8
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Pope WH, Ferreira CM, Jacobs-Sera D, Benjamin RC, Davis AJ, DeJong RJ, Elgin SCR, Guilfoile FR, Forsyth MH, Harris AD, Harvey SE, Hughes LE, Hynes PM, Jackson AS, Jalal MD, MacMurray EA, Manley CM, McDonough MJ, Mosier JL, Osterbann LJ, Rabinowitz HS, Rhyan CN, Russell DA, Saha MS, Shaffer CD, Simon SE, Sims EF, Tovar IG, Weisser EG, Wertz JT, Weston-Hafer KA, Williamson KE, Zhang B, Cresawn SG, Jain P, Piuri M, Jacobs WR, Hendrix RW, Hatfull GF. Cluster K mycobacteriophages: insights into the evolutionary origins of mycobacteriophage TM4. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26750. [PMID: 22053209 PMCID: PMC3203893 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Five newly isolated mycobacteriophages –Angelica, CrimD, Adephagia, Anaya, and Pixie – have similar genomic architectures to mycobacteriophage TM4, a previously characterized phage that is widely used in mycobacterial genetics. The nucleotide sequence similarities warrant grouping these into Cluster K, with subdivision into three subclusters: K1, K2, and K3. Although the overall genome architectures of these phages are similar, TM4 appears to have lost at least two segments of its genome, a central region containing the integration apparatus, and a segment at the right end. This suggests that TM4 is a recent derivative of a temperate parent, resolving a long-standing conundrum about its biology, in that it was reportedly recovered from a lysogenic strain of Mycobacterium avium, but it is not capable of forming lysogens in any mycobacterial host. Like TM4, all of the Cluster K phages infect both fast- and slow-growing mycobacteria, and all of them – with the exception of TM4 – form stable lysogens in both Mycobacterium smegmatis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis; immunity assays show that all five of these phages share the same immune specificity. TM4 infects these lysogens suggesting that it was either derived from a heteroimmune temperate parent or that it has acquired a virulent phenotype. We have also characterized a widely-used conditionally replicating derivative of TM4 and identified mutations conferring the temperature-sensitive phenotype. All of the Cluster K phages contain a series of well conserved 13 bp repeats associated with the translation initiation sites of a subset of the genes; approximately one half of these contain an additional sequence feature composed of imperfectly conserved 17 bp inverted repeats separated by a variable spacer. The K1 phages integrate into the host tmRNA and the Cluster K phages represent potential new tools for the genetics of M. tuberculosis and related species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Welkin H. Pope
- Pittsburgh Bacteriophage Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Christina M. Ferreira
- Pittsburgh Bacteriophage Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Deborah Jacobs-Sera
- Pittsburgh Bacteriophage Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Robert C. Benjamin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ariangela J. Davis
- Department of Biology, Calvin College, Grand Rapids , Michigan, United States of America
| | - Randall J. DeJong
- Department of Biology, Calvin College, Grand Rapids , Michigan, United States of America
| | - Sarah C. R. Elgin
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Forrest R. Guilfoile
- Pittsburgh Bacteriophage Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mark H. Forsyth
- Department of Biology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Alexander D. Harris
- Department of Biology, Calvin College, Grand Rapids , Michigan, United States of America
| | - Samuel E. Harvey
- Department of Biology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Lee E. Hughes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, United States of America
| | - Peter M. Hynes
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Arrykka S. Jackson
- Department of Biology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Marilyn D. Jalal
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A. MacMurray
- Department of Biology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Coreen M. Manley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, United States of America
| | - Molly J. McDonough
- Department of Biology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jordan L. Mosier
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, United States of America
| | - Larissa J. Osterbann
- Department of Biology, Calvin College, Grand Rapids , Michigan, United States of America
| | - Hannah S. Rabinowitz
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Corwin N. Rhyan
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Daniel A. Russell
- Pittsburgh Bacteriophage Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Margaret S. Saha
- Department of Biology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Christopher D. Shaffer
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Stephanie E. Simon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, United States of America
| | - Erika F. Sims
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Isabel G. Tovar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, United States of America
| | - Emilie G. Weisser
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - John T. Wertz
- Department of Biology, Calvin College, Grand Rapids , Michigan, United States of America
| | | | - Kurt E. Williamson
- Department of Biology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Steven G. Cresawn
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg , Virginia, United States of America
| | - Paras Jain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Mariana Piuri
- Pittsburgh Bacteriophage Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - William R. Jacobs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Roger W. Hendrix
- Pittsburgh Bacteriophage Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Graham F. Hatfull
- Pittsburgh Bacteriophage Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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9
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Pope WH, Jacobs-Sera D, Russell DA, Peebles CL, Al-Atrache Z, Alcoser TA, Alexander LM, Alfano MB, Alford ST, Amy NE, Anderson MD, Anderson AG, Ang AAS, Ares M, Barber AJ, Barker LP, Barrett JM, Barshop WD, Bauerle CM, Bayles IM, Belfield KL, Best AA, Borjon A, Bowman CA, Boyer CA, Bradley KW, Bradley VA, Broadway LN, Budwal K, Busby KN, Campbell IW, Campbell AM, Carey A, Caruso SM, Chew RD, Cockburn CL, Cohen LB, Corajod JM, Cresawn SG, Davis KR, Deng L, Denver DR, Dixon BR, Ekram S, Elgin SCR, Engelsen AE, English BEV, Erb ML, Estrada C, Filliger LZ, Findley AM, Forbes L, Forsyth MH, Fox TM, Fritz MJ, Garcia R, George ZD, Georges AE, Gissendanner CR, Goff S, Goldstein R, Gordon KC, Green RD, Guerra SL, Guiney-Olsen KR, Guiza BG, Haghighat L, Hagopian GV, Harmon CJ, Harmson JS, Hartzog GA, Harvey SE, He S, He KJ, Healy KE, Higinbotham ER, Hildebrandt EN, Ho JH, Hogan GM, Hohenstein VG, Holz NA, Huang VJ, Hufford EL, Hynes PM, Jackson AS, Jansen EC, Jarvik J, Jasinto PG, Jordan TC, Kasza T, Katelyn MA, Kelsey JS, Kerrigan LA, Khaw D, Kim J, Knutter JZ, Ko CC, Larkin GV, Laroche JR, Latif A, Leuba KD, Leuba SI, Lewis LO, Loesser-Casey KE, Long CA, Lopez AJ, Lowery N, Lu TQ, Mac V, Masters IR, McCloud JJ, McDonough MJ, Medenbach AJ, Menon A, Miller R, Morgan BK, Ng PC, Nguyen E, Nguyen KT, Nguyen ET, Nicholson KM, Parnell LA, Peirce CE, Perz AM, Peterson LJ, Pferdehirt RE, Philip SV, Pogliano K, Pogliano J, Polley T, Puopolo EJ, Rabinowitz HS, Resiss MJ, Rhyan CN, Robinson YM, Rodriguez LL, Rose AC, Rubin JD, Ruby JA, Saha MS, Sandoz JW, Savitskaya J, Schipper DJ, Schnitzler CE, Schott AR, Segal JB, Shaffer CD, Sheldon KE, Shepard EM, Shepardson JW, Shroff MK, Simmons JM, Simms EF, Simpson BM, Sinclair KM, Sjoholm RL, Slette IJ, Spaulding BC, Straub CL, Stukey J, Sughrue T, Tang TY, Tatyana LM, Taylor SB, Taylor BJ, Temple LM, Thompson JV, Tokarz MP, Trapani SE, Troum AP, Tsay J, Tubbs AT, Walton JM, Wang DH, Wang H, Warner JR, Weisser EG, Wendler SC, Weston-Hafer KA, Whelan HM, Williamson KE, Willis AN, Wirtshafter HS, Wong TW, Wu P, Yang YJ, Yee BC, Zaidins DA, Zhang B, Zúniga MY, Hendrix RW, Hatfull GF. Expanding the diversity of mycobacteriophages: insights into genome architecture and evolution. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16329. [PMID: 21298013 PMCID: PMC3029335 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacteriophages are viruses that infect mycobacterial hosts such as Mycobacterium smegmatis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. All mycobacteriophages characterized to date are dsDNA tailed phages, and have either siphoviral or myoviral morphotypes. However, their genetic diversity is considerable, and although sixty-two genomes have been sequenced and comparatively analyzed, these likely represent only a small portion of the diversity of the mycobacteriophage population at large. Here we report the isolation, sequencing and comparative genomic analysis of 18 new mycobacteriophages isolated from geographically distinct locations within the United States. Although no clear correlation between location and genome type can be discerned, these genomes expand our knowledge of mycobacteriophage diversity and enhance our understanding of the roles of mobile elements in viral evolution. Expansion of the number of mycobacteriophages grouped within Cluster A provides insights into the basis of immune specificity in these temperate phages, and we also describe a novel example of apparent immunity theft. The isolation and genomic analysis of bacteriophages by freshman college students provides an example of an authentic research experience for novice scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Welkin H. Pope
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Deborah Jacobs-Sera
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Daniel A. Russell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Craig L. Peebles
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Zein Al-Atrache
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Mary Washington, Fredericksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Turi A. Alcoser
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lisa M. Alexander
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Matthew B. Alfano
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Mary Washington, Fredericksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Samantha T. Alford
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Nichols E. Amy
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Marie D. Anderson
- Department of Biology, Spelman College, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Alexander G. Anderson
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Andrew A. S. Ang
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Manuel Ares
- Biological Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Amanda J. Barber
- Biology Department, A. Paul Schaap Science Center, Hope College, Holland, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Lucia P. Barker
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Science Education Alliance, Chevy Chase, Maryland United States of America
| | - Jonathan M. Barrett
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - William D. Barshop
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Cynthia M. Bauerle
- Department of Biology, Spelman College, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ian M. Bayles
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Katherine L. Belfield
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Mary Washington, Fredericksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Aaron A. Best
- Biology Department, A. Paul Schaap Science Center, Hope College, Holland, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Agustin Borjon
- Biological Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Charles A. Bowman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Christine A. Boyer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Mary Washington, Fredericksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Kevin W. Bradley
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Science Education Alliance, Chevy Chase, Maryland United States of America
| | - Victoria A. Bradley
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Lauren N. Broadway
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Keshav Budwal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kayla N. Busby
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Ian W. Campbell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Anne M. Campbell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Mary Washington, Fredericksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Alyssa Carey
- Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Steven M. Caruso
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rebekah D. Chew
- Biology Department, A. Paul Schaap Science Center, Hope College, Holland, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Chelsea L. Cockburn
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Lianne B. Cohen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey M. Corajod
- Biology Department, A. Paul Schaap Science Center, Hope College, Holland, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Steven G. Cresawn
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Kimberly R. Davis
- Biological Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Lisa Deng
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Dee R. Denver
- Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Breyon R. Dixon
- Department of Biology, Spelman College, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Sahrish Ekram
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Sarah C. R. Elgin
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Angela E. Engelsen
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Belle E. V. English
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Marcella L. Erb
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Crystal Estrada
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Laura Z. Filliger
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ann M. Findley
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Lauren Forbes
- Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Mark H. Forsyth
- Biology Department, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Tyler M. Fox
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Melissa J. Fritz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Roberto Garcia
- Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Zindzi D. George
- Department of Biology, Spelman College, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Anne E. Georges
- Biology Department, A. Paul Schaap Science Center, Hope College, Holland, Michigan, United States of America
| | | | - Shannon Goff
- Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Goldstein
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kobie C. Gordon
- Biology Department, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Russell D. Green
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Stephanie L. Guerra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Krysta R. Guiney-Olsen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Mary Washington, Fredericksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Bridget G. Guiza
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Leila Haghighat
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Garrett V. Hagopian
- Biological Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Catherine J. Harmon
- Biology Department, A. Paul Schaap Science Center, Hope College, Holland, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jeremy S. Harmson
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Grant A. Hartzog
- Biological Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Samuel E. Harvey
- Biology Department, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Siping He
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kevin J. He
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Kaitlin E. Healy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ellen R. Higinbotham
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Mary Washington, Fredericksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Erin N. Hildebrandt
- Biology Department, A. Paul Schaap Science Center, Hope College, Holland, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jason H. Ho
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Gina M. Hogan
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Victoria G. Hohenstein
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Nathan A. Holz
- Biological Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Vincent J. Huang
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Ericka L. Hufford
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Peter M. Hynes
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Arrykka S. Jackson
- Biology Department, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Erica C. Jansen
- Biology Department, A. Paul Schaap Science Center, Hope College, Holland, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Jarvik
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Paul G. Jasinto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Tuajuanda C. Jordan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Science Education Alliance, Chevy Chase, Maryland United States of America
| | - Tomas Kasza
- Biological Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Murray A. Katelyn
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jessica S. Kelsey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Larisa A. Kerrigan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Mary Washington, Fredericksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Daryl Khaw
- Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Junghee Kim
- Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Justin Z. Knutter
- Biology Department, A. Paul Schaap Science Center, Hope College, Holland, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Ching-Chung Ko
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Gail V. Larkin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Mary Washington, Fredericksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jennifer R. Laroche
- Biology Department, A. Paul Schaap Science Center, Hope College, Holland, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Asma Latif
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Mary Washington, Fredericksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Kohana D. Leuba
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sequoia I. Leuba
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lynn O. Lewis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Mary Washington, Fredericksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Kathryn E. Loesser-Casey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Mary Washington, Fredericksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Courtney A. Long
- Biology Department, A. Paul Schaap Science Center, Hope College, Holland, Michigan, United States of America
| | - A. Javier Lopez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Lowery
- Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Tina Q. Lu
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Victor Mac
- Biological Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Isaac R. Masters
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jazmyn J. McCloud
- Department of Biology, Spelman College, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Molly J. McDonough
- Biology Department, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Andrew J. Medenbach
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Anjali Menon
- Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Rachel Miller
- Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Brandon K. Morgan
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Patrick C. Ng
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Elvis Nguyen
- Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Katrina T. Nguyen
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Emilie T. Nguyen
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Kaylee M. Nicholson
- Biological Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Lindsay A. Parnell
- Department of Biology, Spelman College, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Caitlin E. Peirce
- Biology Department, A. Paul Schaap Science Center, Hope College, Holland, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Allison M. Perz
- Biology Department, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Luke J. Peterson
- Biology Department, A. Paul Schaap Science Center, Hope College, Holland, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Rachel E. Pferdehirt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Seegren V. Philip
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Kit Pogliano
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Joe Pogliano
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Tamsen Polley
- Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Erica J. Puopolo
- Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Hannah S. Rabinowitz
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Resiss
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Corwin N. Rhyan
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Yetta M. Robinson
- Department of Biology, Spelman College, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Lauren L. Rodriguez
- Biological Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Andrew C. Rose
- Biology Department, A. Paul Schaap Science Center, Hope College, Holland, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D. Rubin
- Biological Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Jessica A. Ruby
- Biological Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Margaret S. Saha
- Biology Department, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - James W. Sandoz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Judith Savitskaya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Dale J. Schipper
- Biology Department, A. Paul Schaap Science Center, Hope College, Holland, Michigan, United States of America
| | | | - Amanda R. Schott
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - J. Bradley Segal
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher D. Shaffer
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Kathryn E. Sheldon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Erica M. Shepard
- Biological Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Jonathan W. Shepardson
- Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Madav K. Shroff
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jessica M. Simmons
- Biology Department, A. Paul Schaap Science Center, Hope College, Holland, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Erika F. Simms
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Brandy M. Simpson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Mary Washington, Fredericksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Kathryn M. Sinclair
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Robert L. Sjoholm
- Biology Department, A. Paul Schaap Science Center, Hope College, Holland, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Ingrid J. Slette
- Biology Department, A. Paul Schaap Science Center, Hope College, Holland, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Blaire C. Spaulding
- Department of Biology, Spelman College, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Clark L. Straub
- Biological Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Joseph Stukey
- Biology Department, A. Paul Schaap Science Center, Hope College, Holland, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Trevor Sughrue
- Biological Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Tin-Yun Tang
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Lyons M. Tatyana
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Stephen B. Taylor
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Barbara J. Taylor
- Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Louise M. Temple
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jasper V. Thompson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael P. Tokarz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Mary Washington, Fredericksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Stephanie E. Trapani
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Alexander P. Troum
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Tsay
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Anthony T. Tubbs
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jillian M. Walton
- Biology Department, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Danielle H. Wang
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Hannah Wang
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - John R. Warner
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Emilie G. Weisser
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Samantha C. Wendler
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Mary Washington, Fredericksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Kathleen A. Weston-Hafer
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Hilary M. Whelan
- Biology Department, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Kurt E. Williamson
- Biology Department, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Angelica N. Willis
- Biology Department, A. Paul Schaap Science Center, Hope College, Holland, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Hannah S. Wirtshafter
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Theresa W. Wong
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Phillip Wu
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Yun jeong Yang
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Brandon C. Yee
- Biological Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - David A. Zaidins
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Melina Y. Zúniga
- Department of Biology, Spelman College, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Roger W. Hendrix
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Graham F. Hatfull
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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