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Ulke-Lemée A, Lau A, Nelson MC, James MT, Muruve DA, MacDonald JA. Quantification of Inflammasome Adaptor Protein ASC in Biological Samples by Multiple-Reaction Monitoring Mass Spectrometry. Inflammation 2018; 41:1396-1408. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-018-0787-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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2
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Lau A, Chung H, Komada T, Platnich JM, Sandall CF, Choudhury SR, Chun J, Naumenko V, Surewaard BG, Nelson MC, Ulke-Lemée A, Beck PL, Benediktsson H, Jevnikar AM, Snelgrove SL, Hickey MJ, Senger DL, James MT, Macdonald JA, Kubes P, Jenne CN, Muruve DA. Renal immune surveillance and dipeptidase-1 contribute to contrast-induced acute kidney injury. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:2894-2913. [PMID: 29863495 DOI: 10.1172/jci96640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiographic contrast agents cause acute kidney injury (AKI), yet the underlying pathogenesis is poorly understood. Nod-like receptor pyrin containing 3-deficient (Nlrp3-deficient) mice displayed reduced epithelial cell injury and inflammation in the kidney in a model of contrast-induced AKI (CI-AKI). Unexpectedly, contrast agents directly induced tubular epithelial cell death in vitro that was not dependent on Nlrp3. Rather, contrast agents activated the canonical Nlrp3 inflammasome in macrophages. Intravital microscopy revealed diatrizoate (DTA) uptake within minutes in perivascular CX3CR1+ resident phagocytes in the kidney. Following rapid filtration into the tubular luminal space, DTA was reabsorbed and concentrated in tubular epithelial cells via the brush border enzyme dipeptidase-1 in volume-depleted but not euvolemic mice. LysM-GFP+ macrophages recruited to the kidney interstitial space ingested contrast material transported from the urine via direct interactions with tubules. CI-AKI was dependent on resident renal phagocytes, IL-1, leukocyte recruitment, and dipeptidase-1. Levels of the inflammasome-related urinary biomarkers IL-18 and caspase-1 were increased immediately following contrast administration in patients undergoing coronary angiography, consistent with the acute renal effects observed in mice. Taken together, these data show that CI-AKI is a multistep process that involves immune surveillance by resident and infiltrating renal phagocytes, Nlrp3-dependent inflammation, and the tubular reabsorption of contrast via dipeptidase-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Lau
- Department of Medicine.,Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases
| | - Hyunjae Chung
- Department of Medicine.,Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases
| | - Takanori Komada
- Department of Medicine.,Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases
| | - Jaye M Platnich
- Department of Medicine.,Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases
| | - Christina F Sandall
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.,Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta
| | | | - Justin Chun
- Department of Medicine.,Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases
| | - Victor Naumenko
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, and
| | - Bas Gj Surewaard
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, and
| | | | - Annegret Ulke-Lemée
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.,Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta
| | - Paul L Beck
- Department of Medicine.,Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases
| | - Hallgrimur Benediktsson
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Anthony M Jevnikar
- Department of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah L Snelgrove
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael J Hickey
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Donna L Senger
- Department of Oncology.,Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute
| | - Matthew T James
- Department of Medicine.,Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta
| | - Justin A Macdonald
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.,Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta
| | - Paul Kubes
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, and
| | - Craig N Jenne
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, and
| | - Daniel A Muruve
- Department of Medicine.,Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases
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3
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Johnston JD, Kruman BA, Nelson MC, Merrill RM, Graul RJ, Hoybjerg TG, Tuttle SC, Myers SJ, Cook RB, Weber KS. Differential effects of air conditioning type on residential endotoxin levels in a semi-arid climate. Indoor Air 2017; 27:946-954. [PMID: 28141892 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Residential endotoxin exposure is associated with protective and pathogenic health outcomes. Evaporative coolers, an energy-efficient type of air conditioner used in dry climates, are a potential source of indoor endotoxins; however, this association is largely unstudied. We collected settled dust biannually from four locations in homes with evaporative coolers (n=18) and central air conditioners (n=22) in Utah County, Utah (USA), during winter (Jan-Apr) and summer (Aug-Sept), 2014. Dust samples (n=281) were analyzed by the Limulus amebocyte lysate test. Housing factors were measured by survey, and indoor temperature and relative humidity measures were collected during both seasons. Endotoxin concentrations (EU/mg) were significantly higher in homes with evaporative coolers from mattress and bedroom floor samples during both seasons. Endotoxin surface loads (EU/m2 ) were significantly higher in homes with evaporative coolers from mattress and bedroom floor samples during both seasons and in upholstered furniture during winter. For the nine significant season-by-location comparisons, EU/mg and EU/m2 were approximately three to six times greater in homes using evaporative coolers. A plausible explanation for these findings is that evaporative coolers serve as a reservoir and distribution system for Gram-negative bacteria or their cell wall components in homes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Johnston
- Department of Health Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - B A Kruman
- Department of Health Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - M C Nelson
- Microbiology & Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - R M Merrill
- Department of Health Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - R J Graul
- Department of Health Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - T G Hoybjerg
- Microbiology & Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - S C Tuttle
- Department of Health Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - S J Myers
- Microbiology & Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - R B Cook
- Microbiology & Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - K S Weber
- Microbiology & Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
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4
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Nelson MC, Reynolds JD. Effects of subsidies from spawning chum and pink salmon on juvenile coho salmon body size and migration timing. Ecosphere 2015. [DOI: 10.1890/es14-00162.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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5
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Mounsey RB, Martin HL, Nelson MC, Evans RM, Teismann P. The effect of neuronal conditional knock-out of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Neuroscience 2015; 300:576-84. [PMID: 26028469 PMCID: PMC4512257 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), namely PPARγ and PPARδ, has been shown to provide neuroprotection in a number of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease (PD). The observed neuroprotective effects in experimental models of PD have been linked to anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory actions. This study aimed to analyze the full influence of these receptors in neuroprotection by generating a nerve cell-specific conditional knock-out of these receptors and subjecting these genetically modified mice to the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) neurotoxin to model dopaminergic degeneration. Mice null for both receptors show the lowest levels of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive cell bodies following MPTP administration. Presence of one or both these receptors show a trend toward protection against this degeneration, as higher dopaminergic cell immunoreactivity and striatal monoamine levels are evident. These data supplement recent studies that have elected to use agonists of the receptors to regulate immune responses. The results place further importance on the activation of PPARs and the neuroprotective roles these have in inflammatory processes linked to neurodegenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Mounsey
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - H L Martin
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - M C Nelson
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - R M Evans
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - P Teismann
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.
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6
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Thyberg M, Nelson MC, Thyberg I. A definition of disability emphasizing the interaction between individual and social aspects that existed among Scandinavian precursors of rehabilitation medicine as early as 1912. J Rehabil Med 2010; 42:182-3. [DOI: 10.2340/16501977-0485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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7
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Mahmud N, Devine SM, Weller KP, Parmar S, Sturgeon C, Nelson MC, Hewett T, Hoffman R. The relative quiescence of hematopoietic stem cells in nonhuman primates. Blood 2001; 97:3061-8. [PMID: 11342431 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v97.10.3061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Quiescence has been thought to be required for the retention of the full biological potential of pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells (PHSCs). This hypothesis has been challenged recently by the observation that all murine PHSCs cycle continuously and constantly contribute to steady-state blood cell production. It was asked whether these observations could be extrapolated to describe hematopoiesis in higher mammals. In this series of experiments, the replicative history of PHSCs was examined in baboons by continuously administering bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) for more than 85 weeks. The results indicate that under steady-state conditions, PHSCs remain largely quiescent but do cycle, albeit at a far lower rate than previously reported for rodent PHSCs. BrdU-labeled cycling PHSCs and progenitor cells were shown to have an extensive proliferative capacity and to contribute to blood cell production for prolonged periods of time. The proportion of PHSCs entering cell cycle could, however, be rapidly increased by the in vivo administration of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor. These data indicate that during steady-state hematopoiesis, baboon PHSCs require prolonged periods of time to cycle and that the proportion of PHSCs in cycle is not fixed but can be altered by external stimuli. The relative quiescence of PHSCs observed in this nonhuman primate model, in contrast to murine PHSCs, might explain the current barriers to genetic modification and ex vivo expansion of human PHSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Mahmud
- Hematology/Oncology Section and Transplantation Surgery Section, Biologic Resources Laboratory, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago 60607-7173, USA
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8
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Xie W, Radominska-Pandya A, Shi Y, Simon CM, Nelson MC, Ong ES, Waxman DJ, Evans RM. An essential role for nuclear receptors SXR/PXR in detoxification of cholestatic bile acids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:3375-80. [PMID: 11248086 PMCID: PMC30661 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.051014398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 556] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2001] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic hydroxylation is an essential step in the metabolism and excretion of bile acids and is necessary to avoid pathologic conditions such as cholestasis and liver damage. In this report, we demonstrate that the human xenobiotic receptor SXR (steroid and xenobiotic receptor) and its rodent homolog PXR (pregnane X receptor) serve as functional bile acid receptors in both cultured cells and animals. In particular, the secondary bile acid derivative lithocholic acid (LCA) is highly hepatotoxic and, as we show here, a metabolic substrate for CYP3A hydroxylation. By using combinations of knockout and transgenic animals, we show that activation of SXR/PXR is necessary and sufficient to both induce CYP3A enzymes and confer resistance to toxicity by LCA, as well as other xenotoxicants such as tribromoethanol and zoxazolamine. Therefore, we establish SXR and PXR as bile acid receptors and a role for the xenobiotic response in the detoxification of bile acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Xie
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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9
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Nelson MC. On the (presumed) authority of interpretations. Psychoanal Rev 2001; 88:83-6. [PMID: 11458662 DOI: 10.1521/prev.88.1.83.17551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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Sharma AK, Nelson MC, Brandt JE, Wessman M, Mahmud N, Weller KP, Hoffman R. Human CD34(+) stem cells express the hiwi gene, a human homologue of the Drosophila gene piwi. Blood 2001; 97:426-34. [PMID: 11154219 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v97.2.426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are characterized by their dual abilities to undergo differentiation into multiple hematopoietic cell lineages or to undergo self-renewal. The molecular basis of these properties remains poorly understood. Recently the piwi gene was found in the embryonic germline stem cells (GSCs) of Drosophila melanogaster and has been shown to be important in GSC self-renewal. This study demonstrated that hiwi, a novel human homologue of piwi, is also present in human CD34(+) hematopoietic progenitor cells but not in more differentiated cell populations. Placing CD34(+) cells into culture conditions that supported differentiation and rapid exit from the stem cell compartment resulted in a loss of hiwi expression by day 5 of a 14-day culture period. Expression of the hiwi gene was detected in many developing fetal and adult tissues. By means of 5' RACE cloning methodology, a novel putative full-length hiwi complementary DNA was cloned from human CD34(+) marrow cells. At the amino acid level, the human HIWI protein was 52% homologous to the Drosophila protein. The transient expression of hiwi in the human leukemia cell line KG1 resulted in a dramatic reduction in cellular proliferation. Overexpression of hiwi led to programmed cell death of KG1 cells as demonstrated by the Annexin V assay system. These studies suggest that hiwi maybe an important negative developmental regulator, which, in part, underlies the unique biologic properties associated with hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Sharma
- Hematology/Oncology Section, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 60607, USA
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11
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Saez E, Nelson MC, Eshelman B, Banayo E, Koder A, Cho GJ, Evans RM. Identification of ligands and coligands for the ecdysone-regulated gene switch. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:14512-7. [PMID: 11114195 PMCID: PMC18950 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.260499497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ecdysone-inducible gene switch is a useful tool for modulating gene expression in mammalian cells and transgenic animals. We have identified inducers derived from plants as well as certain classes of insecticides that increase the versatility of this gene regulation system. Phytoecdysteroids share the favorable kinetics of steroids, but are inert in mammals. The gene regulation properties of one of these ecdysteroids have been examined in cell culture and in newly developed strains of ecdysone-system transgenic mice. Ponasterone A is a potent regulator of gene expression in cells and transgenic animals, enabling reporter genes to be turned on and off rapidly. A number of nonsteroidal insecticides have been identified that also activate the ecdysone system. Because the gene-controlling properties of the ecdysone switch are based on a heterodimer composed of a modified ecdysone receptor (VgEcR) and the retinoid X receptor (RXR), we have tested the effect of RXR ligands on the VgEcR/RXR complex. Used alone, RXR ligands display no activity on the ecdysone switch. However, when used in combination with a VgEcR ligand, RXR ligands dramatically enhance the absolute levels of induction. This property of the heterodimer has allowed the development of superinducer combinations that increase the dynamic range of the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Saez
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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12
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Xie W, Barwick JL, Downes M, Blumberg B, Simon CM, Nelson MC, Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Brunt EM, Guzelian PS, Evans RM. Humanized xenobiotic response in mice expressing nuclear receptor SXR. Nature 2000; 406:435-9. [PMID: 10935643 DOI: 10.1038/35019116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 492] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The cytochrome CYP3A gene products, expressed in mammalian liver, are essential for the metabolism of lipophilic substrates, including endogenous steroid hormones and prescription drugs. CYP3A enzymes are extremely versatile and are inducible by many of their natural and xenobiotic substrates. Consequently, they form the molecular basis for many clinical drug-drug interactions. The induction of CYP3A enzymes is species-specific, and we have postulated that it involves one or more cellular factors, or receptor-like xeno-sensors. Here we identify one such factor unequivocally as the nuclear receptor pregnenolone X receptor (PXR) and its human homologue, steroid and xenobiotic receptor (SXR). We show that targeted disruption of the mouse PXR gene abolishes induction of CYP3A by prototypic inducers such as dexamethasone or pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile. In transgenic mice, an activated form of SXR causes constitutive upregulation of CYP3A gene expression and enhanced protection against toxic xenobiotic compounds. Furthermore, we show that the species origin of the receptor, rather than the promoter structure of CYP3A genes, dictates the species-specific pattern of CYP3A inducibility. Thus, we can generate 'humanized' transgenic mice that are responsive to human-specific inducers such as the antibiotic rifampicin. We conclude that SXR/PXR genes encode the primary species-specific xeno-sensors that mediate the adaptive hepatic response, and may represent the critical biochemical mechanism of human xenoprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Xie
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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13
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Abstract
The nuclear hormone receptor PPAR gamma promotes adipogenesis and macrophage differentiation and is a primary pharmacological target in the treatment of type II diabetes. Here, we show that PPAR gamma gene knockout results in two independent lethal phases. Initially, PPAR gamma deficiency interferes with terminal differentiation of the trophoblast and placental vascularization, leading to severe myocardial thinning and death by E10.0. Supplementing PPAR gamma null embryos with wild-type placentas via aggregation with tetraploid embryos corrects the cardiac defect, implicating a previously unrecognized dependence of the developing heart on a functional placenta. A tetraploid-rescued mutant surviving to term exhibited another lethal combination of pathologies, including lipodystrophy and multiple hemorrhages. These findings both confirm and expand the current known spectrum of physiological functions regulated by PPAR gamma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Barak
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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14
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Brandt JE, Bartholomew AM, Fortman JD, Nelson MC, Bruno E, Chen LM, Turian JV, Davis TA, Chute JP, Hoffman R. Ex vivo expansion of autologous bone marrow CD34(+) cells with porcine microvascular endothelial cells results in a graft capable of rescuing lethally irradiated baboons. Blood 1999; 94:106-13. [PMID: 10381503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) self-renewal in vitro has been reported to result in a diminished proliferative capacity or acquisition of a homing defect that might compromise marrow repopulation. Our group has demonstrated that human HSC expanded ex vivo in the presence of porcine microvascular endothelial cells (PMVEC) retain the capacity to competitively repopulate human bone fragments implanted in severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice. To further test the marrow repopulating capacity of expanded stem cells, our laboratory has established a myeloablative, fractionated total body irradiation conditioning protocol for autologous marrow transplantation in baboons. A control animal, which received no transplant, as well as two animals, which received a suboptimal number of marrow mononuclear cells, died 37, 43, and 59 days postirradiation, respectively. Immunomagnetically selected CD34(+) marrow cells from two baboons were placed in PMVEC coculture with exogenous human cytokines. After 10 days of expansion, the grafts represented a 14-fold to 22-fold increase in cell number, a 4-fold to 5-fold expansion of CD34(+) cells, a 3-fold to 4-fold increase of colony-forming unit-granulocyte-macrophage (CFU-GM), and a 12-fold to 17-fold increase of cobblestone area-forming cells (CAFC) over input. Both baboons became transfusion independent by day 23 posttransplant and achieved absolute neutrophil count (ANC) >500/microL by day 25 +/- 1 and platelets >20,000/microL by day 29 +/- 2. This hematopoietic recovery was delayed in comparison to two animals that received either a graft consisting of freshly isolated, unexpanded CD34(+) cells or 175 x 10(6)/kg unfractionated marrow mononuclear cells. Analysis of the proliferative status of cells in PMVEC expansion cultures demonstrated that by 10 days, 99.8% of CD34(+) cells present in the cultures had undergone cycling, and that the population of cells expressing a CD34(+) CD38(-) phenotype in the cultures was also the result of active cell division. These data indicate that isolated bone marrow CD34(+) cells may undergo cell division during ex vivo expansion in the presence of endothelial cells to provide a graft capable of rescuing a myeloablated autologous host.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Brandt
- Department of Medicine and the Biological Resources Laboratory, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
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15
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Saez E, Tontonoz P, Nelson MC, Alvarez JG, Ming UT, Baird SM, Thomazy VA, Evans RM. Activators of the nuclear receptor PPARgamma enhance colon polyp formation. Nat Med 1998; 4:1058-61. [PMID: 9734400 DOI: 10.1038/2042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 476] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A high-fat diet increases the risk of colon, breast and prostate cancer. The molecular mechanism by which dietary lipids promote tumorigenesis is unknown. Their effects may be mediated at least in part by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). These ligand-activated nuclear receptors modulate gene expression in response to fatty acids, lipid-derived metabolites and antidiabetic drugs. To explore the role of the PPARs in diet-induced carcinogenesis, we treated mice predisposed to intestinal neoplasia with a synthetic PPARgamma ligand. Reflecting the pattern of expression of PPARgamma in the gastrointestinal tract, treated mice developed a considerably greater number of polyps in the colon but not in the small intestine, indicating that PPARgamma activation may provide a molecular link between a high-fat diet and increased risk of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Saez
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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16
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Abstract
The nuclear receptor superfamily includes receptors for steroids, retinoids, thyroid hormone and vitamin D, as well as many related proteins. An important feature of the action of the lipophilic hormones and vitamins is that the maintenance of homeostatic function requires both intrinsic positive and negative regulation. Here we provide in vitro and in vivo evidence that identifies the CREB-binding protein (CBP) and its homologue P300 (refs 6,7) as cofactors mediating nuclear-receptor-activated gene transcription. The role of CBP/P300 in the transcriptional response to cyclic AMP, phorbol esters, serum, the lipophilic hormones and as the target of the E1A oncoprotein suggests they may serve as integrators of extracellular and intracellular signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Chakravarti
- The Gene Expression Laboratory, the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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17
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Functionally induced strains provide epigenetic signaling for bone modeling and remodeling activities. Strain gauge documentation of the equine third metacarpal reveals a neutral axis passing through the craniolateral cortex, resulting in a narrow band of cortex loaded predominantly in tension, with the remainder of the cortex experiencing a wide range of compression strain magnitudes that are maximal in the caudomedial cortex. This predictable strain pattern provides a model for examining the hypothesis that strain mode, magnitude, and strain energy density are potential correlates of compact bone structural and material organization. METHODS Structural and material variables were quantified in nine equine (standard breeds) third metacarpals for comparison with the in vivo strain milieu that was evaluated in thoroughbred horses. The variables quantified included secondary osteon population density (OPD), fractional area of secondary bone (FASB), fractional area of porous spaces, collagen fiber orientation, mineral content (% ash), and cortical thickness. Each bone was sectioned transversely at 50% of length, with subsequent quantification of eight radial sectors and three intracortical regions (periosteal, middle, endosteal). Linear regression analysis compared these variables to magnitudes of corresponding regional in vivo longitudinal strain, shear strain, and strain energy density values reported in the literature. RESULTS The craniolateral ("tension") cortex of this bone is distinguished by its 30% lower FASB and with the lateral cortex exhibits 20% darker gray level (more longitudinal collagen) compared with the average of all other locations. Conversely, the remaining ("compression") cortices as a group have a high OPD, are more extensively remodeled, and contain more oblique-to-transverse collagen. The caudal cortices (caudomedial, caudal, caudolateral) are significantly thinner (P < 0.01) and have 4% lower mineral content (P < 0.05) than all other locations. Moderately strong correlations exist between collagen fiber orientation and normal strain (r = 0.752) and shear strain (r = 0.555). When normal and shear strains were transformed to their respective absolute values, thus eliminating the effects of strain mode (tension vs. compression), these correlation coefficients decreased markedly. CONCLUSIONS Collagen fiber orientation is related to strain mode and may function to accentuate rather than attenuate bending. These differences may represent adaptations that function synergistically with bone geometry to promote a beneficial strain distribution and loading predictability during functional loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Skedros
- Bone and Joint Research Laboratories, V.A. Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84148, USA
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18
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Nelson MC. The imaging of sports injuries. Md Med J 1996; 45:659-69. [PMID: 8772283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Radiology plays a critical role in the evaluation of a traumatized athlete. The goal is to provide as much information as possible to allow timely and appropriate patient care. To select the best "diagnostic pathway," close communication between the clinician and the radiologist is mandatory. This saves time, money, and radiation exposure. Although plain radiographs remain the primary imaging technique for the diagnosis of musculoskeletal trauma, certain injuries can be more fully evaluated by fluoroscopy, arthrography, nuclear medicine scanning, computed tomography (CT), arthrography followed by CT, or magnetic resonance imaging. This article reviews the uses of each imaging technique in the diagnosis of musculoskeletal trauma and its most appropriate application. A discussion of pediatric skeletal trauma is included.
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Nelson MC, Hogan DK. The role of cladribine in the treatment of lymphoid malignancies. Oncol Nurs Forum 1995; 22:1395-400. [PMID: 8539180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES To review clinical applications and nursing care activities for patients receiving cladribine, a synthetic antineoplastic agent used to treat lymphoid malignancies. DATA SOURCES Clinical trial data, published articles, reports from oncology nurses, and personal observations. DATA SYNTHESIS Cladribine has shown response rates of nearly 90% in patients with hairy cell leukemia after a single, seven-day continuous infusion. Toxicities generally are mild, predictable, and rapidly reversible after therapy is discontinued. CONCLUSIONS Currently, cladribine primarily is used in hairy cell leukemia therapy. Clinical trials of cladribine in treating other hematologic malignancies, primarily chronic lymphocytic leukemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, have demonstrated encouraging results. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE Nursing care for patients who receive cladribine involves management of side effects, which commonly include myelosuppression and fever, and monitoring of hemoglobin, platelet levels, and body temperature. Fever develops in most patients receiving cladribine but is usually transient and easily treated with acetaminophen. Infection as a cause of fever must be ruled out, especially in patients with neutropenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Nelson
- Ida M. and Cecil H. Green Cancer Center, Scripps Clinic Research Foundation, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Aaron
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Georgetown University Hospital, Washington D.C. 20007, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Nelson
- Department of Radiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Aaron
- Department of Orthopaedics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007
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Keith CS, Hoang DO, Barrett BM, Feigelman B, Nelson MC, Thai H, Baysdorfer C. Partial sequence analysis of 130 randomly selected maize cDNA clones. Plant Physiol 1993; 101:329-32. [PMID: 8278499 PMCID: PMC158680 DOI: 10.1104/pp.101.1.329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
As part of a project to identify novel maize (Zea mays L. cv B73) genes functionally, we have partially sequenced 130 randomly selected clones from a maize leaf cDNA library. Data base comparisons revealed seven previously sequenced maize cDNAs and 18 cDNAs with sequence similarity to related maize genes or to genes from other organisms. One hundred five cDNAs show little or no similarity to previously sequenced genes. Our results also establish the suitability of this library for large-scale sequencing in terms of its large insert size, proper insert orientation, and low duplication rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Keith
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Hayward 94542
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Nelson MC, Leather GP, Nirschl RP, Pettrone FA, Freedman MT. Evaluation of the painful shoulder. A prospective comparison of magnetic resonance imaging, computerized tomographic arthrography, ultrasonography, and operative findings. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1991. [DOI: 10.2106/00004623-199173050-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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Nelson MC, Leather GP, Nirschl RP, Pettrone FA, Freedman MT. Evaluation of the painful shoulder. A prospective comparison of magnetic resonance imaging, computerized tomographic arthrography, ultrasonography, and operative findings. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1991; 73:707-16. [PMID: 2045395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-one patients who had had pain in the shoulder for more than three months were evaluated with ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging followed by computerized tomographic arthrography. The results of the imaging studies were then compared with the operative findings. Magnetic resonance imaging was found to be the most useful modality for establishment of the etiology of pain in the shoulder due to disease of the rotator cuff, instability associated with abnormality of the glenoid labrum, subacromial impingement, stenosis of the coracoacromial arch, and osteoarthrosis of either the glenohumeral or the acromioclavicular joint. The accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging was found to depend on both the operator and the technique and was decreased in extremely obese patients, due to difficulties in positioning, and in patients who had had a previous operation. Magnetic resonance imaging was more accurate than either computerized tomographic arthrography or ultrasonography in identifying partial-thickness tears (intrasubstance changes in the rotator cuff). Magnetic resonance imaging provided the same level of accuracy as computerized tomographic arthrography in the detection of abnormalities of the glenoid labrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Nelson
- Department of Radiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C. 20007-2197
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Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to evaluate 22 histologically proven peripheral nerve sheath tumors, approximately two-thirds of which arose in the lower extremity. The histologic distribution was as follows: 12 schwannomas, 7 neurofibromas, and 3 malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (2 of which occurred in patients with neurofibromatosis). Most lesions demonstrated an intermediate to moderately bright signal on T1-weighted images and were minimally inhomogeneous. All lesions were moderately bright on proton-density-weighted images and bright on T2-weighted images, again with variable inhomogeneity. The extent of the tumor was best assessed on proton-density- and T2-weighted images. Smooth margins were noted in 19 lesions. Of the 3 remaining lesions, 2 were malignant (but had been subjected to biopsy prior to MRI), and the other lesion was a plexiform neurofibroma. MRI accurately determined the relationship between the lesion and the adjacent neurovascular structures and muscles, thereby assisting surgical management. On MRI, 5 lesions demonstrated coexistent subtle muscle atrophy along the longitudinal axis of surrounding or distally innervated musculature. This latter finding, together with the presence of a tumor in the vicinity of a large nerve trunk, suggests a peripheral nerve sheath neoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Stull
- Department of Radiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
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Abstract
Ten patients with soft tissue hemangiomas outside the central nervous system were studied with MR imaging. Eight patients were studied at 1.5 Tesla (T) with T1-weighted and triple echo T2-weighted sequences. Two additional patients were imaged on a 0.5-T system. The MR images were correlated with images from other modalities. Histologic diagnosis was obtained in all cases. It was found that prolonged T2-weighted imaging together with standard spin echo T1 and T2 pulse sequences is a good substitute for contrast-enhanced CT and arteriographic evaluation of soft tissue hemangiomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Nelson
- Department of Radiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C. 20007-2197
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Nelson MC, Petrik JH, Lack EE, Glass-Royal M, Bogumill GP, Stull MA. Lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin disease manifested as a subcutaneous arm mass. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1990; 155:658-9. [PMID: 2117380 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.155.3.2117380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Nelson
- Department of Radiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007
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Abstract
In summary, a case of amyloid arthropathy of the left ankle in a 64-year-old patient with multiple myeloma is presented. The asymmetric presentation and site of deposition in the ankle were taken to be unusual. Involvement of both hips and the right shoulder was also suspected on subsequent evaluation. The patient's history and MR studies were essential in establishing the preoperative diagnosis. The extent of involvement, destruction of underlying cartilage, associated effusion and tenosynovitis were optimally defined by the MR images. The MR images also provided preoperative guidance in determining the approach and optimum site of biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Tagliabue
- Department of Radiology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio
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Nelson MC, Stull MA, Lack EE, Bogumill GP. Case report 600: Post-radiation dermatitis with radiation-induced squamous cell carcinoma (well differentiated) of right third finger. Skeletal Radiol 1990; 19:150-3. [PMID: 2321047 DOI: 10.1007/bf00197628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M C Nelson
- Department of Radiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C
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Abstract
We present two cases of isolated popliteal vein entrapment caused by the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle confirmed by both venography and magnetic resonance imaging of the knee.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Nelson
- Department of Radiology, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. 20007
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Glass-Royal MC, Nelson MC, Albert F, Lack EE, Bogumill GP. Case report 557: Solitary intramuscular myxoma in a patient with polyostotic fibrous dysplasia. Skeletal Radiol 1989; 18:392-8. [PMID: 2781344 DOI: 10.1007/bf00361433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M C Glass-Royal
- Department of Radiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C. 20007
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Archer
- Department of Radiology, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. 20007
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Baum
- Department of Radiology, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. 20007
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Hallisey
- Department of Radiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
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Nelson MC, Brower AC, Ragsdale BD. Case report 448. Osteoid osteoma of left 6th rib with inflammatory reaction in the adjacent pleura and hyperostosis of the adjacent ribs. Skeletal Radiol 1987; 16:601-3. [PMID: 3321460 DOI: 10.1007/bf00351281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M C Nelson
- Department of Radiology, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. 20007
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Abstract
Although the accurate assessment of blood loss at vaginal delivery is clinically important in terms of maternal morbidity and mortality, the quantity is usually underestimated. We present a simple, practical, and convenient method of quantitating blood loss at vaginal delivery. The method of vaginal delivery (spontaneous versus forceps) does not significantly affect blood loss; an episiotomy, a laceration, or both may.
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Nelson MC. To be or not to be--a nurse. Aust Nurses J 1976; 5:16. [PMID: 1045944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Nelson MC. Education: grappling with a dragon. Aust Nurses J 1975; 4:25-8. [PMID: 1039893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Nelson MC. Team nursing--what does it mean? Lamp 1972; 29:15-20. [PMID: 4484776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Nelson MC. Classical conditioning in the blowfly (Phormia regina): associative and excitatory factors. J Comp Physiol Psychol 1971; 77:353-68. [PMID: 5118244 DOI: 10.1037/h0031882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Nelson MC. Automation as it affects nursing today and in a decade. Aust Nurses J 1968; 66:96-102. [PMID: 5185868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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