Rheumatoid arthritis study of the Egyptian College of Rheumatology (ECR): nationwide presentation and worldwide stance

To depict the spectrum of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in Egypt in relation to other universal studies to provide broad-based characteristics to this particular population. This work included 10,364 adult RA patients from 26 specialized Egyptian rheumatology centers representing 22 major cities all over the country. The demographic and clinical features as well as therapeutic data were assessed. The mean age of the patients was 44.8 ± 11.7 years, disease duration 6.4 ± 6 years, and age at onset 38.4 ± 11.6 years; 209 (2%) were juvenile-onset. They were 8750 females and 1614 males (F:M 5.4:1). 8% were diabetic and 11.5% hypertensive. Their disease activity score (DAS28) was 4.4 ± 1.4 and health assessment questionnaire (HAQ) 0.95 ± 0.64. The rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) were positive in 73.7% and 66.7% respectively. Methotrexate was the most used treatment (78%) followed by hydroxychloroquine (73.7%) and steroids (71.3%). Biologic therapy was received by 11.6% with a significantly higher frequency by males vs females (15.7% vs 10.9%, p = 0.001). The least age at onset, F:M, RF and anti-CCP positivity were present in Upper Egypt (p < 0.0001), while the highest DAS28 was reported in Canal cities and Sinai (p < 0.0001). The HAQ was significantly increased in Upper Egypt with the least disability in Canal cities and Sinai (p = 0.001). Biologic therapy intake was higher in Lower Egypt followed by the Capital (p < 0.0001). The spectrum of RA phenotype in Egypt is variable across the country with an increasing shift in the F:M ratio. The age at onset was lower than in other countries.

The Emerging Era of Interventional Imaging in Rheumatology: An Overview During the Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic

Imaging has long been taking its place in the diagnosis, monitor, and prognosis of rheumatic diseases. It plays a vital role in the appraisal of treatment. Key progress in the clinical practice of rheumatology is the innovation of advanced imaging modalities; such as musculoskeletal ultrasound (MSUS), computerized tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). These modalities introduced a promising noninvasive method for visualizing bone and soft tissues to enable an improved diagnosis. The use of MSUS in rheumatology is considered a landmark in the evolution of the specialty and its ease of use and many applications in rheumatic diseases make it a forerunner instrument in the practice. The use of MSUS among rheumatologists must parallel the development rate of the excellence revealed in the specialty. Moreover, innovative interventional imaging in rheumatology (III-R) is gaining fame and key roles in the near future for a comprehensive management of rheumatic diseases with precision. This review article throws light on the emergence of these robust innovations that may reshape the guidelines and practice in rheumatology, in particular, efforts to enhance best practice during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic are endorsed.

Rheumatologists’ knowledge and perception of COVID-19 and related vaccines: the vaXurvey2 online survey

The study aimed to explore the experience of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) infection and vaccine adverse events (AEs) among rheumatologists. A validated questionnaire was distributed as a Google form to rheumatologists across the country via social networking sites from late December 2021 till early January 2022. The questionnaire included questions regarding participants' socio-demographic details, COVID-19 infection and vaccination details with special emphasis on AEs. Out of 246 responses, 228 were valid. 200 (81.3%) responders had received the vaccine. The mean age of the 228 participants was 37.9 ± 8.5 years, 196 were females and 32 males (F:M 6.1:1) from 18 governorates across the country. Comorbidities were present in 54 subjects (27%). There was a history of highly suspicious or confirmed COVID-19 infection in 66.7% that were all managed at home. The COVID-19 vaccine was received by 200 and a booster dose of 18.5%. Obesity and musculoskeletal involvement co-morbidities were present only in those with AEs (9.1% and 5.5% respectively). AEs were present in 82%; 66.7% had injection-site tenderness, 50% fatigue, 35.5% fever, 15% chills, 42.5% myalgia, 14.5% arthralgia, 8% low back pain, headache 31%, dizziness 10%, sleepliness 16% and 15% developed post-vaccine. There were no differences according to the geolocation regarding the occurrence of COVID-19 infection (p = 0.19) or AEs post-vaccine (p = 0.58). The adverse events were mostly mild to moderate and tolerable which makes this work in agreement with other studies that support the broad safety of the vaccine in favor of the global benefit from mass vaccination.

Systemic lupus erythematosus children in Egypt: Homeland spectrum amid the global situation

OBJECTIVES

This study aims to present the manifestations of juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus (JSLE) across Egypt, to focus on age at onset and gender-driven influence on disease characteristics, and to compare findings to other countries.

METHODS

The study included 404 Egyptian children with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) presenting to one of the specialized rheumatology centers corresponding to 13 major governorates. Juvenile cases age was ≤ 16°years at the time of recruitment. The SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) and damage index (DI) were assessed.

RESULTS

The mean age was 13.2 ± 2.4°years; 355 females and 49 males (7.2:1), and the disease duration was 2.3 ± 1.6 years, while age at disease onset was 11.1 ± 2.5°years. Their SLEDAI was 13.5 ± 12.3, and DI, 0.36 ± 0.78. The overall estimated prevalence of childhood-SLE patients in the recruited cohort in Egypt was 1/100,000 population (0.24/100000 males and 1.8/100000 females). 7.4% developed pre-pubertal SLE (≤ 7 years); 73.3%, peri-pubertal; and 19.3% during early adolescence. The differences according to age group were equal for gender and clinical manifestations except skin lesions present in 59.3% of pre-pubertal onset, 74.6% of peri-pubertal, and 84.2% of adolescents (p = 0.029), and renal involvement in 73.8% of peripubertal, 62.1% of pre-pubertal and 58.9% of adolescents (p = 0.03). Laboratory investigations, SLEDAI, and DI were similar among age categories. Lupus nephritis was more common in Egypt compared to JSLE from other countries.

CONCLUSION

Our large multicenter study identified that female gender influenced disease characteristics with more frequent skin involvement. Skin lesions were significantly higher in adolescents, while renal involvement in peri-pubertal children.

Rheumatology university faculty opinion on coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) vaccines: the vaXurvey study from Egypt

OBJECTIVES

The aim of the present work was to explore the perspectives of Egyptian Rheumatology staff members as regards the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) vaccine.

METHODS

The survey is composed of 25 questions. Some questions were adapted from the global rheumatology alliance COVID-19 survey for patients.

RESULTS

187 rheumatology staff members across Egypt from 18 universities and authorizations actively participated with a valid response. The mean time needed to complete the survey was 17.7 ± 13 min. Participants were 159 (85%) females (F:M 5.7:1). One-third agreed that they will be vaccinated once available, 24.6% have already received at least one dose, 29.4% are unsure while 16% will not take it. Furthermore, 70.1% agreed that they will recommend it to the rheumatic diseases (RD) patients once available, 24.1% are not sure while 5.9% will not recommend it. RD priority to be vaccinated against COVID-19 in descending order include SLE (82.9%), RA (55.1%), vasculitis (51.3%), systemic sclerosis (39.6%), MCTD (31.6%), Behcet's disease (28.3%). The most common drugs to be avoided before vaccination included biologics (71.7%), DMARDs (44.4%), biosimilars (26.7%), IVIg (17.1%) and NSAIDs (9.1%).

CONCLUSIONS

The results of the study and specifically the low rate of acceptability are alarming to Egyptian health authorities and should stir further interventions to reduce the levels of vaccine hesitancy. As rheumatic disease patients in Egypt were not systematically provided with the vaccine till present, making the vaccine available could as well enhance vaccine acceptance. Further studies to investigate any possible side effects, on a large scale of RD patients are warranted.

A meta-epidemiological study of bias in randomized clinical trials of open and laparoscopic surgery

BACKGROUND

Blinding, random sequence generation, and allocation concealment are established strategies to minimize bias in RCTs. Meta-epidemiological studies of drug trials have demonstrated exaggerated treatment effects in RCTs where such methods were not employed. As blinding is more difficult in surgical trials it is important to determine whether this applies to them. The study aimed to investigate this using systematic meta-epidemiological methods.

METHOD

The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews was searched for systematic reviews of RCTs that compared laparoscopic and open abdominal surgical procedures. Each review was then scrutinized to determine whether at least one of the included trials was blinded. Eligible reviews were updated and individual RCTs retrieved. Extracted data included the primary outcomes of interest (length of stay and complications), secondary outcomes and a risk of bias assessment. A multistep meta-regression analysis was then performed to obtain an overall difference in the reported outcome differences between trials that employed each bias-minimization strategy, and those that did not.

RESULTS

Some 316 RCTs were included, reporting on eight different procedures. Patient-blinded RCTs reported a smaller difference in length of stay between laparoscopic and open groups (difference of standardized mean differences -0·36 (95 per cent c.i. -0·73 to 0·00)) and complications (ratio of odds ratios 0·76 (95 per cent c.i. 0·61 to 0·93)). Blinding of postoperative carers and outcome assessors had similar effects.

CONCLUSION

Lack of blinding significantly altered the treatment effect estimates of RCTs comparing laparoscopic and open surgery. Blinding should be implemented in surgical RCTs where possible to avoid systematic bias.

Clinical and epidemiologic features of psoriasis patients in an Egyptian medical center

Background

Identification of epidemiologic and phenotypic variations of psoriasis among different ethnic groups can further our understanding of this perplexing disease, aiming at better management of patients worldwide.

Objective

To provide a descriptive analysis of psoriasis patients registered at Kasr Al-Ainy Psoriasis Unit Disease Registry.

Methods

This retrospective single-center registry study included patient records between November 2015 and November 2018 (2534 patients). Sociodemographic and phenotypic data were analyzed.

Results

The mean age of the registered patients was 39.3 years and 56.3% were men. Stress was the main precipitating factor (48.3%), whereas the most common symptom reported was itching (82.4%). The median body mass index was 27.5, and the median percentage of body surface area involved was 10.0. The mean Psoriasis Area Severity Index score was 8.7, and the mean Psoriasis Disability Index score was 13.0. Both parameters correlated positively, and both showed significantly higher means in smokers.

Limitations

Despite that the study was performed at a highly specialized tertiary care center with a high flow of patients, this was still a single-center registry.

Conclusions

This work shows that the characteristics of Egyptian patients with psoriasis are comparable to those of other studied ethnic groups, with minor differences.

Effectiveness of chondrofascial 'cigar' graft in contouring the nasal dorsum

Irregularities of the nasal dorsum after rhinoplasty are frustrating for the patient and the surgeon. Different grafts and implants have been adopted to camouflage this nasal imperfection. This study was performed to assess the outcome of a composite chondrofascial 'cigar' graft for contouring an irregular nasal dorsum. Thirty-six patients who underwent rhinoplasty between May 2014 and October 2016 were studied prospectively. The cartilaginous core of the graft was obtained from the septal or conchal cartilage, while the graft outer sleeve was harvested from the right lateral thigh fascia lata. The graft was secured over the nasal dorsum through an external rhinoplasty approach. The patients were followed up for at least 18 months postoperative. All participants were evaluated objectively by two independent rhinoplasty surgeons and subjectively by Rhinoplasty Outcome Evaluation (ROE) score. Donor site morbidity was also assessed. All patients had satisfactory aesthetic results with no apparent irregularities detected over the nasal dorsum. The ROE score improved, from a mean of 20.94±8.67 (range 8-58) preoperatively to a mean of 79.56±10.65 (range 50-96) postoperatively. Insignificant donor site morbidity was encountered, with inconsequential effects. The chondrofascial cigar graft is a reliable method for contouring dorsal irregularities, particularly in patients with thin nasal skin.

Olfactory bulb neuroplasticity: A prospective cohort study in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps

OBJECTIVES

To compare the olfactory bulb volumes (OBVs) in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) to healthy individuals, and to assess the changes of the OBVs in patients with CRSwNP before and after the endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) utilising magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with specialised software.

DESIGN

This is a prospective cohort study.

SETTING

Tanta University hospital (tertiary referral hospital), Egypt.

PARTICIPANTS

Thirty patients with CRSwNP (Group A) were compared with thirty healthy individuals (Group B) as regards the OBVs. Patients with CRSwNP underwent ESS where the Smell Identification Test-40 (SIT-40) and the OBVs were assessed pre-operatively and at least 6 months postoperatively. Assessment of the OBVs was carried out using MRI with specialised software.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Assessment of the volumetric changes of the olfactory bulbs in patients with CRSwNP before and after endoscopic sinus surgery utilise magnetic resonance imaging.

RESULTS

The OBVs were significantly smaller in Group A (58.94 ± 7.96 mm³ and 60.79 ± 8.14 mm³ on the right and left sides, respectively) as compared with the Group B (73.46 ± 8.54 mm³ and 72.96 ± 9.74 mm³ on the right and left sides, respectively). There was also a significant increase in the olfactory bulb volumes as well as improvement of the SIT-40 6 months postoperatively in the Group A.

CONCLUSIONS

The olfactory bulb is characterised by neural plasticity, and its volume may be affected by the peripheral olfactory function.

Network meta-analysis of surgical management of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in adults

BACKGROUND

Proton pump inhibitors are the mainstay of treatment for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, but are associated with ongoing costs and side-effects. Antireflux surgery is cost-effective and is preferred by many patients. A total (360^o or Nissen) fundoplication is the traditional procedure, but other variations including partial fundoplications are also commonly performed, with the aim of achieving durable reflux control with minimal dysphagia. Many RCTs and some pairwise meta-analyses have compared some of these procedures but there is still uncertainty about which, if any, is superior. Network meta-analysis allows multiple simultaneous comparisons and robust synthesis of the available evidence in these situations. A network meta-analysis comparing all antireflux procedures was performed to identify which has the most favourable outcomes at short-term (3-12 months), medium-term (1-5 years) and long-term (10 years and more than 10 years) follow-up.

METHODS

Article databases were searched systematically for all eligible RCTs. Primary outcomes were quality-of-life measures and dysphagia. Secondary outcomes included reflux symptoms, pH studies and complications.

RESULTS

Fifty-one RCTs were included, involving 5357 patients and 14 different treatments. Posterior partial fundoplication ranked best in terms of reflux symptoms, and caused less dysphagia than most other interventions including Nissen fundoplication. This was consistent across all time points and outcome measures.

CONCLUSION

Posterior partial fundoplication provides the best balance of long-term, durable reflux control with less dysphagia, compared with other treatments.

Characterization of Pepper leafroll chlorosis virus, a New Polerovirus Causing Yellowing Disease of Bell Pepper in Saudi Arabia

During the growing seasons of 2014 through 2016, a total of 336 leaf samples from bell pepper (showing leafroll and interveinal yellowing) and arable weeds were collected from Riyadh region, Saudi Arabia. The use of a polerovirus generic reverse transcription (RT)-PCR assay confirmed their presence in the bell pepper samples. Sequencing of the generic amplicon revealed high similarity (87.6 to 98.1% in nt) with four poleroviruses; Tobacco vein distorting virus, Pepper vein yellows virus, Pepper yellows virus, and Pepper yellow leaf curl virus. To further characterize one of these isolates (105D), a larger part of the genome (∼1,300 nt) spanning approximately from the 3' end of ORF2 to the middle of ORF3, was amplified and sequenced. Blasting the resulting sequence revealed the low amino acid and nucleotide identity percentages in the coat protein and movement protein partial genes with viruses deposited in GenBank. Next-generation sequence was used to acquire a larger part of the genome, which resulted in the reconstruction of isolate 105D's partial genome (5,496 nt). Sequence similarity analysis revealed the presence of a divergent polerovirus isolate belonging to a new species that was tentatively named Pepper leafroll chlorosis virus (PeLRCV). Using a specific RT-PCR assay for this isolate confirmed the presence of this new viral species in the symptomatic peppers. Aphid transmission experiments showed that PeLRCV is vectored by Aphis gossypii and that it can infect at least five out of the 15 different plants species tested. Based on our findings, PeLRCV is a new member of genus Polerovirus in the family Luteoviridae.

Characterization of lettuce big-vein associated virus and Mirafiori lettuce big-vein virus infecting lettuce in Saudi Arabia

During 2014 and 2015, 97 lettuce plants that showed big-vein-disease-like symptoms and seven weed plants were collected from the Riyadh region. DAS-ELISA revealed that 25% and 9% of the lettuce plants were singly infected with LBVaV and MiLBVV, respectively, whereas 63% had a mixed infection with both viruses. The results were confirmed by multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction using primers specific for LBVaV and MiLBVV. LBVaV and MiLBVV were also detected in Sonchus oleraceus and Eruca sativa, respectively. The nucleotide sequence of LBVaV and MiLBVV Saudi isolates ranged from 94.3-100%, and their similarities to isolates with sequences in the GenBank database ranged from 93.9 to 99.6% and 93.8 to 99.3%, respectively. Olpidium sp. was present in the roots of lettuce plants with big-vein disease and it was shown to facilitate transmission of both viruses.

Network meta-analysis of the effect of preoperative carbohydrate loading on recovery after elective surgery

BACKGROUND

Three meta-analyses have summarized the effects of preoperative carbohydrate administration on postoperative outcomes in adult patients undergoing elective surgery. However, these studies could not account for the different doses of carbohydrate administered and the different controls used. Multiple-treatments meta-analysis allows robust synthesis of all available evidence in these situations.

METHODS

Article databases were searched systematically for RCTs comparing preoperative carbohydrate administration with water, a placebo drink, or fasting. A four-treatment multiple-treatments meta-analysis was performed comparing two carbohydrate dose groups (low, 10-44 g; high, 45 g or more) with two control groups (fasting; water or placebo). Primary outcomes were length of hospital stay and postoperative complication rate. Secondary outcomes included postoperative insulin resistance, vomiting and fatigue.

RESULTS

Some 43 trials involving 3110 participants were included. Compared with fasting, preoperative low-dose and high-dose carbohydrate administration decreased postoperative length of stay by 0·4 (95 per cent c.i. 0·03 to 0·7) and 0·2 (0·04 to 0·4) days respectively. There was no significant decrease in length of stay compared with water or placebo. There was no statistically significant difference in the postoperative complication rate, or in most of the secondary outcomes, between carbohydrate and control groups.

CONCLUSION

Carbohydrate loading before elective surgery conferred a small reduction in length of postoperative hospital stay compared with fasting, and no benefit in comparison with water or placebo.

First Report of Tomato spotted wilt virus in Lettuce Crops in Saudi Arabia

A survey for viruses in open field lettuce crops was carried out in March 2014 in the Al-Uyaynah area, central region of Saudi Arabia. In one plot, more than 50% of the lettuce plants (Lactuca sativa; hybrid: Romaine), with the majority of the affected plants in the edges of the plot, were showing virus-like symptoms such as necrotic lesions, necrosis of the lamina of the younger leaves, and leaf curling, indicating a possible infection by a Tospovirus, possibly Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). Most of them were dead when the field was visited again 3 weeks later. Samples from 10 symptomatic and two asymptomatic plants were collected. Five of the samples from symptomatic and two from asymptomatic plants were mechanically inoculated onto Nicotiana benthamiana and N. glutinosa (three indicator plants of each species were used for each sample) using 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7) containing 0.01M Na₂SO₃ mM. All the symptomatic lettuce samples were also tested serologically using polyclonal antisera (3) against TSWV, CMV, and by using monoclonal antibodies against potyviruses. Moreover, total RNA was extracted (1) and detection of TSWV was also attempted with reverse transcription (RT)-PCR using species specific primers (4) for a 276-bp fragment of the L RNA segment. In both serological and molecular methods, positive and negative controls were included. All the mechanically inoculated plants with tissue from the symptomatic lettuce plants of N. benthamiana showed chlorotic local lesions followed by systemic top necrosis 2 to 3 weeks post inoculation. Similarly, all inoculated N. glutinosa plants showed necrotic local lesions followed by systemic chlorosis. However, all the indicator plants mechanically inoculated with tissue from asymptomatic lettuce plants gave no reaction. All the symptomatic lettuce samples reacted positively, while asymptomatic samples reacted negatively in ELISA tests with TSWV antiserum and the presence of the virus was further confirmed by RT-PCR by using specific primers (method A) (4). PCR products of two randomly selected positive samples were directly sequenced and BLAST analysis of the obtained sequences (Accession Nos. KJ701035 and KJ701036) revealed 99% nucleotide and 100% amino acid identity with the deposit sequence in NCBI from South Korea (KC261947). Regarding mechanical inoculation, 10 days post-inoculation, both indicator plants showed typical symptoms of TSWV infection, such as necrotic local lesions, systemic necrotic patterns, and leaf deformation. None of the symptomatic plants was found to be infected with either CMV or potyvirus. To our knowledge, this is the first report of TSWV naturally infecting lettuce in Saudi Arabia; therefore, insect vector and weed management are necessary measures to control the virus spread to other crops such as tomato and pepper (2). References: (1) E. Chatzinasiou et al. J. Virol. Meth. 169:305, 2010. (2) E. K. Chatzivassiliou. Plant Dis. 92:1012, 2008. (3) E. K. Chatzivassiliou et al. Phytoparasitica 28:257, 2000. (4) R. A. Mumford et al. J. Virol. Meth. 46:303, 1994.

First Report of Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) in Tomato Crops in Saudi Arabia

During January 2014, open field and greenhouse tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) crops in the peripheral areas of Riyadh region (Al-Aflaj, Al-Kharj, Al-Waseel, and Al-Dalam), Saudi Arabia, were surveyed. In all surveyed tomato crops, yellowing symptoms were observed on the lower leaves, possibly infected by a whitefly transmitted crinivirus (family Closteroviridae) such as Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) and/or Tomato infectious chlorosis virus (TICV). Dense population of whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci G.) were present in all affected plants. Incidence of the yellowing disease varied between four greenhouses and three open field tomato crops, but in the majority of the tomato crops surveyed, symptoms typical of Begomovirus infection such as severe stunting, degeneration, upward cupping, distortion and interveinal yellowing of upper leaves, and flower abortion were also observed. Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is endemic in Saudi Arabia causing severe crop losses (1). Twenty-six leaf samples from 24 symptomatic and two asymptomatic plants from four fields (three greenhouses and one open field crop) were collected and were processed in the lab at King Saud University. Whitefly transmission on tomato indicator plants was carried out using B. tabaci to fulfill Koch's postulates. Two hundred virus-free B. tabaci adults were confined to one of the collected symptomatic tomato sample singly infected with ToCV for a 48-h acquisition access period, followed by a 48-h inoculation access period on five healthy tomato plants Hybrid Super Strain B, using 40 whiteflies per plant. Crinivirus detection following transmission was conducted by RT-PCR. Total RNA was extracted from 26 collected leaf samples using the Total RNA Purification Kit and analyzed by SCRIPT One-Step RT-PCR Kit (Jena Bioscience). First, the degenerate primers HS-11/HS12 were used for amplification of a 587-bp fragment of the HSP70 gene of ToCV and TICV (3). Second, the RT-PCR product was subjected to a nested PCR using specific primers TIC-3/TIC-4 and TOC-5/TOC-6, for the detection of both TICV and ToCV, respectively (2). Finally, degenerate primers (AV494/AC1048) were used for detection of begomoviruses (4). No fragment was amplified by TIC-3/TIC-4 primer whereas TOC-5/TOC-6 amplified a size of 463 bp in all 24 symptomatic tested samples, including one mixed infection with TYLCV detected by AV494/AC1048. Asymptomatic samples did not produce any amplicon regarding TICV, ToCV, and Begomovirus detection. The amplicons of four positive fragments, each from one field, were further sequenced in both directions and all obtained sequences (KJ433488, KJ433489, KJ433490, and KJ433491) analyzed with BLAST and revealed 99% identity with the most closely deposited sequences in NCBI from Japan (AB513442) and Brazil (JQ952601). In the transmission tests, ToCV was detected to all tomato indicator plants which revealed yellowing symptoms 6 weeks post inoculation, whereas no transmission was obtained when non-viruliferous whitefly adults fed on two asymptomatic tomato leaves. To our knowledge, this is the first report of ToCV infecting tomato crops in Saudi Arabia. Further studies are being carried out to study epidemiology and genetic diversity of this virus associated with yellowing diseases of tomato in different regions of Saudi Arabia. This finding is important for the tomato crops and possibly other virus hosts as may cause serious epidemics and crop losses. References: (1) A. M. Ajlan et al. Arab J. Biotech. 10:179, 2007. (3) C. I. Dovas et al. Plant Dis. 86:1345, 2002. (2) J. Navas-Castillo et al. Plant Dis. 84:835, 2000. (4) S. D. Whyatt and J. K. Brown. Phytopathology 86:1288, 1996.

Ultrasonic monitoring of malolactic fermentation in red wines

The progress of malolactic fermentation in red wines has been monitored by using ultrasonic techniques. The evolution of ultrasonic velocity of a tone burst 1MHz longitudinal wave was measured, analyzed and compared to those parameters of oenological interest obtained simultaneously by analytical methods. Semi-industrial tanks were used during measurements pretending to be in real industrial conditions. Results showed that the ultrasonic velocity mainly changes as a result of the conversion by lactic acid bacteria of malic acid into lactic acid and CO2. Overall, the present study has demonstrated the potential of the ultrasonic technique in monitoring the malolactic fermentation process.

Enzyme activity and effect of heat treatment on some fungal diseases of postharvest tomato fruits

The activity of heat treatments for controlling tomato black mould caused by Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler and grey mould caused by Botrytis cinerea Pers. Ex. Pers. wWas tested. Spore suspension of the grey mold pathogen which was exposed to hot water treatment at 58 degrees C for 6 min., failed to germinate, whereas A. alternata failed to germinate when exposed to hot water at 58 degrees C, for 8 min. Exposing discs bearing growth of any both tested fungi to hot air at 48 degrees C for 72 h caused growth suppression for the both tested pathogens. Dipping tomato fruits in hot water at 58 degrees C for 8 min or keeping in hot air for 72 h at 40 degrees C prevented decay development in non inoculated or artificially inoculated fruits with A. alternata and B. cinerea up to 12 days when stored at 24 degrees C. The high amount of polygalacturonase (PG) and pectinmethylestrase (BME) enzymes were investigated in infected fruits by the two tested pathogens as compared by healthy ones. The culture filtrate of A. alternata had the highest protease activity, white B. cinerea was the lowest. Protease activity was higher when CD liquid medium contain casein was used.

Influence of glutathione S-transferase polymorphisms on type-2 diabetes mellitus risk

Glutathione S-transferase (GST) protects cells against oxidative stress. We evaluated the effect of genetic polymorphisms of the GST gene family on the risk of developing type-2 diabetes mellitus and on glycemic control. We also investigated the effects of smoking combined with these polymorphisms on type-2 diabetes mellitus risk. We enrolled 100 type-2 diabetes mellitus patients and 100 healthy controls matched for age, gender and origin, from the Sinai area of Egypt. Fasting serum glucose, HbA(1c) and lipid profiles were determined. Two polymorphisms were identified by multiplex PCR within the GST genes: GSTM1 and GSTT1. The proportion of the GSTT1- and GSTM1-null genotypes was significantly greater in diabetic patients when compared to controls. Patients carrying both null polymorphisms had a 3.17-fold increased risk of having type-2 diabetes mellitus compared to those with normal genotypes of these two genes (P = 0.009). Additionally, patients with the GSTT1-null genotype had higher levels of triglycerides and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol compared to those with the GSTT1-present genotype. On the other hand, patients with the GSTM1- null genotype had significantly higher levels of HbA(1c) and significantly higher diastolic blood pressure compared to those with the GSTM1- present genotype. The interaction between these genotypes and smoking status was not significant. These results give evidence that the GSTT1- and GSTM1-null genotypes, alone or combined, are associated with increased risk of type-2 diabetes mellitus, regardless of smoking status. Only the GSTM1-null genotype had an effect on glycemic control.

White mould of common bean incited by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Lib. de Bary in Egypt

White mould, caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary, is a destructive yield-limiting disease of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Egypt. Forty eight isolate of S. sclerotiorum were isolated from diseased bean tissues taken from 9 geographical regions (Al-Behaira, Alexandria and Assiut governorates) during winter season in 2008. The pathogenicity studies showed that the tested bean cultivars (Bronco, Contender, Giza 6 and Nebraska) varied in disease incidence. Contender bean cultivar was more resistant than other cultivars. Whereas, the more virulent isolates were S5 and S6. Histology investigation of seedlings bean hypocotyls inoculated with S. sclerotiorum after 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours after inoculation indicated that penetration of bean seedlings occurred, during the first 48 hours after inoculation, through the epidermis and the outer layer of the cortex. 72 hours after inoculation, damage extended deeper into the cortical cells. Infection took place inter-and interacellularly after 96 hours more damage occurred. In addition, the invasion of the fungal hyphae through the cortical cells occurred both inter-, and intracellularly. Moreover, the observed of electron microscope both transmission and scanning investigations concluded that penetrating hyphae progressed through bean seedlings tissues leading to complete destruction of epidermis, fully colonization and death of cortical cells, partial invasion of vascular tissues. However, presence of the fungal structures in pith cells was observed.

Mycorrhizal fungi and Trichoderma harzianum as biocontrol agents for suppression of Rhizoctonia solani damping-off disease of tomato

The objective of the present work was to examine the interaction between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) Glomus intraradices and Trichoderma harzianum in soil. Soil application with T. harzianum or/and G. intraradices significantly reduced tomato seedlings damping-off incited by Rhizoctonia solani. Moreover, more pronounced disease suppression was obtained when both bioagents were applied together. Application of T. harzianum to healthy or inoculated seedlings significantly increased phosphorous supply, which resulted in higher yield, associated with the accumulation of high phosphorus levels in tissues of tomato plants (4.7- 6.5-fold), compared with low P supply. Inoculation with both bioagents in the presence or absence of the pathogen gave significant rise (2.1 - 2.2-fold), compared with low P levels. Root length of inoculated plants treated with T. harzianum or G. intraradices appeared longer than those of inoculated untreated plants at all P levels. Phosphorus uptake (mg P/plant) of tomato plant increased in all treatments with increasing of P levels with R. solani, T. harzianum or their combination and untreated plants have vigorous response to phosphorus fertilization. At low P levels, there was a significant difference between treatments, P uptake of tomato plants inoculated with AMF, T. harzianum or in combination, either in absence or in the presence of the tested pathogen showed highly significant increase, compared to untreated plant, infected plants with pathogen, T. harzianum, and their mixture. At high P levels, there was no significant difference between control and both AMF and T. harzianum, either individually in health plants or in combination with the pathogen. Eventually, results presented here substantiate other studies reporting enhanced biocontrol performance.

Aflatoxin contamination of developing corn kernels

Preharvest of corn and its contamination with aflatoxin is a serious problem. Some environmental and cultural factors responsible for infection and subsequent aflatoxin production were investigated in this study. Stage of growth and location of kernels on corn ears were found to be one of the important factors in the process of kernel infection with A. flavus & A. parasiticus. The results showed positive correlation between the stage of growth and kernel infection. Treatment of corn with aflatoxin reduced germination, protein and total nitrogen contents. Total and reducing soluble sugar was increase in corn kernels as response to infection. Sucrose and protein content were reduced in case of both pathogens. Shoot system length, seeding fresh weigh and seedling dry weigh was also affected. Both pathogens induced reduction of starch content. Healthy corn seedlings treated with aflatoxin solution were badly affected. Their leaves became yellow then, turned brown with further incubation. Moreover, their total chlorophyll and protein contents showed pronounced decrease. On the other hand, total phenolic compounds were increased. Histopathological studies indicated that A. flavus & A. parasiticus could colonize corn silks and invade developing kernels. Germination of A. flavus spores was occurred and hyphae spread rapidly across the silk, producing extensive growth and lateral branching. Conidiophores and conidia had formed in and on the corn silk. Temperature and relative humidity greatly influenced the growth of A. flavus & A. parasiticus and aflatoxin production.

Reaction of selected soybean cultivars to Rhizoctonia root rot and other damping-off disease agents

Eight soybean cultivars; Giza 21. Giza 22, Giza 35, Giza 82, Giza 83, Crawford, Holladay and Toamo were evaluated to Rhizoctonia root rot using agar plate and potted plant techniques. Data cleared that, in agar plate assay all soybean cultivars were moderately susceptible (MS), although the differences between them were significant (P=0.05). Generally, in potted assay, the reactions were resistant (R) or moderately resistant (MR) to root rots. Also, the differences between cultivars were significant (P=0.05). These cultivars were inoculated under greenhouse conditions with Fusarium solani, Macrophomina phaseolina, Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotium rolfsii Generally, G21 had the least pre-emergence damping-off followed by Giza 35, Crawford and Giza 83 with averages of 19.0, 20.0, 20.5 and 21.5%, respectively. In case of post-emergence, Giza 35 had the least values, followed by Giza 21, Crawford and Giza 82 with averages 3.95, 4.10, 4.10 and 4.25%, respectively. Under naturally infested soil in the field conditions the reactions of the same cultivars to damping-off were evaluated in two successive seasons. In 2002 season, G35 had the least pre-emergence damping-off % followed by Giza 21 and Giza 22 with averages of 22.61, 24.33 and 29.33%, respectively. Also, G35 had the least post-emergence damping-off % followed by Toamo and Giza 21 with averages of 9.40, 10.33 and 10.41%, respectively. In 2003 season, the same trend was appeared with light grade where Giza 35 had the least pre-emergence damping of % followed by Giza 22 and Giza 21 with averages of 30.67, 31.00 and 36.67%, respectively and Giza 35 was the most resistant cultivar against post-emergence damping-off, followed by Giza 21 and Giza 22 with averages of 10.91, 11.32 and 11.80%, respectively. Generally, Giza 21 significantly surpassed the other cultivars in plant height, number of pods per plant and 100-seed weight. Moreover, also it had second grade with the other traits.

l-Arginine ameliorates oxidative stress in alloxan-induced experimental diabetes mellitus

Oxidative stress occurs in diabetic patients and experimental models of diabetes. The ability of l-arginine to ameliorate the oxidative stress and metabolic changes after treatment with alloxan was investigated in rats. Adult male rats were injected intraperitoneally with 100 mg kg(-1) of alloxan to produce experimental oxidative stress characteristic of diabetes mellitus. Hyperglycaemia and hypercholesterolaemia were observed in serum after 7 days of alloxan treatment. This was associated with a depression of glutathione (GSH) concentration as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities in the liver and brain. In addition, the thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) were significantly elevated, indicating increased lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress in the same tissues. Administration of 100 mg kg(-1) l-arginine for 7 days either before or after alloxan injection significantly ameliorated the oxidative stress evidenced by a lower TBARS and a higher level of the endogenous GSH concentration and SOD and CAT activities than alloxan-treated rats. These effects were paralleled by marked protection and partial prophylaxis against alloxan-induced hyperglycaemia and cholesterolaemia. Thus, these results showed that exogenously administered l-arginine might improve the clinical manifestation of diabetes mellitus and decrease the oxidative stress in the liver and brain. In addition, the study supports the beneficial effect of l-arginine, which might be attributed to its direct, NO-dependent antioxidant capacity and/or NO-independent pathways.

Modulation of age-related biochemical changes and oxidative stress by vitamin C and glutathione supplementation in old rats

The present study sought to determine whether supplementation of dietary antioxidant ascorbic acid with glutathione (GSH) could ameliorate the age-related increased oxidative stress and changes in hormonal, lipid and copper (Cu) as well as zinc (Zn) levels in 18-month-old rats. The present study demonstrated that supplementation of vitamin C (30 mg) + GSH 100 mg/kg b.w. significantly reduced the concentration of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances in liver and testes in old male rats as compared with nonsupplemented ones, indicating lower oxidative stress. In addition, testicular GSH was increased but not hepatic GSH. Also, cholesterol and triglycerides were decreased in the serum of supplemented rats. Furthermore, she serum testosterone level was increased in the same supplemented rats. However, the present results show that the thyroid hormones, T3 and T4, were not influenced. Lastly, the concentration of Cu in serum, liver, brain and testes was increased in supplemented old rats. Zn concentration was also increased in the same organs but not in the liver. According to the present study, the supplementation of antioxidants could play an important role in the modulation of the oxidative damage and changes associated with age.

The protective action of melatonin on indomethacin-induced gastric and testicular oxidative stress in rats

Reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation play a role in the pathogenesis induced by the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin. Melatonin (MLT) protection against indomethacin-induced oxidative tissue injury was investigated in gastric mucosa and testis of rats. MLT was administered intragastrically (i.g.) 30 min before the administration to fasted rats of 20 mg indomethacin/kg rat given i.g.. The area of gastric lesion as well as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity were found to be significantly increased 4 h after administration of indomethacin in rat gastric mucosa and testis indicating acute oxidative injury. MLT pretreatment reduced gastric lesion area to 80% of the indomethacin-treated rats and reduced the rise in TBARS concentration. MLT treatment reduced the LDH activity increase in testis but not in gastric mucosa. In indomethacin-treated rats, both the cytosolic Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase (Cu,Zn-SOD) and mitochondrial Mn-SOD activities were significantly diminished in gastric mucosa as well as the total SOD activity in testis. In addition, glutathione (GSH) content in both tissues was markedly decreased following indomethacin treatment. Pretreatment with MLT significantly ameliorated both the inhibition of SOD activity and the decreased GSH content in both tissues. Thus, these results show the effective antiperoxidative and preventive actions of MLT against indomethacin-induced gastric mucosal damage and testicular oxidative injury and we propose that this action might be relevant for its use with other free radical generating drugs.

Attenuation of the acute adriamycin-induced cardiac and hepatic oxidative toxicity by N-(2-mercaptopropionyl) glycine in rats

The protective effect of the synthetic aminothiol, N-(2-mercaptopropionyl) glycine (MPG) on adriamycin (ADR) induced acute cardiac and hepatic oxidative toxicity was evaluated in rats. ADR toxicity, induced by a single intraperitoneal injection (15 mg/kg), was indicated by an elevation in the level of serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), creatine kinase isoenzyme (CK-MB), and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH). ADR produced significant elevation in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), indicating lipid peroxidation, and significantly inhibited the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in heart and liver tissues. In contrast, a single injection of ADR did not affect the cardiac or hepatic glutathione (GSH) content and cardiac catalase (CAT) activity but elevated hepatic CAT. Pretreatment with MPG, (2.5 mg/kg) intragastrically, significantly reduced TBARS concentration in both heart and liver and ameliorated the inhibition of cardiac and hepatic SOD activity. In addition, MPG significantly decreased the serum level of GOT, GPT, CK-MB, and LDH of ADR treated rats. These results suggest that MPG exhibited antioxidative potentials that may protect heart and liver against ADR-induced acute oxidative toxicity. This protective effect might be mediated, at least in part, by the high redox potential of sulfhydryl groups that limit the activity of free radicals generated by ADR.

Involvement of sex steroid hormones in the early stages of spermatogenesis in Japanese huchen (Hucho perryi )

In higher vertebrates, considerable progress has been made in understanding the endocrine regulation of puberty; however, in teleosts, the regulatory mechanisms of spermatogenesis during the first annual cycle remain unclear. The present study was conducted to understand the regulatory mechanisms of spermatogenesis throughout the different stages of the first spermatogenic cycle and to check the ability of various steroids and hormones to induce in vitro spermatogonial proliferation in Japanese huchen (Hucho perryi ). The results indicate that the serum level of 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) was positively associated with germ cell type; the level first began to rise with the appearance of late-type B spermatogonia and continued to increase gradually throughout the active spermatogenic stages and spermiogenesis, reaching a peak value 2 wk before spawning, and then declined. During the spermatogenic stages, the serum concentration of 17alpha,20beta-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17alpha,20beta-DP) was undetectable. Only a small peak was detected with the appearance of spermatocytes and spermatids, and at the time of spawning, the level increased dramatically, reaching its maximum value with the onset of milt production. Despite the high variation in serum levels of 17beta-estradiol (E2) both between months and among the individuals, E2 was found during the whole reproductive cycle. From these results, we concluded that 1) 11-KT is necessary for the initiation of spermatogenesis and sperm production, and it probably plays a role in spermiation, 2) 17alpha,20beta-DP is essential for the final maturation stage, could play a significant role in the mitosis phase and meiosis process, and probably participates in the regulation of spawning behavior, and 3) estrogen is an indispensable male hormone that plays a physiological role in some aspects of testicular functions, especially during the mitotic phase. The three steroids were also able to induce DNA synthesis, spermatogonial renewal, and/or spermatogonial proliferation in vitro.

Occurrence of Peach Latent Mosaic Viroid in Stone Fruits and Its Transmission with Contaminated Blades

Peach latent mosaic viroid (PLMVd) is widely distributed (approximately 55%) in peach germplasm from Europe, Asia, North America, and South America. PLMVd, or a closely related viroid, was occasionally detected in cherry, plum, and apricot germplasm from countries in Europe or Asia. The cherry isolate of PLMVd is 337 nucleotides in length and is 91 to 92% homologous to PLMVd isolates from peach. Molecular hybridization experiments demonstrated that PLMVd is not related to the agent of peach mosaic disease. PLMVd was readily transmitted (50 to 70%) by contaminated blades to green shoots and lignified stems of peach GF-305 plants. These results indicate that the viroid may be transmitted in orchards with contaminated pruning equipment.

Assessment of inorganic lead species and total organo-alkyllead in some Egyptian agricultural soils

This study was carried out to assess the amounts of (i) total Pb in soil, (ii) inorganic Pb species: exchangeable (EXCH), carbonate (CARB), easily reducible (EASR), moderately reducible (MODR), organic matter and sulfides (ORGS), and residual (RESD) bound Pb, and (iii) total organo-lead as alkyllead, in alluvial and lacustrine soils of the Nile delta, Egypt. Wide ranges of soil Pb were found in the alluvial (18.2-1850 microg g(-1)) and the lacustrine (39-1985 microg g(-1)) soils. The topsoil was highly enriched with Pb relative to the subsurface soils, especially in highly contaminated soils. There was no significant relationship between soil type and Pb content. Amounts of soil Pb greater than the background level (14 microg g(-1)) are due to Pb deposited from various anthropogenic activities. The partitioning of soil Pb into different species varied according to the intensity of contamination. It followed the sequence: RESD > ORGS > CARB > MODR > EASR in the slightly contaminated alluvial as well as lacustrine soils. In the highly contaminated soils, it followed the sequence: ORGS > MODR > CARB > EASR > RESD in the alluvial soils, and the sequence: ORGS > CARB > MODR > EASR > RESD in the lacustrine soils. There is high binding capacity of organic matter and sulfides to Pb, especially in the highly contaminated soils. The concentrations of total alkyllead in soils varied markedly and were related to both intensity of contamination and depth in the soil. The subsurface soil (15-30 cm) was highly enriched by alkyllead (means 224 and 353 ng g(-1) in the alluvial and lacustrine soils, respectively) relative to the surface and deeper soils. The proportion of total alkyllead as a percentage of total Pb in the soil was generally very low. It did not exceed 1.6% in the slightly contaminated soils, and 0.6% in the highly contaminated ones.

Smectite in acute diarrhea in children: a double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial

Dioctahedral smectite (DS) a natural adsorbent clay capable of adsorbing viruses, bacteria, and other intestinal irritants in vitro, is claimed to possess beneficial "antidiarrheal" properties. This study tested the effect of DS on the duration of diarrhea and the frequency and amount of liquid stools. Ninety well-nourished boys, aged 3-24 months, with acute watery diarrhea and mild, moderate, or severe dehydration were included in a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. After initial rehydration, they received DS or placebo (1.5 g freshly dissolved in 50 ml of water, four times daily for 3 days) along with oral rehydration solution (ORS) and adequate feeding. The clinical characteristics of both groups were comparable on admission. Patients in the smectite group had a significantly shorter duration of diarrhea (mean +/- SD, 54 +/- 16 vs. 73 +/- 13 h) and significantly fewer stools (2.6 +/- 0.8 vs. 3 +/- 0.7 on second day; 1.9 +/- 0.7 vs. 2.4 +/- 0.7 on third day; and 11.3 +/- 3.2 vs. 13.8 +/- 3 overall). The amount of liquid stools was not significantly reduced. Weight gain at 24, 48, and 72 h and on recovery was significantly higher in the smectite group despite the comparable fluid and food intake in both groups. These results suggest a beneficial effect of DS in shortening the duration of diarrhea and reducing the frequency of liquid stools in children rehydrated with ORS.

Ultrastructure of Trichophyton violaceum

BACKGROUND

The ultrastructure of different fungi have been described in recent literature; however, few reports have concerned dermatophytes.

METHODS

Fine structure of Trichophyton violaceum was observed using electron microscopy.

RESULTS

Hyphae appeared as branched segmented filaments with a cell wall consisting of two layers. Thin electron dense plasma membrane was evident continuous with the inner surface of the cell wall. Septal walls with central pores and a uniform electron opacity plugs were seen. The hyphae were multinucleated and the cytoplasm contained endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and vacuoles.

CONCLUSIONS

Although these findings showed ultrastructural similarities of the cell wall with Microsporum canis, Microsporum gypseum and Microsporum audouinii, there were some points of difference in the ultrastructure of the hyphae in Epidermophyton floccosum, and in the mitochondria of Trichophyton mentagrophytes as described by other investigators.

Anticholesteremic property of Lactobacillus acidophilus yogurt fed to mature boars

Three strains of Lactobacilus acidophilus (LA) were isolated from the feces of mature boars that were not being fed antibiotics from the Nebraska Gene Pool (NGP). All three LA isolates were screened in vitro for anticholesteremic and antimicrobial activities. One strain, LA16, caused the greatest reduction in cholesterol and inhibited both Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli the most. LA16 was used to produce 16, 18.9-liter quantities of acidophilus yogurt (AY), over a period of 8 wk, for use as a feed ingredient in diets for the NGP boars. Colony forming units (cfu), pH, protein, energy, Ca and P were consistent across all 16 batches of yogurt. All of the 18 boars were fed a high-cholesterol diet for a period of 56 d at a rate of 2.268 kg/(hd.d) to furnish 6.661 g/(hd.d) of cholesterol. Nine of the boars then were fed 1.81 kg/(hd.d) of a second diet that was supplemented with .454 kg/(hd.d) of AY. The other nine boars were fed the original diet. Cholesterol intake was the same for the two dietary treatments. Blood samples were collected weekly from the brachial-jugular region and the sera were analyzed for lipids. Acidophilus yogurt reduced serum cholesterol (P less than .01) and low density lipoproteins (P less than .08), but it had no effect on serum triglycerides (P greater than .23) or on high density lipoproteins (P greater than .11).

Clinical electrophysiologic assessment of ulnar nerve transposition in tuberculoid leprosy

Ulnar nerve transposition was accomplished in 24 tuberculoid leprotic patients, making a total of 27 operations. Results were assessed clinically and electrophysiologically, pre- and postoperatively, and compared with a control group of 30 patients. Excellent results were obtained in early cases with minimal electromyographic changes. Late cases did not improve after surgery.

Photochemotherapy and alopecia areata

Four of ten patients with alopecia areata (plaque and totalis types) showed some regrowth of hair after PUVA therapy using a light box with peak emission 365 nm. Because PUVA may have long term side effects, this therapy should be reserved for patients resistant to other treatments.

The effect of fermented and unfermented milks on serum cholesterol

Groups of 10 to 13 healthy volunteers were provided with 11 supplements of 2% butterfat milk (2% milk), whole milk, skim milk, yogurt, buttermilk, and sweet acidophilus milk daily for a 3-wk period. Despite increases in caloric intakes on all supplements, no significant increases were found in total, low-density, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. A significant weight gain was seen in subjects taking yogurt and acidophilus groups; these were the only two groups showing significant rises in triglyceride levels. These results in normal volunteers focus attention on the current practice of recommending only skim or 2% milk for hyperlipidemic individuals.

Supplemental copper and selenium for calves: effects upon ceruloplasmin activity and liver copper concentration

The relation between plasma copper, ceruloplasmin concentration, and copper oxidase activity in postnatal calves fed supplemental amounts of copper (100 and 200 p.p.m.) and selenium (0.7 p.p.m.) singly or in combination was studied. Thirty-six 3-day-old calves were assigned at random to six dietary treatments (2 × 3 factorial) with six calves in each treatment. Blood samples were collected biweekly for a period of 56 days.A significant (P = 0.01) positive linear correlation was obtained between plasma copper (μg/100 ml) and p-polyphenylenediamine oxidase activity (expressed as absorbance at 552 mμ). Considerable changes in plasma copper were observed as the level of copper or copper plus selenium in the diet was elevated. Copper or copper plus selenium supplementation did not have any significant effect on the amount of copper in the albumin fraction of plasma and ceruloplasmin activity was completely absent.