1
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Vidal MA, Rezende EL, Bacigalupe LD. Intra and interspecific variation in thermal performance and critical limits in anurans from southern Chile. J Therm Biol 2024; 121:103851. [PMID: 38615494 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2024.103851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
The relationship between temperature and performance can be illustrated through a thermal performance curve (TPC), which has proven useful in describing various aspects of ectotherms' thermal ecology and evolution. The parameters of the TPC can vary geographically due to large-scale variations in environmental conditions. However, only some studies have attempted to quantify how thermal performance varies over relatively small spatial scales, even in the same location or consistently among individuals within a species. Here, we quantified individual and species variation in thermal sensitivity of locomotor performance in five amphibia Eupsophus species found in the temperate rainforests of southern Chile and compared their estimates against co-occurring species that exhibit a substantially more extensive distributional range. We measured critical thermal limits and jumping performance under five different temperatures. Our results suggest that thermal responses are relatively conserved along the phylogeny, as the locomotor performance and thermal windows for activity remained narrow in Eupsophus species when compared against results observed for Batrachyla taeniata and Rhinella spinulosa. Additionally, we found significant individual differences in locomotor performance within most species, with individual consistency in performance observed across varied temperatures. Further analyses explored the influence of body size on locomotor performance and critical thermal limits within and between species. Our results suggest a trade-off scenario between thermal tolerance breadth and locomotor performance, where species exhibiting broader thermal ranges might have compromised performance. Interestingly, these traits seem partly mediated by body size variations, raising questions about potential ecological implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela A Vidal
- Center of Ñuble Studies, Biodiversity and Global Change Research Group, Departament of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Bío-Bío University, Av. Andrés Bello 720, Chillán, Chile.
| | - Enrico L Rezende
- Department of Ecology, Center od Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, 6513677, Chile
| | - Leonardo D Bacigalupe
- Institute of Environmental and Evolutionary Sciences, Austral University of Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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2
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Bacigalupe LD, Solano‐Iguaran JJ, Longo AV, Gaitán‐Espitia JD, Valenzuela‐Sánchez A, Alvarado‐Rybak M, Azat C. Nor climate nor human impact factors: Chytrid infection shapes the skin bacterial communities of an endemic amphibian in a biodiversity hotspot. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11249. [PMID: 38590552 PMCID: PMC10999949 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The bacterial communities of the amphibian skin (i.e., the bacteriome) are critical to the host's innate immune system. However, it is unclear how different drivers can alter this function by modulating the bacteriome's structure. Our aim was to assess the extent to which different host attributes and extrinsic factors influence the structure of the bacterial communities of the skin. Skin bacterial diversity was examined in 148 individuals of the four-eyed frog (Pleurodema thaul) from 16 localities spanning almost 1800 km in latitude. The richness and beta diversity of bacterial families and the richness and abundance of Bd-inhibitory bacterial genera were used to describe their structure. Predictors associated with the host (developmental stage, genetic lineage, individual Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis [Bd] infection status) and the landscape (current climate, degree of anthropogenic disturbance) were used in the statistical modeling in an information theoretical approach. Bd infection and host developmental stage were the only predictors affecting bacteriome richness, with Bd+ individuals and postmetamorphic stages (adults and juveniles) having higher richness than Bd- ones and tadpoles. High diversity in Bd+ individuals is not driven by bacterial genera with known anti-Bd properties. Beta diversity was not affected by Bd infection and was mainly a consequence of bacterial family turnover rather than nestedness. Finally, for those bacterial genera known to have inhibitory effects on chytrid, Bd+ individuals had a slightly higher diversity than Bd- ones. Our study confirms an association between Bd infection and the host developmental stage with the bacterial communities of the skin of P. thaul. Unexpectedly, macroclimate and human impact factors do not seem to play a role in shaping the amphibian skin microbiome. Our study exemplifies that focusing on a single host-parasite system over a large geographic scale can provide essential insights into the factors driving host-parasite-bacteriome interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jaiber J. Solano‐Iguaran
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y EvolutivasUniversidad Austral de ChileValdiviaChile
- Departamento de Salud HidrobiológicaInstituto de Fomento PesqueroPuerto MonttChile
| | - Ana V. Longo
- Department of BiologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Juan D. Gaitán‐Espitia
- School of Biological Sciences and the SWIRE Institute of Marine ScienceThe University of Hong KongHong KongSARChina
| | | | - Mario Alvarado‐Rybak
- Núcleo de Ciencias Aplicadas en Ciencias Veterinarias y AgronómicasUniversidad de Las AméricasSantiagoChile
| | - Claudio Azat
- Sustainability Research Centre & PhD in Conservation MedicineUniversidad Andres BelloSantiagoChile
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3
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Valenzuela-Sánchez A, Azat C, Cunningham AA, Delgado S, Bacigalupe LD, Beltrand J, Serrano JM, Sentenac H, Haddow N, Toledo V, Schmidt BR, Cayuela H. Interpopulation differences in male reproductive effort drive the population dynamics of a host exposed to an emerging fungal pathogen. J Anim Ecol 2021; 91:308-319. [PMID: 34704260 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Compensatory recruitment is a key demographic mechanism that has allowed the coexistence of populations of susceptible amphibians with Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), a fungus causing one of the most devastating emerging infectious disease ever recorded among vertebrates. However, the underlying processes (e.g. density-dependent increase in survival at early life stages, change in reproductive traits) as well as the level of interpopulation variation in this response are poorly known. We explore potential mechanisms of compensatory recruitment in response to Bd infection by taking advantage of an amphibian system where male reproductive traits are easy to quantify in free-living populations. The Southern Darwin's frog Rhinoderma darwinii is a vocal sac-brooding species that exhibits a high susceptibility to lethal Bd infection. Using a 7-year capture-recapture study at four populations with contrasting Bd infection status (one high prevalence, one low prevalence and two Bd-free populations), we evaluated whether Bd-positive populations exhibited a higher adult recruitment and a higher male reproductive effort than Bd-negative populations. We also estimated population growth rates to explore whether recruitment compensated for the negative impacts of Bd on the survival of adults. In addition, we evaluated a potential demographic signal of compensatory recruitment (i.e. positive relationship between the proportion of juveniles and Bd prevalence) in response to Bd infection using raw count data from 13 R. darwinii populations. The high Bd prevalence population exhibited the highest male reproductive effort and the highest recruitment among the four monitored populations. This led to a growing population during the study period despite high mortality of adult hosts. In contrast, males from the population with low Bd prevalence had a low reproductive effort and this population, which had the lowest adult recruitment, was declining during the study period despite adults having a higher survival in comparison to the high Bd prevalence population. We also found a demographic signal of compensatory recruitment in response to Bd infection in our broader analysis of 13 R. darwinii populations. Our study underlines the importance of interpopulation variation in life-history strategies on the fate of host populations after infectious disease emergence. Our results also suggest that an increase in reproductive effort can be one of the processes underlying compensatory recruitment in populations of Bd-susceptible amphibians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Valenzuela-Sánchez
- ONG Ranita de Darwin, Valdivia, Chile.,Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Sustainability Research Centre & PhD in Conservation Medicine, Life Sciences Faculty, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Azat
- Sustainability Research Centre & PhD in Conservation Medicine, Life Sciences Faculty, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | - Leonardo D Bacigalupe
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | | | - José M Serrano
- ONG Ranita de Darwin, Valdivia, Chile.,Museo de Zoología 'Alfonso L. Herrera', Departamento Biología Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Hugo Sentenac
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, UK.,Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | - Natashja Haddow
- Sustainability Research Centre & PhD in Conservation Medicine, Life Sciences Faculty, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, UK.,Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Benedikt R Schmidt
- Info fauna karch, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.,Institut für Evolutionsbiologie und Umweltwissenschaften, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hugo Cayuela
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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4
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Manríquez N, Bacigalupe LD, Lardies MA. Variable Environments in an Upwelling System Trigger Differential Thermal Sensitivity in a Low Intertidal Chiton. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.753486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental variability in coastal oceans associated with upwelling dynamics probably is one of the most pervasive forces affecting the physiological performance of marine life. As the environmental temperature is the abiotic factor with major incidence in the physiology and ecology of marine ectotherms, the abrupt temperature changes in upwelling systems could generate important variations in these organisms’ functional processes. The relationship between ambient temperature and physiological performance can be described through a thermal performance curve (TPC). The parameters of this curve usually show geographic variation usually is in accordance with the predictions of the climate variability hypothesis (CVH), which states that organisms inhabiting more variable environments should have broader ranges of environmental tolerance in order to cope with the fluctuating environmental conditions they experience. Here we study the effect generated by the environmental variability in an active upwelling zone on the physiological performance of the marine ectotherm Achanthopleura echinata. In particular, we compared the parameters of the TPC and the metabolic rate of two populations of A. echinata, one found in high semi-permanent upwelling (Talcaruca), while the other is situated in an adjacent area with seasonal upwelling (Los Molles) and therefore more stable environmental conditions. Our results show that: (1) oxygen consumption increases with body size and this effect is more significant in individuals from the Talcaruca population, (2) optimal temperature, thermal breadth, upper critical limit and maximum performance were higher in the population located in the area of high environmental heterogeneity and (3) individuals from Talcaruca showed greater variance in optimal temperature, thermal breadth, upper critical limit but not in maximum performance. Although it is clear that a variable environment affects the thermal physiology of organisms, expanding their tolerance ranges and generating energy costs in the performance of individuals, it is relevant to note that upwelling systems are multifactorial phenomena where the rise of water masses modifies not only temperature, but also decreases O2, pH, and increases pCO2 which in turn could modify metabolism and TPC.
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Alvarado-Rybak M, Lepe-Lopez M, Peñafiel-Ricaurte A, Valenzuela-Sánchez A, Valdivia C, Mardones FO, Bacigalupe LD, Puschendorf R, Cunningham AA, Azat C. Bioclimatic and anthropogenic variables shape the occurrence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis over a large latitudinal gradient. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17383. [PMID: 34462470 PMCID: PMC8405646 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96535-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Amphibian chytridiomycosis, caused by the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), has caused the greatest known loss of biodiversity due to an infectious disease. We used Bd infection data from quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assays of amphibian skin swabs collected across Chile during 2008-2018 to model Bd occurrence with the aim to determine bioclimatic and anthropogenic variables associated with Bd infection. Also, we used Bd presence/absence records to identify geographical Bd high-risk areas and compare Bd prevalence and infection loads between amphibian families, ecoregions, and host ecology. Data comprised 4155 Bd-specific qPCR assays from 162 locations across a latitudinal gradient of 3700 km (18º to 51ºS). Results showed a significant clustering of Bd associated with urban centres and anthropogenically highly disturbed ecosystems in central-south Chile. Both Bd prevalence and Bd infection loads were higher in aquatic than terrestrial amphibian species. Our model indicated positive associations of Bd prevalence with altitude, temperature, precipitation and human-modified landscapes. Also, we found that macroscale drivers, such as land use change and climate, shape the occurrence of Bd at the landscape level. Our study provides with new evidence that can improve the effectiveness of strategies to mitigate biodiversity loss due to amphibian chytridiomycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Alvarado-Rybak
- Sustainability Research Centre & PhD Programme in Conservation Medicine, Life Sciences Faculty, Universidad Andres Bello, Republica 252, Santiago, Chile
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK
- Núcleo de Ciencias Aplicadas en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Universidad de las Américas, Echaurren 140, Santiago, Chile
| | - Manuel Lepe-Lopez
- Sustainability Research Centre & PhD Programme in Conservation Medicine, Life Sciences Faculty, Universidad Andres Bello, Republica 252, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexandra Peñafiel-Ricaurte
- Sustainability Research Centre & PhD Programme in Conservation Medicine, Life Sciences Faculty, Universidad Andres Bello, Republica 252, Santiago, Chile
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Andrés Valenzuela-Sánchez
- Sustainability Research Centre & PhD Programme in Conservation Medicine, Life Sciences Faculty, Universidad Andres Bello, Republica 252, Santiago, Chile
- ONG Ranita de Darwin, Nataniel Cox 152, Santiago, Chile
- Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, 5110566, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Catalina Valdivia
- Sustainability Research Centre & PhD Programme in Conservation Medicine, Life Sciences Faculty, Universidad Andres Bello, Republica 252, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernando O Mardones
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Leonardo D Bacigalupe
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Robert Puschendorf
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Andrew A Cunningham
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Claudio Azat
- Sustainability Research Centre & PhD Programme in Conservation Medicine, Life Sciences Faculty, Universidad Andres Bello, Republica 252, Santiago, Chile.
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6
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Vicenzi N, Bacigalupe LD, Laspiur A, Ibargüengoytía N, Sassi PL. Could plasticity mediate highlands lizards' resilience to climate change? A case study of the leopard iguana (Diplolaemus leopardinus) in Central Andes of Argentina. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:269253. [PMID: 34160050 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.242647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The predicted rise of global temperatures is of major concern for ectotherms because of its direct impact on their behavior and physiology. As physiological performance mediates a species' resilience to warming exposure, physiological plasticity could greatly reduce the susceptibility to climate change. We studied the degree to which Diplolaemus leopardinus lizards are able to adjust behavioral and physiological traits in response to short periods of temperature change. We used a split cross design to measure the acclimation response of preferred body temperature (Tp), and the thermal performance curve of resting metabolic rate (RMR) and evaporative water loss (EWL). Our results showed that plasticity differs among traits: whereas Tp and EWL showed lower values in warm conditions, the body temperature at which RMR was highest increased. Moreover, RMR was affected by thermal history, showing a large increase in response to cold exposure in the group initially acclimated to warm temperatures. The reduction of EWL and the increase in optimal temperature will give lizards the potential to partially mitigate the impact of rising temperatures in the energy cost and water balance. However, the decrease in Tp and the sensitivity to the warm thermal history of RMR could be detrimental to the energy net gain, increasing the species' vulnerability, especially considering the increase of heat waves predicted for the next 50 years. The integration of acclimation responses in behavioral and physiological traits provides a better understanding of the range of possible responses of lizards to cope with the upcoming climatic and environmental modifications expected as a result of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Vicenzi
- Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas (IADIZA-CONICET), Avenida Ruiz Leal s/n, Mendoza 5500, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Padre Contreras 1300, Mendoza 5500, Argentina
| | - Leonardo D Bacigalupe
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Alejandro Laspiur
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (INIBIOMA-CONICET), Quintral 1250, San Carlos de Bariloche 8400, Argentina
| | - Nora Ibargüengoytía
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (INIBIOMA-CONICET), Quintral 1250, San Carlos de Bariloche 8400, Argentina
| | - Paola L Sassi
- Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas (IADIZA-CONICET), Avenida Ruiz Leal s/n, Mendoza 5500, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Padre Contreras 1300, Mendoza 5500, Argentina
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7
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Navas CA, Gouveia SF, Solano-Iguarán JJ, Vidal MA, Bacigalupe LD. Amphibian responses in experimental thermal gradients: Concepts and limits for inference. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 254:110576. [PMID: 33609807 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2021.110576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The interpretation of thermal-gradient data depends on the behavioral drives reported or assumed, and on the underlying behavioral models explaining how such drives operate. The best-known example is positive thermotaxis, a thermoregulatory behavioral drive frequently linked to a dual set-point model of thermoregulation around a target range. This behavioral drive is often assumed as dominant among 'ectotherms', including amphibians. However, we argue that, because amphibians are extremely diverse, they may exhibit alternative behavioral drives in thermal gradients, and tackle this idea from two perspectives. First, we provide a historical review of original definitions and proposed limits for inference. Second, although caveats apply, we propose that a cross-study analysis of data of temperature settings of gradients and the temperatures selected by amphibians would corroborate alternative behavioral drives, including negative thermotaxis. Therefore, we analyzed published data focusing on such relationships and show that gradient temperature settings influence the temperatures selected by amphibians, with further effects of phylogeny and ontogeny. We conclude that thermal gradient experiments are outstanding tools to investigate behavioral drives, but no given drive can be assumed a priori unless additional information about thermoregulation is available. Based on the historical debate, we propose using selected temperatures and preferred temperatures as different concepts, the former merely operational and the second explicitly linked to positive thermotaxis (and thus compatible with dual set-point thermoregulation). Under this view, thermal preferences would stand for a hypothesis of a behavioral drive (positive thermotaxis) requiring formal testing. These considerations impact the scope for inference based on thermal gradient experiments, particularly ecological modeling and emerging disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Navas
- Department of Physiology, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Sidney F Gouveia
- Departament of Ecology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Jaiber J Solano-Iguarán
- Institute of Environmental and Evolutionary Sciences, Austral University of Chile, Isla Teja Campus, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Marcela A Vidal
- Departament of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Bío-Bío University, Casilla 447, Chillán, Chile
| | - Leonardo D Bacigalupe
- Institute of Environmental and Evolutionary Sciences, Austral University of Chile, Isla Teja Campus, Valdivia, Chile
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8
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Valenzuela-Sánchez A, Wilber MQ, Canessa S, Bacigalupe LD, Muths E, Schmidt BR, Cunningham AA, Ozgul A, Johnson PTJ, Cayuela H. Why disease ecology needs life-history theory: a host perspective. Ecol Lett 2021; 24:876-890. [PMID: 33492776 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
When facing an emerging infectious disease of conservation concern, we often have little information on the nature of the host-parasite interaction to inform management decisions. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that the life-history strategies of host species can be predictive of individual- and population-level responses to infectious disease, even without detailed knowledge on the specifics of the host-parasite interaction. Here, we argue that a deeper integration of life-history theory into disease ecology is timely and necessary to improve our capacity to understand, predict and mitigate the impact of endemic and emerging infectious diseases in wild populations. Using wild vertebrates as an example, we show that host life-history characteristics influence host responses to parasitism at different levels of organisation, from individuals to communities. We also highlight knowledge gaps and future directions for the study of life-history and host responses to parasitism. We conclude by illustrating how this theoretical insight can inform the monitoring and control of infectious diseases in wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Valenzuela-Sánchez
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,ONG Ranita de Darwin, Valdivia and Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Investigación para la Sustentabilidad, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mark Q Wilber
- Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA.,Center for Wildlife Health, Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Stefano Canessa
- Wildlife Health Ghent, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Leonardo D Bacigalupe
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Erin Muths
- U.S. Geological Survey, 2150 Centre Avenue Bldg C, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80526, USA
| | - Benedikt R Schmidt
- Institut für Evolutionsbiologie und Umweltwissenschaften, Universität Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland.,Info Fauna Karch, UniMail, Bâtiment G, Bellevaux 51, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Andrew A Cunningham
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Arpat Ozgul
- Institut für Evolutionsbiologie und Umweltwissenschaften, Universität Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Pieter T J Johnson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 80309, USA
| | - Hugo Cayuela
- IBIS, Department of Biology, University Laval, Pavillon Charles-Eugène-Marchand, Avenue de la Médecine, Quebec City, Canada.,Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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9
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Vidal MA, Barría-Oyarzo I, Contreras C, Bacigalupe LD. Geography, Temperature, and Water: Interaction Effects in a Small Native Amphibian. Physiol Biochem Zool 2020; 93:369-375. [PMID: 32762608 DOI: 10.1086/710537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Amphibian locomotor capacity is strongly linked to temperature and hydration. However, organisms in nature experience covariation of multiple environmental factors, and thus to better understand the effects of thermal and hydric conditions on physiological performance, it is critical not only to experimentally disentangle them but also to incorporate potential interactive effects due to geographic variation. To this end, we selected two populations of the small amphibian Pleurodema thaul inhabiting highly contrasting temperatures and precipitation regimens. With these two populations, we evaluated the thermal and hydric sensitivities of locomotor performance. For both factors, performance increased with temperature as well as with hydration level, although performance reached a plateau between 25° and 30°C. In addition, the influence of dehydration on performance was independent of the temperature at which it was tested. Our results also showed that the population from the warmer environment has lower sensitivity of locomotor performance to dehydration, probably as a consequence of thermal adaptation, although further studies might be required to fully understand this.
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Barria AM, Zamorano D, Parada A, Labra FA, Estay SA, Bacigalupe LD. The Importance of Intraspecific Variation for Niche Differentiation and Species Distribution Models: The Ecologically Diverse Frog Pleurodema thaul as Study Case. Evol Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-020-09510-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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11
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Rezende EL, Bacigalupe LD, Nespolo RF, Bozinovic F. Shrinking dinosaurs and the evolution of endothermy in birds. Sci Adv 2020; 6:eaaw4486. [PMID: 31911937 PMCID: PMC6938711 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw4486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of endothermy represents a major transition in vertebrate history, yet how and why endothermy evolved in birds and mammals remains controversial. Here, we combine a heat transfer model with theropod body size data to reconstruct the evolution of metabolic rates along the bird stem lineage. Results suggest that a reduction in size constitutes the path of least resistance for endothermy to evolve, maximizing thermal niche expansion while obviating the costs of elevated energy requirements. In this scenario, metabolism would have increased with the miniaturization observed in the Early-Middle Jurassic (~180 to 170 million years ago), resulting in a gradient of metabolic levels in the theropod phylogeny. Whereas basal theropods would exhibit lower metabolic rates, more recent nonavian lineages were likely decent thermoregulators with elevated metabolism. These analyses provide a tentative temporal sequence of the key evolutionary transitions that resulted in the emergence of small, endothermic, feathered flying dinosaurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico L. Rezende
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 6513677, Chile
| | - Leonardo D. Bacigalupe
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Roberto F. Nespolo
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 6513677, Chile
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
- Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Bozinovic
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 6513677, Chile
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Kreiman LE, Solano-Iguaran JJ, Bacigalupe LD, Naya DE. Testing the metabolic homeostasis hypothesis in amphibians. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20180544. [PMID: 31203760 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of hypotheses about compensatory mechanisms that allow ectothermic animals to cope with the latitudinal decrease in ambient temperature ( TA) have been proposed during the last century. One of these hypotheses, the 'metabolic homeostasis' hypothesis (MHH), states that species should show the highest thermal sensitivity of the metabolic rate ( Q10-SMR) at the colder end of the range of TAs they usually experience in nature. This way, species should be able to minimize maintenance costs during the colder hours of the day, but quickly take advantage of increases in TA during the warmer parts of the day. Here, we created a dataset that includes Q10-SMR values for 58 amphibian species, assessed at four thermal ranges, to evaluate three predictions derived from the MHH. In line with this hypothesis, we found that: (i) Q10-SMR values tended to be positively correlated with latitude when measured at lower TAs, but negative correlated with latitude when measured at higher TAs, (ii) Q10-SMR measured at lower TAs were higher in temperate species, whereas Q10-SMR measured at higher TAs were higher in tropical species, and (iii) the experimental TA at which Q10-SMR was maximal for each species decreased with latitude. This is the first study to our knowledge showing that the relationship between Q10-SMR and latitude in ectotherms changes with the TA at which Q10-SMR is assessed, as predicted from an adaptive hypothesis. This article is part of the theme issue 'Physiological diversity, biodiversity patterns and global climate change: testing key hypotheses involving temperature and oxygen'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas E Kreiman
- 1 Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires , Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1428 , Argentina
| | - Jaiber J Solano-Iguaran
- 2 Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile , Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia 5090000 , Chile
| | - Leonardo D Bacigalupe
- 2 Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile , Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia 5090000 , Chile
| | - Daniel E Naya
- 3 Departamento de Ecología y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República , Montevideo 11400 , Uruguay
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D'elía G, Jaksic F, Bacigalupe LD, Bozinovic F, Canto JL, Correa C, Fontúrbel FE, Lisón F, Méndez MA, Nespolo R, Opazo JC, Palma RE, Rau JR, Rodríguez SM, Rodríguez-Serrano E, Sabat P, Vásquez RA, Victoriano P. Sugerencias para mejorar la regulación chilena de manipulación de vertebrados terrestres en poblaciones naturales en el contexto de investigaciones científicas. Gayana (Concepc ) 2019. [DOI: 10.4067/s0717-65382019000100063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Bacigalupe LD, Vásquez IA, Estay SA, Valenzuela‐Sánchez A, Alvarado‐Rybak M, Peñafiel‐Ricaurte A, Cunningham AA, Soto‐Azat C. The amphibian‐killing fungus in a biodiversity hotspot: identifying and validating high‐risk areas and refugia. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo D. Bacigalupe
- Facultad de Ciencias Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas Universidad Austral de Chile Valdivia Chile
| | - Inao A. Vásquez
- Facultad de Ciencias Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas Universidad Austral de Chile Valdivia Chile
| | - Sergio A. Estay
- Facultad de Ciencias Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas Universidad Austral de Chile Valdivia Chile
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago Chile
| | - Andrés Valenzuela‐Sánchez
- Facultad de Ciencias Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas Universidad Austral de Chile Valdivia Chile
- ONG Ranita de Darwin Santiago Chile
| | - Mario Alvarado‐Rybak
- Centro de Investigación para la Sustentabilidad Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida & Doctorado en Medicina de la Conservación Universidad Andrés Bello Santiago Chile
- Institute of Zoology Zoological Society of London Regent's Park London NW1 4RY UK
| | - Alexandra Peñafiel‐Ricaurte
- Centro de Investigación para la Sustentabilidad Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida & Doctorado en Medicina de la Conservación Universidad Andrés Bello Santiago Chile
- Institute of Zoology Zoological Society of London Regent's Park London NW1 4RY UK
| | - Andrew A. Cunningham
- Institute of Zoology Zoological Society of London Regent's Park London NW1 4RY UK
| | - Claudio Soto‐Azat
- Centro de Investigación para la Sustentabilidad Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida & Doctorado en Medicina de la Conservación Universidad Andrés Bello Santiago Chile
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Urbina J, Galeano SP, Bacigalupe LD, Flechas SV. Disease Ecology: Past and Present for a Better FutureXI Latin American Congress of Herpetology, Quito, Ecuador, July 24–28 2017. COPEIA 2019. [DOI: 10.1643/ch-18-053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Urbina
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, 2820 SW Campus way, Corvallis, Oregon 97331; . Send reprint requests to this address
| | - Sandra P. Galeano
- Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Calle 28A 15-09, Bogotá, Colombia 111311
| | - Leonardo D. Bacigalupe
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Sandra V. Flechas
- Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Calle 28A 15-09, Bogotá, Colombia 111311
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Bacigalupe LD, Gaitán‐Espitia JD, Barria AM, Gonzalez‐Mendez A, Ruiz‐Aravena M, Trinder M, Sinervo B. Natural selection on plasticity of thermal traits in a highly seasonal environment. Evol Appl 2018; 11:2004-2013. [PMID: 30459844 PMCID: PMC6231472 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
For ectothermic species with broad geographical distributions, latitudinal/altitudinal variation in environmental temperatures (averages and extremes) is expected to shape the evolution of physiological tolerances and the acclimation capacity (i.e., degree of phenotypic plasticity) of natural populations. This can create geographical gradients of selection in which environments with greater thermal variability (e.g., seasonality) tend to favor individuals that maximize performance across a broader range of temperatures compared to more stable environments. Although thermal acclimation capacity plays a fundamental role in this context, it is unknown whether natural selection targets this trait in natural populations. Additionally, understanding whether and how selection acts on thermal physiological plasticity is also highly relevant to climate change and biological conservation. Here, we addressed such an important gap in our knowledge in the northernmost population of the four-eyed frog, Pleurodema thaul. We measured plastic responses of critical thermal limits for activity, behavioral thermal preference, and thermal sensitivity of metabolism to acclimation at 10 and 20°C. We monitored survival during three separate recapture efforts and used mark-recapture integrated into an information-theoretic approach to evaluate the relationship between survivals as a function of the plasticity of thermal traits. Overall, we found no evidence that thermal acclimation in this population is being targeted by directional selection, although there might be signals of selection on individual traits. According to the most supported models, survival increased in individuals with higher tolerance to cold when cold-acclimated, probably because daily low extremes are frequent during the cooler periods of the year. Furthermore, survival increased with body size. However, in both cases, the directional selection estimates were nonsignificant, and the constraints of our experimental design prevented us from evaluating more complex models (i.e., nonlinear selection).
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo D. Bacigalupe
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y EvolutivasUniversidad Austral de ChileValdiviaChile
| | - Juan D. Gaitán‐Espitia
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological SciencesThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
- CSIRO Oceans and AtmosphereHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Aura M. Barria
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y EvolutivasUniversidad Austral de ChileValdiviaChile
| | - Avia Gonzalez‐Mendez
- Departamento de Ecología and Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Facultad de Ciencias BiológicasPontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Manuel Ruiz‐Aravena
- School of Natural Sciences, College of Sciences and EngineeringUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | | | - Barry Sinervo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaSanta CruzCalifornia
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17
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Barria AM, Bacigalupe LD, Lagos NA, Lardies MA. Thermal physiological traits and plasticity of metabolism are sensitive to biogeographic breaks in a rock-pool marine shrimp. J Exp Biol 2018; 221:jeb.181008. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.181008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Populations of broadly distributed species commonly exhibit latitudinal variation in thermal tolerance and physiological plasticity. This variation can be interrupted when biogeographic breaks occur across the range of a species, which are known to affect patterns of community structure, abundance, and recruitment dynamics. Coastal biogeographic breaks often impose abrupt changes in environmental characteristics driven by oceanographic processes and can affect the physiological responses of populations inhabiting these areas. Here we examined thermal limits, performances for heart rate and plasticity for metabolic rate of the intertidal shrimp Betaeus emarginatus from seven populations along its latitudinal range (∼ 3000 km). The distribution of this species encompass two breaks at the southeastern Pacific coast of Chile: the northern break is characterized by sharp discontinuities in upwelling regimes, and the southern break, constitutes a major discontinuity in water conditions (temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen and nutrients), coastline topography, and divergence of main oceanographic currents. For B. emarginatus, we found higher plasticity of metabolism in the sites sampled at the biogeographic breaks, and at the site subjected to seasonal upwelling. The variation of metabolic rate was not consistent with increasing latitude and it was not affected by breaks. The lower and upper thermal limits were lower in populations around breaks, although the optimum temperature decreased towards higher latitudes. Overall, while thermal limits and plasticity of metabolism are related to biogeographic breaks, metabolic rate is not related with increasing latitude or the presence of breaks in the sampled range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aura M. Barria
- Departamento de Ciencias, Facultad de Artes Liberales, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Diagonal Las Torres 2640, Peñalolen, Santiago, Chile
| | - Leonardo D. Bacigalupe
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Nelson A. Lagos
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Ejército 146, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marco A. Lardies
- Departamento de Ciencias, Facultad de Artes Liberales, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Diagonal Las Torres 2640, Peñalolen, Santiago, Chile
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18
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Gaitán-Espitia JD, Marshall D, Dupont S, Bacigalupe LD, Bodrossy L, Hobday AJ. Geographical gradients in selection can reveal genetic constraints for evolutionary responses to ocean acidification. Biol Lett 2017; 13:rsbl.2016.0784. [PMID: 28148831 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2016.0784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Geographical gradients in selection can shape different genetic architectures in natural populations, reflecting potential genetic constraints for adaptive evolution under climate change. Investigation of natural pH/pCO2 variation in upwelling regions reveals different spatio-temporal patterns of natural selection, generating genetic and phenotypic clines in populations, and potentially leading to local adaptation, relevant to understanding effects of ocean acidification (OA). Strong directional selection, associated with intense and continuous upwellings, may have depleted genetic variation in populations within these upwelling regions, favouring increased tolerances to low pH but with an associated cost in other traits. In contrast, diversifying or weak directional selection in populations with seasonal upwellings or outside major upwelling regions may have resulted in higher genetic variances and the lack of genetic correlations among traits. Testing this hypothesis in geographical regions with similar environmental conditions to those predicted under climate change will build insights into how selection may act in the future and how populations may respond to stressors such as OA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dustin Marshall
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, 3800 Victoria, Australia
| | - Sam Dupont
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, The Sven Loven Centre for Marine Sciences, 45178 Fiskebackskil, Sweden
| | - Leonardo D Bacigalupe
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Levente Bodrossy
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, GPO Box 1538, Hobart, 7001 Tasmania, Australia
| | - Alistair J Hobday
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, GPO Box 1538, Hobart, 7001 Tasmania, Australia
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19
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Gaitán-Espitia JD, Villanueva PA, Lopez J, Torres R, Navarro JM, Bacigalupe LD. Spatio-temporal environmental variation mediates geographical differences in phenotypic responses to ocean acidification. Biol Lett 2017; 13:rsbl.2016.0865. [PMID: 28179409 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2016.0865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity is expected to play a major adaptive role in the response of species to ocean acidification (OA), by providing broader tolerances to changes in pCO2 conditions. However, tolerances and sensitivities to future OA may differ among populations within a species because of their particular environmental context and genetic backgrounds. Here, using the climatic variability hypothesis (CVH), we explored this conceptual framework in populations of the sea urchin Loxechinus albus across natural fluctuating pCO2/pH environments. Although elevated pCO2 affected the morphology, physiology, development and survival of sea urchin larvae, the magnitude of these effects differed among populations. These differences were consistent with the predictions of the CVH showing greater tolerance to OA in populations experiencing greater local variation in seawater pCO2/pH. Considering geographical differences in plasticity, tolerances and sensitivities to increased pCO2 will provide more accurate predictions for species responses to future OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Diego Gaitán-Espitia
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Hobart 7001 Tasmania, Australia .,Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Paola A Villanueva
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnologicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Jorge Lopez
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnologicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Torres
- Centro de Investigación en Ecosistema de la Patagonia (CIEP), Coyhaique, Chile
| | - Jorge M Navarro
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnologicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Centro FONDAP de Investigación en Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Leonardo D Bacigalupe
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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20
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Bacigalupe LD, Moore AJ, Nespolo RF, Rezende EL, Bozinovic F. Quantitative Genetic Modeling of the Parental Care Hypothesis for the Evolution of Endothermy. Front Physiol 2017; 8:1005. [PMID: 29311952 PMCID: PMC5732359 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.01005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There are two heuristic explanations proposed for the evolution of endothermy in vertebrates: a correlated response to selection for stable body temperatures, or as a correlated response to increased activity. Parental care has been suggested as a major driving force in this context given its impact on the parents' activity levels and energy budgets, and in the offspring's growth rates due to food provisioning and controlled incubation temperature. This results in a complex scenario involving multiple traits and transgenerational fitness benefits that can be hard to disentangle, quantify and ultimately test. Here we demonstrate how standard quantitative genetic models of maternal effects can be applied to study the evolution of endothermy, focusing on the interplay between daily energy expenditure (DEE) of the mother and growth rates of the offspring. Our model shows that maternal effects can dramatically exacerbate evolutionary responses to selection in comparison to regular univariate models (breeder's equation). This effect would emerge from indirect selection mediated by maternal effects concomitantly with a positive genetic covariance between DEE and growth rates. The multivariate nature of selection, which could favor a higher DEE, higher growth rates or both, might partly explain how high turnover rates were continuously favored in a self-reinforcing process. Overall, our quantitative genetic analysis provides support for the parental care hypothesis for the evolution of endothermy. We contend that much has to be gained from quantifying maternal and developmental effects on metabolic and thermoregulatory variation during adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo D Bacigalupe
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Allen J Moore
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Roberto F Nespolo
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Enrico L Rezende
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Bozinovic
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Bacigalupe LD, Soto-Azat C, García-Vera C, Barría-Oyarzo I, Rezende EL. Effects of amphibian phylogeny, climate and human impact on the occurrence of the amphibian-killing chytrid fungus. Glob Chang Biol 2017; 23:3543-3553. [PMID: 28055125 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Chytridiomycosis, due to the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), has been associated with the alarming decline and extinction crisis of amphibians worldwide. Because conservation programs are implemented locally, it is essential to understand how the complex interactions among host species, climate and human activities contribute to Bd occurrence at regional scales. Using weighted phylogenetic regressions and model selection, we investigated geographic patterns of Bd occurrence along a latitudinal gradient of 1500 km within a biodiversity hot spot in Chile (1845 individuals sampled from 253 sites and representing 24 species), and its association with climatic, socio-demographic and economic variables. Analyses show that Bd prevalence decreases with latitude although it has increased by almost 10% between 2008 and 2013, possibly reflecting an ongoing spread of Bd following the introduction of Xenopus laevis. Occurrence of Bd was higher in regions with high gross domestic product (particularly near developed centers) and with a high variability in rainfall regimes, whereas models including other bioclimatic or geographic variables, including temperature, exhibited substantially lower fit and virtually no support based on Akaike weights. In addition, Bd prevalence exhibited a strong phylogenetic signal, with five species having high numbers of infected individuals and higher prevalence than the average of 13.3% across all species. Taken together, our results highlight that Bd in Chile might still be spreading south, facilitated by a subset of species that seem to play an important epidemiological role maintaining this pathogen in the communities, in combination with climatic and human factors affecting the availability and quality of amphibian breeding sites. This information may be employed to design conservation strategies and mitigate the impacts of Bd in the biodiversity hot spot of southern Chile, and similar studies may prove useful to disentangle the role of different factors contributing to the emergence and spread of this catastrophic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo D Bacigalupe
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Avda. Rector Eduardo Morales s/n, Edificio Pugín, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Claudio Soto-Azat
- Centro de Investigación para la Sustentabilidad, Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Andres Bello, República 440, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristobal García-Vera
- Dirección General de Aguas, Ministerio de Obras Públicas, Riquelme 465, Coyhaique, Chile
| | - Ismael Barría-Oyarzo
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Avda. Rector Eduardo Morales s/n, Edificio Pugín, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Enrico L Rezende
- Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Andres Bello, República 440, Santiago, Chile
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Gaitán-Espitia JD, Bacigalupe LD, Opitz T, Lagos NA, Osores S, Lardies MA. Exploring physiological plasticity and local thermal adaptation in an intertidal crab along a latitudinal cline. J Therm Biol 2017; 68:14-20. [PMID: 28689716 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Intertidal organisms have evolved physiological mechanisms that enable them to maintain performance and survive during periods of severe environmental stress with temperatures close to their tolerance limits. The level of these adaptive responses in thermal physiology can vary among populations of broadly distributed species depending on their particular environmental context and genetic backgrounds. Here we examined thermal performances and reaction norms for metabolic rate (MR) and heart rate (HR) of seven populations of the porcelanid crab Petrolisthes violaceus from markedly different thermal environments across the latitudinal gradient of ~3000km. Physiological responses of this intertidal crab under common-garden conditions suggest the absence of local thermal adaptation along the geographic gradient (i.e., lack of latitudinal compensation). Moreover, thermal physiological sensitivities and performances in response to increased temperatures evidenced the existence of some level of: i) metabolic rate control or depression during warm temperature exposures; and ii) homeostasis/canalization (i.e., absence or low levels of plasticity) in physiological traits that may reflect some sort of buffering mechanism in most of the populations. Nevertheless, our results indicate that elevated temperatures can reduce cardiac function but not metabolic rate in high latitude crabs. The lack of congruence between HR and MR supports the idea that energy metabolism in marine invertebrates cannot be inferred from HR and different conclusions regarding geographic differentiation in energy metabolism can be obtained from both physiological traits. Integrating thermal physiology and species range extent can contribute to a better understanding of the likely effects of climate change on natural populations of marine ectotherms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Diego Gaitán-Espitia
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, GPO Box 1538, Hobart 7001, TAS, Australia; Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Leonardo D Bacigalupe
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Tania Opitz
- Departamento de Ciencias, Facultad de Artes Liberales, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Diagonal Las Torres 2640, Peñalolen, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nelson A Lagos
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático, Universidad Santo Tomás, Ejército 146, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastián Osores
- Departamento de Ciencias, Facultad de Artes Liberales, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Diagonal Las Torres 2640, Peñalolen, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marco A Lardies
- Departamento de Ciencias, Facultad de Artes Liberales, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Diagonal Las Torres 2640, Peñalolen, Santiago, Chile.
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23
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Nespolo RF, Silva AX, Figueroa CC, Bacigalupe LD. Anticipatory gene regulation driven by maternal effects in an insect-host system. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:5601-8. [PMID: 27069609 PMCID: PMC4813104 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive mechanisms involved in the prediction of future environments are common in organisms experiencing temporally variable environments. One of these is AGR (anticipatory gene regulation); in which differential gene expression occur in an individual, triggered by the experience of an ancestor. In this study, we explored the existence of AGR driven by a maternal effect, in an insect–host system. We analyzed gene expression of detoxifying systems in aphids across two generations, by shifting mothers and offspring from chemically defended to nondefended hosts, and vice versa. Then, we measured fitness (intrinsic rate of increase) and the relative abundance of transcripts from certain candidate genes in daughters, using RT‐qPCR (quantitative reverse‐transcription PCR). We found AGR in most cases, but responses varied according to the system being analyzed. For some pathways (e.g., cathepsins), the experience of both mothers and offsprings affected the response (i.e., when both, mother and daughter grew in the defended host, the maximum response was elicited; when only the mother grew in the defended host, an intermediate response was elicited; and when both, mother and daughter grew in a nondefended host, the response was undetectable). In other cases (esterases and GSTs), gene over‐expression was maintained even if the daughter was transferred to the nondefended host. In spite of these changes at the gene‐regulatory level, fitness was constant across hosts, suggesting that insects keep adapted thanks to this fluctuating gene expression. Also, it seems that that telescopic reproduction permits aphids to anticipate stressful environments, by minute changes in the timing of differential gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto F Nespolo
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas Facultad de Ciencias Universidad Austral de Chile Valdivia Chile; Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES) Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago 6513677 Chile
| | - Andrea X Silva
- AUSTRAL-omics Facultad de Ciencias Universidad Austral de Chile Valdivia Chile
| | - Christian C Figueroa
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Insecto-Planta Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas Universidad de Talca 2 Norte 685 Talca Chile; Millennium Nucleus Centre in Molecular Ecology and Evolutionary Applications in the Agroecosystems Universidad de Talca 2 Norte 685 Talca Chile
| | - Leonardo D Bacigalupe
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas Facultad de Ciencias Universidad Austral de Chile Valdivia Chile
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Moreno-Gómez FN, Bacigalupe LD, Silva-Escobar AA, Soto-Gamboa M. Female and male phonotactic responses and the potential effect of sexual selection on the advertisement calls of a frog. Anim Behav 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Rezende EL, Bacigalupe LD. Thermoregulation in endotherms: physiological principles and ecological consequences. J Comp Physiol B 2015; 185:709-27. [PMID: 26025431 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-015-0909-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In a seminal study published nearly 70 years ago, Scholander et al. (Biol Bull 99:259-271, 1950) employed Newton's law of cooling to describe how metabolic rates (MR) in birds and mammals vary predictably with ambient temperature (T a). Here, we explore the theoretical consequences of Newton's law of cooling and show that a thermoregulatory polygon provides an intuitively simple and yet useful description of thermoregulatory responses in endothermic organisms. This polygon encapsulates the region in which heat production and dissipation are in equilibrium and, therefore, the range of conditions in which thermoregulation is possible. Whereas the typical U-shaped curve describes the relationship between T a and MR at rest, thermoregulatory polygons expand this framework to incorporate the impact of activity, other behaviors and environmental conditions on thermoregulation and energy balance. We discuss how this framework can be employed to study the limits to effective thermoregulation and their ecological repercussions, allometric effects and residual variation in MR and thermal insulation, and how thermoregulatory requirements might constrain locomotor or reproductive performance (as proposed, for instance, by the heat dissipation limit theory). In many systems the limited empirical knowledge on how organismal traits may respond to environmental changes prevents physiological ecology from becoming a fully developed predictive science. In endotherms, however, we contend that the lack of theoretical developments that translate current physiological understanding into formal mechanistic models remains the main impediment to study the ecological and evolutionary repercussions of thermoregulation. In spite of the inherent limitations of Newton's law of cooling as an oversimplified description of the mechanics of heat transfer, we argue that understanding how systems that obey this approximation work can be enlightening on conceptual grounds and relevant as an analytical and predictive tool to study ecological phenomena. As such, the proposed approach may constitute a powerful tool to study the impact of thermoregulatory constraints on variables related to fitness, such as survival and reproductive output, and help elucidating how species will be affected by ongoing climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico L Rezende
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, Holybourne Avenue, London, SW15 4JD, UK.
| | - Leonardo D Bacigalupe
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
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Ruiz-Aravena M, Gonzalez-Mendez A, Estay SA, Gaitán-Espitia JD, Barria-Oyarzo I, Bartheld JL, Bacigalupe LD. Impact of global warming at the range margins: phenotypic plasticity and behavioral thermoregulation will buffer an endemic amphibian. Ecol Evol 2014; 4:4467-75. [PMID: 25512843 PMCID: PMC4264896 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
When dispersal is not an option to evade warming temperatures, compensation through behavior, plasticity, or evolutionary adaptation is essential to prevent extinction. In this work, we evaluated whether there is physiological plasticity in the thermal performance curve (TPC) of maximum jumping speed in individuals acclimated to current and projected temperatures and whether there is an opportunity for behavioral thermoregulation in the desert landscape where inhabits the northernmost population of the endemic frog Pleurodema thaul. Our results indicate that individuals acclimated to 20°C and 25°C increased the breath of their TPCs by shifting their upper limits with respect to when they were acclimated at 10°C. In addition, even when dispersal is not possible for this population, the landscape is heterogeneous enough to offer opportunities for behavioral thermoregulation. In particular, under current climatic conditions, behavioral thermoregulation is not compulsory as available operative temperatures are encompassed within the population TPC limits. However, for severe projected temperatures under climate change, behavioral thermoregulation will be required in the sunny patches. In overall, our results suggest that this population of Pleurodema thaul will be able to endure the worst projected scenario of climate warming as it has not only the physiological capacities but also the environmental opportunities to regulate its body temperature behaviorally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Ruiz-Aravena
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Engineering & Technology, University of Tasmania Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | | | - Sergio A Estay
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Juan D Gaitán-Espitia
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Ismael Barria-Oyarzo
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile
| | - José L Bartheld
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Leonardo D Bacigalupe
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile
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Lardies MA, Arias MB, Poupin MJ, Bacigalupe LD. Heritability of hsp70 expression in the beetle Tenebrio molitor: Ontogenetic and environmental effects. J Insect Physiol 2014; 67:70-75. [PMID: 24968147 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ectotherms constitute the vast majority of terrestrial biodiversity and are especially likely to be vulnerable to climate warming because their basic physiological functions such as locomotion, growth, and reproduction are strongly influenced by environmental temperature. An integrated view about the effects of global warming will be reached not just establishing how the increase in mean temperature impacts the natural populations but also establishing the effects of the increase in temperature variance. One of the molecular responses that are activated in a cell under a temperature stress is the heat shock protein response (HSP). Some studies that have detected consistent differences among thermal treatments and ontogenetic stages in HSP70 expression have assumed that these differences had a genetic basis and consequently expression would be heritable. We tested for changes in quantitative genetic parameters of HSP70 expression in a half-sib design where individuals of the beetle Tenebrio molitor were maintained in constant and varying thermal environments. We estimated heritability of HSP70 expression using a linear mixed modelling approach in different ontogenetic stages. Expression levels of HSP70 were consistently higher in the variable environment and heritability estimates were low to moderate. The results imply that within each ontogenetic stage additive genetic variance was higher in the variable environment and in adults compared with constant environment and larvae stage, respectively. We found that almost all the genetic correlations across ontogenetic stages and environment were positive. These suggest that directional selection for higher levels of expression in one environment will result in higher expression levels of HSP70 on the other environment for the same ontogenetic stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Lardies
- Departamento de Ciencias, Facultad de Artes Liberales, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago, Chile; Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Diagonal Las Torres 2640, Peñalolen, Santiago, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Chile.
| | | | - María Josefina Poupin
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Diagonal Las Torres 2640, Peñalolen, Santiago, Chile
| | - Leonardo D Bacigalupe
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile
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Gaitán-Espitia JD, Bacigalupe LD, Opitz T, Lagos NA, Timmermann T, Lardies MA. Geographic variation in thermal physiological performance of the intertidal crab Petrolisthes violaceus along a latitudinal gradient. J Exp Biol 2014; 217:4379-86. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.108217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Environmental temperature has profound implications on the biological performance and biogeographical distribution of ectothermic species. Variation of this abiotic factor across geographic gradients is expected to produces physiological differentiation and local adaptation of natural populations depending on their thermal tolerances and physiological sensitivities. Here, we have studied geographic variation in whole-organism thermal physiology of seven populations of the porcelain crab Petrolisthes violaceus across a latitudinal gradient of 3000 km, characterized by a cline of thermal conditions. Our study found that populations of P. violaceus exhibit a lack of differences in the limits of their thermal performance curves and a negative correlation of their optimal temperatures with latitude. Additionally, our findings showed that high latitude populations of P. violaceus exhibited broader thermal tolerances, which is consistent with the Climatic Variability Hypothesis. Interestingly, under a future scenario of warming oceans, the thermal safety margins of P. violaceus indicate that lower latitude populations can physiologically tolerate the ocean warming scenarios projected by the IPCC for the end of the twenty-first century.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Marco A. Lardies
- Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, Chile
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Nespolo RF, Bartheld JL, González A, Bruning A, Roff DA, Bacigalupe LD, Gaitán‐Espitia JD. The quantitative genetics of physiological and morphological traits in an invasive terrestrial snail: additive vs. non‐additive genetic variation. Funct Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto F. Nespolo
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas Universidad Austral de Chile Valdivia Chile
| | - José L. Bartheld
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas Universidad Austral de Chile Valdivia Chile
| | - Avia González
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas Universidad Austral de Chile Valdivia Chile
| | - Andrea Bruning
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas Universidad Austral de Chile Valdivia Chile
| | - Derek A. Roff
- Department of Biology University of California Riverside CaliforniaUSA
| | - Leonardo D. Bacigalupe
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas Universidad Austral de Chile Valdivia Chile
| | - Juan D. Gaitán‐Espitia
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas Universidad Austral de Chile Valdivia Chile
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Bacigalupe LD, Barrientos K, Beckerman AP, Carter MJ, Figueroa CC, Foster SP, Moore AJ, Silva AX, Nespolo RF. Can invasions occur without change? A comparison of G-matrices and selection in the peach-potato aphid, Myzus persicae. Ecol Evol 2013; 3:5109-18. [PMID: 24455140 PMCID: PMC3892372 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Most evolutionary research on biological invasions has focused on changes seen between the native and invaded range for a particular species. However, it is likely that species that live in human-modified habitats in their native range might have evolved specific adaptations to those environments, which increase the likelihood of establishment and spread in similar human-altered environments. From a quantitative genetic perspective, this hypothesis suggests that both native and introduced populations should reside at or near the same adaptive peak. Therefore, we should observe no overall changes in the G (genetic variance-covariance) matrices between native and introduced ranges, and stabilizing selection on fitness-related traits in all populations. We tested these predictions comparing three populations of the worldwide pest Myzus persicae from the Middle East (native range) and the UK and Chile (separately introduced ranges). In general, our results provide mixed support for this idea, but further comparisons of other species are needed. In particular, we found that there has been some limited evolution in the studied traits, with the Middle East population differing from the UK and Chilean populations. This was reflected in the structure of the G-matrices, in which Chile differed from both UK and Middle East populations. Furthermore, the amount of genetic variation was massively reduced in Chile in comparison with UK and Middle East populations. Finally, we found no detectable selection on any trait in the three populations, but clones from the introduced ranges started to reproduce later, were smaller, had smaller offspring, and had lower reproductive fitness than clones from the native range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo D Bacigalupe
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile P.O. 51110566, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Karin Barrientos
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile P.O. 51110566, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Andrew P Beckerman
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile P.O. 51110566, Valdivia, Chile ; Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield Sheffield, S102TN, U.K
| | - Mauricio J Carter
- Centre for Ecology & Conservation, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter Cornwall Campus, Penryn, U.K
| | - Christian C Figueroa
- Instituto de Biología Vegetal y Biotecnología, Universidad de Talca 2 Norte 685, Talca, Chile
| | - Stephen P Foster
- Rothamsted Research West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, U.K
| | - Allen J Moore
- Centre for Ecology & Conservation, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter Cornwall Campus, Penryn, U.K ; Department of Genetics, University of Georgia Athens, GA, 30602
| | - Andrea X Silva
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile P.O. 51110566, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Roberto F Nespolo
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile P.O. 51110566, Valdivia, Chile
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Abstract
Sperm are a simple cell type with few components, yet they exhibit tremendous between-species morphological variation in those components thought to reflect selection in different fertilization environments. However, within a species, sperm components are expected to be selected to be functionally integrated for optimal fertilization of eggs. Here, we take advantage of within-species variation in sperm form and function to test whether sperm components are functionally and genetically integrated both within and between sperm morphologies using a quantitative genetics approach. Drosophila pseudoobscura males produce two sperm types with different functions but which positively interact together in the same fertilization environment; the long eusperm fertilizes eggs and the short parasperm appear to protect eusperm from a hostile female reproductive tract. Our analysis found that all sperm traits were heritable, but short sperm components exhibited evolvabilities 10 times that of long sperm components. Genetic correlations indicated functional integration within, but not between, sperm morphs. These results suggest that sperm, despite sharing a common developmental process, can become developmentally and functionally non-integrated, evolving into separate modules with the potential for rapid and independent responses to selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen J Moore
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Fuentes-Contreras E, Figueroa CC, Silva AX, Bacigalupe LD, Briones LM, Foster SP, Unruh TR. Survey of resistance to four insecticides and their associated mechanisms in different genotypes of the green peach aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) from Chile. J Econ Entomol 2013; 106:400-407. [PMID: 23448057 DOI: 10.1603/ec12176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is amajor pest of agriculture worldwide that has proved to be particularly adept at evolving insecticide resistance. Several mechanisms that confer resistance to many insecticide types have been described in M. persicae. We measured the resistance status of nine multilocus genotypes (MLGs) of this aphid species collected in Chile. MLGs were identified using microsatellite markers, and these MLG clonal populations were measured for the presence of modified acetylcholinesterase (MACE), kdr and super kdr mutations, and enhanced carboxyl esterase activity. Toxicological bioassays were used to estimate aphid LC50 when treated with metamidophos (organophosphate), pirimicarb (dimethyl carbamate), cyfluthrin (pyrethroid), and imidacloprid (neonicotinoid). Two MLGs presented >20-fold resistance to pirimicarb, which was associated with the MACE mutation in the heterozygous condition. The kdr mutation was found in only four MLGs in the heterozygous condition and they showed resistance ratios (RR) to cyfluthrin of less than sevenfold. The super kdr mutation was not detected. Enhanced carboxyl esterase activity was predominantly found in the susceptible (S) to first level of resistance (R1) with RR to metamidophos less than eight-fold. Finally, RR to imidacloprid was also less than eight-fold in all MLGs tested. A few MLGs with resistance to pirimicarb were found, while susceptibility to cyfluthrin, metamidophos and imidacloprid was still predominant. A significant positive correlation between imidacloprid tolerance with pirimicarb resistance was detected, as well as between imidacloprid and metamidophos tolerance. With the increase in the use of neonicotinoid insecticides, better rotation of insecticides with different modes of action will be necessary to prevent further development of M. persicae insecticide resistance in Chile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Fuentes-Contreras
- Departamento de Producción Agrícola, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Talca, Casilla 747, Talca, Chile.
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Silva AX, Bacigalupe LD, Luna-Rudloff M, Figueroa CC. Insecticide resistance mechanisms in the green peach aphid Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) II: Costs and benefits. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36810. [PMID: 22685539 PMCID: PMC3369902 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among herbivorous insects that have exploited agro-ecosystems, the peach-potato aphid, Myzus persicae, is recognized as one of the most important agricultural pests worldwide. Uses over 400 plant species and has evolved different insecticides resistance mechanisms. As M. persicae feeds upon a huge diversity of hosts, it has been exposed to a wide variety of plant allelochemicals, which probably have promoted a wide range of detoxification systems. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this work we (i) evaluated whether insecticide resistance mutations (IRM) in M. persicae can give an advantage in terms of reproductive fitness when aphids face two hosts, pepper (Capsicum annuum) a suitable host and radish (Raphanus sativus) the unfavorable host and (ii) examined the transcriptional expression of six genes that are known to be up-regulated in response to insecticides. Our results show a significant interaction between host and IRM on the intrinsic rate of increase (r(m)). Susceptible genotypes (not carrying insensitivity mutations) had a higher r(m) on pepper, and the transcriptional levels of five genes increased on radish. The r(m) relationship was reversed on the unfavorable host; genotypes with multiple IRM exhibited higher r(m), without altering the transcriptional levels of the studied genes. Genotypes with one IRM kept a similar r(m) on both hosts, but they increased the transcriptional levels of two genes. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Although we have studied only nine genotypes, overall our results are in agreement with the general idea that allelochemical detoxification systems could constitute a pre-adaptation for the development of insecticide resistance. Genotypes carrying IRM exhibited a higher r(m) than susceptible genotypes on radish, the more unfavorable host. Susceptible genotypes should be able to tolerate the defended host by up-regulating some metabolic genes that are also responding to insecticides. Hence, our results suggest that the trade-off among resistance mechanisms might be quite complex, with a multiplicity of costs and benefits depending on the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea X. Silva
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Leonardo D. Bacigalupe
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Manuela Luna-Rudloff
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Christian C. Figueroa
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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Nespolo RF, Bacigalupe LD, Figueroa CC, Koteja P, Opazo JC. Using new tools to solve an old problem: the evolution of endothermy in vertebrates. Trends Ecol Evol 2011; 26:414-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Castañeda LE, Figueroa CC, Bacigalupe LD, Nespolo RF. Effects of wing polyphenism, aphid genotype and host plant chemistry on energy metabolism of the grain aphid, Sitobion avenae. J Insect Physiol 2010; 56:1920-1924. [PMID: 20801126 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2010.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Revised: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Wing dimorphism has been proposed as a strategy to face trade-offs between flight capability and fecundity. In aphids, individuals with functional wings have slower development and lower fecundity compared with wingless individuals. However, differential maintenance costs between winged and wingless aphids have not been deeply investigated. In the current study, we studied the combined effect of wing dimorphism with the effects of aphid genotypes and of wheat hosts having different levels of chemical defences (hydroxamic acids, Hx) on adult body mass and standard metabolic rates (SMR) of winged and wingless morphs of the grain aphid, Sitobion avenae. We found that wingless aphids had higher body mass than winged aphids and that body mass also increased towards host with high Hx levels. Furthermore, winged aphids showed a plastic SMR in terms of Hx levels, whereas wingless aphids displayed a rigid reaction norm (significant interaction between morph condition and wheat host). These findings suggest that winged aphids have reduced adult size compared to wingless aphids, likely due to costs associated to the development of flight structure in early-life stages. These costs contrast with the absence of detectable metabolic costs related to fuelling and maintenance of the flight apparatus in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis E Castañeda
- Instituto de Ecología y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, 5110566 Valdivia, Chile.
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Barbosa O, Marquet PA, Bacigalupe LD, Christie DA, Del-Val E, Gutierrez AG, Jones CG, Weathers KC, Armesto JJ. Interactions among patch area, forest structure and water fluxes in a fog-inundated forest ecosystem in semi-arid Chile. Funct Ecol 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2010.01697.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Studies of experimental sexual selection have tested the effect of variation in the intensity of sexual selection on male investment in reproduction, particularly sperm. However, in several species, including Drosophila pseudoobscura, no sperm response to experimental evolution has occurred. Here, we take a quantitative genetics approach to examine whether genetic constraints explain the limited evolutionary response. We quantified direct and indirect genetic variation, and genetic correlations within and between the sexes, in experimental populations of D. pseudoobscura. We found that sperm number may be limited by low heritability and evolvability whereas sperm quality (length) has moderate V(A) and CV(A) but does not evolve. Likewise, the female reproductive tract, suggested to drive the evolution of sperm, did not respond to experimental sexual selection even though there was sufficient genetic variation. The lack of genetic correlations between the sexes supports the opportunity for sexual conflict over investment in sperm by males and their storage by females. Our results suggest no absolute constraint arising from a lack of direct or indirect genetic variation or patterns of genetic covariation. These patterns show why responses to experimental evolution are hard to predict, and why research on genetic variation underlying interacting reproductive traits is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhonda R Snook
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom.
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Bacigalupe LD, Bustamante DM, Bozinovic F, Nespolo RF. Phenotypic integration of morphology and energetic performance under routine capacities: a study in the leaf-eared mouse Phyllotis darwini. J Comp Physiol B 2009; 180:293-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-009-0410-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Revised: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 09/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Nespolo RF, Bacigalupe LD. Viability selection on early body mass and the effect of female body size on fecundity: a study on the leaf-eared mouse Phyllotis darwini. Ecol Res 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-008-0570-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Bacigalupe LD, Crudgington HS, Slate J, Moore AJ, Snook RR. SEXUAL SELECTION AND INTERACTING PHENOTYPES IN EXPERIMENTAL EVOLUTION: A STUDY OFDROSOPHILA PSEUDOOBSCURAMATING BEHAVIOR. Evolution 2008; 62:1804-1812. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00402.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Bacigalupe LD, Araya NM, Carter MJ, Catalán TP, Lardies MA, Bozinovic F. Erratum to “Maternal effects, maternal body size and offspring energetics: A study in the common woodlouse Porcellio laevis” [Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 147A (2007) 349–354]. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Bacigalupe LD, Crudgington HS, Hunter F, Moore AJ, Snook RR. Sexual conflict does not drive reproductive isolation in experimental populations ofDrosophila pseudoobscura. J Evol Biol 2007; 20:1763-71. [PMID: 17714294 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2007.01389.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sexual conflict has been predicted to drive reproductive isolation by generating arbitrary but rapid coevolutionary changes in reproductive traits among allopatric populations. A testable prediction of this proposal is that allopatric populations experiencing different levels of sexual conflict should exhibit different levels of reproductive isolation. We tested this prediction using experimentally evolved populations of the promiscuous Drosophila pseudoobscura. We manipulated sexual conflict by enforcing either monogamy, maintaining natural levels of promiscuity, or elevating promiscuity. Within each treatment, we carried out sympatric and allopatric crosses using replicated populations and examined pre-zygotic (number of mating pairs, mating speed and copulation duration) and post-zygotic (hybrid inviability and sterility) indicators of reproductive isolation. After 50 generations of selection, none of the measures conformed to predictions of sexual conflict driving reproductive isolation. Our results cannot be explained by lack of genetic variation or weak selection and suggest that sexual conflict may not be a widespread engine of speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Bacigalupe
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Bacigalupe LD, Araya NM, Carter MJ, Catalán TP, Catalána TP, Lardies MA, Bozinovic F. Maternal effects, maternal body size and offspring energetics: A study in the common woodlouse Porcellio laevis. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2007; 147:349-54. [PMID: 17276116 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2006] [Revised: 01/02/2007] [Accepted: 01/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
What are the consequences of the natural variation in maternal body mass on offspring energetic performance? How are performance traits related to thermal physiology and energetics phenotypically integrated on offspring? To answer these questions, fifty breeding pairs of the common terrestrial isopod Porcellio laevis were set up in the lab. Physiological performance, thermal tolerance and thermal sensitivity were measured in F1 adults. Maternal effects were estimated as: the direct influence of maternal body mass and the variation associated with mothers. Phenotypic integration was evaluated using path analysis. Our results show that: (1) maternal body size affects positively offspring long-term metabolism, (2) maternal variation was significant in many of the physiological traits and (3) there is an intricate set of relationships among traits and importantly, that offspring exhibited compensational strategies among metabolism, thermal sensitivity and thermal tolerance traits. Even if we cannot clearly state whether these maternal influences were because of the genes or the environment that mothers provided and thus no predictions can be done regarding their evolutionary consequences, it seems clear that the role of maternal effects on physiology can no longer be ignored. In this sense, there's a lot to be gained by incorporating explicit experimental protocols to test for maternal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo D Bacigalupe
- Center for Advanced Studies in Ecology and Biodiversity and Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 6513677, Chile.
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Nespolo RF, Bustamante DM, Bacigalupe LD, Bozinovic F. QUANTITATIVE GENETICS OF BIOENERGETICS AND GROWTH‐RELATED TRAITS IN THE WILD MAMMAL, PHYLLOTIS DARWINI. Evolution 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2005.tb01829.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto F. Nespolo
- Instituto de Ecologia y Evoluciún, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Diego M. Bustamante
- Center for Advanced Studies in Ecology and Biodiversity, Departamento de Ecologia, Facultad de Ciencias Biolúgicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 6513677, Chile
| | - Leonardo D. Bacigalupe
- Center for Advanced Studies in Ecology and Biodiversity, Departamento de Ecologia, Facultad de Ciencias Biolúgicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 6513677, Chile
| | - Francisco Bozinovic
- Center for Advanced Studies in Ecology and Biodiversity, Departamento de Ecologia, Facultad de Ciencias Biolúgicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 6513677, Chile
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Nespolo RF, Bustamante DM, Bacigalupe LD, Bozinovic F. Quantitative genetics of bioenergetics and growth-related traits in the wild mammal, Phyllotis darwini. Evolution 2005; 59:1829-37. [PMID: 16329249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We studied the potential for response to selection in typical physiological-thermoregulatory traits of mammals such as maximum metabolic rate (MMR), nonshivering thermogenesis (NST) and basal metabolic rate (BMR) on cold-acclimated animals. We used an animal model approach to estimate both narrow-sense heritabilities (h2) and genetic correlations between physiological and growth-related traits. Univariate analyses showed that MMR presented high, significant heritability (h2 = 0.69 +/- 0.35, asymptotic standard error), suggesting the potential for microevolution in this variable. However, NST and BMR presented low, nonsignificant h2, and NST showed large maternal/common environmental/nonadditive effects (c2 = 0.34 +/- 0.17). Heritabilities were large and significant (h2 > 0.5) for all growth-related traits (birth mass, growth rate, weaning mass). The only significant genetic correlations we found between a physiological trait and a growth-related trait was between NST and birth mass (r = -0.74; P < 0.05). Overall, these results suggest that additive genetic variance is present in several bioenergetic traits, and that genetic correlations could be present between those different kinds of traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto F Nespolo
- Instituto de Ecología y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia.
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Bacigalupe LD, Nespolo RF, Opazo JC, Bozinovic F. Phenotypic flexibility in a novel thermal environment: phylogenetic inertia in thermogenic capacity and evolutionary adaptation in organ size. Physiol Biochem Zool 2005; 77:805-15. [PMID: 15547798 DOI: 10.1086/422229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/31/2003] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The goal of our work was to understand the role of a novel thermal environment in shaping the phenotypic expression of thermogenic capacity and organ size. To examine this we compared two populations of the South American rodent Phyllotis darwini from different altitudes (Andean and valley populations), taking advantage of the fact that this genus originated at high altitude in the Andean plateau. DNA mitochondrial analysis showed that the two populations were separated and then experienced different thermal regimens for at least the last 450,000 yr. We expected the two populations of P. darwini to present more metabolic and organ size similarities if phylogenetic inertia had been an important factor. In this sense, phylogenetic inertia means that the valley population would retain evolutionary adaptations of high altitude: a greater phenotypic flexibility in both physiological and morphological traits. In general, our results indicate that the actual thermogenic capacities (magnitude and flexibility) of the valley population are a consequence of phylogenetic inertia. On the other hand, results for organ size (magnitude and flexibility) could suggest that this population would have adapted to the less seasonal central valley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo D Bacigalupe
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Ecología y Biodiversidad, Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 6513677, Chile
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Nespolo RF, Bustamante DM, Bacigalupe LD, Bozinovic F. QUANTITATIVE GENETICS OF BIOENERGETICS AND GROWTH-RELATED TRAITS IN THE WILD MAMMAL, PHYLLOTIS DARWINI. Evolution 2005. [DOI: 10.1554/04-408.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Naya DE, Bacigalupe LD, Bustamante DM, Bozinovic F. Dynamic digestive responses to increased energy demands in the leaf-eared mouse (Phyllotis darwini). J Comp Physiol B 2004; 175:31-6. [PMID: 15565308 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-004-0459-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A major area of interest in comparative physiology has been to understand how animals cope with changing environmental demands in time and space. The digestive system has been identified as one of the more sensitive systems to changes in environmental conditions. However, most research on this topic has evaluated these effects during peak energetic demands, which do not allow for evaluation of the dynamics of the digestive response along a more natural continuous gradient of environmental conditions. We examined phenotypic flexibility in digestive responses of the leaf-eared mouse Phyllotis darwini to increments in total energy demands (via sequential exposure to 26, 12 and 0 degrees C). Additionally, we evaluated the effect of a moderate energy demand (12 degrees C) over three different time periods (7, 17 and 27 days) on digestive traits. Moderate increases in energy demand were associated with changes in the distribution of digesta in the gut, whereas higher increases in energy demand involved increases in the tissue mass of digestive organs. Time-course analysis showed that at 12 degrees C practically all digestive variables reached stable values within 7 days, which is in agreement with empirical data and theoretical deductions from cellular turnover rates. We conclude that although the input of energy and nutrients into the digestive tract is typically periodic, many aspects of digestive physiology are likely to be flexible in response to environmental variability over both short-term (daily) and long-term (seasonal) time scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Naya
- Center for Advanced Studies in Ecology and Biodiversity, and Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 6513677 Santiago, Chile
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