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Garavelli L, Ivanovski I, Caraffi SG, Santodirocco D, Pollazzon M, Cordelli DM, Abdalla E, Accorsi P, Adam MP, Baldo C, Bayat A, Belligni E, Bonvicini F, Breckpot J, Callewaert B, Cocchi G, Cuturilo G, Devriendt K, Dinulos MB, Djuric O, Epifanio R, Faravelli F, Formisano D, Giordano L, Grasso M, Grønborg S, Iodice A, Iughetti L, Lacombe D, Maggi M, Malbora B, Mammi I, Moutton S, Møller R, Muschke P, Napoli M, Pantaleoni C, Pascarella R, Pellicciari A, Poch-Olive ML, Raviglione F, Rivieri F, Russo C, Savasta S, Scarano G, Selicorni A, Silengo M, Sorge G, Tarani L, Tone LG, Toutain A, Trimouille A, Valera ET, Vergano SS, Zanotta N, Zollino M, Dobyns WB, Paciorkowski AR. Neuroimaging findings in Mowat-Wilson syndrome: a study of 54 patients. Genet Med 2017; 19:691-700. [PMID: 27831545 PMCID: PMC5438871 DOI: 10.1038/gim.2016.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Mowat-Wilson syndrome (MWS) is a genetic disease characterized by distinctive facial features, moderate to severe intellectual disability, and congenital malformations, including Hirschsprung disease, genital and eye anomalies, and congenital heart defects, caused by haploinsufficiency of the ZEB2 gene. To date, no characteristic pattern of brain dysmorphology in MWS has been defined. METHODS Through brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) analysis, we delineated a neuroimaging phenotype in 54 MWS patients with a proven ZEB2 defect, compared it with the features identified in a thorough review of published cases, and evaluated genotype-phenotype correlations. RESULTS Ninety-six percent of patients had abnormal MRI results. The most common features were anomalies of corpus callosum (79.6% of cases), hippocampal abnormalities (77.8%), enlargement of cerebral ventricles (68.5%), and white matter abnormalities (reduction of thickness 40.7%, localized signal alterations 22.2%). Other consistent findings were large basal ganglia, cortical, and cerebellar malformations. Most features were underrepresented in the literature. We also found ZEB2 variations leading to synthesis of a defective protein to be favorable for psychomotor development and some epilepsy features but also associated with corpus callosum agenesis. CONCLUSION This study delineated the spectrum of brain anomalies in MWS and provided new insights into the role of ZEB2 in neurodevelopment.Genet Med advance online publication 10 November 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Garavelli
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Pediatrics, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova–IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Ivan Ivanovski
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Pediatrics, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova–IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental, and Morphological Sciences with interest in Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Daniela Santodirocco
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Pediatrics, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova–IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Marzia Pollazzon
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Pediatrics, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova–IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Duccio Maria Cordelli
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, S Orsola Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ebtesam Abdalla
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Human Genetics, Medical Research Institute, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | | | - Margaret P. Adam
- Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Chiara Baldo
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, Galliera Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Allan Bayat
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Copenhagen/Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elga Belligni
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Federico Bonvicini
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Pediatrics, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova–IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
- Pediatric Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Mothers, Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Jeroen Breckpot
- Center for Human Genetics, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bert Callewaert
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Guido Cocchi
- Neonatology Unit, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Goran Cuturilo
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Children's Hospital, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Koenraad Devriendt
- Center for Human Genetics, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mary Beth Dinulos
- Department of Pediatrics, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Olivera Djuric
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Pediatrics, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova–IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Roberta Epifanio
- Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, IRCCS, E Medea Scientific Institute, Lecco, Italy
| | - Francesca Faravelli
- Clinical Genetics, NE Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Debora Formisano
- Scientific Directorate, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova–IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Lucio Giordano
- Neurophychiatric Department, Spedali Civili Brescia, Italy
| | - Marina Grasso
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, Galliera Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Sabine Grønborg
- Center for Rare Diseases, Department of Clinical Genetics, University Hospital Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alessandro Iodice
- Neuropsychiatric Department, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova–IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Iughetti
- Pediatric Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Mothers, Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Didier Lacombe
- Génétique Médicale, CHU, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM U1211, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Massimo Maggi
- Neuroradiology Unit, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova–IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Baris Malbora
- Department of Pediatric Hematology & Oncology, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | - Sebastien Moutton
- Génétique Médicale, CHU, Bordeaux, France
- CHU Bordeaux, Centre de Référence des Anomalies du Développement Embryonnaire, Service de Génétique Médicale, Bordeaux, France
| | - Rikke Møller
- Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark
- Institute for Regional Health Services, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Petra Muschke
- Institute for Human Genetics, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Manuela Napoli
- Neuroradiology Unit, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova–IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Chiara Pantaleoni
- Developmental Neurology Department, IRCCS Fondazione Istituto Neurologico “C. Besta,” Milan, Italy
| | - Rosario Pascarella
- Neuroradiology Unit, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova–IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pellicciari
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, S Orsola Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Federico Raviglione
- Clinical Neurophysiology and Epilepsy Center, Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Carmela Russo
- Neuroradiology Unit, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova–IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | | | | | - Angelo Selicorni
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital S. Gerardo, University of Milano–Bicocca, Monza, Italy
- Department of Pediatrics, ASST Lariana, Como, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Sorge
- Department of Pediatrics and Medical sciences, ‘‘Vittorio Emanuele” Hospital, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Luigi Tarani
- Department of Pediatrics, University ‘‘La Sapienza,'' Rome, Italy
| | - Luis Gonzaga Tone
- Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Annick Toutain
- Department of Genetics, Tours University Hospital, Tours, France
| | | | - Elvis Terci Valera
- Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Samantha Schrier Vergano
- Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
- Division of Medical Genetics and Metabolism, Children's Hospital of The King's Daughters, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
| | - Nicoletta Zanotta
- Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, IRCCS, E Medea Scientific Institute, Lecco, Italy
| | - Marcella Zollino
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Catholic University, Gemelli Hospital Foundation, Roma, Italy
| | - William B Dobyns
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Alex R Paciorkowski
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
- Center for Neural Development and Disease, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
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Di Zanni E, Adamo A, Belligni E, Lerone M, Martucciello G, Mattioli G, Pini Prato A, Ravazzolo R, Silengo M, Bachetti T, Ceccherini I. Common PHOX2B poly-alanine contractions impair RET gene transcription, predisposing to Hirschsprung disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:1770-1777. [PMID: 28433712 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
HSCR is a congenital disorder of the enteric nervous system, characterized by the absence of neurons along a variable length of the gut resulting from loss-of-function RET mutations. Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome (CCHS) is a rare neurocristopathy characterized by impaired response to hypercapnia and hypoxemia caused by heterozygous mutations of the PHOX2B gene, mostly polyalanine (polyA) expansions but also missense, nonsense, and frameshift mutations, while polyA contractions are common in the population and believed neutral. HSCR associated CCHS can present in patients carrying PHOX2B mutations. Indeed, RET expression is orchestrated by different transcriptional factors among which PHOX2B, thus suggesting its possible role in HSCR pathogenesis. Following the observation of HSCR patients carrying in frame trinucleotide deletions within the polyalanine stretch in exon 3 (polyA contractions), we have verified the hypothesis that these PHOX2B variants do reduce its transcriptional activity, likely resulting in a down-regulation of RET expression and, consequently, favouring the development of the HSCR phenotype. Using proper reporter constructs, we show here that the in vitro transactivation of the RET promoter by different HSCR-associated PHOX2B polyA variants has resulted significantly lower compared to the effect of PHOX2B wild type protein. In particular, polyA contractions do induce a reduced transactivation of the RET promoter, milder compared to the severe polyA expansions associated with CCHS+HSCR, and correlated with the length of the deleted trait, with a more pronounced effect when contractions are larger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Di Zanni
- UOC Genetica Medica, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16148, Genova, Italy
| | - Annalisa Adamo
- UOC Genetica Medica, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16148, Genova, Italy
| | - Elga Belligni
- Dipartimento Scienze della Sanità Pubblica e Pediatriche, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Margherita Lerone
- UOC Genetica Medica, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16148, Genova, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Martucciello
- UOC Chirurgia, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16148 Genova, Italy; DiNOGMI, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | | | | | - Roberto Ravazzolo
- UOC Genetica Medica, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16148, Genova, Italy; DiNOGMI, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Margherita Silengo
- Dipartimento Scienze della Sanità Pubblica e Pediatriche, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Tiziana Bachetti
- UOC Genetica Medica, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16148, Genova, Italy
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Biamino E, Canale A, Lacilla M, Marinosci A, Dagna F, Genitori L, Peretta P, Silengo M, Albera R, Ferrero GB. Prevention and management of hearing loss in syndromic craniosynostosis: A case series. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2016; 85:95-8. [PMID: 27240504 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2016.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the audiological profile in a cohort of children affected by syndromic craniosynostosis. METHODS Eleven children with Apert syndrome (n=4), Saethre-Chotzen syndrome (n=3), Muenke syndrome (n=2), Crouzon syndrome (n=1) and Pfeiffer syndrome type 1 (n=1) were submitted to a complete audiologic evaluation including otoscopy, pure-tone audiometry, tympanometry and acoustic reflex testing, ABR, otoacustic emissions, temporal bone High Resolution CT (HRCT) scan. The main outcome measures were prevalence, type and severity of hearing loss, prevalence of chronic otitis media, correlation with the time of first surgical correction. RESULTS Seven of 11 patients (64%) presented hearing loss (HL), conductive in 3/7 patients (43%) and mixed in 4/7 (57%). No patients showed a purely sensorineural HL. All hearing impaired patients displayed middle ear disorders: the patients with conductive HL had otitis media with effusion (OME) and 3/4 patients with mixed HL showed tympanic alterations or cholesteatoma. A bilateral vestibular aqueduct enlargement was detected by HRCT scan in one normal hearing patient. The ABRs resulted normal in all cases. CONCLUSION Our study confirms the high prevalence of otologic diseases in such patients. In contrast with previous studies, middle ear disorders were responsible for the hearing impairment also in patients with mixed HL due to secondary inner ear damage. These findings restate the necessity of a close audiologic follow-up. We did not detect the specific ABR abnormalities previously reported, possibly because of an early correction of the cranial vault malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Biamino
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Andrea Canale
- ENT, Department of Clinical Physiopathology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Michelangelo Lacilla
- ENT, Department of Clinical Physiopathology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Federico Dagna
- ENT, Department of Clinical Physiopathology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Genitori
- Pediatric Neurosurgery Unit, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, Torino, Italy
| | | | | | - Roberto Albera
- ENT, Department of Clinical Physiopathology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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Duca S, Isocrono A, Silengo M, Vigliano P. Hippocampal malrotation in supernumerary der(22) syndrome and epilepsy: a case report. J Pediatr Neurol 2015. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1557168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Duca
- Neuroradiology Department, Koelliker Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Annalisa Isocrono
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescence Sciences, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Margherita Silengo
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescence Sciences, University of Turin, Italy
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Baldassarre G, Mussa A, Banaudi E, Rossi C, Tartaglia M, Silengo M, Ferrero GB. Phenotypic variability associated with the invariant SHOC2 c.4A>G (p.Ser2Gly) missense mutation. Am J Med Genet A 2014; 164A:3120-5. [PMID: 25331583 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Noonan-like syndrome with loose anagen hair (NS/LAH; OMIM 607721) is a developmental disorder clinically related to Noonan syndrome (NS) and characterized by facial dysmorphisms, postnatal growth retardation, cardiac anomalies (in particular dysplasia of the mitral valve and septal defects), variable neurocognitive impairment, and florid ectodermal features. A distinctive trait of NS/LAH is its association with easily pluckable, slow growing, sparse, and thin hair. This rare condition is due to the invariant c.4A > G missense (p.Ser2Gly) change in SHOC2, which encodes a regulatory protein that participate in RAS signaling. Here we report two patients with molecularly confirmed NS/LAH, with extremely different phenotypic expression, in particular concerning the severity of the cardiac phenotype and neurocognitive profile. While the first available clinical records outlined a relatively homogeneous phenotype in NS/LAH, the present data emphasize that the phenotype spectrum associated with this invariant mutation is wider than previously recognized.
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Vetro A, Pagani S, Silengo M, Severino M, Bozzola E, Meazza C, Zuffardi O, Bozzola M. Severe growth hormone deficiency and pituitary malformation in a patient with chromosome 2p25 duplication and 2q37 deletion. Mol Cytogenet 2014; 7:41. [PMID: 24963351 PMCID: PMC4068070 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8166-7-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on a male child ascertained at 4.8 years of age with severe growth failure, growth hormone (GH) deficiency, psychomotor delay with prevalent speech impairment, and a distinct phenotype. An evaluation of his hypothalamic-pituitary region by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) revealed pituitary hypoplasia with pituitary stalk interruption and ectopic posterior pituitary lobe, which are considered prognostic markers of permanent GH deficiency. Prenatal chromosome analysis because of increased nuchal translucency revealed a normal male karyotype, whereas postnatal high resolution banding raised the suspicion of a 2q abnormality. Subsequently, array Comparative Genomic Hybridization (array-CGH) revealed a de novo complex genomic rearrangement consisting of a 2p25 duplication and a 2q37 deletion: arr[hg19] 2p25.3p25.1(30,341-9,588,369)x3,2q37.2q37.3(235,744,424-243,041,305)x1. FISH analysis showed that the abnormal chromosome 2 mimicked the derivative of an inversion with the duplicated 2p region located distally at 2q. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first case with distal 2p25 duplication and 2q37 deletion and pituitary malformation leading to GH deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Vetro
- Biotechnology Research Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Sara Pagani
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Pediatric and Adolescent Unit, University of Pavia, Fondazione IRCCS San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Margherita Silengo
- Department of Public Health and Paediatric Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Elena Bozzola
- Department of Pediatric Medicine, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Meazza
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Pediatric and Adolescent Unit, University of Pavia, Fondazione IRCCS San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Orsetta Zuffardi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Mauro Bozzola
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Pediatric and Adolescent Unit, University of Pavia, Fondazione IRCCS San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.,Internal Medicine and Therapeutics Department, University of Pavia, Fondazione IRCCS San Matteo, Piazzale Golgi 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Novara F, Stanzial F, Rossi E, Benedicenti F, Inzana F, Di Gregorio E, Brusco A, Graakjaer J, Fagerberg C, Belligni E, Silengo M, Zuffardi O, Ciccone R. Defining the phenotype associated with microduplication reciprocal to Sotos syndrome microdeletion. Am J Med Genet A 2014; 164A:2084-90. [PMID: 24819041 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NSD1 point mutations, submicroscopic deletions and intragenic deletions are the major cause of Sotos syndrome, characterized by pre-postnatal generalized overgrowth with advanced bone age, learning disability, seizures, distinctive facial phenotype. Reverse clinical phenotype due to 5q35 microduplication encompassing NSD1 gene has been reported so far in 27 cases presenting with delayed bone age, microcephaly, failure to thrive and seizures in some cases, further supporting a gene dosage effect of NSD1 on growth regulation and neurological functions. Here we depict the clinical presentation of three new cases with 5q35 microduplication outlining a novel syndrome characterized by microcephaly, short stature, developmental delay and in some cases delayed bone maturation, without any typical facial or osseous anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Novara
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Micale L, Augello B, Maffeo C, Selicorni A, Zucchetti F, Fusco C, De Nittis P, Pellico MT, Mandriani B, Fischetto R, Boccone L, Silengo M, Biamino E, Perria C, Sotgiu S, Serra G, Lapi E, Neri M, Ferlini A, Cavaliere ML, Chiurazzi P, Monica MD, Scarano G, Faravelli F, Ferrari P, Mazzanti L, Pilotta A, Patricelli MG, Bedeschi MF, Benedicenti F, Prontera P, Toschi B, Salviati L, Melis D, Di Battista E, Vancini A, Garavelli L, Zelante L, Merla G. Molecular analysis, pathogenic mechanisms, and readthrough therapy on a large cohort of Kabuki syndrome patients. Hum Mutat 2014; 35:841-50. [PMID: 24633898 PMCID: PMC4234006 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Kabuki syndrome (KS) is a multiple congenital anomalies syndrome characterized by characteristic facial features and varying degrees of mental retardation, caused by mutations in KMT2D/MLL2 and KDM6A/UTX genes. In this study, we performed a mutational screening on 303 Kabuki patients by direct sequencing, MLPA, and quantitative PCR identifying 133 KMT2D, 62 never described before, and four KDM6A mutations, three of them are novel. We found that a number of KMT2D truncating mutations result in mRNA degradation through the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay, contributing to protein haploinsufficiency. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the reduction of KMT2D protein level in patients’ lymphoblastoid and skin fibroblast cell lines carrying KMT2D-truncating mutations affects the expression levels of known KMT2D target genes. Finally, we hypothesized that the KS patients may benefit from a readthrough therapy to restore physiological levels of KMT2D and KDM6A proteins. To assess this, we performed a proof-of-principle study on 14 KMT2D and two KDM6A nonsense mutations using specific compounds that mediate translational readthrough and thereby stimulate the re-expression of full-length functional proteins. Our experimental data showed that both KMT2D and KDM6A nonsense mutations displayed high levels of readthrough in response to gentamicin treatment, paving the way to further studies aimed at eventually treating some Kabuki patients with readthrough inducers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Micale
- Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Casa Sollievo Della Sofferenza Hospital, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
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Baldassarre G, Mussa A, Silengo M, Ferrero GB. Comment on “Prenatal diagnosis and prognosis in Noonan syndrome”. Prenat Diagn 2013; 33:1318-20. [DOI: 10.1002/pd.4234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 08/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Silengo M, Defilippi C, Belligni E, Biamino E, Flex E, Brusco A, Ferrero GB, Tartaglia M, Hennekam RC. Progressive extreme heterotopic calcification. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 161A:1706-13. [PMID: 23686761 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The formation of ectopic calcifications in soft tissues can occur either sporadically or as a genetically determined condition, and is seen only infrequently. We report on a girl in whom widespread, rapidly progressive ectopic calcifications were detected shortly after birth. Calcifications became present around all joints, tendons and ligaments, but did not involve internal organs and skin, and eventually caused almost complete immobility of the child at 2 years. There were no other health problems and cognitive development was normal. We compare the manifestations in the child to the characteristics of known entities causing ectopic calcifications and conclude the child differs to each. Laboratory evaluation failed to identify autoimmune phenomena as well as calcium metabolism or other biochemical abnormalities; molecular studies did not identify occurrence of mutations in disease genes known to be involved in ectopic calcifications. We conclude the manifestations in the child represent an unreported entity of hitherto unknown etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Silengo
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Sanità Pubblica e Pediatriche, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy.
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Meazza C, Lausch E, Pagani S, Bozzola E, Calcaterra V, Superti-Furga A, Silengo M, Bozzola M. 3-M syndrome associated with growth hormone deficiency: 18 year follow-up of a patient. Ital J Pediatr 2013; 39:21. [PMID: 23517720 PMCID: PMC3608257 DOI: 10.1186/1824-7288-39-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
3-M syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder that causes short stature, unusual facial features and skeletal abnormalities. Mutations in the CUL7, OBSL1 and CCDC8 genes could be responsible for 3-M syndrome.Here we describe the growth and evolution of dismorphic features of an Italian boy with 3-M syndrome and growth hormone deficiency (GHD) from birth until adulthood. He was born full term with a very low birth weight (2400 g=-3.36 standard deviation score, SDS) and length (40.0 cm =-6.53 SDS). At birth he presented with a broad, fleshy nose with anteverted nostrils, thick and patulous lips, a square chin, curvilinear shaped eyebrows without synophrys, short thorax and long slender bones. Then, during childhood tall vertebral bodies, hip dislocation, transverse chest groove, winged scapulae and hyperextensible joints became more evident and the diagnosis of 3-M syndrome was made; this was also confirmed by the finding of a homozygous deletion in exon 18 of the CUL7 gene, which has not been previously described.The patient also exhibited severe GHD (GH <5 ng/ml) and from the age of 18 months was treated with rhGH. Notwithstanding the early start of therapy and good compliance, his growth rate was always very low, except for the first two years of treatment and he achieved a final height of 132 cm (-6.42 SDS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Meazza
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Piazzale C, Golgi 2, Pavia 27100, Italy
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12
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Ciavarella M, Coco M, Baorda F, Stanziale P, Chetta M, Bisceglia L, Palumbo P, Bengala M, Raiteri P, Silengo M, Caldarini C, Facchini R, Lala R, Cavaliere ML, De Brasi D, Pasini B, Zelante L, Guarnieri V, D'Agruma L. 20 novel point mutations and one large deletion in EXT1 and EXT2 genes: report of diagnostic screening in a large Italian cohort of patients affected by hereditary multiple exostosis. Gene 2012; 515:339-48. [PMID: 23262345 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hereditary multiple exostosis represents the most frequent bone tumor disease in humans. It consists of cartilage deformities affecting the juxta-ephyseal region of long bones. Usually benign, exostosis could degenerate in malignant chondrosarcoma form in less than 5% of the cases. Being caused by mutations in the predicted tumor suppressor genes, EXT1 (chr 8q23-q24) and EXT2 (chr 11p11-p12) genes, HMEs are usually inherited with an autosomal dominant pattern, although "de novo" cases are not infrequent. AIM Here we present our genetic diagnostic report on the largest Southern Italy cohort of HME patients consisting of 90 subjects recruited over the last 5years. RESULTS Molecular screening performed by direct sequencing of both EXT1 and EXT2 genes, by MLPA and Array CGH analyses led to the identification of 66 mutations (56 different occurrences) and one large EXT2 deletion out of 90 patients (74.4%). The total of 21 mutations (20 different occurrences, 33.3%) and the EXT2 gene deletion were novel. In agreement with literature data, EXT1 gene mutations were scattered along all the protein sequence, while EXT2 lesions fell in the first part of the protein. Conservation, damaging prediction and 3-D modeling, in-silico, analyses, performed on three novel missense variants, confirmed that at least in two cases the novel aminoacidic changes could alter the structure stability causing a strong protein misfolding. CONCLUSIONS Here we present 20 novel EXT1/EXT2 mutations and one large EXT2 deletion identified in the largest Southern Italy cohort of patients affected by hereditary multiple exostosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Ciavarella
- Medical Genetics, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy.
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13
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Mussa A, Peruzzi L, Chiesa N, De Crescenzo A, Russo S, Melis D, Tarani L, Baldassarre G, Larizza L, Riccio A, Silengo M, Ferrero GB. Nephrological findings and genotype-phenotype correlation in Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol 2012; 27:397-406. [PMID: 22015620 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-011-2009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS), an overgrowth disorder with several congenital abnormalities, encompasses nephrourological anomalies. The objective of the report is to analyze the latter and related genotype-phenotype correlations. The study was a retrospective review of nephrourological investigations and genotype in 67 BWS patients. Imaging and laboratory studies have been correlated with the molecular anomalies typical of BWS. Thirty-eight (56.7%) patients had a total of 61 nonmalignant nephrourological findings, including nephromegaly (n = 24), collecting system abnormalities (n = 14), cryptorchidism (n = 11), nephrolithiasis (n = 5), cysts (n = 5), and dysplasia (n = 1). Four patients had Wilms' tumor, all associated with renal hyperplasia. Renal findings were almost consistent in the BWS(IC1) group, with nephromegaly in all patients and collecting system abnormalities in half of them. BWS(UPD) and negative patients also had frequent anomalies (63.6% and 61.9% respectively), whereas only 36.0% of BWS(IC2) had renal findings (p = 0.003). Cryptorchidism was associated with abdominal wall defects (p < 0.001) appearing more frequently in BWS(IC2) (p = 0.028). Urinary tract infections were observed in 17.9% of patients, with two resulting in life-threatening sepsis. Hypercalciuria was present in 10% of cases. 55.5% of BWS patients have renal findings. Although variegate, these anomalies disclose a genotype-phenotype correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Mussa
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Torino, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126, Torino, Italy
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14
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Ferrero GB, Picco G, Baldassarre G, Flex E, Isella C, Cantarella D, Corà D, Chiesa N, Crescenzio N, Timeus F, Merla G, Mazzanti L, Zampino G, Rossi C, Silengo M, Tartaglia M, Medico E. Transcriptional hallmarks of Noonan syndrome and Noonan-like syndrome with loose anagen hair. Hum Mutat 2012; 33:703-9. [PMID: 22253195 PMCID: PMC3332054 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Noonan syndrome (NS) is among the most common nonchromosomal disorders affecting development and growth. NS is genetically heterogeneous, being caused by germline mutations affecting various genes implicated in the RAS signaling network. This network transduces extracellular signals into intracellular biochemical and transcriptional responses controlling cell proliferation, differentiation, metabolism, and senescence. To explore the transcriptional consequences of NS-causing mutations, we performed global mRNA expression profiling on peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from 23 NS patients carrying heterozygous mutations in PTPN11 or SOS1. Gene expression profiling was also resolved in five subjects with Noonan-like syndrome with loose anagen hair (NS/LAH), a condition clinically related to NS and caused by an invariant mutation in SHOC2. Robust transcriptional signatures were found to specifically discriminate each of the three mutation groups from 21 age- and sex-matched controls. Despite the only partial overlap in terms of gene composition, the three signatures showed a notable concordance in terms of biological processes and regulatory circuits affected. These data establish expression profiling of peripheral blood mononuclear cells as a powerful tool to appreciate differential perturbations driven by germline mutations of transducers involved in RAS signaling and to dissect molecular mechanisms underlying NS and other RASopathies. Hum Mutat 33:703–709, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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15
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Caputo V, Cianetti L, Niceta M, Carta C, Ciolfi A, Bocchinfuso G, Carrani E, Dentici M, Biamino E, Belligni E, Garavelli L, Boccone L, Melis D, Andria G, Gelb B, Stella L, Silengo M, Dallapiccola B, Tartaglia M. A restricted spectrum of mutations in the SMAD4 tumor-suppressor gene underlies Myhre syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 2012; 90:161-9. [PMID: 22243968 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Myhre syndrome is a developmental disorder characterized by reduced growth, generalized muscular hypertrophy, facial dysmorphism, deafness, cognitive deficits, joint stiffness, and skeletal anomalies. Here, by performing exome sequencing of a single affected individual and coupling the results to a hypothesis-driven filtering strategy, we establish that heterozygous mutations in SMAD4, which encodes for a transducer mediating transforming growth factor β and bone morphogenetic protein signaling branches, underlie this rare Mendelian trait. Two recurrent de novo SMAD4 mutations were identified in eight unrelated subjects. Both mutations were missense changes altering Ile500 within the evolutionary conserved MAD homology 2 domain, a well known mutational hot spot in malignancies. Structural analyses suggest that the substituted residues are likely to perturb the binding properties of the mutant protein to signaling partners. Although SMAD4 has been established as a tumor suppressor gene somatically mutated in pancreatic, gastrointestinal, and skin cancers, and germline loss-of-function lesions and deletions of this gene have been documented to cause disorders that predispose individuals to gastrointestinal cancer and vascular dysplasias, the present report identifies a previously unrecognized class of mutations in the gene with profound impact on development and growth.
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Striano P, Coppola A, Paravidino R, Malacarne M, Gimelli S, Robbiano A, Traverso M, Pezzella M, Belcastro V, Bianchi A, Elia M, Falace A, Gazzerro E, Ferlazzo E, Freri E, Galasso R, Gobbi G, Molinatto C, Cavani S, Zuffardi O, Striano S, Ferrero GB, Silengo M, Cavaliere ML, Benelli M, Magi A, Piccione M, Dagna Bricarelli F, Coviello DA, Fichera M, Minetti C, Zara F. Clinical significance of rare copy number variations in epilepsy: a case-control survey using microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 69:322-30. [PMID: 22083797 DOI: 10.1001/archneurol.2011.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To perform an extensive search for genomic rearrangements by microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization in patients with epilepsy. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING Epilepsy centers in Italy. PATIENTS Two hundred seventy-nine patients with unexplained epilepsy, 265 individuals with nonsyndromic mental retardation but no epilepsy, and 246 healthy control subjects were screened by microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Identification of copy number variations (CNVs) and gene enrichment. RESULTS Rare CNVs occurred in 26 patients (9.3%) and 16 healthy control subjects (6.5%) (P = .26). The CNVs identified in patients were larger (P = .03) and showed higher gene content (P = .02) than those in control subjects. The CNVs larger than 1 megabase (P = .002) and including more than 10 genes (P = .005) occurred more frequently in patients than in control subjects. Nine patients (34.6%) among those harboring rare CNVs showed rearrangements associated with emerging microdeletion or microduplication syndromes. Mental retardation and neuropsychiatric features were associated with rare CNVs (P = .004), whereas epilepsy type was not. The CNV rate in patients with epilepsy and mental retardation or neuropsychiatric features is not different from that observed in patients with mental retardation only. Moreover, significant enrichment of genes involved in ion transport was observed within CNVs identified in patients with epilepsy. CONCLUSIONS Patients with epilepsy show a significantly increased burden of large, rare, gene-rich CNVs, particularly when associated with mental retardation and neuropsychiatric features. The limited overlap between CNVs observed in the epilepsy group and those observed in the group with mental retardation only as well as the involvement of specific (ion channel) genes indicate a specific association between the identified CNVs and epilepsy. Screening for CNVs should be performed for diagnostic purposes preferentially in patients with epilepsy and mental retardation or neuropsychiatric features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Striano
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Department of Neuroscience, Institute G. Gaslini, Largo Gaslini 5, Genoa, Italy
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17
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Baldassarre G, Mussa A, Dotta A, Banaudi E, Forzano S, Marinosci A, Rossi C, Tartaglia M, Silengo M, Ferrero GB. Prenatal features of Noonan syndrome: prevalence and prognostic value. Prenat Diagn 2011; 31:949-54. [DOI: 10.1002/pd.2804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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18
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van Bon BWM, Balciuniene J, Fruhman G, Nagamani SCS, Broome DL, Cameron E, Martinet D, Roulet E, Jacquemont S, Beckmann JS, Irons M, Potocki L, Lee B, Cheung SW, Patel A, Bellini M, Selicorni A, Ciccone R, Silengo M, Vetro A, Knoers NV, de Leeuw N, Pfundt R, Wolf B, Jira P, Aradhya S, Stankiewicz P, Brunner HG, Zuffardi O, Selleck SB, Lupski JR, de Vries BBA. The phenotype of recurrent 10q22q23 deletions and duplications. Eur J Hum Genet 2011; 19:400-8. [PMID: 21248748 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2010.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The genomic architecture of the 10q22q23 region is characterised by two low-copy repeats (LCRs3 and 4), and deletions in this region appear to be rare. We report the clinical and molecular characterisation of eight novel deletions and six duplications within the 10q22.3q23.3 region. Five deletions and three duplications occur between LCRs3 and 4, whereas three deletions and three duplications have unique breakpoints. Most of the individuals with the LCR3-4 deletion had developmental delay, mainly affecting speech. In addition, macrocephaly, mild facial dysmorphisms, cerebellar anomalies, cardiac defects and congenital breast aplasia were observed. For congenital breast aplasia, the NRG3 gene, known to be involved in early mammary gland development in mice, is a putative candidate gene. For cardiac defects, BMPR1A and GRID1 are putative candidate genes because of their association with cardiac structure and function. Duplications between LCRs3 and 4 are associated with variable phenotypic penetrance. Probands had speech and/or motor delays and dysmorphisms including a broad forehead, deep-set eyes, upslanting palpebral fissures, a smooth philtrum and a thin upper lip. In conclusion, duplications between LCRs3 and 4 on 10q22.3q23.2 may lead to a distinct facial appearance and delays in speech and motor development. However, the phenotypic spectrum is broad, and duplications have also been found in healthy family members of a proband. Reciprocal deletions lead to speech and language delay, mild facial dysmorphisms and, in some individuals, to cerebellar, breast developmental and cardiac defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bregje W M van Bon
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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19
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Nishimura G, Dai J, Lausch E, Unger S, Megarbané A, Kitoh H, Kim OH, Cho TJ, Bedeschi F, Benedicenti F, Mendoza-Londono R, Silengo M, Schmidt-Rimpler M, Spranger J, Zabel B, Ikegawa S, Superti-Furga A. Spondylo-epiphyseal dysplasia, Maroteaux type (pseudo-Morquio syndrome type 2), and parastremmatic dysplasia are caused by TRPV4 mutations. Am J Med Genet A 2010; 152A:1443-9. [PMID: 20503319 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent discoveries have established the existence of a family of skeletal dysplasias caused by dominant mutations in TRPV4. This family comprises, in order of increasing severity, dominant brachyolmia, spondylo-metaphyseal dysplasia Kozlowski type, and metatropic dysplasia. We tested the hypothesis that a further condition, Spondylo-epiphyseal dysplasia (SED), Maroteaux type (MIM 184095; also known as pseudo-Morquio syndrome type 2), could be caused by TRPV4 mutations. We analyzed six individuals with Maroteaux type SED, including three who had previously been reported. All six patients were found to have heterozygous TRPV4 mutations; three patients had unreported mutations, while three patients had mutations previously described in association with metatropic dysplasia. In addition, we tested one individual with a distinct rare disorder, parastremmatic dysplasia (MIM 168400). This patient had a common, recurrent mutation seen in several patients with Kozlowski type spondylo-metaphyseal dysplasia. We conclude that SED Maroteaux type and parastremmatic dysplasia are part of the TRPV4 dysplasia family and that TRPV4 mutations show considerable variability in phenotypic expression resulting in distinct clinical-radiographic phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Nishimura
- Department of Radiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Kiyose Children's Hospital, Kiyose, Japan
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20
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Silengo M, Belligni E, Molinatto C, Baldassarre G, Baldassare G, Biamino E, Chiesa N, Zuffardi O, Girirajan S, Eichler EE, Ferrero GB. Eyebrow anomalies as a diagnostic sign of genomic disorders. Clin Genet 2010; 77:28-31. [PMID: 20092588 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2009.01347.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Microdeletions and microduplications in the human genome, termed genomic disorders, contribute to a high proportion of human multisystemic neurodevelopmental diseases and are detected by array-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH). In general, most genomic disorders are associated with craniofacial and skeletal features and behavioural abnormalities, in addition to learning disability and developmental delay (LD/DD). Specifically, recognition of a characteristic 'facial gestalt' has been the key to distinguish one genomic disorder from the other. Here, we report our experience concerning the relevance of abnormal eyebrow pattern as a diagnostic indicator of specific genomic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Silengo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
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21
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Travaglini L, Brancati F, Attie-Bitach T, Audollent S, Bertini E, Kaplan J, Perrault I, Iannicelli M, Mancuso B, Rigoli L, Rozet JM, Swistun D, Tolentino J, Dallapiccola B, Gleeson JG, Valente EM, Zankl A, Leventer R, Grattan-Smith P, Janecke A, D'Hooghe M, Sznajer Y, Van Coster R, Demerleir L, Dias K, Moco C, Moreira A, Kim CA, Maegawa G, Petkovic D, Abdel-Salam GMH, Abdel-Aleem A, Zaki MS, Marti I, Quijano-Roy S, Sigaudy S, de Lonlay P, Romano S, Touraine R, Koenig M, Lagier-Tourenne C, Messer J, Collignon P, Wolf N, Philippi H, Kitsiou Tzeli S, Halldorsson S, Johannsdottir J, Ludvigsson P, Phadke SR, Udani V, Stuart B, Magee A, Lev D, Michelson M, Ben-Zeev B, Fischetto R, Benedicenti F, Stanzial F, Borgatti R, Accorsi P, Battaglia S, Fazzi E, Giordano L, Pinelli L, Boccone L, Bigoni S, Ferlini A, Donati MA, Caridi G, Divizia MT, Faravelli F, Ghiggeri G, Pessagno A, Briguglio M, Briuglia S, Salpietro CD, Tortorella G, Adami A, Castorina P, Lalatta F, Marra G, Riva D, Scelsa B, Spaccini L, Uziel G, Del Giudice E, Laverda AM, Ludwig K, Permunian A, Suppiej A, Signorini S, Uggetti C, Battini R, Di Giacomo M, Cilio MR, Di Sabato ML, Leuzzi V, Parisi P, Pollazzon M, Silengo M, De Vescovi R, Greco D, Romano C, Cazzagon M, Simonati A, Al-Tawari AA, Bastaki L, Mégarbané A, Sabolic Avramovska V, de Jong MM, Stromme P, Koul R, Rajab A, Azam M, Barbot C, Martorell Sampol L, Rodriguez B, Pascual-Castroviejo I, Teber S, Anlar B, Comu S, Karaca E, Kayserili H, Yüksel A, Akcakus M, Al Gazali L, Sztriha L, Nicholl D, Woods CG, Bennett C, Hurst J, Sheridan E, Barnicoat A, Hennekam R, Lees M, Blair E, Bernes S, Sanchez H, Clark AE, DeMarco E, Donahue C, Sherr E, Hahn J, Sanger TD, Gallager TE, Dobyns WB, Daugherty C, Krishnamoorthy KS, Sarco D, Walsh CA, McKanna T, Milisa J, Chung WK, De Vivo DC, Raynes H, Schubert R, Seward A, Brooks DG, Goldstein A, Caldwell J, Finsecke E, Maria BL, Holden K, Cruse RP, Swoboda KJ, Viskochil D. Expanding CEP290 mutational spectrum in ciliopathies. Am J Med Genet A 2009; 149A:2173-80. [PMID: 19764032 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ciliopathies are an expanding group of rare conditions characterized by multiorgan involvement, that are caused by mutations in genes encoding for proteins of the primary cilium or its apparatus. Among these genes, CEP290 bears an intriguing allelic spectrum, being commonly mutated in Joubert syndrome and related disorders (JSRD), Meckel syndrome (MKS), Senior-Loken syndrome and isolated Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA). Although these conditions are recessively inherited, in a subset of patients only one CEP290 mutation could be detected. To assess whether genomic rearrangements involving the CEP290 gene could represent a possible mutational mechanism in these cases, exon dosage analysis on genomic DNA was performed in two groups of CEP290 heterozygous patients, including five JSRD/MKS cases and four LCA, respectively. In one JSRD patient, we identified a large heterozygous deletion encompassing CEP290 C-terminus that resulted in marked reduction of mRNA expression. No copy number alterations were identified in the remaining probands. The present work expands the CEP290 genotypic spectrum to include multiexon deletions. Although this mechanism does not appear to be frequent, screening for genomic rearrangements should be considered in patients in whom a single CEP290 mutated allele was identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Travaglini
- CSS-Mendel Institute, Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza Hospital, Rome, Italy
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22
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Ferrero GB, Belligni E, Sorasio L, Delmonaco AG, Oggero R, Faravelli F, Pierluigi M, Silengo M. Phenotype resembling Donnai-Barrow syndrome in a patient with 9qter;16qter unbalanced translocation. Am J Med Genet A 2009; 140:892-4. [PMID: 16532464 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We describe a 3-year-old boy with complete agenesis of corpus callosum, developmental delay/mental retardation, anterior diaphragmatic hernia, Morgagni type, severe hypermetropia, and facial dysmorphism suggesting the diagnosis of Donnai-Barrow syndrome. Subtelomeric FISH analysis revealed a paternally-derived t(9;16) (q34.3;q24.3) translocation with partial 9q monosomy and partial 16q trisomy. As some facial features resemble the 9q emerging phenotype, we suggest the hypothesis that some patients with Donnai-Barrow syndrome might be abscribed to 9q terminal deletion.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Agenesis of Corpus Callosum
- Child, Preschool
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9/genetics
- Corpus Callosum/diagnostic imaging
- Developmental Disabilities/genetics
- Female
- Hernia, Diaphragmatic/diagnostic imaging
- Hernia, Diaphragmatic/genetics
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Male
- Phenotype
- Radiography
- Syndrome
- Translocation, Genetic
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Khetyar M, Tinworth L, Syrris P, Abushaban L, Abdulazzaq Y, Silengo M, Carvalho J, Carter N. NKX2.5/NKX2.6 mutations are not a common cause of isolated type 1 truncus arteriosus in a small cohort of multiethnic cases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 12:467-9. [PMID: 18939937 DOI: 10.1089/gte.2007.0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Garavelli L, Zollino M, Mainardi PC, Gurrieri F, Rivieri F, Soli F, Verri R, Albertini E, Favaron E, Zignani M, Orteschi D, Bianchi P, Faravelli F, Forzano F, Seri M, Wischmeijer A, Turchetti D, Pompilii E, Gnoli M, Cocchi G, Mazzanti L, Bergamaschi R, De Brasi D, Sperandeo M, Mari F, Uliana V, Mostardini R, Cecconi M, Grasso M, Sassi S, Sebastio G, Renieri A, Silengo M, Bernasconi S, Wakamatsu N, Neri G. Mowat-Wilson syndrome: Facial phenotype changing with age: Study of 19 Italian patients and review of the literature. Am J Med Genet A 2009; 149A:417-26. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Valenzise M, Arrigo T, De Luca F, Privitera A, Frigiola A, Carando A, Garelli E, Silengo M. R298Q mutation of p63 gene in autosomal dominant ectodermal dysplasia associated with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Eur J Med Genet 2008; 51:497-500. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2008.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2007] [Accepted: 05/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Mussa A, Corrias A, Baldassarre G, Biamino E, Silengo M. Congenital hypothyroidism, cerebellar atrophy, and the incomplete phenotypic expression of PHACES syndrome. Endocr J 2008; 55:231; author reply 233. [PMID: 18250537 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.k07e-155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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De Gregori M, Ciccone R, Magini P, Pramparo T, Gimelli S, Messa J, Novara F, Vetro A, Rossi E, Maraschio P, Bonaglia MC, Anichini C, Ferrero GB, Silengo M, Fazzi E, Zatterale A, Fischetto R, Previderé C, Belli S, Turci A, Calabrese G, Bernardi F, Meneghelli E, Riegel M, Rocchi M, Guerneri S, Lalatta F, Zelante L, Romano C, Fichera M, Mattina T, Arrigo G, Zollino M, Giglio S, Lonardo F, Bonfante A, Ferlini A, Cifuentes F, Van Esch H, Backx L, Schinzel A, Vermeesch JR, Zuffardi O. Cryptic deletions are a common finding in "balanced" reciprocal and complex chromosome rearrangements: a study of 59 patients. J Med Genet 2007; 44:750-62. [PMID: 17766364 PMCID: PMC2652810 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2007.052787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Using array comparative genome hybridisation (CGH) 41 de novo reciprocal translocations and 18 de novo complex chromosome rearrangements (CCRs) were screened. All cases had been interpreted as "balanced" by conventional cytogenetics. In all, 27 cases of reciprocal translocations were detected in patients with an abnormal phenotype, and after array CGH analysis, 11 were found to be unbalanced. Thus 40% (11 of 27) of patients with a "chromosomal phenotype" and an apparently balanced translocation were in fact unbalanced, and 18% (5 of 27) of the reciprocal translocations were instead complex rearrangements with >3 breakpoints. Fourteen fetuses with de novo, apparently balanced translocations, all but two with normal ultrasound findings, were also analysed and all were found to be normal using array CGH. Thirteen CCRs were detected in patients with abnormal phenotypes, two in women who had experienced repeated spontaneous abortions and three in fetuses. Sixteen patients were found to have unbalanced mutations, with up to 4 deletions. These results suggest that genome-wide array CGH may be advisable in all carriers of "balanced" CCRs. The parental origin of the deletions was investigated in 5 reciprocal translocations and 11 CCRs; all were found to be paternal. Using customized platforms in seven cases of CCRs, the deletion breakpoints were narrowed down to regions of a few hundred base pairs in length. No susceptibility motifs were associated with the imbalances. These results show that the phenotypic abnormalities of apparently balanced de novo CCRs are mainly due to cryptic deletions and that spermatogenesis is more prone to generate multiple chaotic chromosome imbalances and reciprocal translocations than oogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M De Gregori
- Biologia Generale e Genetica Medica, Universitè di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Cecconi M, Forzano F, Milani D, Cavani S, Baldo C, Selicorni A, Pantaleoni C, Silengo M, Ferrero GB, Scarano G, Della Monica M, Fischetto R, Grammatico P, Majore S, Zampino G, Memo L, Cordisco EL, Neri G, Pierluigi M, Bricarelli FD, Grasso M, Faravelli F. Mutation analysis of the NSD1 gene in a group of 59 patients with congenital overgrowth. Am J Med Genet A 2005; 134:247-53. [PMID: 15742365 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Sotos syndrome is characterized by pre- and post-natal overgrowth, typical craniofacial features, advanced bone age, and developmental delay. Some degree of phenotypic overlap exists with other overgrowth syndromes, in particular with Weaver syndrome. Sotos syndrome is caused by haploinsufficiency of the NSD1 (nuclear receptor SET domain containing gene 1) gene. Microdeletions involving the gene are the major cause of the syndrome in Japanese patients, whereas intragenic mutations are more frequent in non-Japanese patients. NSD1 aberrations have also been described in some patients diagnosed as Weaver syndrome. Some authors have suggested a certain degree of genotype-phenotype correlation, with a milder degree of overgrowth, a more severe mental retardation, and a higher frequency of congenital anomalies in microdeleted patients. Data on larger series are needed to confirm this suggestion. We report here on microdeletion and mutation analysis of NSD1 in 59 patients with congenital overgrowth. Fourteen novel mutations, two previously described and one microdeletion were identified. All patients with a NSD1 mutation had been clinically classified as "classical Sotos," although their phenotype analysis demonstrated that some major criteria, such as overgrowth and macrocephaly, could be absent. All patients with confirmed mutations shared the typical Sotos facial gestalt. A high frequency of congenital heart defects was present in patients with intragenic mutations, supporting the relevance of the NSD1 gene in the pathogenesis of this particular defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cecconi
- SC Genetica Umana, E.O. Ospedali Galliera, Genova, Italy
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Rulli I, Ferrero GB, Belligni E, Delmonaco AG, Defilippi C, Silengo M. Myhre's syndrome in a girl with normal intelligence. Am J Med Genet A 2005; 134A:100-2. [PMID: 15723310 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Silengo M, Ferrero GB, Wakamatsu N. Pachygyria and cerebellar hypoplasia in a patient with a 2q22-q23 deletion that includes the ZFHX1B gene. Am J Med Genet A 2004; 127A:109. [PMID: 15103730 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.20607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Silengo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Pediatriche dell'Universita'di Torino, Torino, Italy
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Maina D, Tardivo I, Civale D, Silengo M. [Oligodontia. A case report]. Minerva Pediatr 2004; 56:453-6. [PMID: 15457143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
"Oligodontia" is the absence of 6 or more teeth, except the third molars. Genetic factors are important in determining hypodontia: in fact, this is an autosomal dominant trait relatively common in population. In particular, the agenesis of lateral incisors is fairly common, with autosomal dominant and variable expression inheritance. The incidence of hypodontia in primary dentition is 0.1-0.7% and there is no difference between females and males; instead, hypodontia in permanent dentition is most common in females compared with males and the incidence is 6-10% in general population. Oligodontia can interfere with the maxillofacial skeleton growth in children and adolescents. This problem must be tackled by paying attention to the physical and psychological development of the patient. A case of oligodontia in an 8-year-old-boy without 17 permanent teeth likely related to a variable expression genetic disorder is reported. The medical examination of the boy was completely negative, with the exception of the dentition. The child will be followed to value any possible maxillofacial abnormalities that might need an early therapy. The definitive therapeutic approach will be carried out, as soon as possible, using oral endo-osseous systems to allow normal masticatory and phonetic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Maina
- SCDU di Pediatria, Azienda Sanitaria Ospedaliera S. Luigi Gonzaga, Orbassano (TO).
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Kato M, Das S, Petras K, Kitamura K, Morohashi KI, Abuelo DN, Barr M, Bonneau D, Brady AF, Carpenter NJ, Cipero KL, Frisone F, Fukuda T, Guerrini R, Iida E, Itoh M, Lewanda AF, Nanba Y, Oka A, Proud VK, Saugier-Veber P, Schelley SL, Selicorni A, Shaner R, Silengo M, Stewart F, Sugiyama N, Toyama J, Toutain A, Vargas AL, Yanazawa M, Zackai EH, Dobyns WB. Mutations of ARX are associated with striking pleiotropy and consistent genotype-phenotype correlation. Hum Mutat 2004; 23:147-159. [PMID: 14722918 DOI: 10.1002/humu.10310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We recently identified mutations of ARX in nine genotypic males with X-linked lissencephaly with abnormal genitalia (XLAG), and in several female relatives with isolated agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC). We now report 13 novel and two recurrent mutations of ARX, and one nucleotide change of uncertain significance in 20 genotypic males from 16 families. Most had XLAG, but two had hydranencephaly and abnormal genitalia, and three males from one family had Proud syndrome or ACC with abnormal genitalia. We obtained detailed clinical information on all 29 affected males, including the nine previously reported subjects. Premature termination mutations consisting of large deletions, frameshifts, nonsense mutations, and splice site mutations in exons 1 to 4 caused XLAG or hydranencephaly with abnormal genitalia. Nonconservative missense mutations within the homeobox caused less severe XLAG, while conservative substitution in the homeodomain caused Proud syndrome. A nonconservative missense mutation near the C-terminal aristaless domain caused unusually severe XLAG with microcephaly and mild cerebellar hypoplasia. In addition, several less severe phenotypes without malformations have been reported, including mental retardation with cryptogenic infantile spasms (West syndrome), other seizure types, dystonia or autism, and nonsyndromic mental retardation. The ARX mutations associated with these phenotypes have included polyalanine expansions or duplications, missense mutations, and one deletion of exon 5. Together, the group of phenotypes associated with ARX mutations demonstrates remarkable pleiotropy, but also comprises a nearly continuous series of developmental disorders that begins with hydranencephaly, lissencephaly, and agenesis of the corpus callosum, and ends with a series of overlapping syndromes with apparently normal brain structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Kato
- Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Pediatrics, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Soma Das
- Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kristin Petras
- Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kunio Kitamura
- Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichirou Morohashi
- Department of Developmental Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Diane N Abuelo
- Department of Pediatrics, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Mason Barr
- Teratology Unit, Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology, and Obstetrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Dominique Bonneau
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Angela F Brady
- North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, Kennedy-Galton Centre, North West London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Nancy J Carpenter
- HA Chapman Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Tulsa, Oklahoma
| | - Karen L Cipero
- Division of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Francesco Frisone
- Congregazione Suore Infermiere dell'Addolorata, Ospedale Generale di Zona "Valduce", Divisione di Patologia Neonatale, Como, Italy
| | - Takayuki Fukuda
- Department of Developmental Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Renzo Guerrini
- INPE Istituto di Neuropsichiatria e Psicopedagogia dellíeta evolutiva, Universita degli Studi di Pisa-IRCCS Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy
| | - Eri Iida
- Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Itoh
- National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, National Institute of Neuroscience, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Amy Feldman Lewanda
- Division of Genetics, Inova Fairfax Hospital for Children, Falls Church, Virginia
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yukiko Nanba
- Tottori University School of Medicine, Yonago, Japan
| | - Akira Oka
- Tottori University School of Medicine, Yonago, Japan
| | - Virginia K Proud
- Department of Pediatrics (Medical Genetics), Eastern Virginia Medical School; Norfolk, Virginia
| | - Pascale Saugier-Veber
- Service de Médecine Néonatale et Service de Génétique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Susan L Schelley
- Department of Pediatrics (Genetics), Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Angelo Selicorni
- Centro di Genetica Clinica per l'Infanzia, I Clinica Pediatrica Università di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Rachel Shaner
- Department of Pediatrics, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
| | | | - Fiona Stewart
- Department of Medical Genetics, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast, UK
| | - Noriyuki Sugiyama
- Department of Developmental Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Jun Toyama
- Department of Pediatrics, Okinawa Child Development Center, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Annick Toutain
- Service de Génétique et Service de Neuropédiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Ana Lía Vargas
- Instituto de Genética; Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | | | - Elaine H Zackai
- Division of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - William B Dobyns
- Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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Ferraris S, Valenzise M, Lerone M, Divizia MT, Rosaia L, Blaid D, Nemelka O, Ferrero GB, Silengo M. Malformations following methimazole exposure in utero: An open issue. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 67:989-92. [PMID: 14745920 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.10098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In hyperthyroidism-complicated pregnancies, medical therapy is necessary to reach an euthyroid condition, and propylthiouracil (PTU) or methimazole (MMI) are used. These drugs are equally effective, but may cause fetal and neonatal hypothyroidism because they freely cross the placenta. Although PTU has not been significantly associated with embryo-fetal anomalies, it has been suggested that MMI might be responsible for a specific embryopathy. CASE(S) Two cases of major congenital anomalies after MMI exposure during pregnancy are reported. CONCLUSIONS PTU should be the drug of choice, and the use of MMI should be restricted to cases with allergic reactions, intolerance, or poor response to PTU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Ferraris
- Dipartimento di Scienze Pediatriche, Università di Torino, Turin, Italy
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Abstract
A case of Schinzel-Giedion syndrome, a rare malformation syndrome, is described. In addition to the classic features of the syndrome, the patient had a malignant sacrococcygeal teratoma and agenesis of the corpus callosum. So far, this patient is the fifth case with a sacrococcygeal tumor and the eighth with anomalies of the corpus callosum. According to this occurrence of uncommon tumors, risk of malignancy could be a component of Schinzel-Giedion syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Sandri
- Divisione di Pediatria Oncologica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Piazza Polonia 94, 10100 Torino, Italy. alessandro.sandri@.unito.it
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Silengo M, Valenzise M, Spada M, Ferrero GB, Ferraris S, Dassi P, Jarre L. Hair anomalies as a sign of mitochondrial disease. Eur J Pediatr 2003; 162:459-461. [PMID: 12712334 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-003-1228-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2003] [Revised: 02/27/2003] [Accepted: 03/19/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In 8 out of 25 children with a mitochondrial disorder, slow growing, sparse and fragile hair was observed as an early sign of their disease. Microscopic examination of the hair showed the presence of trichorrhexis nodosa and pili torti. Hair abnormalities can be added to the wide clinical spectrum of mitochondrial disorders. CONCLUSION Microscopic hair examination is an easy, first level diagnostic tool that can lead to a suspected mitochondrial defect in the early stages of the disease, before symptoms of progressive multi-organ involvement develop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Silengo
- I Divisione di Clinica Pediatrica, Universita' di Torino, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126, Torino, Italy.
| | - Mariella Valenzise
- I Divisione di Clinica Pediatrica, Universita' di Torino, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Spada
- I Divisione di Clinica Pediatrica, Universita' di Torino, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Giovanni B Ferrero
- I Divisione di Clinica Pediatrica, Universita' di Torino, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Silvio Ferraris
- I Divisione di Clinica Pediatrica, Universita' di Torino, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Patrizia Dassi
- Scuola di Specializzazione in Neuropsichiatria Infantile, Universita' di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Laura Jarre
- Neuropsichiatria Infantile,ASL 2, Ospedale Martini, Torino, Italy
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Morgan NV, Bacchelli C, Gissen P, Morton J, Ferrero GB, Silengo M, Labrune P, Casteels I, Hall C, Cox P, Kelly DA, Trembath RC, Scambler PJ, Maher ER, Goodman FR, Johnson CA. A locus for asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy, ATD, maps to chromosome 15q13. J Med Genet 2003; 40:431-5. [PMID: 12807964 PMCID: PMC1735497 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.40.6.431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy (ATD), or Jeune syndrome, is a multisystem autosomal recessive disorder associated with a characteristic skeletal dysplasia and variable renal, hepatic, pancreatic, and retinal abnormalities. We have performed a genome wide linkage search using autozygosity mapping in a cohort of four consanguineous families with ATD, three of which originate from Pakistan, and one from southern Italy. In these families, as well as in a fifth consanguineous family from France, we localised a novel ATD locus (ATD) to chromosome 15q13, with a maximum cumulative two point lod score at D15S1031 (Zmax=3.77 at theta=0.00). Five consanguineous families shared a 1.2 cM region of homozygosity between D15S165 and D15S1010. Investigation of a further four European kindreds, with no known parental consanguinity, showed evidence of marker homozygosity across a similar interval. Families with both mild and severe forms of ATD mapped to 15q13, but mutation analysis of two candidate genes, GREMLIN and FORMIN, did not show pathogenic mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Morgan
- Section of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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Abstract
We describe a girl with an unusual form of subcortical band heterotopia (SBH) and a complex malformation syndrome. SBH had an irregular inner margin, organized in contiguous fascicles of migrating neurons, sometimes giving the appearance of many small contiguous gyri. The true cortex had decreased thickness and showed a simplified gyral pattern with decreased number of gyri, which were usually of increased width, and shallow sulci. The cerebellum was hypoplastic. Additional features included epicanthal folds, hypertelorism, small nose with hypoplastic nares, bilateral syndactyly of the toes, pulmonary valve stenosis, atrial and ventricular septal defects. At the age of 1 year the patient had severe developmental delay and epilepsy. Chromosome studies and mutation analysis of the DCX and LIS1 genes gave negative results. This observation delineates a new multiple congenital abnormalities mental retardation syndrome and confirms genetic heterogeneity of SBH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Sicca
- Division of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Silengo M, Ferrero GB, Tornetta L, Cortese MG, Canavese F, D'Alonzo G, Papalia F. Pachygyria and cerebellar hypoplasia in Goldberg-Shprintzen syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2003; 118A:388-90. [PMID: 12687674 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.20013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Marini M, Cusano R, De Biasio P, Caroli F, Lerone M, Silengo M, Ravazzolo R, Seri M, Camera G. Previously undescribed nonsense mutation in SHH caused autosomal dominant holoprosencephaly with wide intrafamilial variability. Am J Med Genet A 2003; 117A:112-5. [PMID: 12567406 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.10163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is the most common developmental defect of the forebrain and midface in humans, with a frequency of 1/16,000 live births. Different genes are implicated in the pathogenesis of HPE; these include SHH, ZIC2, SIX3, TGIF, and human DKK1. We describe here a family with recurrence of autosomal dominant HPE in different members showing a wide clinical variability. The mother presents a single central maxillary incisor and mild hypotelorism as signs of the diseases, while three of her sons were affected by HPE. By direct sequencing and restriction analysis of exon 2 of the SHH gene, we have identified a previously undescribed nonsense mutation at codon 128 (W128X). The identification of this mutation allowed us to give a prenatal diagnosis in this family and confirms a wide intrafamilial variability in the phenotypic spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Marini
- Laboratorio di Genetica Molecolare, Istituto G Gaslini, Genova, Italy
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Silengo
- Clinical Genetics, Department of Paediatrics, University of Turin, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126 Turin, Italy.
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Ferrero GB, Valenzise M, Franco B, Defilippi C, Gregato G, Corsello G, Pepe E, Silengo M. Oral, facial, digital, vertebral anomalies with psychomotor delay: a mild form of OFD type Gabrielli? Am J Med Genet 2002; 113:291-4. [PMID: 12439899 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.10815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A girl with oral, facial, and digital anomalies presented at birth with a large cleft palate filled by a nasopharyngeal mass and was found later to have several vertebral anomalies and mental retardation. A similar phenotype has been previously reported in a sporadic male patient [Gabrielli et al., 1994: Am J Med Genet 53:290-293], suggesting a new variant form of oral-facial-digital syndrome.
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Valenzise M, Ferrero GB, Tosi MT, Ferraris S, Silengo M. Mental retardation, peculiar facial dysmorphism and HbH inclusions in a 4-year-old boy. Eur J Pediatr 2002; 161:627-8. [PMID: 12532943 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-002-1049-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
Clinical diagnosis in dysmorphology is made by the recognition of a specific pattern of malformations and through an analytic search for discrete features. We present our personal experience regarding the usefulness of hair morphology as a tool for diagnosis in some metabolic and malformation syndromes. These cases represent only a few illustrative examples; an exhaustive review of the topic can be found elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Silengo
- Genetica Clinica, Dipartmento di Scienze Pediatriche e dell'Adolescenza, Universita'di Torino, Italy.
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Abstract
A new case of the association of the Beckwith-Wiedemann and prune belly syndrome is reported and the aetiology of the syndromes discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Silengo
- Dipartimento di Discipline Pediatriche e dell'Adolescenza, Universita' di Torino, Torino, Italy.
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Murru P, Coscia A, Martano C, Tibaldi M, Stefanini L, Pepe E, Battistoni G, Silengo M. Complex cerebral malformation including Dandy-Walker in a newborn with trisomy 9 mosaicism. Radiol Med 2002; 103:261-3. [PMID: 11976623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P Murru
- Cattedra di Neonatologia, Università di Torino, Turin, Italy.
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47
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Fichera M, Silengo M, Spalletta A, Giudice ML, Romano C, Ragusa A. Prenatal diagnosis of ATR-X syndrome in a fetus with a new G>T splicing mutation in the XNP/ATR-X gene. Prenat Diagn 2001; 21:747-51. [PMID: 11559911 DOI: 10.1002/pd.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The molecular cause of the alpha-thalassemia/mental retardation syndrome (ATR-X) resides in mutations affecting the XNP/ATR-X gene. Recently molecular defects in the gene have been found in singular cases of a discrete number of X-linked mental retardation (XLMR). ATR-X-affected males are characterised by severe mental retardation, distinct facial dysmorphisms and genital abnormalities, besides a wide spectrum of pathological features and an extremely limited biological fitness. Given that molecular investigation of XNP/ATR-X mutations is made onerous by the length of the gene transcript, we carried out a prenatal diagnosis in a fetus at risk for ATR-X syndrome by initially determining the XNP/ATR-X gene haplotype before considering gene sequencing. Disease-associated haplotype analysis was performed selecting five genic (CA)n repeats that showed high heterozygosity (Het>0.7) in the general population. The fetus segregated an identical allelic pattern to that of the affected child of the family under investigation who shows features suggestive of the ATR-X syndrome. Subsequent mutational analysis of the gene revealed a novel IVS3+1G>T splicing mutation confirming the diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fichera
- Laboratorio di Patologia Genetica, IRCCS Oasi Maria SS, Troina, EN, Italy
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48
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Silengo M, Del Monaco A, Linari A, Lala R. Low birth-weight, microcephalic malformation syndrome in a 46,XX girl and her 46,XY sister with agonadism: third report of the Kennerknecht syndrome or autosomal recessive Seckel-like syndrome with previously undescribed genital anomalies. Am J Med Genet 2001; 101:275-8. [PMID: 11424145 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We report on two sisters, one 46,XX with normal female phenotype, the other 46,XY with ambiguous external genitalia and agonadism. Both have a low birth weight and microcephalic malformation syndrome leading to early death. The 46,XX patient also had a diaphragmatic defect. The XY sister, in addition to absence of gonads and Mùllerian and Wolffian derivatives, had severe hypoplasia of the pulmonary artery and its branches, multicystic kidneys, and pachygyria. This combination of malformations, in part, fits in the autosomal recessive condition described by Kennerknecht et al. [1993] in a 46,XX and 46,XY pair of sibs with agonadism. The craniofacial appearance of our patients is similar to that observed in the 46,XY sister with agonadism reported by Kennerknecht et al. [1995]. On the other hand, intrauterine growth retardation, microcephaly, and pachygyria are not part of the phenotype of the Kennerknecht "syndrome" and agonadism was not present in our 46,XX patient. We suggest two hypotheses to explain the abnormal phenotype in our cases. The first is that they might represent the third sibship affected by the Kennerknecht syndrome with additional anomalies. Alternatively, our two sibs might have a Seckel or a Seckel-like syndrome. The 46,XY patient would then be the first case of Seckel syndrome with sex reversal and agonadism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Silengo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Pediatriche e dell'Adolescenza, Universita' di Torino, Torino, Italy.
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Priolo M, De Toni T, Baffico M, Cama A, Seri M, Cusano R, Costabello L, Fondelli P, Capra V, Silengo M, Ravazzolo R, Lerone M. Fontaine-Farriaux craniosynostosis: second report in the literature. Am J Med Genet 2001; 100:214-8. [PMID: 11343306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Craniosynostosis is determined by the precocious fusion of one or more calvarial sutures leading to an abnormal skull shape. Additionally, nodular heterotopia is a disorder of neuronal migration and/or proliferation. We describe a very rare multiple congenital anomalies (MCA) syndrome in which craniosynostosis is associated with bilateral periventricular nodular heterotopia (BPNH) of the gray matter and other malformations involving hands, feet, and the gut. Clinical findings and further investigations suggest the diagnosis of craniosynostosis Fontaine-Farriaux type. To the best of our knowledge, this case is only the second report of this MCA syndrome. Based on the clinical and radiological data of the two cases reported, we hypothesize that this malformative complex may be considered a new BPNH/MCA syndrome and propose to classify it as BPNH/craniosynostosis. Previous studies demonstrated that at least two BPNH/MCA syndromes have been mapped to the Xq28 chromosomal region in which a causative gene for isolated BPNH is located. The same authors hypothesized that other BPNH syndromes could be due to microrearrangements at the same Xq28 region. Our case presents several overlapping features with some BPNH/MCA syndromes and it is possible that this new complex disorder may be caused by rearrangements at the same chromosomal region that could alter expression of different genes in Xq28.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Priolo
- Laboratorio di Genetica Molecolare, Istituto G. Gaslini, Genova, Italy
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Silengo M, Del Monaco A, Defilippi C. [Rudimentary acral anomalies in a patient with Acrocal-losal syndrome]. Radiol Med 2001; 101:299-301. [PMID: 11398065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Silengo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Pediatriche e dell Adolescenza, Università degli Studi, Turin, Italy.
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