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Grandclément C, Estoppey C, Dheilly E, Panagopoulou M, Monney T, Dreyfus C, Loyau J, Labanca V, Drake A, De Angelis S, Rubod A, Frei J, Caro LN, Blein S, Martini E, Chimen M, Matthes T, Kaya Z, Edwards CM, Edwards JR, Menoret E, Kervoelen C, Pellat-Deceunynck C, Moreau P, Mbow ML, Srivastava A, Dyson MR, Zhukovsky EA, Perro M, Sammicheli S. Development of ISB 1442, a CD38 and CD47 bispecific biparatopic antibody innate cell modulator for the treatment of multiple myeloma. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2054. [PMID: 38448430 PMCID: PMC10917784 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46310-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Antibody engineering can tailor the design and activities of therapeutic antibodies for better efficiency or other advantageous clinical properties. Here we report the development of ISB 1442, a fully human bispecific antibody designed to re-establish synthetic immunity in CD38+ hematological malignancies. ISB 1442 consists of two anti-CD38 arms targeting two distinct epitopes that preferentially drive binding to tumor cells and enable avidity-induced blocking of proximal CD47 receptors on the same cell while preventing on-target off-tumor binding on healthy cells. The Fc portion of ISB 1442 is engineered to enhance complement dependent cytotoxicity, antibody dependent cell cytotoxicity and antibody dependent cell phagocytosis. ISB 1442 thus represents a CD47-BsAb combining biparatopic targeting of a tumor associated antigen with engineered enhancement of antibody effector function to overcome potential resistance mechanisms that hamper treatment of myeloma with monospecific anti-CD38 antibodies. ISB 1442 is currently in a Phase I clinical trial in relapsed refractory multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C Estoppey
- Ichnos Glenmark Innovation, Lausanne, CH, Switzerland
| | - E Dheilly
- Ichnos Glenmark Innovation, Lausanne, CH, Switzerland
| | | | - T Monney
- Ichnos Glenmark Innovation, Lausanne, CH, Switzerland
| | - C Dreyfus
- Ichnos Glenmark Innovation, Lausanne, CH, Switzerland
| | - J Loyau
- Ichnos Glenmark Innovation, Lausanne, CH, Switzerland
| | - V Labanca
- Ichnos Glenmark Innovation, Lausanne, CH, Switzerland
| | - A Drake
- Ichnos Glenmark Innovation, Lausanne, CH, Switzerland
| | - S De Angelis
- Ichnos Glenmark Innovation, Lausanne, CH, Switzerland
| | - A Rubod
- Ichnos Glenmark Innovation, Lausanne, CH, Switzerland
| | - J Frei
- Ichnos Glenmark Innovation, Lausanne, CH, Switzerland
| | - L N Caro
- Ichnos Glenmark Innovation, Lausanne, CH, Switzerland
| | - S Blein
- Ichnos Glenmark Innovation, Lausanne, CH, Switzerland
| | - E Martini
- Ichnos Glenmark Innovation, Lausanne, CH, Switzerland
| | - M Chimen
- Ichnos Glenmark Innovation, Lausanne, CH, Switzerland
| | - T Matthes
- Haematology Service, Department of Oncology and Clinical Pathology Service, Department of Diagnostics, University Hospital Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Z Kaya
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - C M Edwards
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - J R Edwards
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - E Menoret
- Nantes Université, Inserm, CNRS, Université d'Angers, CRCI2NA, Nantes, France
| | - C Kervoelen
- Nantes Université, Inserm, CNRS, Université d'Angers, CRCI2NA, Nantes, France
| | - C Pellat-Deceunynck
- Nantes Université, Inserm, CNRS, Université d'Angers, CRCI2NA, Nantes, France
- SIRIC ILIAD, Angers, Nantes, France
| | - P Moreau
- Nantes Université, Inserm, CNRS, Université d'Angers, CRCI2NA, Nantes, France
- SIRIC ILIAD, Angers, Nantes, France
- Service d'Hématologie Clinique, Unité d'Investigation Clinique, CHU, Nantes, France
| | - M L Mbow
- Ichnos Glenmark Innovation, Lausanne, CH, Switzerland
| | - A Srivastava
- Ichnos Glenmark Innovation, Lausanne, CH, Switzerland
| | - M R Dyson
- Ichnos Glenmark Innovation, Lausanne, CH, Switzerland
| | - E A Zhukovsky
- Ichnos Glenmark Innovation, Lausanne, CH, Switzerland
| | - M Perro
- Ichnos Glenmark Innovation, Lausanne, CH, Switzerland.
| | - S Sammicheli
- Ichnos Glenmark Innovation, Lausanne, CH, Switzerland.
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Pouleau B, Estoppey C, Suere P, Nallet E, Laurendon A, Monney T, Pais Ferreira D, Drake A, Carretero-Iglesia L, Macoin J, Berret J, Pihlgren M, Doucey MA, Gudi GS, Menon V, Udupa V, Maiti A, Borthakur G, Srivastava A, Blein S, Mbow ML, Matthes T, Kaya Z, Edwards CM, Edwards JR, Menoret E, Kervoëlen C, Pellat-Deceunynck C, Moreau P, Zhukovsky E, Perro M, Chimen M. Preclinical characterization of ISB 1342, a CD38 × CD3 T-cell engager for relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. Blood 2023; 142:260-273. [PMID: 37192303 PMCID: PMC10644056 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2022019451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Although treatment of multiple myeloma (MM) with daratumumab significantly extends the patient's lifespan, resistance to therapy is inevitable. ISB 1342 was designed to target MM cells from patients with relapsed/refractory MM (r/r MM) displaying lower sensitivity to daratumumab. ISB 1342 is a bispecific antibody with a high-affinity Fab binding to CD38 on tumor cells on a different epitope than daratumumab and a detuned scFv domain affinity binding to CD3ε on T cells, to mitigate the risk of life-threatening cytokine release syndrome, using the Bispecific Engagement by Antibodies based on the TCR (BEAT) platform. In vitro, ISB 1342 efficiently killed cell lines with different levels of CD38, including those with a lower sensitivity to daratumumab. In a killing assay where multiple modes of action were enabled, ISB 1342 showed higher cytotoxicity toward MM cells compared with daratumumab. This activity was retained when used in sequential or concomitant combinations with daratumumab. The efficacy of ISB 1342 was maintained in daratumumab-treated bone marrow patient samples showing lower sensitivity to daratumumab. ISB 1342 induced complete tumor control in 2 therapeutic mouse models, unlike daratumumab. Finally, in cynomolgus monkeys, ISB 1342 displayed an acceptable toxicology profile. These data suggest that ISB 1342 may be an option in patients with r/r MM refractory to prior anti-CD38 bivalent monoclonal antibody therapies. It is currently being developed in a phase 1 clinical study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blandine Pouleau
- Department of Oncology, Ichnos Sciences SA, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Carole Estoppey
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Ichnos Sciences SA, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Perrine Suere
- Department of Oncology, Ichnos Sciences SA, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Emilie Nallet
- Department of Oncology, Ichnos Sciences SA, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Amélie Laurendon
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Ichnos Sciences SA, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Monney
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Ichnos Sciences SA, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | | | - Adam Drake
- Department of Oncology, Ichnos Sciences SA, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | | | - Julie Macoin
- Department of Oncology, Ichnos Sciences SA, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Jérémy Berret
- Department of Oncology, Ichnos Sciences SA, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Maria Pihlgren
- Department of Oncology, Ichnos Sciences SA, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | | | - Girish S. Gudi
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Translational Sciences, Ichnos Sciences Inc, New York, NY
| | - Vinu Menon
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Translational Sciences, Ichnos Sciences Inc, New York, NY
| | - Venkatesha Udupa
- Department of Toxicology, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited, Mumbai, India
| | - Abhishek Maiti
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Gautam Borthakur
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Ankita Srivastava
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Ichnos Sciences SA, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Stanislas Blein
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Ichnos Sciences SA, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - M. Lamine Mbow
- Department of Oncology, Ichnos Sciences SA, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Matthes
- Hematology Service, Department of Oncology and Clinical Pathology Service, Department of Diagnostics, University Hospital Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Zeynep Kaya
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Claire M. Edwards
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - James R. Edwards
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Emmanuelle Menoret
- Nantes Université, INSERM, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Université d'Angers, Nantes, France
- Therassay Core Facility, Department of Onco-Hematology, Capacités, Nantes Université, Nantes, France
| | - Charlotte Kervoëlen
- Nantes Université, INSERM, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Université d'Angers, Nantes, France
- Therassay Core Facility, Department of Onco-Hematology, Capacités, Nantes Université, Nantes, France
| | - Catherine Pellat-Deceunynck
- Nantes Université, INSERM, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Université d'Angers, Nantes, France
- SIRIC ILIAD, Angers, Nantes, France
| | - Philippe Moreau
- Nantes Université, INSERM, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Université d'Angers, Nantes, France
- SIRIC ILIAD, Angers, Nantes, France
- Service d'Hématologie Clinique, Unité d'Investigation Clinique, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Eugene Zhukovsky
- Department of Oncology, Ichnos Sciences SA, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Mario Perro
- Department of Oncology, Ichnos Sciences SA, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Myriam Chimen
- Department of Oncology, Ichnos Sciences SA, Epalinges, Switzerland
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3
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Rudolph MJ, Davis SA, Haque HME, Weis DD, Vance DJ, Piazza CL, Ejemel M, Cavacini L, Wang Y, Mbow ML, Gilmore RD, Mantis NJ. Structural Elucidation of a Protective B Cell Epitope on Outer Surface Protein C (OspC) of the Lyme Disease Spirochete, Borreliella burgdorferi. mBio 2023; 14:e0298122. [PMID: 36976016 PMCID: PMC10128040 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02981-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Outer surface protein C (OspC) plays a pivotal role in mediating tick-to-host transmission and infectivity of the Lyme disease spirochete, Borreliella burgdorferi. OspC is a helical-rich homodimer that interacts with tick salivary proteins, as well as components of the mammalian immune system. Several decades ago, it was shown that the OspC-specific monoclonal antibody, B5, was able to passively protect mice from experimental tick-transmitted infection by B. burgdorferi strain B31. However, B5's epitope has never been elucidated, despite widespread interest in OspC as a possible Lyme disease vaccine antigen. Here, we report the crystal structure of B5 antigen-binding fragments (Fabs) in complex with recombinant OspC type A (OspCA). Each OspC monomer within the homodimer was bound by a single B5 Fab in a side-on orientation, with contact points along OspC's α-helix 1 and α-helix 6, as well as interactions with the loop between α-helices 5 and 6. In addition, B5's complementarity-determining region (CDR) H3 bridged the OspC-OspC' homodimer interface, revealing the quaternary nature of the protective epitope. To provide insight into the molecular basis of B5 serotype specificity, we solved the crystal structures of recombinant OspC types B and K and compared them to OspCA. This study represents the first structure of a protective B cell epitope on OspC and will aid in the rational design of OspC-based vaccines and therapeutics for Lyme disease. IMPORTANCE The spirochete Borreliella burgdorferi is a causative agent of Lyme disease, the most common tickborne disease in the United States. The spirochete is transmitted to humans during the course of a tick taking a bloodmeal. After B. burgdorferi is deposited into the skin of a human host, it replicates locally and spreads systemically, often resulting in clinical manifestations involving the central nervous system, joints, and/or heart. Antibodies directed against B. burgdorferi's outer surface protein C (OspC) are known to block tick-to-host transmission, as well as dissemination of the spirochete within a mammalian host. In this report, we reveal the first atomic structure of one such antibody in complex with OspC. Our results have implications for the design of a Lyme disease vaccine capable of interfering with multiple stages in B. burgdorferi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon A Davis
- New York Structural Biology Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - H M Emranul Haque
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - David D Weis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - David J Vance
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Carol Lyn Piazza
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Monir Ejemel
- MassBiologics of the University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lisa Cavacini
- MassBiologics of the University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yang Wang
- MassBiologics of the University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - M Lamine Mbow
- Division of Vector Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Robert D Gilmore
- Division of Vector Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Nicholas J Mantis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
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4
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White D, Cote-Martin A, Bleck M, Garaffa N, Shaaban A, Wu H, Liu D, Young D, Scheer J, Lorenz IC, Nixon A, Fine JS, Byrne FR, Mbow ML, Moreno-Garcia ME. Programmed Cell Death-1 (PD-1) anchoring to the GPI-linked co-receptor CD48 reveals a novel mechanism to modulate PD-1-dependent inhibition of human T cells. Mol Immunol 2023; 156:31-38. [PMID: 36889184 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2023.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Activation of PD-1 by anchoring it to Antigen Receptor (AR) components or associated co-receptors represents an attractive approach to treat autoimmune conditions. In this study, we provide evidence that CD48, a common lipid raft and Src kinase-associated coreceptor, induces significant Src kinase-dependent activation of PD-1 upon crosslinking, while CD71, a receptor excluded from these compartments, does not. Functionally, using bead-conjugated antibodies we demonstrate that CD48-dependent activation of PD-1 inhibits proliferation of AR-induced primary human T cells, and similarly, PD-1 activation using PD-1/CD48 bispecific antibodies inhibits IL-2, enhances IL-10 secretion, and reduces NFAT activation in primary human and Jurkat T cells, respectively. As a whole, CD48-dependent activation of PD-1 represents a novel mechanism to fine tune T cell activation, and by functionally anchoring PD-1 with receptors other than AR, this study provides a conceptual framework for rational development of novel therapies that activate inhibitory checkpoint receptors for treatment of immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Della White
- Departments of Immunology and Respiratory Research, USA.
| | | | - Marina Bleck
- Departments of Immunology and Respiratory Research, USA
| | | | | | - Helen Wu
- Biotherapeutics Discovery. Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, CT 06811 USA
| | - Dongmei Liu
- Biotherapeutics Discovery. Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, CT 06811 USA
| | - David Young
- Biotherapeutics Discovery. Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, CT 06811 USA
| | - Justin Scheer
- Biotherapeutics Discovery. Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, CT 06811 USA
| | - Ivo C Lorenz
- Biotherapeutics Discovery. Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, CT 06811 USA
| | - Andrew Nixon
- Biotherapeutics Discovery. Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, CT 06811 USA
| | - Jay S Fine
- Departments of Immunology and Respiratory Research, USA
| | | | - M Lamine Mbow
- Departments of Immunology and Respiratory Research, USA; Cancer Immunology and Immune Modulation, USA
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5
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Juchem KW, Gounder AP, Gao JP, Seccareccia E, Yeddula N, Huffmaster NJ, Côté-Martin A, Fogal SE, Souza D, Wang SS, Glynn ERA, Yung I, Ritchie J, Li L, Zheng J, Mbow ML, Li J, Chanda SK. NFAM1 Promotes Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Production in Mouse and Human Monocytes. Front Immunol 2022; 12:773445. [PMID: 35095847 PMCID: PMC8793151 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.773445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
NFAT activating protein with ITAM motif 1 (NFAM1) is an ITAM bearing-transmembrane receptor that has been reported to play a role in B cell signaling and development. We performed expression analysis of NFAM1 using publicly available gene expression data sets and found that NFAM1 expression is significantly induced in intestinal biopsies from Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) patients. At the cellular level, we further observed high expression of NFAM1 in monocytes and neutrophils, and low expression in B and T cells. To explore the role of NFAM1 in multiple immune cells and its potential role in IBD, we generated NFAM1-/- mice. In contrast with previous reports using NFAM1-transgenic mice, NFAM1-/- mice have no obvious defects in immune cell development, or B cell responses. Interestingly, NFAM1-/- monocytes produce reduced levels of TNF-α in response to activation by multiple IBD-relevant stimuli, including CD40L, TLR ligands and MDP. Additional cytokines and chemokines such as IL-6, IL-12, CCL3 and CCL4 are also reduced in CD40L stimulated NFAM1-/- monocytes. Collectively, these findings indicate that NFAM1 promotes monocyte activation, thereby amplifying the response to diverse stimuli. Similarly, we observed that deletion of NFAM1 in human monocytes reduces expression of CD40L-induced CCL4. Lastly, to assess the role of NFAM1 in IBD, we compared development of anti-CD40 induced colitis in NFAM1+/+ and NFAM1-/- mice. We found that although NFAM1 deletion had no impact on development of gut pathology, we did observe a decrease in serum TNF-α, confirming that NFAM1 promotes pro-inflammatory cytokine production in vivo. Taken together, we conclude that NFAM1 functions to amplify cytokine production and should be further evaluated as a therapeutic target for treatment of autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn W Juchem
- Department of Immunology and Respiratory Disease Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, United States
| | - Anshu P Gounder
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Jian Ping Gao
- Department of Immunology and Respiratory Disease Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, United States
| | - Elise Seccareccia
- Department of Immunology and Respiratory Disease Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, United States
| | - Narayana Yeddula
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Nicholas J Huffmaster
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Alexandra Côté-Martin
- Department of Immunology and Respiratory Disease Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, United States
| | - Steven E Fogal
- Department of Immunology and Respiratory Disease Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, United States
| | - Donald Souza
- Department of Immunology and Respiratory Disease Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, United States
| | - Sarah Sirui Wang
- Department of Immunology and Respiratory Disease Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, United States
| | - Elizabeth R A Glynn
- Department of Immunology and Respiratory Disease Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, United States
| | - Ivy Yung
- Department of Immunology and Respiratory Disease Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, United States
| | - Julie Ritchie
- Department of Biotherapeutics Discovery, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, United States
| | - Li Li
- Department of Global Computational Biology and Digital Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, United States
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Immunology and Respiratory Disease Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, United States
| | - M Lamine Mbow
- Department of Immunology and Respiratory Disease Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, United States
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Immunology and Respiratory Disease Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, United States
| | - Sumit K Chanda
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
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Cheng Y, Hall TR, Xu X, Yung I, Souza D, Zheng J, Schiele F, Hoffmann M, Mbow ML, Garnett JP, Li J. Targeting uPA-uPAR interaction to improve intestinal epithelial barrier integrity in inflammatory bowel disease. EBioMedicine 2021; 75:103758. [PMID: 34933179 PMCID: PMC8688562 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Loss of intestinal epithelial barrier integrity is a critical component of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) pathogenesis. Co-expression regulation of ligand-receptor pairs in IBD mucosa has not been systematically studied. Targeting ligand-receptor pairs which are induced in IBD mucosa and function in intestinal epithelial barrier integrity may provide novel therapeutics for IBD. Methods We performed transcriptomic meta-analysis on public IBD datasets combined with cell surface protein-protein-interaction (PPI) databases. We explored primary human/mouse intestinal organoids and Caco-2 cells for expression and function studies of uPA-uPAR (prime hits from the meta-analysis). Epithelial barrier integrity was measured by Trans-Epithelial Electrical Resistance (TEER), FITC-Dextran permeability and tight junction assessment. Genetic (CRISPR, siRNA and KO mice) and pharmacological (small molecules, neutralizing antibody and peptide inhibitors) approaches were applied. Mice deficient of uPAR were studied using the Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS)-induced colitis model. Findings The IBD ligand-receptor meta-analysis led to the discovery of a coordinated upregulation of uPA and uPAR in IBD mucosa. Both genes were significantly upregulated during epithelial barrier breakdown in primary intestinal organoids and decreased during barrier formation. Genetic inhibition of uPAR or uPA, or pharmacologically blocking uPA-uPAR interaction protects against cytokine-induced barrier breakdown. Deficiency of uPAR in epithelial cells leads to enhanced EGF/EGFR signalling, a known regulator of epithelial homeostasis and repair. Mice deficient of uPAR display improved intestinal barrier function in vitro and during DSS-induced colitis in vivo. Interpretation Our findings suggest that blocking uPA-uPAR interaction via pharmacological agents protects the epithelial barrier from inflammation-induced damage, indicating a potential therapeutic target for IBD. Funding The study was funded by Boehringer Ingelheim.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Cheng
- Immunology and Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Tyler R Hall
- Immunology and Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Xiao Xu
- Computational Biology Group, Discovery Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Ivy Yung
- Immunology and Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Donald Souza
- Immunology and Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Jie Zheng
- Immunology and Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Felix Schiele
- Biotherapeutics Discovery, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Matthias Hoffmann
- Medicinal Chemistry, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - M Lamine Mbow
- Immunology and Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - James P Garnett
- Immunology and Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Jun Li
- Immunology and Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, CT, USA.
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7
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Ermann J, Matmusaev M, Haley EK, Braun C, Jost F, Mayer-Wrangowski S, Hsiao P, Ting N, Li L, Terenzio D, Chime J, Lukas S, Patnaude L, Panzenbeck M, Csordas D, Zheng J, Mierz D, Simpson T, King FJ, Klimowicz AP, Mbow ML, Fine JS, Miller CA, Fogal SE, Byrne FR. The potent and selective RIPK2 inhibitor BI 706039 improves intestinal inflammation in the TRUC mouse model of inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 321:G500-G512. [PMID: 34494462 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00163.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Mouse and human data implicate the NOD1 and NOD2 sensors of the intestinal microbiome and the associated signal transduction via the receptor interacting protein kinase 2 (RIPK2) as a potential key signaling node for the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and an attractive target for pharmacological intervention. The TRUC mouse model of IBD was strongly indicated for evaluating RIPK2 antagonism for its effect on intestinal inflammation based on previous knockout studies with NOD1, NOD2, and RIPK2. We identified and profiled the BI 706039 molecule as a potent and specific functional inhibitor of both human and mouse RIPK2 and with favorable pharmacokinetic properties. We dosed BI 706039 in the spontaneous TRUC mouse model from age 28 to 56 days. Oral, daily administration of BI 706039 caused dose-responsive and significant improvement in colonic histopathological inflammation, colon weight, and terminal levels of protein-normalized fecal lipocalin (all P values <0.001). These observations correlated with dose responsively increasing systemic levels of the BI 706039 compound, splenic molecular target engagement of RIPK2, and modulation of inflammatory genes in the colon. This demonstrates that a relatively low oral dose of a potent and selective RIPK2 inhibitor can modulate signaling in the intestinal immune system and significantly improve disease associated intestinal inflammation.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The RIPK2 kinase at the apex of microbiome immunosensing is an attractive target for pharmacological intervention. A low oral dose of a RIPK2 inhibitor leads to significantly improved intestinal inflammation in the murine TRUC model of colitis. A selective and potent inhibitor of the RIPK2 kinase may represent a new class of therapeutics that target microbiome-driven signaling for the treatment of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg Ermann
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mederbek Matmusaev
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Emma K Haley
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Clemens Braun
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Biberach, Germany
| | - Felix Jost
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Biberach, Germany
| | - Svenja Mayer-Wrangowski
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Biberach, Germany
| | - Peng Hsiao
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Biberach, Germany
| | - Naitee Ting
- Department of Global Computational Biology and Data Sciences, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | - Li Li
- Department of Global Computational Biology and Data Sciences, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | - Donna Terenzio
- Department of Immunology and Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | - Jane Chime
- Department of Immunology and Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | - Susan Lukas
- Department of Immunology and Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | - Lori Patnaude
- Department of Immunology and Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | - Mark Panzenbeck
- Department of Immunology and Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | - David Csordas
- Department of Immunology and Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Immunology and Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | - Diane Mierz
- Department of Immunology and Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | - Tom Simpson
- Department of Immunology and Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | - F James King
- Department of Immunology and Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | - Alex P Klimowicz
- Department of Immunology and Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | - M Lamine Mbow
- Department of Immunology and Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | - Jay S Fine
- Department of Immunology and Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | - Craig A Miller
- Department of Immunology and Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | - Steve E Fogal
- Department of Immunology and Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | - Fergus R Byrne
- Department of Immunology and Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Ridgefield, Connecticut
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8
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Heinz LX, Lee J, Kapoor U, Kartnig F, Sedlyarov V, Papakostas K, César-Razquin A, Essletzbichler P, Goldmann U, Stefanovic A, Bigenzahn JW, Scorzoni S, Pizzagalli MD, Bensimon A, Müller AC, King FJ, Li J, Girardi E, Mbow ML, Whitehurst CE, Rebsamen M, Superti-Furga G. TASL is the SLC15A4-associated adaptor for IRF5 activation by TLR7-9. Nature 2020; 581:316-322. [PMID: 32433612 PMCID: PMC7610944 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2282-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have a crucial role in the recognition of pathogens and initiation of immune responses1–3. Here we show that a previously uncharacterized protein encoded by CXorf21—a gene that is associated with systemic lupus erythematosus4,5—interacts with the endolysosomal transporter SLC15A4, an essential but poorly understood component of the endolysosomal TLR machinery also linked to autoimmune disease4,6–9. Loss of this type-I-interferon-inducible protein, which we refer to as ‘TLR adaptor interacting with SLC15A4 on the lysosome’ (TASL), abrogated responses to endolysosomal TLR agonists in both primary and transformed human immune cells. Deletion of SLC15A4 or TASL specifically impaired the activation of the IRF pathway without affecting NF-κB and MAPK signalling, which indicates that ligand recognition and TLR engagement in the endolysosome occurred normally. Extensive mutagenesis of TASL demonstrated that its localization and function relies on the interaction with SLC15A4. TASL contains a conserved pLxIS motif (in which p denotes a hydrophilic residue and x denotes any residue) that mediates the recruitment and activation of IRF5. This finding shows that TASL is an innate immune adaptor for TLR7, TLR8 and TLR9 signalling, revealing a clear mechanistic analogy with the IRF3 adaptors STING, MAVS and TRIF10,11. The identification of TASL as the component that links endolysosomal TLRs to the IRF5 transcription factor via SLC15A4 provides a mechanistic explanation for the involvement of these proteins in systemic lupus erythematosus12–14.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonhard X Heinz
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - JangEun Lee
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Utkarsh Kapoor
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Felix Kartnig
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vitaly Sedlyarov
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Konstantinos Papakostas
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adrian César-Razquin
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Essletzbichler
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrich Goldmann
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adrijana Stefanovic
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes W Bigenzahn
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefania Scorzoni
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mattia D Pizzagalli
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ariel Bensimon
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - André C Müller
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - F James King
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Jun Li
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Enrico Girardi
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Lamine Mbow
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | | | - Manuele Rebsamen
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Giulio Superti-Furga
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria. .,Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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9
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Detanico T, Virgen-Slane R, Steen-Fuentes S, Lin WW, Rhode-Kurnow A, Chappell E, Correa RG, DiCandido MJ, Mbow ML, Li J, Ware CF. Co-expression Networks Identify DHX15 RNA Helicase as a B Cell Regulatory Factor. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2903. [PMID: 31921164 PMCID: PMC6915936 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide co-expression analysis is often used for annotating novel gene functions from high-dimensional data. Here, we developed an R package with a Shiny visualization app that creates immuno-networks from RNAseq data using a combination of Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA), xCell immune cell signatures, and Bayesian Network Learning. Using a large publicly available RNAseq dataset we generated a Gene Module-Immune Cell (GMIC) network that predicted causal relationships between DEAH-box RNA helicase (DHX)15 and genes associated with humoral immunity, suggesting that DHX15 may regulate B cell fate. Deletion of DHX15 in mouse B cells led to impaired lymphocyte development, reduced peripheral B cell numbers, and dysregulated expression of genes linked to antibody-mediated immune responses similar to the genes predicted by the GMIC network. Moreover, antigen immunization of mice demonstrated that optimal primary IgG1 responses required DHX15. Intrinsic expression of DHX15 was necessary for proliferation and survival of activated of B cells. Altogether, these results support the use of co-expression networks to elucidate fundamental biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Detanico
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Richard Virgen-Slane
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Seth Steen-Fuentes
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Wai W. Lin
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Antje Rhode-Kurnow
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Elizabeth Chappell
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Ricardo G. Correa
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Michael J. DiCandido
- Department of Immunology & Respiratory Disease Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, United States
| | - M. Lamine Mbow
- Department of Immunology & Respiratory Disease Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, United States
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Immunology & Respiratory Disease Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, United States
| | - Carl F. Ware
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
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10
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Martin JC, Chang C, Boschetti G, Ungaro R, Giri M, Grout JA, Gettler K, Chuang LS, Nayar S, Greenstein AJ, Dubinsky M, Walker L, Leader A, Fine JS, Whitehurst CE, Mbow ML, Kugathasan S, Denson LA, Hyams JS, Friedman JR, Desai PT, Ko HM, Laface I, Akturk G, Schadt EE, Salmon H, Gnjatic S, Rahman AH, Merad M, Cho JH, Kenigsberg E. Single-Cell Analysis of Crohn's Disease Lesions Identifies a Pathogenic Cellular Module Associated with Resistance to Anti-TNF Therapy. Cell 2019; 178:1493-1508.e20. [PMID: 31474370 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 419] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Clinical benefits of cytokine blockade in ileal Crohn's disease (iCD) are limited to a subset of patients. Here, we applied single-cell technologies to iCD lesions to address whether cellular heterogeneity contributes to treatment resistance. We found that a subset of patients expressed a unique cellular module in inflamed tissues that consisted of IgG plasma cells, inflammatory mononuclear phagocytes, activated T cells, and stromal cells, which we named the GIMATS module. Analysis of ligand-receptor interaction pairs identified a distinct network connectivity that likely drives the GIMATS module. Strikingly, the GIMATS module was also present in a subset of patients in four independent iCD cohorts (n = 441), and its presence at diagnosis correlated with failure to achieve durable corticosteroid-free remission upon anti-TNF therapy. These results emphasize the limitations of current diagnostic assays and the potential for single-cell mapping tools to identify novel biomarkers of treatment response and tailored therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome C Martin
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Christie Chang
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Gilles Boschetti
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ryan Ungaro
- The Dr. Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY 10029, USA
| | - Mamta Giri
- Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - John A Grout
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Kyle Gettler
- Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ling-Shiang Chuang
- Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Shikha Nayar
- Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Alexander J Greenstein
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Marla Dubinsky
- Department of Pediatrics, Susan and Leonard Feinstein IBD Clinical Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Laura Walker
- Human Immune Monitoring Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Andrew Leader
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jay S Fine
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Immunology and Respiratory Diseases Research, Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA
| | - Charles E Whitehurst
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Immunology and Respiratory Diseases Research, Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA
| | - M Lamine Mbow
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Immunology and Respiratory Diseases Research, Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA
| | - Subra Kugathasan
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lee A Denson
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Hyams
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, CT, USA
| | | | | | - Huaibin M Ko
- The Dr. Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY 10029, USA; Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ilaria Laface
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Human Immune Monitoring Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Guray Akturk
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Human Immune Monitoring Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Eric E Schadt
- Department of Genetics and Genomics Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Helene Salmon
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sacha Gnjatic
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Human Immune Monitoring Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Adeeb H Rahman
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Human Immune Monitoring Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Genetics and Genomics Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Miriam Merad
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Human Immune Monitoring Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Judy H Cho
- Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Ephraim Kenigsberg
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Genetics and Genomics Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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11
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Ahlberg J, Giragossian C, Li H, Myzithras M, Raymond E, Caviness G, Grimaldi C, Brown SE, Perez R, Yang D, Kroe-Barrett R, Joseph D, Pamulapati C, Coble K, Ruus P, Woska JR, Ganesan R, Hansel S, Mbow ML. Retrospective analysis of model-based predictivity of human pharmacokinetics for anti-IL-36R monoclonal antibody MAB92 using a rat anti-mouse IL-36R monoclonal antibody and RNA expression data (FANTOM5). MAbs 2019; 11:956-964. [PMID: 31068073 PMCID: PMC6601564 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2019.1615345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate prediction of the human pharmacokinetics (PK) of a candidate monoclonal antibody from nonclinical data is critical to maximize the success of clinical trials. However, for monoclonal antibodies exhibiting nonlinear clearance due to target-mediated drug disposition, PK predictions are particularly challenging. That challenge is further compounded for molecules lacking cross-reactivity in a nonhuman primate, in which case a surrogate antibody selective for the target in rodent may be required. For these cases, prediction of human PK must account for any interspecies differences in binding kinetics, target expression, target turnover, and potentially epitope. We present here a model-based method for predicting the human PK of MAB92 (also known as BI 655130), a humanized IgG1 κ monoclonal antibody directed against human IL-36R. Preclinical PK was generated in the mouse with a chimeric rat anti-mouse IgG2a surrogate antibody cross-reactive against mouse IL-36R. Target-specific parameters such as antibody binding affinity (KD), internalization rate of the drug target complex (kint), target degradation rate (kdeg), and target abundance (R0) were integrated into the model. Two different methods of assigning human R0 were evaluated: the first assumed comparable expression between human and mouse and the second used high-resolution mRNA transcriptome data (FANTOM5) as a surrogate for expression. Utilizing the mouse R0 to predict human PK, AUC0-∞ was substantially underpredicted for nonsaturating doses; however, after correcting for differences in RNA transcriptome between species, AUC0-∞ was predicted largely within 1.5-fold of observations in first-in-human studies, demonstrating the validity of the modeling approach. Our results suggest that semi-mechanistic models incorporating RNA transcriptome data and target-specific parameters may improve the predictivity of first-in-human PK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Ahlberg
- a Biotherapeutics Disccovery Research , Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc , Ridgefield , CT , USA
| | - Craig Giragossian
- a Biotherapeutics Disccovery Research , Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc , Ridgefield , CT , USA
| | - Hua Li
- a Biotherapeutics Disccovery Research , Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc , Ridgefield , CT , USA
| | - Maria Myzithras
- a Biotherapeutics Disccovery Research , Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc , Ridgefield , CT , USA
| | - Ernie Raymond
- a Biotherapeutics Disccovery Research , Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc , Ridgefield , CT , USA
| | - Gary Caviness
- a Biotherapeutics Disccovery Research , Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc , Ridgefield , CT , USA
| | - Christine Grimaldi
- a Biotherapeutics Disccovery Research , Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc , Ridgefield , CT , USA
| | - Su-Ellen Brown
- a Biotherapeutics Disccovery Research , Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc , Ridgefield , CT , USA
| | - Rocio Perez
- a Biotherapeutics Disccovery Research , Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc , Ridgefield , CT , USA
| | - Danlin Yang
- a Biotherapeutics Disccovery Research , Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc , Ridgefield , CT , USA
| | - Rachel Kroe-Barrett
- a Biotherapeutics Disccovery Research , Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc , Ridgefield , CT , USA
| | - David Joseph
- a Biotherapeutics Disccovery Research , Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc , Ridgefield , CT , USA
| | - Chandrasena Pamulapati
- a Biotherapeutics Disccovery Research , Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc , Ridgefield , CT , USA
| | - Kelly Coble
- a Biotherapeutics Disccovery Research , Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc , Ridgefield , CT , USA
| | - Peter Ruus
- b Translational Medicine, Clinical Pharmacology , Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG , Ingelheim am Rein , Germany
| | - Joseph R Woska
- a Biotherapeutics Disccovery Research , Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc , Ridgefield , CT , USA
| | - Rajkumar Ganesan
- a Biotherapeutics Disccovery Research , Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc , Ridgefield , CT , USA
| | - Steven Hansel
- a Biotherapeutics Disccovery Research , Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc , Ridgefield , CT , USA
| | - M Lamine Mbow
- a Biotherapeutics Disccovery Research , Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc , Ridgefield , CT , USA
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12
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Scheibe K, Kersten C, Schmied A, Vieth M, Primbs T, Carlé B, Knieling F, Claussen J, Klimowicz AC, Zheng J, Baum P, Meyer S, Schürmann S, Friedrich O, Waldner MJ, Rath T, Wirtz S, Kollias G, Ekici AB, Atreya R, Raymond EL, Mbow ML, Neurath MF, Neufert C. Inhibiting Interleukin 36 Receptor Signaling Reduces Fibrosis in Mice With Chronic Intestinal Inflammation. Gastroenterology 2019; 156:1082-1097.e11. [PMID: 30452921 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Intestinal fibrosis is a long-term complication in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) that frequently results in functional damage, bowel obstruction, and surgery. Interleukin (IL) 36 is a group of cytokines in the IL1 family with inflammatory effects. We studied the expression of IL36 and its receptor, interleukin 1 receptor like 2 (IL1RL2 or IL36R) in the development of intestinal fibrosis in human tissues and mice. METHODS We obtained intestinal tissues from 92 patients with Crohn's disease (CD), 48 patients with ulcerative colitis, and 26 patients without inflammatory bowel diseases (control individuals). Tissues were analyzed by histology to detect fibrosis and by immunohistochemistry to determine the distribution of fibroblasts and levels of IL36R ligands. Human and mouse fibroblasts were incubated with IL36 or control medium, and transcriptome-wide RNA sequences were analyzed. Mice were given neutralizing antibodies against IL36R, and we studied intestinal tissues from Il1rl2-/- mice; colitis and fibrosis were induced in mice by repetitive administration of DSS or TNBS. Bone marrow cells were transplanted from Il1rl2-/- to irradiated wild-type mice and intestinal tissues were analyzed. Antibodies against IL36R were applied to mice with established chronic colitis and fibrosis and intestinal tissues were studied. RESULTS Mucosal and submucosal tissue from patients with CD or ulcerative colitis had higher levels of collagens, including type VI collagen, compared with tissue from control individuals. In tissues from patients with fibrostenotic CD, significantly higher levels of IL36A were noted, which correlated with high numbers of activated fibroblasts that expressed α-smooth muscle actin. IL36R activation of mouse and human fibroblasts resulted in expression of genes that regulate fibrosis and tissue remodeling, as well as expression of collagen type VI. Il1rl2-/- mice and mice given injections of an antibody against IL36R developed less severe colitis and fibrosis after administration of DSS or TNBS, but bone marrow cells from Il1rl2-/- mice did not prevent induction of colitis and fibrosis. Injection of antibodies against IL36R significantly reduced established fibrosis in mice with chronic intestinal inflammation. CONCLUSION We found higher levels of IL36A in fibrotic intestinal tissues from patients with IBD compared with control individuals. IL36 induced expression of genes that regulate fibrogenesis in fibroblasts. Inhibition or knockout of the IL36R gene in mice reduces chronic colitis and intestinal fibrosis. Agents designed to block IL36R signaling could be developed for prevention and treatment of intestinal fibrosis in patients with IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Scheibe
- First Department of Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christina Kersten
- First Department of Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anabel Schmied
- First Department of Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Vieth
- Institute of Pathology, Klinikum Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Tatjana Primbs
- First Department of Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Birgitta Carlé
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ferdinand Knieling
- First Department of Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | | | - Jie Zheng
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | - Patrick Baum
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | - Sebastian Meyer
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry, and Epidemiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schürmann
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Oliver Friedrich
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maximilian J Waldner
- First Department of Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Timo Rath
- First Department of Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Wirtz
- First Department of Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - George Kollias
- Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, Vari, Greece
| | - Arif B Ekici
- Institute of Human Genetics, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Raja Atreya
- First Department of Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ernest L Raymond
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | - M Lamine Mbow
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | - Markus F Neurath
- First Department of Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Clemens Neufert
- First Department of Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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Saha SS, Caviness G, Yi G, Raymond EL, Mbow ML, Kao CC. E3 Ubiquitin Ligase RNF125 Activates Interleukin-36 Receptor Signaling and Contributes to Its Turnover. J Innate Immun 2017; 10:56-69. [PMID: 29176319 DOI: 10.1159/000481210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling by the interleukin-36 receptor (IL-36R) is linked to inflammatory diseases such as psoriasis. However, the regulation of IL-36R signaling is poorly understood. Activation of IL-36R signaling in cultured cells results in an increased polyubiquitination of the receptor subunit, IL-1Rrp2. Treatment with deubiquitinases shows that the receptor subunit of IL-36R, IL-1Rrp2, is primarily polyubiquitinated at the K63 position, which is associated with endocytic trafficking and signal transduction. A minor amount of ubiquitination is at the K48 position that is associated with protein degradation. A focused siRNA screen identified RNF125, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, to ubiquitinate IL-1Rrp2 upon activation of IL-36R signaling while not affecting the activated IL-1 receptor. Knockdown of RNF125 decreases signal transduction by the IL-36R. Overexpression of RNF125 in HEK293T cells activates IL-36R signaling and increases the ubiquitination of IL-1Rrp2 and its subsequent turnover. RNF125 can coimmunoprecipitate with the IL-36R, and it traffics with IL-1Rrp2 from the cell surface to lysosomes. Mutations of Lys568 and Lys569 in the C-terminal tail of IL-1Rrp2 decrease ubiquitination by RNF125 and increase the steady-state levels of IL-1Rrp2. These results demonstrate that RNF125 has multiple regulatory roles in the signaling, trafficking, and turnover of the IL-36R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhartha S Saha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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14
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Ganesan R, Raymond EL, Mennerich D, Woska JR, Caviness G, Grimaldi C, Ahlberg J, Perez R, Roberts S, Yang D, Jerath K, Truncali K, Frego L, Sepulveda E, Gupta P, Brown SE, Howell MD, Canada KA, Kroe-Barrett R, Fine JS, Singh S, Mbow ML. Generation and functional characterization of anti-human and anti-mouse IL-36R antagonist monoclonal antibodies. MAbs 2017; 9:1143-1154. [PMID: 28726542 PMCID: PMC5627585 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2017.1353853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficiency of interleukin (IL)-36 receptor antagonist (DITRA) syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in IL36RN. IL-36R is a cell surface receptor and a member of the IL1R family that is involved in inflammatory responses triggered in skin and other epithelial tissues. Accumulating evidence suggests that IL-36R signaling may play a role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Therapeutic intervention of IL-36R signaling offers an innovative treatment paradigm for targeting epithelial cell-mediated inflammatory diseases such as the life-threatening psoriasis variant called generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP). We report the discovery and characterization of MAB92, a potent, high affinity anti-human IL-36 receptor antagonistic antibody that blocks human IL-36 ligand (α, β and γ)-mediated signaling. In vitro treatment with MAB92 directly inhibits human IL-36R-mediated signaling and inflammatory cytokine production in primary human keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts. MAB92 shows exquisite species specificity toward human IL-36R and does not cross react to murine IL-36R. To enable in vivo pharmacology studies, we developed a mouse cross-reactive antibody, MAB04, which exhibits overlapping binding and pharmacological activity as MAB92. Epitope mapping indicates that MAB92 and MAB04 bind primarily to domain-2 of the human and mouse IL-36R proteins, respectively. Treatment with MAB04 abrogates imiquimod and IL-36-mediated skin inflammation in the mouse, further supporting an important role for IL-36R signaling in epithelial cell-mediated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajkumar Ganesan
- a Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc. , Ridgefield , CT ., USA
| | - Ernest L Raymond
- a Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc. , Ridgefield , CT ., USA
| | - Detlev Mennerich
- a Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc. , Ridgefield , CT ., USA
| | - Joseph R Woska
- a Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc. , Ridgefield , CT ., USA
| | - Gary Caviness
- a Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc. , Ridgefield , CT ., USA
| | | | - Jennifer Ahlberg
- a Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc. , Ridgefield , CT ., USA
| | - Rocio Perez
- a Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc. , Ridgefield , CT ., USA
| | - Simon Roberts
- a Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc. , Ridgefield , CT ., USA
| | - Danlin Yang
- a Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc. , Ridgefield , CT ., USA
| | - Kavita Jerath
- a Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc. , Ridgefield , CT ., USA
| | | | - Lee Frego
- a Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc. , Ridgefield , CT ., USA
| | - Eliud Sepulveda
- a Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc. , Ridgefield , CT ., USA
| | - Priyanka Gupta
- a Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc. , Ridgefield , CT ., USA
| | - Su-Ellen Brown
- a Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc. , Ridgefield , CT ., USA
| | - Michael D Howell
- a Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc. , Ridgefield , CT ., USA
| | - Keith A Canada
- a Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc. , Ridgefield , CT ., USA
| | | | - Jay S Fine
- a Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc. , Ridgefield , CT ., USA
| | - Sanjaya Singh
- a Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc. , Ridgefield , CT ., USA
| | - M Lamine Mbow
- a Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc. , Ridgefield , CT ., USA
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15
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Yi G, Ybe JA, Saha SS, Caviness G, Raymond E, Ganesan R, Mbow ML, Kao CC. Structural and Functional Attributes of the Interleukin-36 Receptor. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:16597-609. [PMID: 27307043 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.723064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal transduction by the IL-36 receptor (IL-36R) is linked to several human diseases. However, the structure and function of the IL-36R is not well understood. A molecular model of the IL-36R complex was generated and a cell-based reporter assay was established to assess the signal transduction of recombinant subunits of the IL-36R. Mutational analyses and functional assays have identified residues of the receptor subunit IL-1Rrp2 needed for cytokine recognition, stable protein expression, disulfide bond formation and glycosylation that are critical for signal transduction. We also observed that, overexpression of ectodomain (ECD) of Il-1Rrp2 or IL-1RAcP exhibited dominant-negative effect on IL-36R signaling. The presence of IL-36 cytokine significantly increased the interaction of IL-1Rrp2 ECD with the co-receptor IL-1RAcP. Finally, we found that single nucleotide polymorphism A471T in the Toll-interleukin 1 receptor domain (TIR) of the IL-1Rrp2 that is present in ∼2% of the human population, down-regulated IL-36R signaling by a decrease of interaction with IL-1RAcP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Yi
- From the Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and
| | - Joel A Ybe
- Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405 and
| | | | - Gary Caviness
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877
| | - Ernest Raymond
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877
| | - Rajkumar Ganesan
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877
| | - M Lamine Mbow
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877
| | - C Cheng Kao
- From the Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and
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16
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Cortez A, Li Y, Miller AT, Zhang X, Yue K, Maginnis J, Hampton J, Hall DS, Shapiro M, Nayak B, D'Oro U, Li C, Skibinski D, Mbow ML, Singh M, O'Hagan DT, Cooke MP, Valiante NM, Wu TYH. Incorporation of Phosphonate into Benzonaphthyridine Toll-like Receptor 7 Agonists for Adsorption to Aluminum Hydroxide. J Med Chem 2016; 59:5868-78. [PMID: 27270029 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Small molecule Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) agonists have been used as vaccine adjuvants by enhancing innate immune activation to afford better adaptive response. Localized TLR7 agonists without systemic exposure can afford good adjuvanticity, suggesting peripheral innate activation (non-antigen-specific) is not required for immune priming. To enhance colocalization of antigen and adjuvant, benzonaphthyridine (BZN) TLR7 agonists are chemically modified with phosphonates to allow adsorption onto aluminum hydroxide (alum), a formulation commonly used in vaccines for antigen stabilization and injection site deposition. The adsorption process is facilitated by enhancing aqueous solubility of BZN analogs to avoid physical mixture of two insoluble particulates. These BZN-phosphonates are highly adsorbed onto alum, which significantly reduced systemic exposure and increased local retention post injection. This report demonstrates a novel approach in vaccine adjuvant design using phosphonate modification to afford adsorption of small molecule immune potentiator (SMIP) onto alum, thereby enhancing co-delivery with antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Cortez
- Genomics Institute of Novartis Research Foundation , 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Yongkai Li
- Genomics Institute of Novartis Research Foundation , 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Andrew T Miller
- Genomics Institute of Novartis Research Foundation , 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Xiaoyue Zhang
- Genomics Institute of Novartis Research Foundation , 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Kathy Yue
- Genomics Institute of Novartis Research Foundation , 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jillian Maginnis
- Genomics Institute of Novartis Research Foundation , 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Janice Hampton
- Genomics Institute of Novartis Research Foundation , 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - De Shon Hall
- Genomics Institute of Novartis Research Foundation , 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Michael Shapiro
- Genomics Institute of Novartis Research Foundation , 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Bishnu Nayak
- Genomics Institute of Novartis Research Foundation , 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Ugo D'Oro
- GSK Vaccines , Via Florentina, 1, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Chun Li
- Genomics Institute of Novartis Research Foundation , 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | | | - M Lamine Mbow
- GSK Vaccines , 45 Sydney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Manmohan Singh
- GSK Vaccines , 45 Sydney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Derek T O'Hagan
- GSK Vaccines , 45 Sydney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michael P Cooke
- Genomics Institute of Novartis Research Foundation , 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Nicholas M Valiante
- GSK Vaccines , 45 Sydney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Tom Y-H Wu
- Genomics Institute of Novartis Research Foundation , 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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17
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Santone M, Aprea S, Wu TYH, Cooke MP, Mbow ML, Valiante NM, Rush JS, Dougan S, Avalos A, Ploegh H, De Gregorio E, Buonsanti C, D'Oro U. A new TLR2 agonist promotes cross-presentation by mouse and human antigen presenting cells. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 11:2038-50. [PMID: 26024409 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1027467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-presentation is the process by which professional APCs load peptides from an extracellularly derived protein onto class I MHC molecules to trigger a CD8(+) T cell response. The ability to enhance this process is therefore relevant for the development of antitumor and antiviral vaccines. We investigated a new TLR2-based adjuvant, Small Molecule Immune Potentiator (SMIP) 2.1, for its ability to stimulate cross-presentation. Using OVA as model antigen, we demonstrated that a SMIP2.1-adjuvanted vaccine formulation induced a greater CD8(+) T cell response, in terms of proliferation, cytokine production and cytolytic activity, than a non-adjuvanted vaccine. Moreover, using an OVA-expressing tumor model, we showed that the CTLs induced by the SMIP2.1 formulated vaccine inhibits tumor growth in vivo. Using a BCR transgenic mouse model we found that B cells could cross-present the OVA antigen when stimulated with SMIP2.1. We also used a flow cytometry assay to detect activation of human CD8(+) T cells isolated from human PBMCs of cytomegalovirus-seropositive donors. Stimulation with SMIP2.1 increased the capacity of human APCs, pulsed in vitro with the pp65 CMV protein, to activate CMV-specific CD8(+) T cells. Therefore, vaccination with an exogenous antigen formulated with SMIP2.1 is a successful strategy for the induction of a cytotoxic T cell response along with antibody production.
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Key Words
- APC, antigen presenting cell
- B cells
- BCR, B cell receptor
- CMV, cytomegalovirus
- CTL, cytotoxic t lymphocyte
- DC, dendritic cell
- HCMV, human CMV
- KO, knock out
- LN, lymph node
- MHC, major histocompatibility complex
- OVA, avalbumin
- PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cell
- SMIP, Small Molecule Immune Potentiator
- TLR, toll like receptor
- cross presentation/priming
- cytotoxic T cells
- dendritic cells
- vaccination
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Santone
- a Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics s.r.l. (a GlaxoSmithKline Company) ; Siena , Italy
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18
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Saha SS, Singh D, Raymond EL, Ganesan R, Caviness G, Grimaldi C, Woska JR, Mennerich D, Brown SE, Mbow ML, Kao CC. Signal Transduction and Intracellular Trafficking by the Interleukin 36 Receptor. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:23997-4006. [PMID: 26269592 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.653378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Improper signaling of the IL-36 receptor (IL-36R), a member of the IL-1 receptor family, has been associated with various inflammation-associated diseases. However, the requirements for IL-36R signal transduction remain poorly characterized. This work seeks to define the requirements for IL-36R signaling and intracellular trafficking. In the absence of cognate agonists, IL-36R was endocytosed and recycled to the plasma membrane. In the presence of IL-36, IL-36R increased accumulation in LAMP1+ lysosomes. Endocytosis predominantly used a clathrin-mediated pathway, and the accumulation of the IL-36R in lysosomes did not result in increased receptor turnover. The ubiquitin-binding Tollip protein contributed to IL-36R signaling and increased the accumulation of both subunits of the IL-36R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhartha S Saha
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47401 and
| | - Divyendu Singh
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47401 and
| | - Ernest L Raymond
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877
| | - Rajkumar Ganesan
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877
| | - Gary Caviness
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877
| | | | - Joseph R Woska
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877
| | - Detlev Mennerich
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877
| | - Su-Ellen Brown
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877
| | - M Lamine Mbow
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877
| | - C Cheng Kao
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47401 and
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Wu TYH, Singh M, Miller AT, De Gregorio E, Doro F, D'Oro U, Skibinski DAG, Mbow ML, Bufali S, Herman AE, Cortez A, Li Y, Nayak BP, Tritto E, Filippi CM, Otten GR, Brito LA, Monaci E, Li C, Aprea S, Valentini S, Calabrό S, Laera D, Brunelli B, Caproni E, Malyala P, Panchal RG, Warren TK, Bavari S, O'Hagan DT, Cooke MP, Valiante NM. Rational design of small molecules as vaccine adjuvants. Sci Transl Med 2015; 6:263ra160. [PMID: 25411473 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3009980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Adjuvants increase vaccine potency largely by activating innate immunity and promoting inflammation. Limiting the side effects of this inflammation is a major hurdle for adjuvant use in vaccines for humans. It has been difficult to improve on adjuvant safety because of a poor understanding of adjuvant mechanism and the empirical nature of adjuvant discovery and development historically. We describe new principles for the rational optimization of small-molecule immune potentiators (SMIPs) targeting Toll-like receptor 7 as adjuvants with a predicted increase in their therapeutic indices. Unlike traditional drugs, SMIP-based adjuvants need to have limited bioavailability and remain localized for optimal efficacy. These features also lead to temporally and spatially restricted inflammation that should decrease side effects. Through medicinal and formulation chemistry and extensive immunopharmacology, we show that in vivo potency can be increased with little to no systemic exposure, localized innate immune activation and short in vivo residence times of SMIP-based adjuvants. This work provides a systematic and generalizable approach to engineering small molecules for use as vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Y-H Wu
- The Genomics Institute of Novartis Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Manmohan Singh
- Novartis Vaccines, 45 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Andrew T Miller
- The Genomics Institute of Novartis Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | | | | | - Ugo D'Oro
- Novartis Vaccines, Via Florentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | | | - M Lamine Mbow
- The Genomics Institute of Novartis Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Simone Bufali
- Novartis Vaccines, Via Florentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Ann E Herman
- The Genomics Institute of Novartis Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Alex Cortez
- The Genomics Institute of Novartis Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Yongkai Li
- The Genomics Institute of Novartis Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | | | - Elaine Tritto
- Novartis Vaccines, Via Florentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Christophe M Filippi
- The Genomics Institute of Novartis Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Gillis R Otten
- Novartis Vaccines, 45 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Luis A Brito
- Novartis Vaccines, 45 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Chun Li
- The Genomics Institute of Novartis Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Susanna Aprea
- Novartis Vaccines, Via Florentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Elena Caproni
- Novartis Vaccines, Via Florentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Padma Malyala
- Novartis Vaccines, 45 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Rekha G Panchal
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Travis K Warren
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Sina Bavari
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Derek T O'Hagan
- Novartis Vaccines, 45 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Michael P Cooke
- The Genomics Institute of Novartis Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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Wu LH, Huang CC, Adhikarakunnathu S, San Mateo LR, Duffy KE, Rafferty P, Bugelski P, Raymond H, Deutsch H, Picha K, Ward CK, Alexoupolou L, Flavell RA, Mbow ML, Susulic VS. Loss of toll-like receptor 3 function improves glucose tolerance and reduces liver steatosis in obese mice. Metabolism 2012; 61:1633-45. [PMID: 22607770 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2012.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Emerging evidence suggests a link between innate immunity and development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D); however, the molecular mechanisms linking them are not fully understood. Toll-like Receptor 3 (TLR3) is a pathogen pattern recognition receptor that recognizes the double-stranded RNA of microbial or mammalian origin and contributes to immune responses in the context of infections and chronic inflammation. The objective of this study was to determine whether TLR3 activity impacts insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism. MATERIALS AND METHODS Wild type (WT) and TLR3 knock-out (TLR3(-/-)) mice were fed a high fat diet (HFD) and submitted to glucose tolerance tests (GTTs) over a period of 33 weeks. In another study, the same group of mice was treated with a neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mAb) against mouse TLR3. RESULTS TLR3(-/-) mice fed an HFD developed obesity, although they exhibited improved glucose tolerance and lipid profiles compared with WT obese mice. In addition, the increase in liver weight and lipid content normally observed in WT mice on an HFD was significantly ameliorated in TLR3(-/-) mice. These changes were accompanied by up-regulation of genes involved in cholesterol efflux such as PPARδ, LXRα, and LXRα-targeting genes and down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine genes in obese TLR3(-/-) mice. Furthermore, global gene expression profiling in liver demonstrated TLR3-specific changes in both lipid biosynthesis and innate immune response pathways. CONCLUSIONS TLR3 affects glucose and lipid metabolism as well as inflammatory mediators, and findings in this study reveal a new role for TLR3 in metabolic homeostasis. This suggests antagonizing TLR3 may be a beneficial therapeutic approach for the treatment of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda H Wu
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, USA.
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21
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Iavarone C, Ramsauer K, Kubarenko AV, Debasitis JC, Leykin I, Weber ANR, Siggs OM, Beutler B, Zhang P, Otten G, D'Oro U, Valiante NM, Mbow ML, Visintin A. A point mutation in the amino terminus of TLR7 abolishes signaling without affecting ligand binding. J Immunol 2011; 186:4213-22. [PMID: 21383246 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
TLR7 is the mammalian receptor for ssRNA and some nucleotide-like small molecules. We have generated a mouse by N-nitrose-N'-ethyl urea mutagenesis in which threonine 68 of TLR7 was substituted with isoleucine. Cells bearing this mutant TLR7 lost the sensitivity to the small-molecule TLR7 agonist resiquimod, hence the name TLR7(rsq1). In this work, we report the characterization of this mutant protein. Similar to the wild-type counterpart, TLR7(rsq1) localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum and is expressed at normal levels in both primary cells and reconstituted 293T cells. In addition to small-molecule TLR7 agonists, TLR7(rsq1) fails to be activated by ssRNA. Whole-transcriptome analysis demonstrates that TLR7 is the exclusive and indispensable receptor for both classes of ligands, consistent with the fact that both ligands induce highly similar transcriptional signatures in TLR7(wt/wt) splenocytes. Thus, TLR7(rsq1) is a bona fide phenocopy of the TLR7 null mouse. Because TLR7(rsq1) binds to ssRNA, our studies imply that the N-terminal portion of TLR7 triggers a yet to be identified event on TLR7. TLR7(rsq1) mice might represent a valuable tool to help elucidate novel aspects of TLR7 biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Iavarone
- Immunology US, Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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22
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Mbow ML, De Gregorio E, Valiante NM, Rappuoli R. New adjuvants for human vaccines. Curr Opin Immunol 2010; 22:411-6. [PMID: 20466528 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2010.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Revised: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Despite their obvious benefits, decades of research and hundreds of pre-clinical candidates, only a handful of adjuvants are approved for prophylactic vaccination of humans. The slow pace of development is due to a number of knowledge gaps, the most important of which is the complexity involved in designing adjuvants that are both potent and well tolerated. Recent advances in our understanding of innate immunity have led to the identification of immune pathways and adjuvant formulations more suitable for clinical advancement. One area of particular interest is the discovery of agonists that target the toll-like receptors. This review highlights recent progress of clinically approved vaccine adjuvants and identifies potential novel adjuvants that can broaden the development of new vaccines against infectious diseases.
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Shaw CA, Otten G, Wack A, Palmer GA, Mandl CW, Mbow ML, Valiante N, Dormitzer PR. Antibody affinity maturation and respiratory syncytial virus disease. Nat Med 2009; 15:725; author reply 725-6. [PMID: 19584854 DOI: 10.1038/nm0709-725a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Stowell NC, Seideman J, Raymond HA, Smalley KA, Lamb RJ, Egenolf DD, Bugelski PJ, Murray LA, Marsters PA, Bunting RA, Flavell RA, Alexopoulou L, San Mateo LR, Griswold DE, Sarisky RT, Mbow ML, Das AM. Long-term activation of TLR3 by poly(I:C) induces inflammation and impairs lung function in mice. Respir Res 2009; 10:43. [PMID: 19486528 PMCID: PMC2694181 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-10-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2008] [Accepted: 06/01/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The immune mechanisms associated with infection-induced disease exacerbations in asthma and COPD are not fully understood. Toll-like receptor (TLR) 3 has an important role in recognition of double-stranded viral RNA, which leads to the production of various inflammatory mediators. Thus, an understanding of TLR3 activation should provide insight into the mechanisms underlying virus-induced exacerbations of pulmonary diseases. METHODS TLR3 knock-out (KO) mice and C57B6 (WT) mice were intranasally administered repeated doses of the synthetic double stranded RNA analog poly(I:C). RESULTS There was a significant increase in total cells, especially neutrophils, in BALF samples from poly(I:C)-treated mice. In addition, IL-6, CXCL10, JE, KC, mGCSF, CCL3, CCL5, and TNFalpha were up regulated. Histological analyses of the lungs revealed a cellular infiltrate in the interstitium and epithelial cell hypertrophy in small bronchioles. Associated with the pro-inflammatory effects of poly(I:C), the mice exhibited significant impairment of lung function both at baseline and in response to methacholine challenge as measured by whole body plethysmography and an invasive measure of airway resistance. Importantly, TLR3 KO mice were protected from poly(I:C)-induced changes in lung function at baseline, which correlated with milder inflammation in the lung, and significantly reduced epithelial cell hypertrophy. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that TLR3 activation by poly(I:C) modulates the local inflammatory response in the lung and suggest a critical role of TLR3 activation in driving lung function impairment. Thus, TLR3 activation may be one mechanism through which viral infections contribute toward exacerbation of respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C Stowell
- Discovery Research, Centocor Research & Development, Inc, Radnor, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Duffy KE, Lamb RJ, San Mateo LR, Jordan JL, Canziani G, Brigham-Burke M, Korteweg J, Cunningham M, Beck HS, Carton J, Giles-Komar J, Duchala C, Sarisky RT, Mbow ML. Down modulation of human TLR3 function by a monoclonal antibody. Cell Immunol 2007; 248:103-14. [PMID: 18048020 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2007.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2007] [Revised: 10/05/2007] [Accepted: 10/09/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors are a family of pattern-recognition receptors that contribute to the innate immune response. Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) signals in response to foreign, endogenous and synthetic ligands including viral dsRNA, bacterial RNA, mitochondrial RNA, endogenous necrotic cell mRNA and the synthetic dsRNA analog, poly(I:C). We have generated a monoclonal antibody (mAb CNTO2424) that recognizes the extracellular domain (ECD) of human TLR3 in a conformation-dependent manner. CNTO2424 down-regulates poly(I:C)-induced production of IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, RANTES, and IP-10 in human lung epithelial cells. In addition, mAb CNTO2424 was able to interfere with the known TLR3-dependent signaling pathways, namely NF-kappaB, IRF-3/ISRE, and p38 MAPK. The generation of this neutralizing anti-TLR3 mAb provides a unique tool to better understand TLR3 signaling and potential cross-talk between TLR3 and other molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen E Duffy
- Discovery Research, Centocor Research and Development, Inc., Malvern, PA 19355, USA.
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26
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Lamb RJ, Capocasale RJ, Duffy KE, Sarisky RT, Mbow ML. Identification and characterization of novel bone marrow myeloid DEC205+Gr-1+ cell subsets that differentially express chemokine and TLRs. J Immunol 2007; 178:7833-9. [PMID: 17548621 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.12.7833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived immunomodulatory cytokines impart a critical function in the regulation of innate immune responses and hemopoiesis. However, the source of immunomodulatory cytokines in murine bone marrow and the cellular immune mechanisms that control local cytokine secretion remain poorly defined. Herein, we identified a population of resident murine bone marrow myeloid DEC205(+)CD11c(-)B220(-)Gr1(+)CD8alpha(-)CD11b(+) cells that respond to TLR2, TLR4, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9 agonists as measured by the secretion of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in vitro. Phenotypic and functional analyses revealed that DEC205(+)CD11b(+)Gr-1(+) bone marrow cells consist of heterogeneous populations of myeloid cells that can be divided into two main cell subsets based on chemokine and TLR gene expression profile. The DEC205(+)CD11b(+)Gr-1(low) cell subset expresses high levels of TLR7 and TLR9 and was the predominant source of IL-6, TNF-alpha, and IL-12 p70 production following stimulation with the TLR7 and TLR9 agonists CpG and R848, respectively. In contrast, the DEC205(+)CD11b(+)Gr-1(high) cell subset did not respond to CpG and R848 stimulation, which correlated with their lack of TLR7 and TLR9 expression. Similarly, a differential chemokine receptor expression profile was observed with higher expression of CCR1 and CXCR2 found in the DEC205(+)CD11(+)Gr-1(high) cell subset. Thus, we identified a previously uncharacterized population of resident bone marrow cells that may be implicated in the regulation of local immune responses in the bone marrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta J Lamb
- Discovery Research, Centocor Research and Development, Radnor, PA 19355, USA
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27
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Ranjith-Kumar CT, Miller W, Sun J, Xiong J, Santos J, Yarbrough I, Lamb RJ, Mills J, Duffy KE, Hoose S, Cunningham M, Holzenburg A, Mbow ML, Sarisky RT, Kao CC. Effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms on Toll-like receptor 3 activity and expression in cultured cells. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:17696-705. [PMID: 17434873 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m700209200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognition of double-stranded RNA by Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) will increase the production of cytokines and chemokines through transcriptional activation by the NF-kappaB protein. Over 136 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in TLR3 have been identified in the human population. Of these, four alter the sequence of the TLR3 protein. Molecular modeling suggests that two of the SNPs, N284I and L412F, could affect the packing of the leucine-rich repeating units in TLR3. Notably, L412F is reported to be present in 20% of the population and is higher in the asthmatic population. To examine whether the four SNPs affect TLR3 function, each were cloned and tested for their ability to activate the expression of TLR3-dependent reporter constructs. SNP N284I was nearly completely defective for activating reporter activity, and L412F was reduced in activity. These two SNPs did not obviously affect the level of TLR3 expression or their intracellular location in vesicles. However, N284I and L412F were underrepresented on the cell surface, as determined by flow cytometry analysis, and were not efficiently secreted into the culture medium when expressed as the soluble ectodomain. They were also reduced in their ability to act in a dominant negative fashion on the wild type TLR3 allele. These observations suggest that N284I and L412F affect the activities of TLR3 needed for proper signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Ranjith-Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
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28
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Ranjith-Kumar CT, Miller W, Xiong J, Russell WK, Lamb R, Santos J, Duffy KE, Cleveland L, Park M, Bhardwaj K, Wu Z, Russell DH, Sarisky RT, Mbow ML, Kao CC. Biochemical and functional analyses of the human Toll-like receptor 3 ectodomain. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:7668-78. [PMID: 17209042 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m610946200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The structure of the human Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) ectodomain (ECD) was recently solved by x-ray crystallography, leading to a number of models concerning TLR3 function (Choe, J., Kelker, M. S., and Wilson, I. A. (2005) Science 309, 581-585; Bell, J. K., Botos, I., Hall, P. R., Askins, J., Shiloach, J., Segal, D. M., and Davies, D. R. (2005) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 102, 10976-10980) The structure revealed four pairs of cysteines that are putatively involved in disulfide bond formation, several residues that are predicted to be involved in dimerization between ECD subunits, and surfaces that could bind to poly(I:C). In addition, there are two loops that protrude from the central solenoid structure of the protein. We examined the recombinant TLR3 ECD for disulfide bond formation, poly(I:C) binding, and protein-protein interaction. We also made over 80 mutations in the residues that could affect these features in the full-length TLR3 and examined their effects in TLR3-mediated NF-kappaB activation. A number of mutations that affected TLR3 activity also affected the ability to act as dominant negative inhibitors of wild type TLR3. Loss of putative RNA binding did not necessarily affect dominant negative activity. All of the results support a model where a dimer of TLR3 is the form that binds RNA and activates signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Ranjith-Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Department of Biology, and Laboratory for Biological Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
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Mbow ML, Eaton-Bassiri A, Glass WG, Del Vecchio AM, Sarisky RT. Small Molecule and Biologic Modulators of the Immune Response to Hepatitis C Virus. Mini Rev Med Chem 2006; 6:527-31. [PMID: 16719827 DOI: 10.2174/138955706776876195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus represents a major global health problem, with approximately 3% of the world population infected. Immune-response modifiers represent the standard of care, given the lack of approved antiviral agents having direct activity against the viral proteins. Although in recent years, improvements in therapy have been attained by combined treatment with pegylated interferon and ribavirin, the discovery and development of next-generation small molecule and biologic agents is ongoing. Several of these newer therapeutics are focused on modulating Toll-like receptors, interferon-alpha signaling, and the pro-inflammatory cytokine balance. A comprehensive account of the lead compounds in development, the bioassays used for optimization of these immune response modifiers and their clinical status is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Mbow
- Infectious Diseases Research, Centocor, R&D Inc., 145 King of Prussia Road, Radnor, PA 19087, USA
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Sun J, Duffy KE, Ranjith-Kumar CT, Xiong J, Lamb RJ, Santos J, Masarapu H, Cunningham M, Holzenburg A, Sarisky RT, Mbow ML, Kao C. Structural and Functional Analyses of the Human Toll-like Receptor 3. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:11144-51. [PMID: 16533755 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m510442200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play critical roles in bridging the innate and adaptive immune responses. The human TLR3 recognizes foreign-derived double-stranded RNA and endogenous necrotic cell RNA as ligands. Herein we characterized the contribution of glycosylation to TLR3 structure and function. Exogenous addition of purified extracellular domain of TLR3 (hTLR3 ECD) expressed in human embryonic kidney cells was found to inhibit TLR3-dependent signaling, thus providing a reagent for structural and functional characterization. Approximately 35% of the mass of the hTLR3 ECD was due to posttranslational modification, with N-linked glycosyl groups contributing substantially to the additional mass. Cells treated with tunicamycin, an inhibitor of glycosylation, prevented TLR3-induced NF-kappaB activation, confirming that N-linked glycosylation is required for bioactivity of this receptor. Further, mutations in two of these predicted glycosylation sites impaired TLR3 signaling without obviously affecting the expression of the protein. Single-particle structures reconstructed from electron microscopy images and two-dimensional crystallization revealed that hTLR3 ECD forms a horseshoe structure similar to the recently elucidated x-ray structure of the protein expressed in insect cells using baculovirus vectors (Choe, J., Kelker, M. S., and Wilson, I. A. (2005) Science 309, 581-585 and Bell, J. K., Botos, I., Hall, P. R., Askins, J., Shiloach, J., Segal, D. M., and Davies, D. R. (2005) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 102, 10976-10980). There are, however, notable differences between the human cell-derived and insect cell-derived structures, including features attributable to glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchuan Sun
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843, USA
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Huang CC, Duffy KE, San Mateo LR, Amegadzie BY, Sarisky RT, Mbow ML. A pathway analysis of poly(I:C)-induced global gene expression change in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Physiol Genomics 2006; 26:125-33. [PMID: 16554548 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00002.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To gain global pathway perspective of ex vivo viral infection models using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), we conducted expression analysis on PBMCs of healthy donors. RNA samples were collected at 3 and 24 h after PBMCs were challenged with the Toll-like receptor-3 (TLR3) agonist polyinosinic acid-polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)] and analyzed by internally developed cDNA microarrays and TaqMan PCR. Our results demonstrate that poly(I:C) challenge can elicit certain gene expression changes, similar to acute viral infection. Hierarchical clustering revealed distinct immediate early, early-to-late, and late gene regulation patterns. The early responses were innate immune responses that involve TLR3, the NF-kappaB-dependent pathway, and the IFN-stimulated pathway, whereas the late responses were mostly cell-mediated immune response that involve activation of cell adhesion, cell mobility, and phagocytosis. Overall, our results expanded the utilities of this ex vivo model, which could be used to screen molecules that can modulate viral stress-induced inflammation, in particular those mediated via TLRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Chris Huang
- Centocor Research & Development, Incorporated, Malvern, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Staquet K, Fisher J, Lamb R, Bannish G, Duchala C, Mbow ML, Rycyzyn MA, Giles-Komar J. A rapid and efficient method for generating anti-variable region monoclonal antibodies using type-1 interferons as immune modulators. Hum Antibodies 2006; 15:61-9. [PMID: 17065737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The generation of anti-variable region monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against therapeutic antibodies is essential in the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) assessments of the drugs in clinical study samples. Sandwich EIA and other methods are typically employed to achieve sensitivity and selectivity for the PK/PD analyses. These assays usually require generation of mAb reagents that bind specifically to the drug in non-competing pair combinations. Thus, large panels of anti-variable region mAbs must be generated in an expeditious manner to increase the probability of success. Herein we describe a novel immunization method that utilizes type 1 interferons (IFNs) as immunomodulators coupled with an agonistic anti-CD40 mAb as a B cell proliferative agent to drive immune responses. This novel protocol allows for rapid and robust mAb reagent generation without the use of conventional protein-denaturing adjuvants. The use of IFNs allowed for the generation of comparable and in some cases, increased numbers of anti-variable region mAbs in a dramatically shorter timeframe. This IFN based, immunostimulatory approach utilizing a non-denaturing adjuvant, likely presents conformational epitopes and may optimize the humoral response for the rapid generation of anti-variable region reagents to therapeutic mAb candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Staquet
- Centocor Research & Development Inc., 145 King of Prussia Rd., Radnor, PA 19087, USA.
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Abstract
Despite advances in treatment strategies for hepatitis C virus (HCV), a significant proportion of patients fail to achieve viral clearance following treatment with pegylated interferon (IFN)-alpha plus ribavirin. Many of these individuals show elevated levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha compared with normal controls, and recent data have implicated this cytokine in the negative regulation of IFN-alpha. Although a therapeutic opportunity for TNF-alpha antagonists might exist for reducing inflammation in chronic HCV disease, further exploration is required to identify the key mediators of responsiveness to IFN-alpha. In particular, the interplay should be clarified between host response factors [e.g. IFN-alpha, IFN-gamma, suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS), TNF-alpha and others] and pathogen-associated molecular patterns [PAMPs, e.g. lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and CpG DNA] in HCV disease; this information might guide future therapies aimed at improving IFN-alpha responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lamine Mbow
- Infectious Diseases Research, Centocor, 200 Great Valley Parkway, R-4-1, Malvern, PA 19087, USA
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Abstract
The innate immune response against invading microorganisms results in the deployment of phagocytes, including macrophages and dendritic cells to recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) expressed on these cells is a critical step in the initiation of this response, triggering the production of pro- and antiinflammatory cytokines to dampen microbial pathogenesis. Importantly, TLR activation also mediates dendritic cell maturation, a critical step in bridging the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. Balancing the role of TLRs as central mediators of overlapping signaling pathways, whether directly through ligand interactions or via secondary adaptor molecules, mandates exquisite specificity. Further, understanding the immunopharmacology of TLR cross-talk during infection may help to provide insight into innate immunity and the mechanisms of immune-response subversion by pathogens. The continual and rapid emergence of drug resistance to traditional antimicrobial agents highlights the medical need for new treatment approaches. Herein, the discovery and development of TLR agonist and antagonist therapies for infectious diseases as adjunct to, or in place of, conventional treatment paradigms is discussed.
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Eaton-Bassiri A, Dillon SB, Cunningham M, Rycyzyn MA, Mills J, Sarisky RT, Mbow ML. Toll-like receptor 9 can be expressed at the cell surface of distinct populations of tonsils and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Infect Immun 2004; 72:7202-11. [PMID: 15557645 PMCID: PMC529168 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.12.7202-7211.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Unmethlylated CpG dinucleotides induce a strong T-helper-1-like inflammatory response, presumably mediated by Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9). However, the nature and cellular localization of TLR9 in primary human cells remain controversial. Here we demonstrate, using flow cytometry and immunofluorescence microscopy techniques, that TLR9 can be expressed at the cell surface. The primary human cell subsets that were positive for TLR9 expression were distinct depending on the tissues analyzed. Specifically, in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) the majority of cell surface TLR9(+) cells were confined to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II(+) CD19(-) populations that express CD11c and/or CD14, whereas in tonsils the same gated population contained primarily MHC class II(+) CD19(+) cells. Cells positive for surface expression represented a minor fraction of the total cell populations examined, varying between 2 and 10%. In addition, we found that TLR9 expression at the surface of PBMC was up-regulated approximately fourfold following stimulation with the gram-negative bacterial cell wall component lipopolysaccharide, suggesting a potential modulatory role of TLR4 agonists on TLR9 expression. Taken together, these data validate human TLR9 expression at the surface of primary cells, in addition to the previously described intracellular localization. Further, our results suggest that human antigen-presenting cells comprise the major cell populations expressing cell surface TLR9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlyn Eaton-Bassiri
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Centocor Inc., 200 Great Valley Parkway, Malvern, PA 19355, USA
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Mbow ML, Sarisky RT. Exploiting toll-like receptors for designed multiple ligands. Drug Discov Today 2004; 9:1038-9. [PMID: 15582790 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6446(04)03302-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Liang FT, Yan J, Mbow ML, Sviat SL, Gilmore RD, Mamula M, Fikrig E. Borrelia burgdorferi changes its surface antigenic expression in response to host immune responses. Infect Immun 2004; 72:5759-67. [PMID: 15385475 PMCID: PMC517580 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.10.5759-5767.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi, causes persistent mammalian infection despite the development of vigorous immune responses against the pathogen. To examine spirochetal phenotypes that dominate in the hostile immune environment, the mRNA transcripts of four prototypic surface lipoproteins, decorin-binding protein A (DbpA), outer surface protein C (OspC), BBF01, and VlsE, were analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR under various immune conditions. We demonstrate that B. burgdorferi changes its surface antigenic expression in response to immune attack. dbpA expression was unchanged while the spirochetes decreased ospC expression by 446 times and increased BBF01 and vlsE expression up to 20 and 32 times, respectively, under the influence of immune pressure generated in immunocompetent mice during infection. This change in antigenic expression could be induced by passively immunizing infected severe combined immunodeficiency mice with specific Borrelia antisera or OspC antibody and appears to allow B. burgdorferi to resist immune attack.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bacterial/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antigenic Variation/genetics
- Antigenic Variation/immunology
- Antigens, Bacterial/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Bacterial/genetics
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Antigens, Surface/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Surface/genetics
- Antigens, Surface/immunology
- Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Borrelia burgdorferi/genetics
- Borrelia burgdorferi/immunology
- Borrelia burgdorferi/isolation & purification
- Borrelia burgdorferi/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial
- Heart/microbiology
- Immune Sera/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, SCID
- Myocardium/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Ting Liang
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8031, USA
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38
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Tonui WK, Mejia JS, Hochberg L, Mbow ML, Ryan JR, Chan AST, Martin SK, Titus RG. Immunization with Leishmania major exogenous antigens protects susceptible BALB/c mice against challenge infection with L. major. Infect Immun 2004; 72:5654-61. [PMID: 15385463 PMCID: PMC517560 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.10.5654-5661.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential of Leishmania major culture-derived soluble exogenous antigens (SEAgs) to induce a protective response in susceptible BALB/c mice challenged with L. major promastigotes was investigated. Groups of BALB/c mice were immunized with L. major SEAgs alone, L. major SEAgs coadministered with either alum (aluminum hydroxide gel) or recombinant murine interleukin-12 (rmIL-12), L. major SEAgs coadministered with both alum and rmIL-12, and L. major SEAgs coadministered with Montanide ISA 720. Importantly and surprisingly, the greatest and most consistent protection against challenge with L. major was seen in mice immunized with L. major SEAgs alone, in the absence of any adjuvant. Mice immunized with L. major SEAgs had significantly smaller lesions that at times contained more than 100-fold fewer parasites. When lymphoid cells from L. major SEAg-immunized mice were stimulated with leishmanial antigen in vitro, they proliferated and secreted a mixed profile of type 1 and type 2 cytokines. Finally, analyses with Western blot analyses and antibodies against three surface-expressed and secreted molecules of L. major (lipophosphoglycan, gp46/M2/PSA-2, and gp63) revealed that two of these molecules are present in L. major SEAgs, lipophosphoglycan and the molecules that associate with it and gp46/M2/PSA-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willy K Tonui
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1619, USA
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39
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Li J, Mbow ML, Sun L, Li L, Yang G, Griswold DE, Schantz A, Shealy DJ, Goletz TJ, Wan J, Peritt D. Induction of dendritic cell maturation by IL-18. Cell Immunol 2004; 227:103-8. [PMID: 15135292 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2004.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2003] [Accepted: 02/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
IL-18 is a pluripotent proinflammatory cytokine produced primarily by antigen presenting cells involved in numerous aspects of immune regulation most notably on lymphoid cells. The effect of IL-18 stimulation on cells in the myeloid compartment, however, has been poorly studied. Human monocytes did not respond to IL-18. However, the human myelomonocytic cell line KG-1 and monocyte-derived dendritic cells (generated by GM-CSF+IL-4) showed a marked increase in CD83, HLA-DR, and several costimulatory molecules upon stimulation with IL-18. Furthermore, IL-18 decreased pinocytosis of these cells and increased their ability to stimulate alloreactive T cell proliferation, all characteristics of mature dendritic cells. These results suggest that IL-18 is involved in the maturation of myeloid DCs, but not differentiation of monocytes into DCs. The finding that IL-18 is involved in the maturation of dendritic cells is both novel and unexpected and indicates another important role for IL-18 as a key regulator of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Department of Immunobiology, Centocor, Inc. 200 Great Valley Parkway, Malvern, PA 19355, USA.
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40
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DeKrey GK, Jones JJ, Mbow ML, Brodskyn CI, Titus RG. Short report: requirement of b cells for delayed type hypersensitivity-like pathology after secondary infection with Leishmania major in resistant C57BL/6 mice. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2003; 69:481-3. [PMID: 14695084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023] Open
Abstract
B cell-deficient C57B1/6 (microMT) mice were resistant to Leishmania major after both primary and secondary parasite challenge. However, unlike in wild-type mice, secondary infection in microMT mice was not accompanied by a marked delayed type hypersensitivity-like response, and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) levels were approximately half of those in wild-type mice. These results suggest that B cells are involved in IFN-gamma production and the pathology of secondary infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory K DeKrey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, College of Arts and Sciences, Greeley, Colorado 80639, USA.
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41
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Gilmore RD, Bacon RM, Carpio AM, Piesman J, Dolan MC, Mbow ML. Inability of outer-surface protein C (OspC)-primed mice to elicit a protective anamnestic immune response to a tick-transmitted challenge of Borrelia burgdorferi. J Med Microbiol 2003; 52:551-556. [PMID: 12808075 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.05068-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A one-inoculation regimen of recombinant outer-surface protein C (OspC), which has been demonstrated to elicit protective immunity against a tick-borne challenge of Borrelia burgdorferi, was administered to outbred mice. Following seroconversion, the serum antibody titre against OspC was allowed to wane with time until there was little or no detection of anti-OspC antibodies by immunoblot. The mice were then challenged with an infectious dose of B. burgdorferi by tick transmission. Eleven of 12 OspC-primed mice subsequently became infected by B. burgdorferi, demonstrating that a protective anamnestic response was not generated in these mice following the introduction of infectious OspC-expressing spirochaetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Gilmore
- Molecular Bacteriology Section1 and Lyme Disease Vector Section2, Bacterial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases (DVBID), National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Service, US Department of Health and Human Services, Fort Collins, CO, USA 3Department of Biology, Centocor Inc., Malvern, PA, USA
| | - Rendi M Bacon
- Molecular Bacteriology Section1 and Lyme Disease Vector Section2, Bacterial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases (DVBID), National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Service, US Department of Health and Human Services, Fort Collins, CO, USA 3Department of Biology, Centocor Inc., Malvern, PA, USA
| | - Amber M Carpio
- Molecular Bacteriology Section1 and Lyme Disease Vector Section2, Bacterial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases (DVBID), National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Service, US Department of Health and Human Services, Fort Collins, CO, USA 3Department of Biology, Centocor Inc., Malvern, PA, USA
| | - Joseph Piesman
- Molecular Bacteriology Section1 and Lyme Disease Vector Section2, Bacterial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases (DVBID), National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Service, US Department of Health and Human Services, Fort Collins, CO, USA 3Department of Biology, Centocor Inc., Malvern, PA, USA
| | - Marc C Dolan
- Molecular Bacteriology Section1 and Lyme Disease Vector Section2, Bacterial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases (DVBID), National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Service, US Department of Health and Human Services, Fort Collins, CO, USA 3Department of Biology, Centocor Inc., Malvern, PA, USA
| | - M Lamine Mbow
- Molecular Bacteriology Section1 and Lyme Disease Vector Section2, Bacterial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases (DVBID), National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Service, US Department of Health and Human Services, Fort Collins, CO, USA 3Department of Biology, Centocor Inc., Malvern, PA, USA
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Mbow ML, Gilmore RD, Stevenson B, Golde WT, Piesman J, Johnson BJB. Borrelia burgdorferi-specific monoclonal antibodies derived from mice primed with Lyme disease spirochete-infected Ixodes scapularis ticks. Hybrid Hybridomics 2002; 21:179-82. [PMID: 12165143 DOI: 10.1089/153685902760173890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We have generated a panel of IgG monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) directed against Borrelia burgdorferi strain B31 antigens, using a method whereby mice were primed with organisms naturally inoculated by Ixodes scapularis nymphal ticks. Western blot analysis showed that these MAbs recognized several B. burgdorferi B31 antigens, including the complement inhibitor factor H-binding proteins ErpA/I/N and ErpC. Two other MAbs were specific for the RevA protein, and have enabled characterization of that previously unknown protein. The data presented here suggest that the production of MAbs from animals infected by tick-bite is a potentially useful tool for the identification of novel proteins synthesized by B. burgdorferi during mammalian infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lamine Mbow
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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43
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Abstract
Leishmania major is a protozoan parasite that is transmitted to the mammalian host by its sand fly vector when the fly probes in the host's skin for a blood meal and injects the parasite within its saliva. In mice experimentally infected with L. major, outgrowth of CD4 type 1 (Th1) cells leads to resolution of the infection, but outgrowth of type 2 (Th2) cells exacerbates disease. To design an effective vaccine against the parasite (and other pathogens that induce polarized Th1 and Th2 responses), we must determine the mechanism underlying this phenomenon so that we can design the vaccine to elicit the appropriate (i.e., protective) Th cell. Recent work indicates that Th bias is influenced by a number of signals delivered by antigen-presenting cells, including cytokines and co-stimulatory molecules. Moreover, recent work also suggests that sand fly saliva influences the immune response to L. major and Th polarization. Determining the mechanisms that lead to polarized Th responses should expand our knowledge regarding immunity to L. major, and should add to our understanding of immunoregulation in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen A Rogers
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins 80523, USA
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Abstract
Borrelia burgdorferi exists in nature via an enzootic cycle whereby the organism must adapt to the diverse environmental conditions provided inside the arthropod transmission vector and the mammalian reservoir hosts. B. burgdorferi genes shown to be regulated by temperature, pH and/or cell density during the organism's growth in culture medium were assayed for expression during various stages of the tick feeding cycle by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). ospA, ospC, flaB, erpA/I/N, erpB/J/O, rev and mlpA, were transcriptionally active following the larval and nymphal stages of feeding as determined by qualitative RT-PCR. During tick resting periods between feedings, ospC, mlpA and rev transcription were undetectable, in contrast to ospA, flaB, erpA/I/N and erpB/J/O. bba64, a gene induced by environmental changes in culture and expressed during mammalian infection, was not detectable during any of the tick life cycle phases. Quantitative PCR to determine B. burgdorferi genome equivalents in these tick samples using DNA co-purified with the RNA allowed an estimation of gene expression relative to the numbers of B. burgdorferi present in the ticks. Although the spirochete totals varied widely between individual tick pools of fed, replete nymphs, the relative expression ratios between individual target genes following a nymphal feed were comparable. Similarly, borrelial gene transcription from the larval feeding and the nymphal feeding were observed and compared. These findings analogize B. burgdorferi gene expression observed by environmental stimuli in vitro with the transcriptional activity occurring during the organism's infectious cycle within the tick.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Gilmore
- Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Service, US Department of Health and Human Services, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, USA.
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Abstract
Levels of expression of costimulatory molecules have been proposed to influence the outcome of antigen-specific T cell priming. We found that Leishmania major selectively modulated the expression of costimulatory molecules on various populations of epidermal cells. B7.2 expression was down-regulated on Thy1.2+ epidermal cells (keratinocytes) from disease-resistant C3H mice, but not from disease-susceptible BALB/c mice. In addition, epidermal cells from BALB/c mice showed a down-regulation of B7.1 expression on NLDC 145+ Langerhans cells. In vitro T cell priming experiments, using syngeneic epidermal cells as antigen-presenting cells (APC), showed that the production of IFN-gamma was inhibited when either B7.1 or B7.2 signaling pathways were blocked. Blockade of B7.2, but not B7.1, significantly inhibited the ability of epidermal cells to induce IL-4 production from CD4+ T cells. In addition, C3H CD4+ T cells, which were unable to secrete detectable levels of IL-4 in cultures with syngeneic APC, were now able to secrete IL-4 following presentation of L. major antigens by congenic BALB/K epidermal cells. Conversely, C3H epidermal cells supported the priming of BALB/K CD4+ T cells for IL-4 production in vitro. Thus, the differential expression of B7 molecules on epidermal cells may not represent the sole factor governing the polarization of L. major-specific CD4+ T cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Mbow
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523-1671, USA
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46
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El-Hage N, Babb K, Carroll JA, Lindstrom N, Fischer ER, Miller JC, Gilmore RD, Mbow ML, Stevenson B. Surface exposure and protease insensitivity of Borrelia burgdorferi Erp (OspEF-related) lipoproteins. Microbiology (Reading) 2001; 147:821-830. [PMID: 11283278 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-147-4-821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Borrelia burgdorferi can encode numerous lipoproteins of the Erp family. Although initially described as outer surface proteins, the technique used in that earlier study has since been demonstrated to disrupt bacterial membranes and allow labelling of subsurface proteins. Data are now presented from additional analyses indicating that Erp proteins are indeed surface exposed in the outer membrane. Surface localization of these infection-associated proteins indicates the potential for interactions of Erp proteins with vertebrate tissues. Some Erp proteins were resistant to in situ digestion by certain proteases, suggesting that those proteins fold in manners which hide protease cleavage sites, or that they interact with other protective membrane components. Additionally, cultivation of B. burgdorferi in the presence of antibodies directed against Erp proteins inhibited bacterial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazira El-Hage
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, MS 415 Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA1
| | - Kelly Babb
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, MS 415 Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA1
| | - James A Carroll
- Microscopy Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, 903 South 4th St, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA2
| | - Nicole Lindstrom
- Microscopy Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, 903 South 4th St, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA2
| | - Elizabeth R Fischer
- Microscopy Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, 903 South 4th St, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA2
| | - Jennifer C Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, MS 415 Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA1
| | - Robert D Gilmore
- Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, PO Box 2087, Foothills Campus, Fort Collins, CO 80522, USA3
| | - M Lamine Mbow
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1671, USA4
| | - Brian Stevenson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, MS 415 Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA1
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Mbow ML, Zeidner N, Gilmore RD, Dolan M, Piesman J, Titus RG. Major histocompatibility complex class II-independent generation of neutralizing antibodies against T-cell-dependent Borrelia burgdorferi antigens presented by dendritic cells: regulation by NK and gammadelta T cells. Infect Immun 2001; 69:2407-15. [PMID: 11254601 PMCID: PMC98173 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.4.2407-2415.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that adoptive transfer of Borrelia burgdorferi-pulsed dendritic cells (DCs) into syngeneic mice protects animals from challenge with tick-transmitted spirochetes. Here, we demonstrate that the protective immune response is antibody (Ab) dependent and does not require the presence of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules on DCs. Mice sensitized with B. burgdorferi-pulsed MHC class II-deficient (MHC class II(-/-)) DCs mounted a humoral response against protective antigens, including B. burgdorferi outer surface protein A (OspA) and OspC. B-cell help for the generation of neutralizing anti-OspC immunoglobulin G Abs could be provided by gammadelta T cells. In contrast, anti-OspA Ab production required the presence of alphabeta T cells, although this pathway could be independent of MHC class II molecules on antigen-presenting cells. Moreover, depletion of NK cells prior to transfer of antigen-pulsed MHC class II(-/-) DCs resulted in significant increases in the levels of neutralizing Abs induced by DCs. Altogether, these data suggest that the initial interactions between DCs and innate immune cells, such as gammadelta and NK cells, can influence the generation of a protective humoral response against B. burgdorferi antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Mbow
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
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Abstract
There are potent immunomodulators in saliva of the bloodfeeding arthropods which transmit many of the world's most serious diseases that may benefit the arthropod by preventing the vertebrate host from becoming sensitized to the saliva. In addition, saliva can enhance transmission of parasites/pathogens by arthropods. As a result, vaccines that target the arthropod (e.g. salivary immunomodulators) should be considered as one component of multisubunit vaccines against arthropod-borne parasites/pathogens. Indeed, since vaccines against the pathogens themselves are often not fully protective, vaccines that target several facets of the life cycle of the pathogen may be the most effective at controlling disease transmission. This review covers known immunomodulatory factors in arthropod vector saliva, focusing mainly on sandflies and ixodid ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Gillespie
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1671, USA
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Abstract
Active immunization with Escherichia coli-expressed recombinant outer surface protein C (OspC) of Borrelia burgdorferi has been demonstrated to confer protection against a tick-transmitted infection on laboratory animals. A previous study in this laboratory showed that OspC antibody raised against a denatured immunogen isolated from B. burgdorferi cells failed to provide protective immunity. Therefore, to determine whether the protective epitope of the recombinant antigen was sensitive to denaturation, recombinant OspC preparations were subjected to heat and chemical treatments prior to animal immunization. Following seroconversion to OspC, the animals were challenged with an infectious dose of B. burgdorferi B31 by tick bite. Whereas mice immunized with a soluble, nondenatured form continued to show protection rates close to 100%, mice that had been immunized with denatured antigen were not protected. Furthermore, mice that were immunized with an insoluble (rather than a soluble), nondenatured form of the recombinant OspC showed a protection rate of only 40%. Protective epitope localization experiments showed that either the amino or the carboxy end of the recombinant protein was required to react with a protective OspC-specific monoclonal antibody. The data from these experiments demonstrate that a conformational organization of the protein is essential for the protective capability of the strain B31 OspC immunogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Gilmore
- Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Fort Collins, Colorado 80522, USA.
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Mbow ML, Gilmore RD, Titus RG. An OspC-specific monoclonal antibody passively protects mice from tick-transmitted infection by Borrelia burgdorferi B31. Infect Immun 1999; 67:5470-2. [PMID: 10496931 PMCID: PMC96906 DOI: 10.1128/iai.67.10.5470-5472.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A murine monoclonal antibody directed against Borrelia burgdorferi B31 outer surface protein C (OspC) antigen was generated by a method whereby borreliae were inoculated into the mouse via the natural transmission mode of tick feeding. Passive immunization with this antibody resulted in protection of C3H/HeJ and outbred mice from a tick-transmitted challenge infection. Immunofluorescence staining of borrelia cells indicated surface exposure of the OspC epitope reactive with the monoclonal antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Mbow
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1671, USA.
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