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Rivera-Ramos A, Cruz-Hernández L, Talaverón R, Sánchez-Montero MT, García-Revilla J, Mulero-Acevedo M, Deierborg T, Venero JL, Sarmiento Soto M. Galectin-3 depletion tames pro-tumoural microglia and restrains cancer cells growth. Cancer Lett 2024; 591:216879. [PMID: 38636895 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.216879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a multifunctional protein that plays a pivotal role in the initiation and progression of various central nervous system diseases, including cancer. Although the involvement of Gal-3 in tumour progression, resistance to treatment and immunosuppression has long been studied in different cancer types, mainly outside the central nervous system, its elevated expression in myeloid and glial cells underscores its profound impact on the brain's immune response. In this context, microglia and infiltrating macrophages, the predominant non-cancerous cells within the tumour microenvironment, play critical roles in establishing an immunosuppressive milieu in diverse brain tumours. Through the utilisation of primary cell cultures and immortalised microglial cell lines, we have elucidated the central role of Gal-3 in promoting cancer cell migration, invasion, and an immunosuppressive microglial phenotypic activation. Furthermore, employing two distinct in vivo models encompassing primary (glioblastoma) and secondary brain tumours (breast cancer brain metastasis), our histological and transcriptomic analysis show that Gal-3 depletion triggers a robust pro-inflammatory response within the tumour microenvironment, notably based on interferon-related pathways. Interestingly, this response is prominently observed in tumour-associated microglia and macrophages (TAMs), resulting in the suppression of cancer cells growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Rivera-Ramos
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - Luis Cruz-Hernández
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - Rocío Talaverón
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - María Teresa Sánchez-Montero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - Juan García-Revilla
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - Marta Mulero-Acevedo
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - Tomas Deierborg
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - José Luis Venero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - Manuel Sarmiento Soto
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain.
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2
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Espinosa-Oliva AM, Ruiz R, Soto MS, Boza-Serrano A, Rodriguez-Perez AI, Roca-Ceballos MA, García-Revilla J, Santiago M, Serres S, Economopoulus V, Carvajal AE, Vázquez-Carretero MD, García-Miranda P, Klementieva O, Oliva-Martín MJ, Deierborg T, Rivas E, Sibson NR, Labandeira-García JL, Machado A, Peral MJ, Herrera AJ, Venero JL, de Pablos RM. Inflammatory bowel disease induces pathological α-synuclein aggregation in the human gut and brain. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2024; 50:e12962. [PMID: 38343067 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
AIMS According to Braak's hypothesis, it is plausible that Parkinson's disease (PD) originates in the enteric nervous system (ENS) and spreads to the brain through the vagus nerve. In this work, we studied whether inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) in humans can progress with the emergence of pathogenic α-synuclein (α-syn) in the gastrointestinal tract and midbrain dopaminergic neurons. METHODS We have analysed the gut and the ventral midbrain from subjects previously diagnosed with IBD and form a DSS-based rat model of gut inflammation in terms of α-syn pathology. RESULTS Our data support the existence of pathogenic α-syn in both the gut and the brain, thus reinforcing the potential role of the ENS as a contributing factor in PD aetiology. Additionally, we have analysed the effect of a DSS-based rat model of gut inflammation to demonstrate (i) the appearance of P-α-syn inclusions in both Auerbach's and Meissner's plexuses (gut), (ii) an increase in α-syn expression in the ventral mesencephalon (brain) and (iii) the degeneration of nigral dopaminergic neurons, which all are considered classical hallmarks in PD. CONCLUSION These results strongly support the plausibility of Braak's hypothesis and emphasise the significance of peripheral inflammation and the gut-brain axis in initiating α-syn aggregation and transport to the substantia nigra, resulting in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Espinosa-Oliva
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Rocío Ruiz
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Manuel Sarmiento Soto
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Antonio Boza-Serrano
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ana I Rodriguez-Perez
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Health Research Institute (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - María A Roca-Ceballos
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Juan García-Revilla
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Marti Santiago
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Sébastien Serres
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Vasiliki Economopoulus
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Ana E Carvajal
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Pablo García-Miranda
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Oxana Klementieva
- Dementia Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - María J Oliva-Martín
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Tomas Deierborg
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Eloy Rivas
- Departamento de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain
| | - Nicola R Sibson
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - José L Labandeira-García
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Health Research Institute (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Machado
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - María J Peral
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Antonio J Herrera
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - José L Venero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Rocío M de Pablos
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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Folgado-Dorado C, Caracena-De La Corte J, Aguilera-Velázquez JR, Santana-Villalona R, Rivera-Ramos A, Carbonero-Aguilar MP, Talaverón R, Bautista J, Sarmiento Soto M. Isolation and Purification of Fungal β-Glucan as an Immunotherapy Strategy for Glioblastoma. J Vis Exp 2023. [PMID: 37335107 DOI: 10.3791/64924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the biggest challenges in developing effective therapies against glioblastoma is overcoming the strong immune suppression within the tumor microenvironment. Immunotherapy has emerged as an effective strategy to turn the immune system response against tumor cells. Glioma-associated macrophages and microglia (GAMs) are major drivers of such anti-inflammatory scenarios. Therefore, enhancing the anti-cancerous response in GAMs may represent a potential co-adjuvant therapy to treat glioblastoma patients. In that vein, fungal β-glucan molecules have long been known as potent immune modulators. Their ability to stimulate the innate immune activity and improve treatment response has been described. Those modulating features are partly attributed to their ability to bind to pattern recognition receptors, which, interestingly, are greatly expressed in GAMs. Thus, this work is focused on the isolation, purification, and subsequent use of fungal β-glucans to enhance the tumoricidal response of microglia against glioblastoma cells. The mouse glioblastoma (GL261) and microglia (BV-2) cell lines are used to test the immunomodulatory properties of four different fungal β-glucans extracted from mushrooms heavily used in the current biopharmaceutical industry: Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus djamor, Hericium erinaceus, and Ganoderma lucidum. To test these compounds, co-stimulation assays were performed to measure the effect of a pre-activated microglia-conditioned medium on the proliferation and apoptosis activation in glioblastoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Folgado-Dorado
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla
| | | | | | | | - Alberto Rivera-Ramos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla; Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla
| | | | - Rocío Talaverón
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla; Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla
| | - Juan Bautista
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla
| | - Manuel Sarmiento Soto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla; Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla;
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Sibson NR, Thorsen F, Soto MS. Editorial: The Role of the Immune Response in Brain Metastasis. Front Oncol 2022; 12:922700. [PMID: 35619915 PMCID: PMC9127953 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.922700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola R. Sibson
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Frits Thorsen
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Manuel Sarmiento Soto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/ Universidad de Sevilla and CIBERNED, Seville, Spain
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5
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Hajji N, Garcia-Revilla J, Sarmiento Soto M, Perryman R, Symington JJ, Quarles CC, Healey DR, Guo Y, Orta-Vázquez ML, Mateos-Cordero S, Shah K, Bomalaski J, Anichini G, Tzakos AG, Crook T, O'Neill K, Scheck AC, Venero JL, Syed N. Arginine deprivation alters microglia polarity and synergises with radiation to eradicate non arginine auxotrophic glioblastoma tumors. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:142137. [PMID: 35113813 PMCID: PMC8920336 DOI: 10.1172/jci142137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
New approaches for the management of glioblastoma (GBM) are an urgent and unmet clinical need. Here, we illustrate that the efficacy of radiotherapy for GBM is strikingly potentiated by concomitant therapy with the arginine-depleting agent ADI-PEG20 in a non-arginine-auxotrophic cellular background (argininosuccinate synthetase 1 positive). Moreover, this combination led to durable and complete radiological and pathological response, with extended disease-free survival in an orthotopic immune-competent model of GBM, with no significant toxicity. ADI-PEG20 not only enhanced the cellular sensitivity of argininosuccinate synthetase 1–positive GBM to ionizing radiation by elevated production of nitric oxide (˙NO) and hence generation of cytotoxic peroxynitrites, but also promoted glioma-associated macrophage/microglial infiltration into tumors and turned their classical antiinflammatory (protumor) phenotype into a proinflammatory (antitumor) phenotype. Our results provide an effective, well-tolerated, and simple strategy to improve GBM treatment that merits consideration for early evaluation in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Hajji
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Juan Garcia-Revilla
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Manuel Sarmiento Soto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Richard Perryman
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jake J Symington
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chad C Quarles
- Division of Neuroimaging Research, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, United States of America
| | - Deborah R Healey
- Division of Neuroimaging Research, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, United States of America
| | - Yijie Guo
- Division of Neuroimaging Research, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, United States of America
| | | | | | - Khalid Shah
- Center for Stem Cell Therapeutics and Imaging (CSTI), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
| | - John Bomalaski
- Polaris, Polaris Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, United States of America
| | - Giulio Anichini
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas G Tzakos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Timothy Crook
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin O'Neill
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adrienne C Scheck
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, United States of America
| | - Jose Luis Venero
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Nelofer Syed
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
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Zarghami N, Soto MS, Perez-Balderas F, Khrapitchev AA, Karali CS, Johanssen VA, Ansorge O, Larkin JR, Sibson NR. A novel molecular magnetic resonance imaging agent targeting activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule as demonstrated in mouse brain metastasis models. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:1592-1607. [PMID: 33153376 PMCID: PMC8217895 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x20968943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Molecular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allows visualization of biological processes at the molecular level. Upregulation of endothelial ALCAM (activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule) is a key element for leukocyte recruitment in neurological disease. The aim of this study, therefore, was to develop a novel molecular MRI contrast agent, by conjugating anti-ALCAM antibodies to microparticles of iron oxide (MPIO), for detection of endothelial ALCAM expression in vivo. Binding specificity of ALCAM-MPIO was demonstrated in vitro under static and flow conditions. Subsequently, in a proof-of-concept study, mouse models of brain metastasis were induced by intracardial injection of brain-tropic human breast carcinoma, lung adenocarcinoma or melanoma cells to upregulate endothelial ALCAM. At selected time-points, mice were injected intravenously with ALCAM-MPIO, and ALCAM-MPIO induced hypointensities were observed on T2*-weighted images in all three models. Post-gadolinium MRI confirmed an intact blood-brain barrier, indicating endoluminal binding. Correlation between endothelial ALCAM expression and ALCAM-MPIO binding was confirmed histologically. Statistical analysis indicated high sensitivity (80-90%) and specificity (79-83%) for detection of endothelial ALCAM in vivo with ALCAM-MPIO. Given reports of endothelial ALCAM upregulation in numerous neurological diseases, this advance in our ability to image ALCAM in vivo may yield substantial improvements for both diagnosis and targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloufar Zarghami
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Manuel Sarmiento Soto
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Francisco Perez-Balderas
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alexandre A Khrapitchev
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christina Simoglou Karali
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Vanessa A Johanssen
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Olaf Ansorge
- Department of Clinical Neuropathology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - James R Larkin
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicola R Sibson
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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7
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Sarmiento Soto M, Larkin JR, Martin C, Khrapitchev AA, Maczka M, Economopoulos V, Scott H, Escartin C, Bonvento G, Serres S, Sibson NR. STAT3-Mediated Astrocyte Reactivity Associated with Brain Metastasis Contributes to Neurovascular Dysfunction. Cancer Res 2020; 80:5642-5655. [PMID: 33106335 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-2251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are thought to play a pivotal role in coupling neural activity and cerebral blood flow. However, it has been shown that astrocytes undergo morphologic changes in response to brain metastasis, switching to a reactive phenotype, which has the potential to significantly compromise cerebrovascular function and contribute to the neurological sequelae associated with brain metastasis. Given that STAT3 is a key regulator of astrocyte reactivity, we aimed here to determine the impact of STAT3-mediated astrocyte reactivity on neurovascular function in brain metastasis. Rat models of brain metastasis and ciliary neurotrophic factor were used to induce astrocyte reactivity. Multimodal imaging, electrophysiology, and IHC were performed to determine the relationship between reactive astrocytes and changes in the cerebrovascular response to electrical and physiological stimuli. Subsequently, the STAT3 pathway in astrocytes was inhibited with WP1066 to determine the role of STAT3-mediated astrocyte reactivity, specifically, in brain metastasis. Astrocyte reactivity associated with brain metastases impaired cerebrovascular responses to stimuli at both the cellular and functional level and disrupted astrocyte-endothelial interactions in both animal models and human brain metastasis samples. Inhibition of STAT3-mediated astrocyte reactivity in rats with brain metastases restored cerebrovascular function, as shown by in vivo imaging, and limited cerebrovascular changes associated with tumor growth. Together these findings suggest that inhibiting STAT3-mediated astrocyte reactivity may confer significant improvements in neurological outcome for patients with brain metastases and could potentially be tested in other brain tumors. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings demonstrate that selectively targeting STAT3-mediated astrocyte reactivity ameliorates the cerebrovascular dysfunction associated with brain metastasis, providing a potential therapeutic avenue for improved patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Sarmiento Soto
- Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Seville, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - James R Larkin
- Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Martin
- Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandre A Khrapitchev
- Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Melissa Maczka
- Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Vasiliki Economopoulos
- Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Scott
- Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Carole Escartin
- Université Paris-Saclay, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, MIRCen, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Gilles Bonvento
- Université Paris-Saclay, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, MIRCen, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Sébastien Serres
- Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola R Sibson
- Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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Corroyer-Dulmont A, Valable S, Falzone N, Frelin-Labalme AM, Tietz O, Toutain J, Soto MS, Divoux D, Chazalviel L, Pérès EA, Sibson NR, Vallis KA, Bernaudin M. VCAM-1 targeted alpha-particle therapy for early brain metastases. Neuro Oncol 2020; 22:357-368. [PMID: 31538194 PMCID: PMC7162423 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noz169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain metastases (BM) develop frequently in patients with breast cancer. Despite the use of external beam radiotherapy (EBRT), the average overall survival is short (6 months from diagnosis). The therapeutic challenge is to deliver molecularly targeted therapy at an early stage when relatively few metastatic tumor cells have invaded the brain. Vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), overexpressed by nearby endothelial cells during the early stages of BM development, is a promising target. The aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic value of targeted alpha-particle radiotherapy, combining lead-212 (212Pb) with an anti-VCAM-1 antibody (212Pb-αVCAM-1). METHODS Human breast carcinoma cells that metastasize to the brain, MDA-231-Br-GFP, were injected into the left cardiac ventricle of nude mice. Twenty-one days after injection, 212Pb-αVCAM-1 uptake in early BM was determined in a biodistribution study and systemic/brain toxicity was evaluated. Therapeutic efficacy was assessed using MR imaging and histology. Overall survival after 212Pb-αVCAM-1 treatment was compared with that observed after standard EBRT. RESULTS 212Pb-αVCAM-1 was taken up into early BM with a tumor/healthy brain dose deposition ratio of 6 (5.52e108 and 0.92e108) disintegrations per gram of BM and healthy tissue, respectively. MRI analyses showed a statistically significant reduction in metastatic burden after 212Pb-αVCAM-1 treatment compared with EBRT (P < 0.001), translating to an increase in overall survival of 29% at 40 days post prescription (P < 0.01). No major toxicity was observed. CONCLUSIONS The present investigation demonstrates that 212Pb-αVCAM-1 specifically accumulates at sites of early BM causing tumor growth inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Corroyer-Dulmont
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, ISTCT/CERVOxy group, GIP CYCERON, Caen, France
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council, Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Samuel Valable
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, ISTCT/CERVOxy group, GIP CYCERON, Caen, France
| | | | | | - Ole Tietz
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council, Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jérôme Toutain
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, ISTCT/CERVOxy group, GIP CYCERON, Caen, France
| | - Manuel Sarmiento Soto
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council, Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Didier Divoux
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, ISTCT/CERVOxy group, GIP CYCERON, Caen, France
| | - Laurent Chazalviel
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, ISTCT/CERVOxy group, GIP CYCERON, Caen, France
| | - Elodie A Pérès
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, ISTCT/CERVOxy group, GIP CYCERON, Caen, France
| | - Nicola R Sibson
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council, Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Katherine A Vallis
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council, Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Myriam Bernaudin
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, ISTCT/CERVOxy group, GIP CYCERON, Caen, France
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García-Revilla J, Alonso-Bellido IM, Burguillos MA, Herrera AJ, Espinosa-Oliva AM, Ruiz R, Cruz-Hernández L, García-Domínguez I, Roca-Ceballos MA, Santiago M, Rodríguez-Gómez JA, Soto MS, de Pablos RM, Venero JL. Reformulating Pro-Oxidant Microglia in Neurodegeneration. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8101719. [PMID: 31627485 PMCID: PMC6832973 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8101719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In neurodegenerative diseases, microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and oxidative stress are central events. Recent genome-wide transcriptomic analyses of microglial cells under different disease conditions have uncovered a new subpopulation named disease-associated microglia (DAM). These studies have challenged the classical view of the microglia polarization state’s proinflammatory M1 (classical activation) and immunosuppressive M2 (alternative activation). Molecular signatures of DAM and proinflammatory microglia (highly pro-oxidant) have shown clear differences, yet a partial overlapping gene profile is evident between both phenotypes. The switch activation of homeostatic microglia into reactive microglia relies on the selective activation of key surface receptors involved in the maintenance of brain homeostasis (a.k.a. pattern recognition receptors, PRRs). Two relevant PRRs are toll-like receptors (TLRs) and triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM2), whose selective activation is believed to generate either a proinflammatory or a DAM phenotype, respectively. However, the recent identification of endogenous disease-related ligands, which bind to and activate both TLRs and TREM2, anticipates the existence of rather complex microglia responses. Examples of potential endogenous dual ligands include amyloid β, galectin-3, and apolipoprotein E. These pleiotropic ligands induce a microglia polarization that is more complicated than initially expected, suggesting the possibility that different microglia subtypes may coexist. This review highlights the main microglia polarization states under disease conditions and their leading role orchestrating oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan García-Revilla
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
| | - Isabel M Alonso-Bellido
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
| | - Miguel A Burguillos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
| | - Antonio J Herrera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
| | - Ana M Espinosa-Oliva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
| | - Rocío Ruiz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
| | - Luis Cruz-Hernández
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
| | - Irene García-Domínguez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
| | - María A Roca-Ceballos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
| | - Marti Santiago
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
| | - José A Rodríguez-Gómez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
- Departament of Medical Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Seville, 41009 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Manuel Sarmiento Soto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
| | - Rocío M de Pablos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
| | - José L Venero
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
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Cheng VWT, Soto MS, Khrapitchev AA, Perez-Balderas F, Zakaria R, Jenkinson MD, Middleton MR, Sibson NR. VCAM-1-targeted MRI Enables Detection of Brain Micrometastases from Different Primary Tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:533-543. [PMID: 30389659 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-1889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A major issue for the effective treatment of brain metastasis is the late stage of diagnosis with existing clinical tools. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1)-targeted MRI for early detection of brain micrometastases in mouse models across multiple primary tumor types.Experimental Design: Xenograft models of brain micrometastasis for human breast carcinoma (MDA231Br-GFP), lung adenocarcinoma (SEBTA-001), and melanoma (H1_DL2) were established via intracardiac injection in mice. Animals (n = 5-6/group) were injected intravenously with VCAM-1-targeted microparticles of iron oxide (VCAM-MPIO) and, subsequently, underwent T 2*-weighted MRI. Control groups of naïve mice injected with VCAM-MPIO and tumor-bearing mice injected with nontargeting IgG-MPIO were included. RESULTS All models showed disseminated micrometastases in the brain, together with endothelial VCAM-1 upregulation across the time course. T 2*-weighted MRI of all tumor-bearing mice injected with VCAM-MPIO showed significantly more signal hypointensities (P < 0.001; two-sided) than control cohorts, despite a lack of blood-brain barrier (BBB) impairment. Specific MPIO binding to VCAM-1-positive tumor-associated vessels was confirmed histologically. VCAM-1 expression was demonstrated in human brain metastasis samples, across all three primary tumor types. CONCLUSIONS VCAM-1-targeted MRI enables the detection of brain micrometastases from the three primary tumor types known to cause the majority of clinical cases. These findings represent an important step forward in the development of a broadly applicable and clinically relevant imaging technique for early diagnosis of brain metastasis, with significant implications for improved patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinton W T Cheng
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council, Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Manuel Sarmiento Soto
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council, Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandre A Khrapitchev
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council, Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Francisco Perez-Balderas
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council, Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rasheed Zakaria
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Michael D Jenkinson
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Mark R Middleton
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola R Sibson
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council, Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
The immune landscape in brain metastasis is a very heterogeneous framework. Amongst a broad plethora of cells within the tumor microenvironment, the presence of activated microglia has been perfectly described. The innate role of microglial cells is to detect and eliminate any insults that may disturb the regular behavior of the brain. As part of its defensive role, it releases pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines that aim to modulate the inflammatory scenario at the metastatic foci. However, the long term effects that these cells may exert on the metastatic progression is not clear. One of the biggest challenges in the field is to distinguish between brain resident microglial cells and infiltrated bone-marrow derived macrophages. Part of this issue is the fact that both cell types share similar phenotypes. Current studies are based on the modulation of the immune response against cancer cells (immunotherapy). However, most of current clinical trials and newly developed drugs focus on the adaptive immune response (e.g., immune blockade check-points). Additionally, the unique structure of the central nervous system with the presence of the blood-brain barrier have hindered a significant advance in novel therapies against brain metastasis. In this manuscript, we describe current advances in characterization of tumor-associated microglia and macrophages, the importance of microglia during the anti-cancerous response, and the future direction for the development of new strategies against this complex disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Sarmiento Soto
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
- John Fulcher Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola R. Sibson
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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12
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Zarghami N, Khrapitchev AA, Perez-Balderas F, Soto MS, Larkin JR, Bau L, Sibson NR. Optimization of molecularly targeted MRI in the brain: empirical comparison of sequences and particles. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:4345-4359. [PMID: 30100719 PMCID: PMC6064157 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s158071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Molecular MRI is an evolving field of research with strong translational potential. Selection of the appropriate MRI sequence, field strength and contrast agent depend largely on the application. The primary aims of the current study were to: 1) assess the sensitivity of different MRI sequences for detection of iron oxide particles in mouse brain; 2) determine the effect of magnetic field strength on detection of iron oxide particles in vivo; and 3) compare the sensitivity of targeted microparticles of iron oxide (MPIO) or ultra-small superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) for detection of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in vivo. METHODS Mice were injected intrastriatally with interleukin 1β to induce VCAM-1 expression on the cerebral vasculature. Subsequently, animals were injected intravenously with either VCAM-MPIO or VCAM-USPIO and imaged 1 or 13 hours post-injection, respectively. MRI was performed at 4.7, 7.0, or 9.4 T, using three different T2*-weighted sequences: single gradient echo 3D (GE3D), multi-gradient echo 3D (MGE3D) and balanced steady-state free precession 3D (bSSFP3D). RESULTS MGE3D yielded the highest signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) for the detection of iron oxide particles. All sequences showed a significant increase in SNR and CNR from 4.7 to 7.0 T, but no further improvement at 9.4 T. However, whilst targeted MPIO enabled sensitive detection of VCAM-1 expression on the cerebral vasculature, the long half-life (16.5 h vs 1.2 min) and lower relaxivity per particle (1.29×10-14 vs 1.18×10-9 Hz L/particle) of USPIO vs. MPIO rendered them impractical for molecular MRI. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate clear advantages of MPIO compared to USPIO for molecularly-targeted MRI, and indicate that the MGE3D sequence is optimal for MPIO detection. Moreover, higher field strengths (7.0/9.4 T) showed enhanced sensitivity over lower field strengths (4.7 T). With the development of biodegradable MPIO, these agents hold promise for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloufar Zarghami
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,
| | - Alexandre A Khrapitchev
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,
| | - Francisco Perez-Balderas
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,
| | - Manuel Sarmiento Soto
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,
| | - James R Larkin
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,
| | - Luca Bau
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicola R Sibson
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,
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Cheng V, Soto MS, Khrapichev A, Perez-Balderas F, Middleton M, Sibson N. Anti-VCAM-1 targeted MRI allows earlier detection of brain metastases in a xenograft melanoma mouse model. Neuro Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nox238.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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14
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Falzone N, Ackerman NL, Rosales LDLF, Bernal MA, Liu X, Peeters SGJA, Soto MS, Corroyer-Dulmont A, Bernaudin M, Grimoin E, Touzani O, Sibson NR, Vallis KA. Dosimetric evaluation of radionuclides for VCAM-1-targeted radionuclide therapy of early brain metastases. Theranostics 2018; 8:292-303. [PMID: 29290808 PMCID: PMC5743475 DOI: 10.7150/thno.22217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain metastases develop frequently in patients with breast cancer, and present a pressing therapeutic challenge. Expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) is upregulated on brain endothelial cells during the early stages of metastasis and provides a target for the detection and treatment of early brain metastases. The aim of this study was to use a model of early brain metastasis to evaluate the efficacy of α-emitting radionuclides, 149Tb, 211At, 212Pb, 213Bi and 225Ac; β-emitting radionuclides, 90Y, 161Tb and 177Lu; and Auger electron (AE)-emitters 67Ga, 89Zr, 111In and 124I, for targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT). METHODS Histologic sections and two photon microscopy of mouse brain parenchyma were used to inform a cylindrical vessel geometry using the Geant4 general purpose Monte Carlo (MC) toolkit with the Geant4-DNA low energy physics models. Energy deposition was evaluated as a radial function and the resulting phase spaces were superimposed on a DNA model to estimate double-strand break (DSB) yields for representative β- and α-emitters, 177Lu and 212Pb. Relative biological effectiveness (RBE) values were determined by only evaluating DNA damage due to physical interactions. RESULTS 177Lu produced 2.69 ± 0.08 DSB per GbpGy, without significant variation from the lumen of the vessel to a radius of 100 µm. The DSB yield of 212Pb included two local maxima produced by the 6.1 MeV and 8.8 MeV α-emissions from decay products, 212Bi and 212Po, with yields of 7.64 ± 0.12 and 9.15 ± 0.24 per GbpGy, respectively. Given its higher DSB yield 212Pb may be more effective for short range targeting of early micrometastatic lesions than 177Lu. CONCLUSION MC simulation of a model of early brain metastases provides invaluable insight into the potential efficacy of α-, β- and AE-emitting radionuclides for TRT. 212Pb, which has the attributes of a theranostic radionuclide since it can be used for SPECT imaging, showed a favorable dose profile and RBE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Falzone
- CR-UK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole L. Ackerman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Agnes Scott College, Decatur, GA, United States of America
| | | | - Mario A. Bernal
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Instituto de Física "Gleb Wataghin", UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Xiaoxuan Liu
- CR-UK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah GJA Peeters
- CR-UK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Manuel Sarmiento Soto
- CR-UK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Aurélien Corroyer-Dulmont
- CR-UK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, ISTCT/CERVOxy group, Caen, France
| | - Myriam Bernaudin
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, ISTCT/CERVOxy group, Caen, France
| | - Elisa Grimoin
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, ISTCT/CERVOxy group, Caen, France
| | - Omar Touzani
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, ISTCT/CERVOxy group, Caen, France
| | - Nicola R. Sibson
- CR-UK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine A. Vallis
- CR-UK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Andreou KE, Soto MS, Allen D, Economopoulos V, de Bernardi A, Larkin JR, Sibson NR. Anti-inflammatory Microglia/Macrophages As a Potential Therapeutic Target in Brain Metastasis. Front Oncol 2017; 7:251. [PMID: 29164051 PMCID: PMC5670100 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain metastasis is a common complication of cancer patients and is associated with poor survival. Histological data from patients with brain metastases suggest that microglia are the major immune population activated around the metastatic foci. Microglia and macrophages have the ability to polarize to different phenotypes and to exert both tumorigenic and cytotoxic effects. However, the role of microglia/macrophages during the early stages of metastatic growth in the brain has not yet been determined. The aim of this study was to profile microglial/macrophage activation in a mouse model of breast cancer brain metastasis during the early stages of tumor growth, and to assess the role of the anti-inflammatory microglial/macrophage population, specifically, during this phase. Following intracerebral injection of 5 × 103 4T1-GFP mammary carcinoma cells into female BALB/c mice, robust microglial/macrophage activation around the 4T1 metastatic foci was evident throughout the time-course studied (28 days) and correlated positively with tumor volume (R2 = 0.67). Populations of classically (proinflammatory) and alternatively (anti-inflammatory) activated microglia/macrophages were identified immunohistochemically by expression of either induced nitric oxide synthase/cyclooxygenase 2 or mannose receptor 1/arginase 1, respectively. Temporally, levels of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cells were broadly stable across the time-course. Subsequently, selective depletion of the anti-inflammatory microglia/macrophage population by intracerebral injection of mannosylated clodronate liposomes significantly reduced metastatic tumor burden (p < 0.01). Moreover, increased levels of apoptosis were associated with tumors in clodronate liposome treated animals compared to controls (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that microglia/macrophages are important effectors of the inflammatory response in the early stages of brain metastasis, and that targeting the anti-inflammatory microglial/macrophage population may offer an effective new therapeutic avenue for patients with brain metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kleopatra E. Andreou
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council, Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Manuel Sarmiento Soto
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council, Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Danny Allen
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council, Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Vasiliki Economopoulos
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council, Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Axel de Bernardi
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council, Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - James R. Larkin
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council, Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola R. Sibson
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council, Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Małecki A, Skipor-Lahuta J, Toborek M, Abbott NJ, Antonetti DA, Su EJ, Lawrence DA, Atış M, Akcan U, Yılmaz CU, Orhan N, Düzgün P, Ceylan UD, Arıcan N, Karahüseyinoğlu S, Şahin GN, Ahıshalı B, Kaya M, Aydin S, Klopstein A, Engelhardt B, Baumann J, Tsao CC, Huang SF, Ogunshola O, Boytsova EB, Morgun AV, Khilazheva ED, Pozhilenkova EA, Gorina YV, Martynova GP, Salmina AB, Bueno D, Garcia-Fernàndez J, Castro V, Skowronska M, Toborek M, Chupel MU, Minuzzi LG, Filaire E, Teixeira AM, Corsi M, Versele R, Fuso A, Sevin E, Di Lorenzo C, Businaro R, Fenart L, Gosselet F, Candela P, Deli MA, Delaney C, O’Keefe E, Farrell M, Doyle S, Campbell M, Drewes LR, Appelt-Menzel A, Cubukova A, Metzger M, Fischer R, Francisco DMF, Bruggmann R, Fries A, Blecharz KG, Wagner J, Winkler L, Schneider U, Vajkoczy P, Furuse M, Gabbert L, Dilling C, Sisario D, Soukhoroukov V, Burek M, Guérit S, Fidan E, Devraj K, Czupalla CJ, Macas J, Thom S, Plate KH, Gerhardt H, Liebner S, Harazin A, Bocsik A, Váradi J, Fenyvesi F, Tubak V, Vecsernyés M, Helms HC, Waagepetersen HS, Nielsen CU, Brodin B, Hoyk Z, Tóth ME, Lénárt N, Dukay B, Kittel Á, Vígh J, Veszelka S, Walter F, Zvara Á, Puskás L, Sántha M, Engelhardt S, Ogunshola OO, Huber A, Reitner A, Osmen S, Hahn K, Bounzina N, Gerhartl A, Schönegger A, Steinkellner H, Laccone F, Neuhaus W, Hudson N, Celkova L, Iltzsche A, Drndarski S, Begley DJ, Janiurek MM, Kucharz K, Christoffersen C, Nielsen LB, Lauritzen M, Johnson RH, Kho DT, O’Carroll SJ, Angel CE, Graham ES, Pereira J, Karali CS, Cheng V, Zarghami N, Soto MS, Couch Y, Anthony DC, Sibson NR, Kealy J, Keep RF, Routhe LJ, Xiang J, Ye H, Hua Y, Moos T, Xi G, Kristensen M, Bach A, Strømgaard K, Kutuzov N, Lopes-Pinheiro MA, Lim J, Kamermans A, van Horssen J, Unger WW, Fontijn R, de Vries HE, Majerova P, Garruto RM, Marchetti L, Francisco D, Gruber I, Lyck R, Mészáros M, Porkoláb G, Kiss L, Pilbat AM, Török Z, Bozsó Z, Fülöp L, Michalicova A, Galba J, Mihaljevic S, Novak M, Kovac A, Morofuji Y, Fujimoto T, Watanabe D, Nakagawa S, Ujifuku K, Horie N, Izumo T, Anda T, Matsuo T, Niu F, Buch S, Nyúl-Tóth Á, Kozma M, Nagyőszi P, Nagy K, Fazakas C, Haskó J, Molnár K, Farkas AE, Galajda P, Wilhelm I, Krizbai IA, Kelly E, Wallace E, Greene C, Hughes S, Kealy J, Doyle N, Humphries MM, Grant GA, Friedman A, Veksler R, Molloy MG, Meaney JF, Pender N, Doherty CP, Park M, Liskiewicz A, Przybyla M, Kasprowska-Liśkiewicz D, Nowacka-Chmielewska M, Malecki A, Pombero A, Garcia-Lopez R, Martinez-Morga M, Martinez S, Prager O, Solomon-Kamintsky L, Schoknecht K, Bar-Klein G, Milikovsky D, Vazana U, Rosenbach D, Kovács R, Friedman A, Radak Z, Rodríguez-Lorenzo S, Bruggmann R, Kooij G, de Vries HE, Oxana SG, Denis B, Elena V, Anna A, Alla S, Vladimir S, Andrey M, Nataliya M, Elena K, Elizaveta B, Alexander S, Nikita N, Alla B, Yirong Y, Arkady A, Artem G, Mariya U, Anastasia S, Madina B, Artem S, Alexander K, Esmat SA, Valery P, Artem T, Jürgen K, de Abreu MS, Calpena AC, Espina M, García ML, Romero IA, Male D, Storck S, Hartz A, Pahnke J, Surma CU, Surma M, Giżejewski Z, Zieliński H, Szczepkowska A, Kowalewska M, Krawczynska A, Herman AP, Skipor J, Kachappilly N, Veenstra M, Rivera RL, Williams DW, Morgello S, Berman JW, Wyneken U, Batiz LF, Temizyürek A, Khodadust R, Küçük M, Gürses C, Emik S, Zielińska M, Obara-Michlewska M, Milewski K, Skonieczna E, Fręśko I, Neuwelt EA, Maria ARS, Bras AR, Lipka D, Valkai S, Kincses A, Dér A, Deli MA. Abstracts from the 20th International Symposium on Signal Transduction at the Blood-Brain Barriers. Fluids Barriers CNS 2017. [PMCID: PMC5667590 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-017-0071-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Abstract
Secondary tumours in the brain account for 40 % of triple negative breast cancer patients, and the percentage may be higher at the time of autopsy. The use of in vivo models allow us to recapitulate the molecular mechanisms potentially used by circulating breast tumour cells to proliferate within the brain.Metastasis is a multistep process that depends on the success of several stages including cell evasion from the primary tumour, distribution and survival within the blood stream and cerebral microvasculature, penetration of the blood-brain barrier and proliferation within the brain microenvironment. Cellular adhesion molecules are key proteins involved in all of the steps in the metastatic process. Our group has developed two different in vivo models to encompass both seeding and colonisation stages of the metastatic process: (1) haematogenous dissemination of tumour cells by direct injection into the left ventricle of the heart, and (2) direct implantation of the tumour cells into the mouse brain.This chapter describes, in detail, the practical implementation of the intracerebral model, which can be used to analyse tumour proliferation within a specific area of the central nervous system and tumour-host cell interactions. We also describe the use of immunohistochemistry techniques to identify, at the molecular scale, tumour-host cell interactions, which may open new windows for brain metastasis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Sarmiento Soto
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Nicola R Sibson
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK.
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18
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Perez-Balderas F, van Kasteren SI, Aljabali AAA, Wals K, Serres S, Jefferson A, Sarmiento Soto M, Khrapitchev AA, Larkin JR, Bristow C, Lee SS, Bort G, De Simone F, Campbell SJ, Choudhury RP, Anthony DC, Sibson NR, Davis BG. Covalent assembly of nanoparticles as a peptidase-degradable platform for molecular MRI. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14254. [PMID: 28198362 PMCID: PMC5316865 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligand-conjugated microparticles of iron oxide (MPIO) have the potential to provide high sensitivity contrast for molecular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, the accumulation and persistence of non-biodegradable micron-sized particles in liver and spleen precludes their clinical use and limits the translational potential of MPIO-based contrast agents. Here we show that ligand-targeted MPIO derived from multiple iron oxide nanoparticles may be coupled covalently through peptide linkers that are designed to be cleaved by intracellular macrophage proteases. The synthesized particles possess potential characteristics for targeted MRI contrast agents, including high relaxivity, unappreciable sedimentation, clearance from circulation and no overt toxicity. Importantly, we demonstrate that these particles are rapidly degraded both in vitro and in vivo, and that the targeted probes can be used for detection of inflammation in vivo using MRI. This approach provides a platform for molecular MRI contrast agents that is potentially more suitable for translation to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Perez-Balderas
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Research UK & Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Sander I. van Kasteren
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Alaa A. A. Aljabali
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Oxford Acute Vascular Imaging Centre, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Kim Wals
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Sébastien Serres
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Research UK & Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Andrew Jefferson
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Oxford Acute Vascular Imaging Centre, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Manuel Sarmiento Soto
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Research UK & Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Alexandre A. Khrapitchev
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Research UK & Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - James R Larkin
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Research UK & Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Claire Bristow
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Research UK & Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Seung Seo Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Guillaume Bort
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Filippo De Simone
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Sandra J. Campbell
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Research UK & Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Robin P. Choudhury
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Oxford Acute Vascular Imaging Centre, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Daniel C. Anthony
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Nicola R. Sibson
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Research UK & Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Benjamin G. Davis
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
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19
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Soto MS, O'Brien ER, Andreou K, Scrace SF, Zakaria R, Jenkinson MD, O'Neill E, Sibson NR. Disruption of tumour-host communication by downregulation of LFA-1 reduces COX-2 and e-NOS expression and inhibits brain metastasis growth. Oncotarget 2016; 7:52375-52391. [PMID: 27447568 PMCID: PMC5239559 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 20% of cancer patients will suffer metastatic spread to the brain, and prognosis remains poor. Communication between tumour cells and host tissue is essential during metastasis, yet little is known of the processes underlying such interactions in the brain.Here we test the hypothesis that cross-talk between tumour cells and host brain cells, through tumour cell leukocyte function associated protein-1 (LFA-1), is critical in metastasis development. Temporal expression of LFA-1 and its major ligand intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) was determined in two different mouse models of brain metastasis. Marked upregulation of both proteins was found, co-localising with astrocytes, microglia and tumour cells themselves. Silencing of LFA-1 expression in MDA231Br-GFP cells prior to intracerebral injection resulted in > 70% reduction in tumour burden compared to control MDA231Br-GFP cells (p < 0.005, n = 5). Subsequent qRT-PCR analysis of brain tissue revealed significant reductions in COX-2, VEGF and eNOS from host brain tissue, but not tumour cells, in mice injected with LFA-1 knockdown cells (p < 0.0001, n = 5). Finally, expression of both LFA-1 and ICAM-1 was demonstrated in human brain metastasis samples.The results of this study suggest LFA-1 as a new target in brain metastasis therapy and highlight the potential synergy with current anti-COX-2 and anti-NOS therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Sarmiento Soto
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Emma R. O'Brien
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Kleopatra Andreou
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Simon F. Scrace
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Rasheed Zakaria
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
| | - Michael D. Jenkinson
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, L97LJ, UK
| | - Eric O'Neill
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Nicola R. Sibson
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
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20
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Vlahov N, Scrace S, Soto MS, Grawenda AM, Bradley L, Pankova D, Papaspyropoulos A, Yee KS, Buffa F, Goding CR, Timpson P, Sibson N, O'Neill E. Alternate RASSF1 Transcripts Control SRC Activity, E-Cadherin Contacts, and YAP-Mediated Invasion. Curr Biol 2015; 25:3019-34. [PMID: 26549256 PMCID: PMC4683097 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.09.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Tumor progression to invasive carcinoma is associated with activation of SRC family kinase (SRC, YES, FYN) activity and loss of cellular cohesion. The hippo pathway-regulated cofactor YAP1 supports the tumorigenicity of RAS mutations but requires both inactivation of hippo signaling and YES-mediated phosphorylation of YAP1 for oncogenic activity. Exactly how SRC kinases are activated and hippo signaling is lost in sporadic human malignancies remains unknown. Here, we provide evidence that hippo-mediated inhibition of YAP1 is lost upon promoter methylation of the RAS effector and hippo kinase scaffold RASSF1A. We find that RASSF1A promoter methylation reduces YAP phospho-S127, which derepresses YAP1, and actively supports YAP1 activation by switching RASSF1 transcription to the independently transcribed RASSF1C isoform that promotes Tyr kinase activity. Using affinity proteomics, proximity ligation, and real-time molecular visualization, we find that RASSF1C targets SRC/YES to epithelial cell-cell junctions and promotes tyrosine phosphorylation of E-cadherin, β-catenin, and YAP1. RASSF1A restricts SRC activity, preventing motility, invasion, and tumorigenesis in vitro and in vivo, with epigenetic inactivation correlating with increased inhibitory pY527-SRC in breast tumors. These data imply that distinct RASSF1 isoforms have opposing functions, which provide a biomarker for YAP1 activation and explain correlations of RASSF1 methylation with advanced invasive disease in humans. The ablation of epithelial integrity together with subsequent YAP1 nuclear localization allows transcriptional activation of β-catenin/TBX-YAP/TEAD target genes, including Myc, and an invasive phenotype. These findings define gene transcript switching as a tumor suppressor mechanism under epigenetic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Vlahov
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Simon Scrace
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Manuel Sarmiento Soto
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Anna M Grawenda
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Leanne Bradley
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Daniela Pankova
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | | | - Karen S Yee
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Francesca Buffa
- Applied Computational Genomics Group, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Colin R Goding
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Paul Timpson
- Faculty of Medicine, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Nicola Sibson
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Eric O'Neill
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.
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21
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Wang Y, Bu F, Royer C, Serres S, Larkin JR, Soto MS, Sibson NR, Salter V, Fritzsche F, Turnquist C, Koch S, Zak J, Zhong S, Wu G, Liang A, Olofsen PA, Moch H, Hancock DC, Downward J, Goldin RD, Zhao J, Tong X, Guo Y, Lu X. ASPP2 controls epithelial plasticity and inhibits metastasis through β-catenin-dependent regulation of ZEB1. Nat Cell Biol 2014; 16:1092-104. [PMID: 25344754 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), and the reverse mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET), are known examples of epithelial plasticity that are important in kidney development and cancer metastasis. Here we identify ASPP2, a haploinsufficient tumour suppressor, p53 activator and PAR3 binding partner, as a molecular switch of MET and EMT. ASPP2 contributes to MET in mouse kidney in vivo. Mechanistically, ASPP2 induces MET through its PAR3-binding amino-terminus, independently of p53 binding. ASPP2 prevents β-catenin from transactivating ZEB1, directly by forming an ASPP2-β-catenin-E-cadherin ternary complex and indirectly by inhibiting β-catenin's N-terminal phosphorylation to stabilize the β-catenin-E-cadherin complex. ASPP2 limits the pro-invasive property of oncogenic RAS and inhibits tumour metastasis in vivo. Reduced ASPP2 expression results in EMT, and is associated with poor survival in hepatocellular carcinoma and breast cancer patients. Hence, ASPP2 is a key regulator of epithelial plasticity that connects cell polarity to the suppression of WNT signalling, EMT and tumour metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihua Wang
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Fangfang Bu
- 1] International Joint Cancer Institute &Eastern Hospital of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China [2] PLA General Hospital Cancer Center, PLA Postgraduate School of Medicine, 28 Fuxing Road Beijing 100853, China
| | - Christophe Royer
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Sébastien Serres
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - James R Larkin
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Manuel Sarmiento Soto
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Nicola R Sibson
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Victoria Salter
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Florian Fritzsche
- 1] Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK [2] Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Casmir Turnquist
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Sofia Koch
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Jaroslav Zak
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Shan Zhong
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Guobin Wu
- Guangxi Cancer Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Anmin Liang
- Guangxi Cancer Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Patricia A Olofsen
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Holger Moch
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David C Hancock
- Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Julian Downward
- Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Robert D Goldin
- Centre for Pathology, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College, London W2 1NY, UK
| | - Jian Zhao
- 1] International Joint Cancer Institute &Eastern Hospital of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China [2] PLA General Hospital Cancer Center, PLA Postgraduate School of Medicine, 28 Fuxing Road Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xin Tong
- 1] International Joint Cancer Institute &Eastern Hospital of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China [2] PLA General Hospital Cancer Center, PLA Postgraduate School of Medicine, 28 Fuxing Road Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yajun Guo
- 1] International Joint Cancer Institute &Eastern Hospital of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China [2] PLA General Hospital Cancer Center, PLA Postgraduate School of Medicine, 28 Fuxing Road Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xin Lu
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
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22
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Soto MS, Serres S, Anthony DC, Sibson NR. Functional role of endothelial adhesion molecules in the early stages of brain metastasis. Neuro Oncol 2014; 16:540-51. [PMID: 24311639 PMCID: PMC3956349 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/not222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs), which are normally associated with leukocyte trafficking, have also been shown to play an essential role in tumor metastasis to non-CNS sites. However, the role played by CAMs in brain metastasis is largely unexplored. It is known that leukocyte recruitment to the brain is very atypical and that mechanisms of disease in peripheral tissues cannot be extrapolated to the brain. Here, we have established the spatiotemporal expression of 12 key CAMs in the initial phases of tumor seeding in 2 different models of brain metastasis. METHODS BALB/c or SCID mice were injected intracardially (10(5) cells/100 μL phosphate-buffered saline with either 4T1-GFP or MDA231BR-GFP cells, respectively (n = 4-6/group), and expression of the CAMs was determined by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence colocalisation. RESULTS Endothelial expression of E-selectin, VCAM-1, ALCAM, ICAM-1, VLA-4, and β4 integrin was markedly increased early in tumor seeding. At the same time, the natural ligands to these adhesion molecules were highly expressed on the metastatic tumor cells both in vitro and in vivo. Two of these ligands showed particularly high tumor cell expression (ALCAM and VLA-4), and consequently their functional role in tumor seeding was determined. Antibody neutralization of either ALCAM or VLA-4 significantly reduced tumor seeding within the brain (>60% decrease in tumor number/mm(2) brain; P < .05-0.01). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that ALCAM/ALCAM and VLA-4/VCAM-1 interactions play an important functional role in the early stages of metastasis seeding in the brain. Moreover, this work identifies a specific subset of ligand-receptor interactions that may yield new therapeutic and diagnostic targets for brain metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nicola R. Sibson
- CR-UK/MRC Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK (M.S.S., S. S., N.R.S.;Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, OxfordUK (D.C.A.)
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23
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Serres S, Martin CJ, Sarmiento Soto M, Bristow C, O'Brien ER, Connell JJ, Khrapitchev AA, Sibson NR. Structural and functional effects of metastases in rat brain determined by multimodal MRI. Int J Cancer 2014; 134:885-96. [PMID: 23913394 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis to the brain results in significant impairment of brain function and poor patient survival. Currently, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is under-utilised in monitoring brain metastases and their effects on brain function. Here, we sought to establish a model of focal brain metastasis in the rat that enables serial multimodal structural and functional MRI studies, and to assess the sensitivity of these approaches to metastatic growth. Female Berlin-Druckrey-IX rats were injected intracerebrally with metastatic ENU1564 cells in the ventroposterior medial nucleus (VPM) of the thalamus, a relay node of the whisker-to-barrel cortex pathway. Animals underwent multimodal structural and vascular MRI, as well as functional MRI of the cortical blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) responses to whisker pad stimulation. T2 , diffusion, magnetisation transfer and perfusion weighted MRI enabled differentiation between a central area of more advanced metastatic growth and penumbral regions of co-optive perivascular micrometastatic growth, with magnetisation transfer MRI being the most sensitive to micrometastatic growth. Areas of cortical BOLD activation in response to whisker pad stimulation were significantly reduced in the hemisphere containing metastases in the VPM. The reduction in BOLD response correlated with metastatic burden in the thalamus, and was sensitive to the presence of smaller metastases than currently detectable clinically. Our findings suggest that multimodal MRI provides greater sensitivity to tumour heterogeneity and micrometastatic growth than single modality contrast-enhanced MRI. Understanding the relationships between these MRI parameters and the underlying pathology may greatly enhance the utility of MRI in diagnosis, staging and monitoring of brain metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Serres
- CR-UK/MRC Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom
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O'Brien ER, Kersemans V, Tredwell M, Checa B, Serres S, Soto MS, Gouverneur V, Leppert D, Anthony DC, Sibson NR. Glial activation in the early stages of brain metastasis: TSPO as a diagnostic biomarker. J Nucl Med 2014; 55:275-80. [PMID: 24434290 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.113.127449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Metastatic spread of cancer cells to the brain is associated with high mortality, primarily because current diagnostic tools identify only well-advanced metastases. Brain metastases have been shown to induce a robust glial response, including both astrocyte and microglial activation. On the basis of these findings, we hypothesized that this stromal response may provide a sensitive biomarker of tumor burden, in particular through the use of SPECT/PET imaging agents targeting the translocator protein (TSPO) that is upregulated on activated glia. Our goals, therefore, were first to determine the spatial and temporal profile of glial activation during early metastasis growth in vivo and second to assess the potential of the radiolabeled TSPO ligand (123)I-DPA-713 for early detection of brain metastases. METHODS Metastatic mouse mammary carcinoma 4T1-green fluorescent protein cells were injected either intracerebrally or intracardially into female BALB/c mice to induce brain metastases. Astrocyte and microglial activation was assessed immunohistochemically over a 28-d period, together with immunofluorescence detection of TSPO upregulation. Subsequently, SPECT imaging and autoradiography were used to determine in vivo binding of (123)I-DPA-713 at metastatic sites. RESULTS Dynamic astrocyte and microglial activation was evident throughout the early stages of tumor growth, with the extent of astrocyte activation correlating significantly with tumor size (P < 0.0001). Microglial activation appeared to increase more rapidly than astrocyte activation at the earlier time points, but by later time points the extent of activation was comparable between the glial cell types. Upregulation of TSPO expression was found on both glial populations. Both autoradiographic and in vivo SPECT data showed strong positive binding of (123)I-DPA-713 in the intracerebrally induced model of brain metastasis, which was significantly greater than that observed in controls (P < 0.05). (123)I-DPA-713 binding was also evident autoradiographically in the intracardially induced model of brain metastasis but with lower sensitivity because of smaller tumor size (∼ 100-μm diameter vs. ∼ 600-μm diameter in the intracerebral model). CONCLUSION These data suggest that the glial response to brain metastasis may provide a sensitive biomarker of tumor burden, with a tumor detection threshold lying between 100 and 600 μm in diameter. This approach could enable substantially earlier detection of brain metastases than the current clinical approach of gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma R O'Brien
- CR-United Kingdom/MRC Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Serres S, Bristow C, de Pablos RM, Merkler D, Soto MS, Sibson NR, Anthony DC. Magnetic resonance imaging reveals therapeutic effects of interferon-beta on cytokine-induced reactivation of rat model of multiple sclerosis. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2013; 33:744-53. [PMID: 23423190 PMCID: PMC3652701 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2013.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Interferon-β (IFN-β) drugs are considered to derive their beneficial effects on multiple sclerosis (MS) progression via their antiinflammatory properties, but the precise mechanism of action remains unclear. Here, we sought to discover how IFN-β impacts on inflammation-associated aggravation of MS-like lesions in rat. Animals with dormant focal experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) lesions were challenged intravenously with a replication-deficient adenovirus vector carrying interleukin (IL)-1β cDNA (AdIL-1β). Aggravation of inflammation and demyelination within the focal EAE lesion was observed after AdIL-1β injection with associated changes in tissue structure detected by diffusion and magnetization transfer imaging. Postgadolinium-DTPA T1-weighted images revealed contrast enhancement in the ipsilateral meninges, indicating breakdown of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, and increased left/right regional cerebral blood volume ratio was also observed after AdIL-1β injection. To determine the role of IFN-β on reactivation of the EAE lesion, rats were treated with therapeutic doses of IFN-β and focal EAE lesions showed significantly reduced reactivation in response to systemic AdIL-1β injection. In conclusion, these findings indicate a central role for peripheral IL-1β expression in the mechanism of MS lesion reactivation and that the therapeutic effects of IFN-β may, at least in part, reflect suppression of the effects of peripheral inflammation on MS lesion pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Serres
- Department of Oncology, CR-UK/MRC Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Claire Bristow
- Department of Oncology, CR-UK/MRC Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rocío M de Pablos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Doron Merkler
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Neuropathology, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Manuel Sarmiento Soto
- Department of Oncology, CR-UK/MRC Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicola R Sibson
- Department of Oncology, CR-UK/MRC Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Abstract
AIMS To analyse the benefits and limitations of fine needle aspiration in the cytological differentiation of parenchymatous nodular goitres from follicular tumours in an endemic area. METHODS Cytological smears of fine needle aspirates from 31 parenchymatous nodular goitres were studied. A sample from the punctured nodules was fixed in formalin and stained with haematoxylin and eosin for histological analysis. RESULTS All nodules occurred in a multinodular gland, were well circumscribed, did not compress surrounding thyroid tissue, and for the most part, were unencapsulated. Two cases showed cytological features of nodular goitre, two of colloid cysts; the remaining 27 were cytologically indistinguishable from follicular lesions. CONCLUSIONS Most of the parenchymatous nodules studied had features suggestive of follicular lesions or neoplasia, but surgical treatment should only be considered after hormone treatment has proved unsuccessful, and when they are not suspected as malignant clinically. Fine needle aspiration is useful as a diagnostic and screening aid, but the results should be interpreted with caution to prevent unnecessary surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Harach
- Pathology Service, Dr A Oñativia Endocrinology and Metabolism Hospital, Salta, Argentina
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De Jong-Brink M, Elsaadany M, Soto MS. The occurrence of schistosomin, an antagonist of female gonadotropic hormones, is a general phenomenon in haemolymph of schistosome-infected freshwater snails. Parasitology 1991; 103 Pt 3:371-8. [PMID: 1780174 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182000059886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In haemolymph of Lymnaea stagnalis, parasitized with the digenetic trematode parasite Trichobilharzia ocellata, a neuropeptide (schistosomin) occurs which antagonizes female gonadotropic hormones, e.g. calfluxin (CaFl). By means of an ultracytochemical hormone-assay, the CaFl assay, it was demonstrated that the occurrence of schistosomin is a general phenomenon in schistosome-infected freshwater snails. Haemolymph of the schistosomiasis-transmitting snail species Biomphalaria glabrata and B. pfeifferi, parasitized with Schistosoma mansoni, also appeared to contain an antagonizing factor, i.e. schistosomin. In contrast, in haemolymph of L. stagnalis parasitized with Diplostomum spathaceum (Diplostomatidae) no schistosomin could be found. This suggests that schistosomin may only occur in snails infected with parasites belonging to the Schistosomatidae. The effect of schistosomin is rather specific. Haemolymph of B. glabrata parasitized with S. mansoni had not the capacity to inhibit the response to CaFl in the target organs for CaFl, the albumen glands of L. stagnalis and Bulinus truncatus. The same holds true for haemolymph of infected L. stagnalis: it did not inhibit the CaFl response in glands of B. glabrata and B. truncatus and even not in those of a related species (L. ovata). Schistosomins in haemolymph of infected B. glabrata and B. pfeifferi, on the other hand, seem more related. Both appeared to inhibit the hormone response in glands of the two Biomphalaria species studied. The results indicate that schistosomin in haemolymph of schistosome-infected pulmonate snails, although functionally related, may differ structurally.
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Affiliation(s)
- M De Jong-Brink
- Department of Biology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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