of microscopic features made possible by this new tool may help us to make drugs safer, improve tissue diagnostics, and care for our environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yifu Ding
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, United States.,Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, United States.,Medical Scientist Training Program, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, United States
| | - Daniel J Vanselow
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, United States.,Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, United States
| | - Maksim A Yakovlev
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, United States.,Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, United States
| | - Spencer R Katz
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, United States.,Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, United States.,Medical Scientist Training Program, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, United States
| | - Alex Y Lin
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, United States.,Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, United States
| | - Darin P Clark
- Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Duke University, Durham, United States
| | - Phillip Vargas
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, United States
| | - Xuying Xin
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, United States.,Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, United States
| | - Jean E Copper
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, United States.,Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, United States
| | - Victor A Canfield
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, United States.,Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, United States
| | - Khai C Ang
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, United States.,Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, United States
| | - Yuxin Wang
- Imaging Group, Omnivision Technologies, Inc., Santa Clara, United States
| | - Xianghui Xiao
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, United States
| | - Francesco De Carlo
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, United States
| | - Damian B van Rossum
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, United States.,Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, United States
| | - Patrick La Riviere
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, United States
| | - Keith C Cheng
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, United States.,Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Donaldson K, Buchanich JM, Grigson PS, Deneke E, Donaldson K, Vrana KE, Sacks DB, Kuehn GJ, Cardamone D, Pesce A, Smiley S, Nickley J, Krock K, Thomas R, Wilkerson ML, Farag HA, Challa SR, Tice AM, Wolk DM, Prichard J, Grant ML, Regmi S, Kerbacher B, Quinton LE, Farag HA, Tice AM, Wolk DM, Olson J, Haynes A, Yu E, McCully KS, Assi J, Wong M, Zarrin-Khameh N, Nifong TP, Hawker CD, Carlton GT, Rivera JM, Foulis PR, Zuraw A, Morlote D, Peker D, Reddy V, Harada S, Crutchfield C, Zander D, Barbhuiya MA, Pederson EC, Straub ML, Scott SC, Neibauer TL, Salter WF, Creer MH, Zhu Y, Bornhorst JA, Theobald JP, Algeciras-Schimnich A, Cao L, Knox J, Hardy R, Texas HJ, McGuire MF, Hunter RL, Brown RE, Hicks J, Hicks J, Cai Z, Brown RE, Ali Y, Cheng KC, Katz SR, Ding Y, Vanselow DJ, Yakovlev MA, Lin AY, Clark DP, Vargas P, Xin X, Copper JE, Canfield VA, Ang KC, Wang Y, Xiao X, De Carlo F, van Rossum DB, La Rivière PJ, Newell J, Hossler C, Roche M, Warrick J, Phaeton R, Kesterson J, Donaldson K, Myers C, Barrios R, Mintz P, Robyak K, Hamilton C, McGhee P, Pederson C, Straub M, Scott S, Neibauer T, Salter W, Creer M, Zhu Y, Hamilton C, Robyak K, McGhee P, Pederson C, Straub M, Scott S, Neibauer T, Salter W, Creer M, Zhu Y, Singh N, Morlote D, Vnencak-Jones C, Yemelyanova A, Harada S, Shah M, Moghadamtousi SZ, Lan C, Duose D, Hu P, Esquenazi Y, Luthra R, Ballester LY, Koenig AN, Liu CG, Zhang J, Kalia A, Al-Habib A, Van Arsdall M, Dhingra S, Patel K, Tatevian N. Abstracts of Presentations at the Association of Clinical Scientists 139 th Meeting Hershey, PA, May 15-18, 2019. Ann Clin Lab Sci 2019; 49:403-416. [PMID: 31308044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Robert E Brown
- UT Health McGovern Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Keith C Cheng
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine
| | | | - Yifu Ding
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine
| | | | | | - Alex Y Lin
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine
| | | | | | - Xuying Xin
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine
| | - Jean E Copper
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine
| | | | - Khai C Ang
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine
| | - Yuxin Wang
- Omnivision Technologies, Santa Clara, CA
| | - Xianghui Xiao
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, University of Chicago
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, University of Chicago
| | - Francesco De Carlo
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, University of Chicago
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mauli Shah
- Graduate Program in Diagnostic Genetics, School of Health Professions, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | - Chieh Lan
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Dzifa Duose
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Peter Hu
- Graduate Program in Diagnostic Genetics, School of Health Professions, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Yoshua Esquenazi
- Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX
| | - Rajyalakshmi Luthra
- Department of Hematopathology, Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Leomar Y Ballester
- Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX
| | | | | | | | | | - Ali Al-Habib
- The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX
| | | | | | | | - Nina Tatevian
- The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lin AY, Ding Y, Vanselow DJ, Katz SR, Yakovlev MA, Clark DP, Mandrell D, Copper JE, van Rossum DB, Cheng KC. Rigid Embedding of Fixed and Stained, Whole, Millimeter-Scale Specimens for Section-free 3D Histology by Micro-Computed Tomography. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 30394379 PMCID: PMC6235553 DOI: 10.3791/58293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
For over a hundred years, the histological study of tissues has been the gold standard for medical diagnosis because histology allows all cell types in every tissue to be identified and characterized. Our laboratory is actively working to make technological advances in X-ray micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) that will bring the diagnostic power of histology to the study of full tissue volumes at cellular resolution (i.e., an X-ray Histo-tomography modality). Toward this end, we have made targeted improvements to the sample preparation pipeline. One key optimization, and the focus of the present work, is a straightforward method for rigid embedding of fixed and stained millimeter-scale samples. Many of the published methods for sample immobilization and correlative micro-CT imaging rely on placing the samples in paraffin wax, agarose, or liquids such as alcohol. Our approach extends this work with custom procedures and the design of a 3-dimensional printable apparatus to embed the samples in an acrylic resin directly into polyimide tubing, which is relatively transparent to X-rays. Herein, sample preparation procedures are described for the samples from 0.5 to 10 mm in diameter, which would be suitable for whole zebrafish larvae and juveniles, or other animals and tissue samples of similar dimensions. As proof of concept, we have embedded the specimens from Danio, Drosophila, Daphnia, and a mouse embryo; representative images from 3-dimensional scans for three of these samples are shown. Importantly, our methodology leads to multiple benefits including rigid immobilization, long-term preservation of laboriously-created resources, and the ability to re-interrogate samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Y Lin
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of Medicine; Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine
| | - Yifu Ding
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of Medicine; Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine; Medical Scientist Training Program, Penn State College of Medicine
| | - Daniel J Vanselow
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of Medicine; Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine
| | - Spencer R Katz
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of Medicine; Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine; Medical Scientist Training Program, Penn State College of Medicine
| | - Maksim A Yakovlev
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of Medicine; Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine
| | - Darin P Clark
- Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Duke University Medical Center
| | | | - Jean E Copper
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of Medicine; Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine
| | - Damian B van Rossum
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of Medicine; Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine
| | - Keith C Cheng
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of Medicine; Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine;
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Copper JE, Budgeon LR, Foutz CA, van Rossum DB, Vanselow DJ, Hubley MJ, Clark DP, Mandrell DT, Cheng KC. Comparative analysis of fixation and embedding techniques for optimized histological preparation of zebrafish. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 208:38-46. [PMID: 29157956 PMCID: PMC5936644 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In recognition of the importance of zebrafish as a model organism for studying human disease, we have created zebrafish content for a web-based reference atlas of microanatomy for comparing histology and histopathology between model systems and with humans (http://bio-atlas.psu.edu). Fixation, decalcification, embedding, and sectioning of zebrafish were optimized to maximize section quality. A comparison of protocols involving six fixatives showed that 10% Neutral Buffered Formalin at 21°C for 24h yielded excellent results. Sectioning of juveniles and adults requires bone decalcification; EDTA at 0.35M produced effective decalcification in 21-day-old juveniles through adults (≥~3Months). To improve section plane consistency in sets of larvae, we have developed new array casting molds based on the outside contours of larvae derived from 3D microCT images. Tissue discontinuity in sections, a common barrier to creating quality sections of zebrafish, was minimized by processing and embedding the formalin-fixed zebrafish tissues in plasticized forms of paraffin wax, and by periodic hydration of the block surface in ice water between sets of sections. Optimal H&E (Hematoxylin and Eosin) staining was achieved through refinement of standard protocols. High quality slide scans produced from glass histology slides were digitally processed to maximize image quality, and experimental replicates posted as full slides as part of this publication. Modifications to tissue processing are still needed to eliminate the need for block surface hydration. The further addition of slide collections from other model systems and 3D tools for visualizing tissue architecture would greatly increase the utility of the digital atlas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean E Copper
- Jake Gittlen Cancer Research Laboratories, Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Lynn R Budgeon
- Jake Gittlen Cancer Research Laboratories, Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Christina A Foutz
- Jake Gittlen Cancer Research Laboratories, Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Damian B van Rossum
- Jake Gittlen Cancer Research Laboratories, Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Daniel J Vanselow
- Jake Gittlen Cancer Research Laboratories, Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Margaret J Hubley
- Jake Gittlen Cancer Research Laboratories, Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Darin P Clark
- Jake Gittlen Cancer Research Laboratories, Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | | | - Keith C Cheng
- Jake Gittlen Cancer Research Laboratories, Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Peters DG, Pollack AN, Cheng KC, Sun D, Saido T, Haaf MP, Yang QX, Connor JR, Meadowcroft MD. Dietary lipophilic iron alters amyloidogenesis and microglial morphology in Alzheimer's disease knock-in APP mice. Metallomics 2018; 10:426-443. [PMID: 29424844 DOI: 10.1039/c8mt00004b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized pathologically by amyloid beta (Aβ) deposition, microgliosis, and iron dyshomeostasis. Increased labile iron due to homeostatic dysregulation is believed to facilitate amyloidogenesis. Free iron is incorporated into aggregating amyloid peptides during Aβ plaque formation and increases potential for oxidative stress surrounding plaques. The goal of this work was to observe how brain iron levels temporally influence Aβ plaque formation, plaque iron concentration, and microgliosis. We fed humanized APPNL-F and APPNL-G-F knock-in mice lipophilic iron compound 3,5,5-trimethylhexanoyl ferrocene (TMHF) and iron deficient diets for twelve months. TMHF elevated brain iron by 22% and iron deficiency decreased brain iron 21% relative to control diet. Increasing brain iron with TMHF accelerated plaque formation, increased Aβ staining, and increased senile morphology of amyloid plaques. Increased brain iron was associated with increased plaque-iron loading and microglial iron inclusions. TMHF decreased IBA1+ microglia branch length while increasing roundness indicative of microglial activation. This body of work suggests that increasing mouse brain iron with TMHF potentiates a more human-like Alzheimer's disease phenotype with iron integration into Aβ plaques and associated microgliosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas G Peters
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Pennsylvania State University - College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA and Department of Neural and Behavioral Science, The Pennsylvania State University - College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alexis N Pollack
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Pennsylvania State University - College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA
| | - Keith C Cheng
- Department of Pathology (Gittlen Cancer Research Institute), The Pennsylvania State University - College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dongxiao Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University - College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Takaomi Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wakō-shi, Saitama-ken, Japan
| | - Michael P Haaf
- Department of Chemistry, Ithaca College, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Qing X Yang
- Department of Radiology (Center for NMR Research), The Pennsylvania State University - College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James R Connor
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Pennsylvania State University - College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA
| | - Mark D Meadowcroft
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Pennsylvania State University - College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA and Department of Radiology (Center for NMR Research), The Pennsylvania State University - College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Gollapudi D, Wycuff DL, Schwartz RM, Cooper JW, Cheng KC. Development of high‐throughput and high sensitivity capillary gel electrophoresis platform method for Western, Eastern, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis (WEVEE) virus like particles (VLPs) purity determination and characterization. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:2610-2621. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Diane L Wycuff
- Vaccine Production Program VRC NIAID NIH Gaithersburg MD USA
| | - Richard M Schwartz
- Vaccine Production Program VRC NIAID NIH Gaithersburg MD USA
- Synlogic Cambridge MA USA
| | | | - KC Cheng
- Vaccine Production Program VRC NIAID NIH Gaithersburg MD USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Xin X, Clark D, Ang KC, van Rossum DB, Copper J, Xiao X, La Riviere PJ, Cheng KC. Synchrotron microCT imaging of soft tissue in juvenile zebrafish reveals retinotectal projections. Proc SPIE Int Soc Opt Eng 2017; 10060. [PMID: 32733117 DOI: 10.1117/12.2267477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Biomedical research and clinical diagnosis would benefit greatly from full volume determinations of anatomical phenotype. Comprehensive tools for morphological phenotyping are central for the emerging field of phenomics, which requires high-throughput, systematic, accurate, and reproducible data collection from organisms affected by genetic, disease, or environmental variables. Theoretically, complete anatomical phenotyping requires the assessment of every cell type in the whole organism, but this ideal is presently untenable due to the lack of an unbiased 3D imaging method that allows histopathological assessment of any cell type despite optical opacity. Histopathology, the current clinical standard for diagnostic phenotyping, involves the microscopic study of tissue sections to assess qualitative aspects of tissue architecture, disease mechanisms, and physiological state. However, quantitative features of tissue architecture such as cellular composition and cell counting in tissue volumes can only be approximated due to characteristics of tissue sectioning, including incomplete sampling and the constraints of 2D imaging of 5 micron thick tissue slabs. We have used a small, vertebrate organism, the zebrafish, to test the potential of microCT for systematic macroscopic and microscopic morphological phenotyping. While cell resolution is routinely achieved using methods such as light sheet fluorescence microscopy and optical tomography, these methods do not provide the pancellular perspective characteristic of histology, and are constrained by the limited penetration of visible light through pigmented and opaque specimens, as characterizes zebrafish juveniles. Here, we provide an example of neuroanatomy that can be studied by microCT of stained soft tissue at 1.43 micron isotropic voxel resolution. We conclude that synchrotron microCT is a form of 3D imaging that may potentially be adopted towards more reproducible, large-scale, morphological phenotyping of optically opaque tissues. Further development of soft tissue microCT, visualization and quantitative tools will enhance its utility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuying Xin
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.,Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.,Penn State Consortium for Interdisciplinary Image Informatics and Visualization, USA
| | - Darin Clark
- Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Khai Chung Ang
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.,Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.,Penn State Consortium for Interdisciplinary Image Informatics and Visualization, USA
| | - Damian B van Rossum
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.,Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.,Penn State Consortium for Interdisciplinary Image Informatics and Visualization, USA
| | - Jean Copper
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.,Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.,Penn State Consortium for Interdisciplinary Image Informatics and Visualization, USA
| | - Xianghui Xiao
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | | | - Keith C Cheng
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.,Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.,Penn State Consortium for Interdisciplinary Image Informatics and Visualization, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Cheng KC, Yiu MK, Ho SH, Ng TL, Tsu HL, Ma WK. Initial results of selective renal parenchymal clamping with an adjustable kidney clamp in nephron-sparing surgery: an easy way to minimise renal ischaemia. Hong Kong Med J 2016; 22:563-9. [PMID: 27468964 DOI: 10.12809/hkmj154746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A renal parenchymal clamp has been used at our centre since March 2012. It is used in position over the kidney to achieve optimal vascular control of a tumour while minimising parenchymal ischaemia. This study aimed to report the feasibility, surgical outcome, and oncological control of a kidney clamp in partial nephrectomy. METHODS This study was conducted at a teaching hospital in Hong Kong. Partial nephrectomies performed from January 2009 to March 2015 were reviewed. The tumour characteristics and surgical outcomes of kidney clamp were studied and compared with traditional hilar clamping. RESULTS A total of 92 patients were identified during the study period. Kidney clamps were used in 20 patients and hilar clamping in 72, with a mean follow-up of 27 and 37 months, respectively. For patients in whom a kidney clamp was applied, all tumours were exophytic to a different extent and the majority (90%) were located at the polar region. The PADUA (preoperative aspects and dimensions used for an anatomical) classification nephrometry score was also lower than those in whom hilar clamping was used (7.07 vs 8.34; P=0.002). The clamp was used in open, laparoscopic, and robot-assisted surgery. Operating time was shorter (207 ± 72 mins vs 306 ± 80 mins; P<0.001) and estimated blood loss was lower (205 ± 191 mL vs 331 ± 275 mL; P=0.045) with kidney clamp. No acute kidney injury occurred. Postoperative renal function was comparable between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS Partial nephrectomy using parenchymal clamping is safe and feasible in selected cases. The postoperative renal function and oncological control were satisfactory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K C Cheng
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - M K Yiu
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - S H Ho
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - T L Ng
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - H L Tsu
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - W K Ma
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Phenotype is defined as the state of an organism resulting from interactions between genes, environment, disease, molecular mechanisms, and chance. The purpose of the emerging field of phenomics is to systematically determine and measure phenotypes across biology for the sake of understanding. Phenotypes can affect more than one cell type and life stage, so ideal phenotyping would include the state of every cell type within the context of both tissue architecture and the whole organism at each life stage. In medicine, high-resolution anatomic assessment of phenotype is obtained from histology. Histology's interpretative power, codified by Virchow as cellular pathology, is derived from its ability to discern diagnostic and characteristic cellular changes in diseased tissues. Cellular pathology is observed in every major human disease and relies on the ability of histology to detect cellular change in any cell type due to unbiased pan-cellular staining, even in optically opaque tissues. Our laboratory has shown that histology is far more sensitive than stereomicroscopy for detecting phenotypes in zebrafish mutants. Those studies have also shown that more complete sampling, greater consistency in sample orientation, and the inclusion of phenotypes extending over longer length scales would provide greater coverage of common phenotypes. We are developing technical approaches to achieve an ideal detection of cellular pathology using an improved form of X-ray microtomography that retains the strengths and addresses the weaknesses of histology as a screening tool. We are using zebrafish as a vertebrate model based on the overlaps between zebrafish and mammalian tissue architecture, and a body size small enough to allow whole-organism, volumetric imaging at cellular resolution. Automation of whole-organism phenotyping would greatly increase the value of phenomics. Potential societal benefits would include reduction in the cost of drug development, a reduction in the incidence of unexpected severe drug and environmental toxicity, and more rapid elucidation of the contributions of genes and the environment to phenotypes, including the validation of candidate disease alleles identified in population and personal genetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K C Cheng
- The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - S R Katz
- The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - A Y Lin
- The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - X Xin
- The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Y Ding
- The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lin HK, Cheng KC, Huang JC. Effects of Laser Annealing Parameters on Optical and Electrical Properties of ITO/Metallic Glass Alloy Bi-layer Films. Nanoscale Res Lett 2015; 10:982. [PMID: 26123272 PMCID: PMC4485662 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-015-0982-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
AgAlMg (AAM) films with three different atomic percentage compositions are prepared, namely, Ag12Al62Mg26 (denoted as A1AM), Ag22Al46Mg32 (denoted as A2AM), and Ag36Al25Mg39 (denoted as A3AM). In addition, the AAM films are deposited with four different thicknesses, i.e., 3, 6, 9, and 12 nm. The indium-tin oxide thickness is assigned a constant value of 30 nm in every case. The results show that the optical transmittance of the AAM/IAAM films improves (i.e., increases) with a reducing AAM film thickness, while the electrical resistivity improves (i.e., reduces) with an increasing film thickness. It is shown that the IA2AM film with an AMM thickness of 9 nm yields the optimal compromise between the optical transmittance and the electrical resistivity. The as-deposited IAAM films are found to have optical transmittance and electric resistivity values of 65 % and 90 Ω/□, respectively. The IA2AM films are annealed using a near-infrared laser at different pulse energies with a wavelength of 1064 nm and repetition rates ranging from 100 ~ 400 kHz. For both films, the optical and electrical properties are enhanced as the pulse energy increases to a certain critical value due to a transition from an amorphous microstructure to a crystalline structure. Given a repetition rate of 400 kHz and a pulse energy of 1.03 μJ, the optical transmittance and sheet resistance of the IAAM film are found to be 80 % and 15 Ω/□, respectively. The corresponding value of the Haacke figure of merit changed from 0.15 × 10(-3) to 7.16 × 10(-3) Ω(-1) due to the optimal laser annealing conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H K Lin
- Graduate Institute of Materials Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1, Hseuhfu Road, Pingtung, 912, Taiwan,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Chung YC, Cheng KC, Tseng KL, Shieh JM, Hsing SC. An Analysis of Quality of Care in the Respiratory Care Center Based on Services Provided by Physicians with Different Responsibilities and Specialties. Value Health 2014; 17:A799-A800. [PMID: 27203003 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2014.08.486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Y C Chung
- Chi Mei Medical Center, Yang Kang District, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - K C Cheng
- Chi Mei Medical Center, Yang Kang District, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - K L Tseng
- Chi Mei Medical Center, Yang Kang District, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - J M Shieh
- Chi Mei Medical Center, Yang Kang District, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - S C Hsing
- Chi Mei Medical Center, Yang Kang District, Tainan City, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To share our institutional experience in laparoscopic liver resection and our learning curve after the first 100 cases of laparoscopic liver resection. DESIGN Case series with internal comparison. SETTING A regional hospital in Hong Kong. PATIENTS Our institution started performing laparoscopic liver resection since 2006. All patients who underwent laparoscopic liver resections from March 2006 to October 2012 were identified in a prospectively collected database. The demographic data and operative outcomes of these patients were extracted, and results of the early (from March 2006 to May 2010) and late (from June 2010 to October 2012) study periods were compared. RESULTS Between March 2006 and October 2012, 100 laparoscopic liver resections were performed for 98 patients in the Department of Surgery, Kwong Wah Hospital, Hong Kong. They were 69 (70%) males and 29 (30%) females, and the median age was 65 years. The final histological diagnoses were as follows: hepatocellular carcinoma (n=72), colorectal liver metastases (n=14), intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (n=4), and benign disease (n=10). There were more anatomical resections, major hepatectomies as well as resections of more anatomically challenging right-sided and posterosuperior lesions in the late versus the early period; however, operative outcomes remained comparable in both periods. CONCLUSION Laparoscopic hepatectomies are feasible with growing experience. Bearing in mind the diversity in the level of operative techniques with various types of laparoscopic liver resections, more experience is needed to overcome the learning curve.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fiona K M Chan
- Department of Surgery, Kwong Wah Hospital, 25 Waterloo Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - K C Cheng
- Department of Surgery, Kwong Wah Hospital, 25 Waterloo Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Y P Yeung
- Department of Surgery, Kwong Wah Hospital, 25 Waterloo Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Tsetskhladze ZR, Canfield VA, Ang KC, Wentzel SM, Reid KP, Berg AS, Johnson SL, Kawakami K, Cheng KC. Functional assessment of human coding mutations affecting skin pigmentation using zebrafish. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47398. [PMID: 23071798 PMCID: PMC3468441 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A major challenge in personalized medicine is the lack of a standard way to define the functional significance of the numerous nonsynonymous, single nucleotide coding variants that are present in each human individual. To begin to address this problem, we have used pigmentation as a model polygenic trait, three common human polymorphisms thought to influence pigmentation, and the zebrafish as a model system. The approach is based on the rescue of embryonic zebrafish mutant phenotypes by “humanized” zebrafish orthologous mRNA. Two hypomorphic polymorphisms, L374F in SLC45A2, and A111T in SLC24A5, have been linked to lighter skin color in Europeans. The phenotypic effect of a second coding polymorphism in SLC45A2, E272K, is unclear. None of these polymorphisms had been tested in the context of a model organism. We have confirmed that zebrafish albino fish are mutant in slc45a2; wild-type slc45a2 mRNA rescued the albino mutant phenotype. Introduction of the L374F polymorphism into albino or the A111T polymorphism into slc24a5 (golden) abolished mRNA rescue of the respective mutant phenotypes, consistent with their known contributions to European skin color. In contrast, the E272K polymorphism had no effect on phenotypic rescue. The experimental conclusion that E272K is unlikely to affect pigmentation is consistent with a lack of correlation between this polymorphism and quantitatively measured skin color in 59 East Asian humans. A survey of mutations causing human oculocutaneous albinism yielded 257 missense mutations, 82% of which are theoretically testable in zebrafish. The developed approach may be extended to other model systems and may potentially contribute to our understanding the functional relationships between DNA sequence variation, human biology, and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zurab R. Tsetskhladze
- Jake Gittlen Cancer Research Foundation, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ZRT); (KCC)
| | - Victor A. Canfield
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Khai C. Ang
- Jake Gittlen Cancer Research Foundation, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Steven M. Wentzel
- Jake Gittlen Cancer Research Foundation, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Katherine P. Reid
- Jake Gittlen Cancer Research Foundation, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Arthur S. Berg
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Stephen L. Johnson
- Department of Genetics, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Koichi Kawakami
- Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Department of Genetics, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai), Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Keith C. Cheng
- Jake Gittlen Cancer Research Foundation, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ZRT); (KCC)
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ang KC, Ngu MS, Reid KP, Teh MS, Aida ZS, Koh DXR, Berg A, Oppenheimer S, Salleh H, Clyde MM, Md-Zain BM, Canfield VA, Cheng KC. Skin color variation in Orang Asli tribes of Peninsular Malaysia. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42752. [PMID: 22912732 PMCID: PMC3418284 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Pigmentation is a readily scorable and quantitative human phenotype, making it an excellent model for studying multifactorial traits and diseases. Convergent human evolution from the ancestral state, darker skin, towards lighter skin colors involved divergent genetic mechanisms in people of European vs. East Asian ancestry. It is striking that the European mechanisms result in a 10–20-fold increase in skin cancer susceptibility while the East Asian mechanisms do not. Towards the mapping of genes that contribute to East Asian pigmentation there is need for one or more populations that are admixed for ancestral and East Asian ancestry, but with minimal European contribution. This requirement is fulfilled by the Senoi, one of three indigenous tribes of Peninsular Malaysia collectively known as the Orang Asli. The Senoi are thought to be an admixture of the Negrito, an ancestral dark-skinned population representing the second of three Orang Asli tribes, and regional Mongoloid populations of Indo-China such as the Proto-Malay, the third Orang Asli tribe. We have calculated skin reflectance-based melanin indices in 492 Orang Asli, which ranged from 28 (lightest) to 75 (darkest); both extremes were represented in the Senoi. Population averages were 56 for Negrito, 42 for Proto-Malay, and 46 for Senoi. The derived allele frequencies for SLC24A5 and SLC45A2 in the Senoi were 0.04 and 0.02, respectively, consistent with greater South Asian than European admixture. Females and individuals with the A111T mutation had significantly lighter skin (p = 0.001 and 0.0039, respectively). Individuals with these derived alleles were found across the spectrum of skin color, indicating an overriding effect of strong skin lightening alleles of East Asian origin. These results suggest that the Senoi are suitable for mapping East Asian skin color genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khai C. Ang
- Department of Experimental Pathology & Jake Gittlen Cancer Research Foundation, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KCA); (KCC)
| | - Mee S. Ngu
- School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Katherine P. Reid
- Department of Experimental Pathology & Jake Gittlen Cancer Research Foundation, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mei S. Teh
- School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zamzuraida S. Aida
- School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Danny XR. Koh
- School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Arthur Berg
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Stephen Oppenheimer
- Institute of Cognitive and Evolutionary Anthropology, School of Anthropology and Museum Ethnography: University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hood Salleh
- Academic Heritage Museum, Chancellery Building, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mahani M. Clyde
- School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Badrul M. Md-Zain
- School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Victor A. Canfield
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Keith C. Cheng
- Department of Experimental Pathology & Jake Gittlen Cancer Research Foundation, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KCA); (KCC)
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Tsetskhladze Z, Canfield VA, Copper J, Johnson SL, Kawakami K, Cheng KC. Functional validation of human pigmentation SNPs in zebrafish. FASEB J 2012. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.26.1_supplement.774.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zurab Tsetskhladze
- Experimental Pathology and Jake Gittlen Cancer Research FoundationPennState College of MedicineHersheyPA
| | | | - Jean Copper
- Experimental Pathology and Jake Gittlen Cancer Research FoundationPennState College of MedicineHersheyPA
| | - Stephen L. Johnson
- Department of GeneticsWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMO
| | - Koichi Kawakami
- Division of Molecular and Developmental BiologyNational Institute of GeneticsMishimaJapan
| | - Keith C. Cheng
- Experimental Pathology and Jake Gittlen Cancer Research FoundationPennState College of MedicineHersheyPA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Cheng KC, Hinton DE, Mattingly CJ, Planchart A. Aquatic models, genomics and chemical risk management. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2012; 155:169-73. [PMID: 21763781 PMCID: PMC4104604 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2011.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The 5th Aquatic Animal Models for Human Disease meeting follows four previous meetings (Nairn et al., 2001; Schmale, 2004; Schmale et al., 2007; Hinton et al., 2009) in which advances in aquatic animal models for human disease research were reported, and community discussion of future direction was pursued. At this meeting, discussion at a workshop entitled Bioinformatics and Computational Biology with Web-based Resources (20 September 2010) led to an important conclusion: Aquatic model research using feral and experimental fish, in combination with web-based access to annotated anatomical atlases and toxicological databases, yields data that advance our understanding of human gene function, and can be used to facilitate environmental management and drug development. We propose here that the effects of genes and environment are best appreciated within an anatomical context - the specifically affected cells and organs in the whole animal. We envision the use of automated, whole-animal imaging at cellular resolution and computational morphometry facilitated by high-performance computing and automated entry into toxicological databases, as anchors for genetic and toxicological data, and as connectors between human and model system data. These principles should be applied to both laboratory and feral fish populations, which have been virtually irreplaceable sentinals for environmental contamination that results in human morbidity and mortality. We conclude that automation, database generation, and web-based accessibility, facilitated by genomic/transcriptomic data and high-performance and cloud computing, will potentiate the unique and potentially key roles that aquatic models play in advancing systems biology, drug development, and environmental risk management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keith C. Cheng
- Jake Gittlen Cancer Research Foundation and Division of Experimental Pathology, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - David E. Hinton
- Environmental Sciences and Policy, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-03238, USA
| | - Carolyn J. Mattingly
- Martha and Wistar Morris Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Salisbury Cove, ME 04672, USA
| | - Antonio Planchart
- Martha and Wistar Morris Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Salisbury Cove, ME 04672, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Cheng KC, Xin X, Clark DP, La Riviere P. Whole-animal imaging, gene function, and the Zebrafish Phenome Project. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2011; 21:620-9. [PMID: 21963132 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2011.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Revised: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Imaging can potentially make a major contribution to the Zebrafish Phenome Project, which will probe the functions of vertebrate genes through the generation and phenotyping of mutants. Imaging of whole animals at different developmental stages through adulthood will be used to infer biological function. Cell resolutions will be required to identify cellular mechanism and to detect a full range of organ effects. Light-based imaging of live zebrafish embryos is practical only up to ∼2 days of development, owing to increasing pigmentation and diminishing tissue lucency with age. The small size of the zebrafish makes possible whole-animal imaging at cell resolutions by histology and micron-scale tomography (microCT). The histological study of larvae is facilitated by the use of arrays, and histology's standard use in the study of human disease enhances its translational value. Synchrotron microCT with X-rays of moderate energy (10-25 keV) is unimpeded by pigmentation or the tissue thicknesses encountered in zebrafish of larval stages and beyond, and is well-suited to detecting phenotypes that may require 3D modeling. The throughput required for this project will require robotic sample preparation and loading, increases in the dimensions and sensitivity of scintillator and CCD chips, increases in computer power, and the development of new approaches to image processing, segmentation, and quantification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keith C Cheng
- Jake Gittlen Cancer Research Foundation and Division of Experimental Pathology, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wilson RT, Roff AN, Dai PJ, Fortugno T, Douds J, Chen G, Grove GL, Nikiforova SO, Barnholtz-Sloan J, Frudakis T, Chinchilli VM, Hartman TJ, Demers LM, Shriver MD, Canfield VA, Cheng KC. Genetic Ancestry, Skin Reflectance and Pigmentation Genotypes in Association with Serum Vitamin D Metabolite Balance. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2011; 7:279-293. [PMID: 23525585 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci.2011.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lower serum vitamin D (25(OH)D) among individuals with African ancestry is attributed primarily to skin pigmentation. However, the influence of genetic polymorphisms controlling for skin melanin content has not been investigated. Therefore, we investigated differences in non-summer serum vitamin D metabolites according to self-reported race, genetic ancestry, skin reflectance and key pigmentation genes (SLC45A2 and SLC24A5). MATERIALS AND METHODS Healthy individuals reporting at least half African American or half European American heritage were frequency matched to one another on age (+/- 2 years) and sex. 176 autosomal ancestry informative markers were used to estimate genetic ancestry. Melanin index was measured by reflectance spectrometry. Serum vitamin D metabolites (25(OH)D3, 25(OH)D 2 and 24,25(OH)2D3) were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) tandem mass spectrometry. Percent 24,25(OH)2D3 was calculated as a percent of the parent metabolite (25(OH)D3). Stepwise and backward selection regression models were used to identify leading covariates. RESULTS Fifty African Americans and 50 European Americans participated in the study. Compared with SLC24A5 111Thr homozygotes, individuals with the SLC24A5 111Thr/Ala and 111Ala/Ala genotypes had respectively lower levels of 25(OH)D3 (23.0 and 23.8 nmol/L lower, p-dominant=0.007), and percent 24,25(OH)2D3 (4.1 and 5.2 percent lower, p-dominant=0.003), controlling for tanning bed use, vitamin D/fish oil supplement intake, race/ethnicity, and genetic ancestry. Results were similar with melanin index adjustment, and were not confounded by glucocorticoid, oral contraceptive, or statin use. CONCLUSIONS The SLC24A5 111Ala allele was associated with lower serum vitamin 25(OH)D3 and lower percent 24,25(OH)2D3, independently from melanin index and West African genetic ancestry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Taylor Wilson
- Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, and Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Cheng KC, Yeung YP, Hui J, Ho KM, Yip AWC. Multimedia manuscript: laparoscopic resection of hepatocellular carcinoma at segment 7: the posterior approach to anatomic resection. Surg Endosc 2011; 25:3437. [PMID: 21667209 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-011-1685-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Open anatomical liver resections remain one of the most effective treatments of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and results in better recurrence-free and overall survival compared to nonanatomical resections [1]. On the other hand, laparoscopic hepatectomies for HCC have recently emerged with the benefits of reduced blood loss, shorter hospital stay, and less severe wound pain [2, 3]. Classically, liver lesions considered suitable for laparoscopic resection were those small tumors (<4 cm) located over the anterior and left lateral segments [3]. However, we would like to expand the current indications and here we present our techniques of laparoscopic anatomical resection for a HCC that was located at right posteriosuperior segment 7. METHODS Our patient was a 60-year-old gentleman who had Child's A hepatitis B cirrhosis and was on entecavir. During a follow-up CT scan, a 2.6-cm segment 7 lesion with early arterial enhancement and contrast washout was noted and was subsequently confirmed with arteriogram. α-Fetoprotein was 3 ng/ml (normal < 20 ng/ml). The video demonstrates a posterior approach to laparoscopic resection of segment 7. RESULTS Operative time was 510 min. Blood loss was 800 ml and no perioperative transfusion was required. Postoperative recovery was uneventful and only simple oral analgesics were required for pain control. He was discharged on postoperative day 6. Histology showed a moderately differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma and all resection margins were clear. Subsequent follow-up CT scan 6 months after the operation showed no evidence of recurrence and α-fetoprotein level was normal. CONCLUSIONS Laparoscopic hepatectomy for HCC over the right posterior segment of the liver is feasible in selected patients with favorable results in terms of wound size, postoperative recovery, and hospital stay. Maximal liver conservation was achieved in performing oncologic anatomical resection of segment 7 instead of a posterior sectionectomy. On the other hand, a posterior approach was recommended because it allowed early intrahepatic control of pedicles and identification of the right hepatic vein to guide parenchymal transection along the intersegmental plane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K C Cheng
- Department of Surgery, Kwong Wah Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Cheng KC, Chen CM, Tan CK, Chen HM, Lu CL, Zhang H. Methylprednisolone reduces the rates of postextubation stridor and reintubation associated with attenuated cytokine responses in critically ill patients. Minerva Anestesiol 2011; 77:503-509. [PMID: 21540805 PMCID: PMC3929386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment with corticosteroids can reduce the incidence of postextubation stridor (PES) and reintubation in critically ill adult patients, but the mechanisms remain unknown. METHODS A randomized, controlled clinical trial was conducted in an adult medical and surgical Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of a teaching hospital. Seventy-one patients who had a cuff leak percentage <24% of tidal volume received either a bolus injection of methylprednisolone at 40 mg (treated group, n=38) or normal saline (placebo group, n=33) 4 h prior to a planned extubation. The cuff leak percentage was re-assessed 1 h and 4 h post-injection. Eighty patients who had a cuff leak percentage ≥ 24% served as a control group. Plasma concentrations of multiple cytokines and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured at baseline, 4 h and 24 h after the intervention. RESULTS The incidences of PES (15.8% vs. 39.4%, P<0.05) and reintubation rate (7.9% vs. 30.3%, P<0.05) were lower in the treated group compared to the placebo group. The plasma concentrations of IL-4 and IL-10 increased while the levels of IL-6 and IL-8 decreased at 24 h in the treated group compared to the placebo group. No difference in CRP levels was observed between the treated and placebo groups. CONCLUSION A single injection of methylprednisolone at the dose used 4 h prior to planned extubation effectively reduced the incidence of PES and the reintubation rate. These beneficial effects were associated with the up-regulation of IL-4 and IL-10 and the down-regulation of IL-6 and IL-8 in the critically ill adult patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K C Cheng
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Mak GC, Leung CK, Cheng KC, Wong KY, Lim W. Evolution of the haemagglutinin gene of the influenza A(H1N1)2009 virus isolated in Hong Kong, 2009–2011. Euro Surveill 2011. [DOI: 10.2807/ese.16.09.19807-en] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phylogenetic analysis of the haemagglutinin (HA) gene shows that the influenza A(H1N1)2009 viruses collected in Hong Kong clustered in two main branches characterised by the E391E and E391K amino acids. The main branch E391K evolved in two sub-branches with N142D and S202T mutations that first appeared in March and July 2010, respectively, with the latter becoming the predominant strain. These genetic variants that emerged display similar antigenic characteristics. Concurrent with genetic surveillance, laboratories should continue monitoring the circulating viruses antigenically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G C Mak
- Virology Division, Public Health Laboratory Services Branch, Centre for Health Protection, Department of Health, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - C K Leung
- Virology Division, Public Health Laboratory Services Branch, Centre for Health Protection, Department of Health, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - K C Cheng
- Virology Division, Public Health Laboratory Services Branch, Centre for Health Protection, Department of Health, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - K Y Wong
- Virology Division, Public Health Laboratory Services Branch, Centre for Health Protection, Department of Health, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - W Lim
- Virology Division, Public Health Laboratory Services Branch, Centre for Health Protection, Department of Health, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Mak GC, Leung CK, Cheng KC, Wong KY, Lim W. Evolution of the haemagglutinin gene of the influenza A(H1N1)2009 virus isolated in Hong Kong, 2009-2011. Euro Surveill 2011; 16:19807. [PMID: 21392488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Phylogenetic analysis of the haemagglutinin (HA) gene shows that the influenza A(H1N1)2009 viruses collected in Hong Kong clustered in two main branches characterised by the E391E and E391K amino acids. The main branch E391K evolved in two sub-branches with N142D and S202T mutations that first appeared in March and July 2010, respectively, with the latter becoming the predominant strain. These genetic variants that emerged display similar antigenic characteristics.Concurrent with genetic surveillance, laboratories should continue monitoring the circulating viruses antigenically.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Viral/genetics
- Biological Evolution
- Evolution, Molecular
- Genes, Viral
- Genetic Variation
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/analysis
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Hong Kong
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza Vaccines/genetics
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/genetics
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Mutation
- Neuraminidase/analysis
- Neuraminidase/genetics
- Phylogeny
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G C Mak
- Virology Division, Public Health Laboratory Services Branch, Centre for Health Protection, Department of Health, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Histological characterization is used in clinical and research contexts as a highly sensitive method for detecting the morphological features of disease and abnormal gene function. Histology has recently been accepted as a phenotyping method for the forthcoming Zebrafish Phenome Project, a large-scale community effort to characterize the morphological, physiological, and behavioral phenotypes resulting from the mutations in all known genes in the zebrafish genome. In support of this project, we present a novel content-based image retrieval system for the automated annotation of images containing histological abnormalities in the developing eye of the larval zebrafish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian A. Canada
- Department of Science and Mathematics, University of South Carolina, Beaufort, SC USA
| | | | | | - James Z. Wang
- College of Information Sciences & Technology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD The use of intrinsic metabolic stability/clearance and other in vitro pharmacokinetic data for the selection of drug candidates for clinical evaluation during discovery lead optimization has become one of the primary focuses of research organizations involved in new drug discovery. Using intrinsic clearance determined from human liver microsomal preparations and/or hepatocyte to predict human clearance has become more acceptable. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW This review focuses on the current methods for determining intrinsic clearance and scaling to predict human hepatic clearance, and novel physiologically-based models for improvement of human hepatic clearance prediction. Published microsomal metabolic stability data and in-house hepatocyte clearance data were compared with published in vivo human hepatic clearance data. Various scaling models and the effect of protein binding were examined. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN Use of a novel microfluidic model and other physiologically-based models are presented. Microsomal metabolic clearance requires correction for protein binding and in vitro microsomal binding in order to better predict in vivo hepatic clearance of compounds that are mainly eliminated by hepatic metabolism. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Metabolic clearance obtained using hepatocytes may work well in combination with the well-stirred model. Novel models incorporating flow and protein binding in the system may be the most complete models for prediction of human in vivo metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piyun Chao
- Hurel Corporation, Bervely Hills, CA 91201, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Mak GC, Au KW, Tai LS, Chuang KC, Cheng KC, Shiu TC, Lim W. Association of D222G substitution in haemagglutinin of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) with severe disease. Euro Surveill 2010; 15:19534; author reply pii/19535. [PMID: 20394715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
|
38
|
Mak GC, Au KW, Tai LS, Chuang KC, Cheng KC, Shiu TC, Lim W. Association of D222G substitution in haemagglutinin of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) with severe disease. Euro Surveill 2010. [DOI: 10.2807/ese.15.14.19534-en] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- G C Mak
- Centre for Health Protection, Department of Health, Hong Kong SAR
| | - K W Au
- Centre for Health Protection, Department of Health, Hong Kong SAR
| | - L S Tai
- Centre for Health Protection, Department of Health, Hong Kong SAR
| | - K C Chuang
- Centre for Health Protection, Department of Health, Hong Kong SAR
| | - K C Cheng
- Centre for Health Protection, Department of Health, Hong Kong SAR
| | - T C Shiu
- Centre for Health Protection, Department of Health, Hong Kong SAR
| | - W Lim
- Centre for Health Protection, Department of Health, Hong Kong SAR
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Cheng KC, Clark DP, Thomas GK, Canada B, Peckins S, Cheng AM, Barno E, Copper J, Tatiparthi A, Sledz T, Canfield V, Xiao X, deCarlo F, La Riviere P, Liu Y, Wang JZ, Amsterdam A, Hopkins N. Morphogenetic Profiles in Micron Length Scales for Genetics and Systems Biology. FASEB J 2010. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.24.1_supplement.354.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Brian Canada
- Graduate Program in Bioinformatics & GenomicsPennsylvania State UniversityHersheyPA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xianghui Xiao
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National LabsArgonneIL
| | | | | | | | - James Z Wang
- Information Science &TechnologyPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
Racecadotril is known as an inhibitor of enkephalinase. Increase of plasma insulin by racecadotril has been observed in rats while the mechanism of the action remains obscure. In the present study, intravenous injection of male Wistar rats with racecadotril significantly decreased blood glucose levels. However, this effect of racecadotril was not modified by naloxone at the dose sufficient to block opioid receptors. Thus, the blood glucose-lowering action of racecadotril might be through an endogenous opioid independent mechanism. Otherwise, we found that C-peptide content was also raised by racecadotril in parallel with the increase of insulin in Wistar rats. Thus, the blood glucose-lowering action of racecadotril was related to insulin secretion, but not through the inhibition of plasma insulin degradation. In addition, racecadotril showed no direct effect on insulin secretion in isolated islets or cultured HIT-T15 beta cells. The increase of plasma insulin and blood glucose-lowering action induced by racecadotril were reduced by pretreatment with atropine and enhanced by physotigmine. Direct inhibition of cholinesterase was not observed in brain homogenates treated with racecadotril. Moreover, actions of racecadotril were significantly reduced in rats receiving hemicholinium-3 at a sufficient dose to decrease endogenous acetylcholine. Activation of cholinergic tone is possibly involved in the blood glucose-lowering effect of racecadotril. Our results suggested that racecadotril increased insulin secretion to lower blood glucose mainly via regulation of parasympathetic tone in Wistar rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H T Wu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Valenzuela RK, Henderson MS, Walsh MH, Garrison NA, Kelch JT, Cohen-Barak O, Erickson DT, John Meaney F, Bruce Walsh J, Cheng KC, Ito S, Wakamatsu K, Frudakis T, Thomas M, Brilliant MH. Predicting phenotype from genotype: normal pigmentation. J Forensic Sci 2010; 55:315-22. [PMID: 20158590 DOI: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2009.01317.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Genetic information in forensic studies is largely limited to CODIS data and the ability to match samples and assign them to an individual. However, there are circumstances, in which a given DNA sample does not match anyone in the CODIS database, and no other information about the donor is available. In this study, we determined 75 SNPs in 24 genes (previously implicated in human or animal pigmentation studies) for the analysis of single- and multi-locus associations with hair, skin, and eye color in 789 individuals of various ethnic backgrounds. Using multiple linear regression modeling, five SNPs in five genes were found to account for large proportions of pigmentation variation in hair, skin, and eyes in our across-population analyses. Thus, these models may be of predictive value to determine an individual's pigmentation type from a forensic sample, independent of ethnic origin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert K Valenzuela
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Novik E, Maguire TJ, Chao P, Cheng KC, Yarmush ML. A microfluidic hepatic coculture platform for cell-based drug metabolism studies. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 79:1036-44. [PMID: 19925779 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2009] [Revised: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Within the global pharmaceutical and biotech industries, there is significant interest in identifying in vitro screening systems that are more human-relevant-i.e., that offer greater utility in predicting subcellular and cellular physiological responses in humans in vivo-and that thereby allow investigators to reduce the incidence of costly late-stage failures during pharmaceutical clinical trials, as well as to reduce the use of animals in drug testing. Currently incumbent in vitro screening methods, such as culturing human hepatocytes in suspension, while useful, are limited by a lack of long term cellular function. In order to address this limitation, we have established an integrated, microfluidic, in vitro platform that combines the patented HmuREL((R)) microdevice with a hepatic coculture system. In the present report, we use this platform to study clearance and metabolite generation of a battery of molecular entities. The results show that the flow-based coculture system is capable of clearing, with improved resolution and predictive value, compounds with high, medium, and low clearance values. In addition, when coculture is coupled with flow, higher metabolite production rates are obtained than in static systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Novik
- Hurel Corporation, Beverley Hills, California, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Zinnanti WJ, Lazovic J, Griffin K, Skvorak KJ, Paul HS, Homanics GE, Bewley MC, Cheng KC, Lanoue KF, Flanagan JM. Dual mechanism of brain injury and novel treatment strategy in maple syrup urine disease. Brain 2009; 132:903-18. [PMID: 19293241 PMCID: PMC2668944 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awp024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is an inherited disorder of branched-chain amino acid metabolism presenting with life-threatening cerebral oedema and dysmyelination in affected individuals. Treatment requires life-long dietary restriction and monitoring of branched-chain amino acids to avoid brain injury. Despite careful management, children commonly suffer metabolic decompensation in the context of catabolic stress associated with non-specific illness. The mechanisms underlying this decompensation and brain injury are poorly understood. Using recently developed mouse models of classic and intermediate maple syrup urine disease, we assessed biochemical, behavioural and neuropathological changes that occurred during encephalopathy in these mice. Here, we show that rapid brain leucine accumulation displaces other essential amino acids resulting in neurotransmitter depletion and disruption of normal brain growth and development. A novel approach of administering norleucine to heterozygous mothers of classic maple syrup urine disease pups reduced branched-chain amino acid accumulation in milk as well as blood and brain of these pups to enhance survival. Similarly, norleucine substantially delayed encephalopathy in intermediate maple syrup urine disease mice placed on a high protein diet that mimics the catabolic stress shown to cause encephalopathy in human maple syrup urine disease. Current findings suggest two converging mechanisms of brain injury in maple syrup urine disease including: (i) neurotransmitter deficiencies and growth restriction associated with branched-chain amino acid accumulation and (ii) energy deprivation through Krebs cycle disruption associated with branched-chain ketoacid accumulation. Both classic and intermediate models appear to be useful to study the mechanism of brain injury and potential treatment strategies for maple syrup urine disease. Norleucine should be further tested as a potential treatment to prevent encephalopathy in children with maple syrup urine disease during catabolic stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William J Zinnanti
- Penn State College of Medicine, Box 149, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
As genetic model systems, fish have played a key role in our understanding of a wide range of biological processes, including vertebrate pigmentation. In this review, we focus on one aspect of pigmentation, skin pigmentation, which has been of momentous importance in human history. Two fish models, medaka and zebrafish, played important roles in demystifying skin color and, by extension, the concept of "race." Related thinking has the potential to make two additional contributions to human welfare. Fish can be used to validate gene candidates from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in what has been called "Systems Genetics." Because fish are familiar vertebrates, and share genetic mechanisms of skin color with humans, they also have outstanding potential as an educational tool-to "demystify" race, to increase public understanding of the role of model systems and evolution in science, and to enhance appreciation of both genetic and environmental factors that impact human health and society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keith C Cheng
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Ekker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Spitsbergen JM, Blazer VS, Bowser PR, Cheng KC, Cooper KR, Cooper TK, Frasca S, Groman DB, Harper CM, Law JMM, Marty GD, Smolowitz RM, St Leger J, Wolf DC, Wolf JC. Finfish and aquatic invertebrate pathology resources for now and the future. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2009; 149:249-57. [PMID: 18948226 PMCID: PMC2680143 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2008.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2008] [Revised: 09/30/2008] [Accepted: 10/01/2008] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Utilization of finfish and aquatic invertebrates in biomedical research and as environmental sentinels has grown dramatically in recent decades. Likewise the aquaculture of finfish and invertebrates has expanded rapidly worldwide as populations of some aquatic food species and threatened or endangered aquatic species have plummeted due to overharvesting or habitat degradation. This increasing intensive culture and use of aquatic species has heightened the importance of maintaining a sophisticated understanding of pathology of various organ systems of these diverse species. Yet, except for selected species long cultivated in aquaculture, pathology databases and the workforce of highly trained pathologists lag behind those available for most laboratory animals and domestic mammalian and avian species. Several factors must change to maximize the use, understanding, and protection of important aquatic species: 1) improvements in databases of abnormalities across species; 2) standardization of diagnostic criteria for proliferative and nonproliferative lesions; and 3) more uniform and rigorous training in aquatic morphologic pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan M Spitsbergen
- Center for Fish Disease Research, 220 Nash Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Cheng KC, Yeung YP, Lau PY, Meng WC. Surveillance and outcome of liver metastasis in patients with colorectal cancer who had undergone curative-intent operation. Hong Kong Med J 2008; 14:432-436. [PMID: 19060341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the outcome of patients diagnosed to have liver metastasis by ultrasonography, following curative-intent resection of colorectal adenocarcinoma. DESIGN Prospective study. SETTING Regional hospital, Hong Kong. PATIENTS A total of 650 patients who underwent curative-intent resection of colorectal adenocarcinoma between January 2000 and December 2006. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Pattern of liver recurrence, treatment and outcome after recurrence, and overall patient survival. RESULTS Of the 650 patients, 553 (85%) were followed up per protocol. Of 104 patients who developed systemic recurrence, 45 (43%) had liver-only metastases. The resection rate for liver metastases was 38% (17/45). The median survival of such patients was significantly longer than those who did not undergo liver metastasectomy (50 vs 26 months, P=0.017). CONCLUSION Our ultrasonography-based surveillance protocol was low-cost, simple, and effective in detecting asymptomatic liver metastases, so that curative-intent metastasectomy could be performed. Further prospective studies are required to determine the optimal frequency and imaging mode for surveillance, so as to improve the resectability of liver-only colorectal metastases as well as overall patient survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K C Cheng
- Department of Surgery, Kwong Wah Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Cheng KC, Beaulieu J, Iquira E, Belzile FJ, Fortin MG, Strömvik MV. Effect of transgenes on global gene expression in soybean is within the natural range of variation of conventional cultivars. J Agric Food Chem 2008; 56:3057-67. [PMID: 18433101 DOI: 10.1021/jf073505i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Current safety assessment for novel crops, including transgenic crops, uses a targeted approach, which relies on compositional analysis. The possibility that transgene expression could lead to unintended effects remains a debated issue. This study used transcriptome profiling as a nontargeted approach to evaluate overall molecular changes in transgenic soybean cultivars. Global gene expression was measured in the first trifoliate leaves of two transgenic and three conventional soybean cultivars using the soybean Affymetrix GeneChip. It was found that gene expression differs more between the two conventional cultivars than between the transgenics and their closest conventional cultivar investigated and that the magnitudes of differences measured in gene expression and genotype (determined by SSR analysis) do not necessarily correlate. A MySQL database coupled with a CGI Web interface was developed to store and present the results ( http://soyxpress.agrenv.mcgill.ca/). By integrating the microarray data with gene annotations and other soybean data, a comprehensive view of differences in gene expression is explored between cultivars.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K C Cheng
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte Anne de Bellevue, Québec H9X 3V9, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Affiliation(s)
- Keith C Cheng
- Jake Gittlen Cancer Research Foundation, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Affiliation(s)
- Keith C Cheng
- Jake Gittlen Cancer Research Institute, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
| |
Collapse
|