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Huang RM, Medina W, Brooks TM, Butchart SHM, Fitzpatrick JW, Hermes C, Jenkins CN, Johnston A, Lebbin DJ, Li BV, Ocampo-Peñuela N, Parr M, Wheatley H, Wiedenfeld DA, Wood C, Pimm SL. Correction: Batch-produced, GIS-informed range maps for birds based on provenanced, crowd-sourced data inform conservation assessments. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0295634. [PMID: 38051705 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259299.].
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Jiang L, Piribauer M, Kostov T, Steidel S, Bizjak DA, Steinacker JM, Parr M, Diel P. Testing anabolic activity, potency and mechanisms of action of the phyto-derived beta 2 agonist higenamine. Toxicol Lett 2023; 385:21-28. [PMID: 37598871 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2023.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Higenamine (Hige), a plant derived alkaloid is classified as β2 agonist by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). However, pharmacologic mechanisms of its performance-enhancing activity have not been investigated so far. Therefore, we investigate the anabolic activity and associated molecular mechanisms of Hige in C2C12 myotubes. In differentiated C2C12 cells dose-dependent effects of Hige on myotube size were analyzed. The mRNA expression of genes involved in hypertrophy was measured. For mechanistic studies, β2-adrenoceptor (ADRB2), androgen receptor (AR), and estrogen receptor (ER) inhibitors and dexamethasone (Dexa) were co-incubated and myotube diameter was evaluated. The interaction of Hige with the AR and ER was investigated. Hige treatment significantly increased myotube diameters and stimulated the mRNA expression of hypertrophy-involved genes. In contrast to the ADRB2 inhibitor (ICI 118551), the ER inhibitor ZK 191703, the AR inhibitor Flutamide (Flu), and treatment with Dexa were able to antagonize the Hige-induced increase of myotube diameter. Hige has antagonistic activity in the AR and ER yeast transactivation assay. Our results demonstrate that Hige induces anabolic effects in C2C12 cells but not via the ADRB2. There are indications for a cross talk between Hige and the AR and ER. Future studies are necessary to investigate the involved molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Jiang
- German Sports University Cologne, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Cologne, Germany; Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Medicine, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - M Piribauer
- German Sports University Cologne, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - T Kostov
- German Sports University Cologne, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - S Steidel
- German Sports University Cologne, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - D A Bizjak
- Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Medicine, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - J M Steinacker
- Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Medicine, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - M Parr
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - P Diel
- German Sports University Cologne, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Cologne, Germany.
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Piribauer M, Jiang L, Kostov T, Parr M, Steidel S, Bizjak DA, Steinacker JM, Diel P. Combinatory in vitro effects of the β2-agonists salbutamol and formoterol in skeletal muscle cells. Toxicol Lett 2023; 378:10-18. [PMID: 36822333 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2023.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
β2-agonists are used for the treatment of bronchoconstriction, but also abused in doping. Beside an ergogenic activity β2-agonists may have also anabolic activity. Therefore, we investigated the anabolic activity and associated molecular mechanisms of Salbutamol (SAL) and Formoterol (FOR) alone, as well as in combination in C2C12 myotubes. In differentiated C2C12 cells, dose-dependent effects of SAL and FOR (alone/in combination) on myotube diameter, myosin heavy chain (MHC) protein expression and the mRNA expression of genes involved in hypertrophy were analyzed. β2-adrenoceptor 2 (ADRB2), androgen receptor (AR) and estrogen receptor (ER) inhibitors, as well as dexamethasone (Dexa) were co-incubated with the β2-agonists and myotube diameter was determined. SAL and FOR treatment significantly induced hypertrophy and increased MHC expression and the mRNA expression of Igf1, mTOR, PIk3r1 and AMpKa2. In contrast to an ER inhibitor, the ADRB2 and AR inhibitors, as well as Dexa antagonized FOR and SAL induced hypertrophy. Combined treatment with SAL and FOR resulted in significant additive effects on myotube diameter and MHC expression. Future clinical studies are needed to prove this effect in humans and to evaluate this finding with respect to antidoping regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Piribauer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sports University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - L Jiang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sports University Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - T Kostov
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sports University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - M Parr
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - S Steidel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sports University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - D A Bizjak
- Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - J M Steinacker
- Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - P Diel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sports University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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Huang RM, Medina W, Brooks TM, Butchart SHM, Fitzpatrick JW, Hermes C, Jenkins CN, Johnston A, Lebbin DJ, Li BV, Ocampo-Peñuela N, Parr M, Wheatley H, Wiedenfeld DA, Wood C, Pimm SL. Batch-produced, GIS-informed range maps for birds based on provenanced, crowd-sourced data inform conservation assessments. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259299. [PMID: 34818338 PMCID: PMC8612558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate maps of species ranges are essential to inform conservation, but time-consuming to produce and update. Given the pace of change of knowledge about species distributions and shifts in ranges under climate change and land use, a need exists for timely mapping approaches that enable batch processing employing widely available data. We develop a systematic approach of batch-processing range maps and derived Area of Habitat maps for terrestrial bird species with published ranges below 125,000 km2 in Central and South America. (Area of Habitat is the habitat available to a species within its range.) We combine existing range maps with the rapidly expanding crowd-sourced eBird data of presences and absences from frequently surveyed locations, plus readily accessible, high resolution satellite data on forest cover and elevation to map the Area of Habitat available to each species. Users can interrogate the maps produced to see details of the observations that contributed to the ranges. Previous estimates of Areas of Habitat were constrained within the published ranges and thus were, by definition, smaller-typically about 30%. This reflects how little habitat within suitable elevation ranges exists within the published ranges. Our results show that on average, Areas of Habitat are 12% larger than published ranges, reflecting the often-considerable extent that eBird records expand the known distributions of species. Interestingly, there are substantial differences between threatened and non-threatened species. Some 40% of Critically Endangered, 43% of Endangered, and 55% of Vulnerable species have Areas of Habitat larger than their published ranges, compared with 31% for Near Threatened and Least Concern species. The important finding for conservation is that threatened species are generally more widespread than previously estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M. Huang
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Wilderson Medina
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Thomas M. Brooks
- IUCN, Gland, Switzerland
- World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), University of the Philippines Los Baños, Los Baños, Laguna, The Philippines
- Institute for Marine & Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Stuart H. M. Butchart
- BirdLife International, David Attenborough Building, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Claudia Hermes
- BirdLife International, David Attenborough Building, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Clinton N. Jenkins
- Department of Earth and Environment, Kimberly Green Latin American and Caribbean Center, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Saving Nature, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Alison Johnston
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Lebbin
- American Bird Conservancy, The Plains, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Binbin V. Li
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Environmental Research Centre, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China
| | - Natalia Ocampo-Peñuela
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Mike Parr
- American Bird Conservancy, The Plains, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Hannah Wheatley
- BirdLife International, David Attenborough Building, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Christopher Wood
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Stuart L. Pimm
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Saving Nature, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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Luther D, Cooper WJ, Wong J, Walker M, Farinelli S, Visseren‐Hamakers I, Burfield IJ, Simkins A, Bunting G, Brooks TM, Dicks K, Scott J, Westrip JRS, Lamoreux J, Parr M, de Silva N, Foster M, Upgren A, Butchart SHM. Conservation actions benefit the most threatened species: A 13‐year assessment of Alliance for Zero Extinction species. Conservat Sci and Prac 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David Luther
- Department of Biology and Smithsonian Mason School of Conservation George Mason University Fairfax Virginia USA
| | - William Justin Cooper
- Department of Biology and Smithsonian Mason School of Conservation George Mason University Fairfax Virginia USA
| | - Jesse Wong
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy George Mason University Fairfax Virginia USA
| | | | - Sarah Farinelli
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy George Mason University Fairfax Virginia USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Thomas M. Brooks
- International Union for Conservation of Nature Gland Switzerland
| | - Kara Dicks
- International Union for Conservation of Nature Cambridge UK
| | - Janet Scott
- International Union for Conservation of Nature Cambridge UK
| | | | - John Lamoreux
- Department of Biology George Mason University Fairfax Virginia USA
| | - Mike Parr
- American Bird Conservancy The Plains Virginia USA
| | | | - Matt Foster
- Global Wildlife Conservation Austin Texas USA
| | - Amy Upgren
- American Bird Conservancy The Plains Virginia USA
| | - Stuart H. M. Butchart
- BirdLife International Cambridge UK
- Department of Zoology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
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Parr M. Book Review: Critical Care Focus—II: Trauma. Anaesth Intensive Care 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0310057x0503300624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Parr
- Liverpool Hospital, New South Wales
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Scheer D, Schwartz S, Parr M, Zgibor J, Rajaram L. 0611 Incidence And Prevalence Of Narcolepsy In A U.S. Healthcare Claims Database, 2008–2010. Sleep 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsy061.610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D Scheer
- University of South Florida, College of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tampa, FL
- Pharmaceutical Development Group, Inc., Tampa, FL
| | - S Schwartz
- University of South Florida, College of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tampa, FL
| | - M Parr
- EviCore Healthcare, Department of Sleep Medicine, Franklin, TN
| | - J Zgibor
- University of South Florida, College of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tampa, FL
| | - L Rajaram
- University of South Florida, College of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tampa, FL
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Abstract
Blood tests are ordered on a daily basis in intensive care units (ICU). There are no widely accepted guidelines for testing requirements. This study investigated the impact on ICU laboratory test costs of a multi-strategy change in practice involving routine blood testing. A single centre, prospective, interventional study using historical controls was undertaken to investigate the impact of ICU specialist authorisation of high-volume routine tests on ICU laboratory test costs. Prior to commencement of the study, ICU nursing and junior ICU doctors were able to order tests. During the six-month intervention period, the ICU specialists authorised routine blood tests. Adverse events related to not performing blood tests were also recorded. Overall ICU laboratory test costs decreased by 12.3% over the six months (P=0.0022 versus historical control) with a mean compliance of 51% with the test authorisation protocol. The costs of frequently ordered tests (classified as high-volume) decreased by 20% (P=0.0022 versus historical control). These accounted for an average of 54 ± 3% of the overall ICU blood test costs (blood gas analyses 17%, simple chemistry tests consisting of electrolytes, liver function, calcium, phosphate, magnesium 14%, coagulation 12% and full blood count 11%). Two protocol-related adverse events were recorded and judged as minor and were resolved by ordering tests during the day. No adverse patient outcomes resulted from these two events. Blood testing authorisation by an ICU specialist was associated with significant cost savings in ICU and no adverse patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. S. Rachakonda
- Intensive Care, Liverpool Hospital, Conjoint Senior Lecturer, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales
| | - M. Parr
- Director of ICU, Intensive Care, Liverpool Hospital, Conjoint Professor, University of New South Wales, Professorial Fellow, The Simpson Centre for Health Services Research, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales
| | - A. Aneman
- Intensive Care, Liverpool Hospital, Director ICU Research, Conjoint Associate Professor, University of New South Wales, Senior Fellow, The Simpson Centre for Health Services Research, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales
| | - S. Bhonagiri
- Intensive Care, Liverpool Hospital, Lecturer in Anaesthesia, Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, University of New South Wales, Senior Fellow, The Simpson Centre for Health Services Research, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales
| | - S. Micallef
- Intensive Care, Liverpool Hospital, Conjoint Senior Lecturer, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales
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Shevtsov M, Stangl S, Sievert W, Parr M, Nikolaev B, Illarionov R, Marchenko Y, Yakovleva L, Ryzhov V, Multhoff G. P17.14 Connecting radiotherapy with targeted anti-glioma therapy using superparamagnetic nanoparticles conjugated with Granzyme B. Neuro Oncol 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nox036.460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Shevtsov M, Stangl S, Riederer I, Sievert W, Parr M, Marchenko Y, Yakovleva L, Nikolaev B, Ryzhov V, Multhoff G. P07.20 Combination of the radiotherapy and targeted magnetic nanoparticles in the theranostics of the Hsp70-positive brain tumors. Neuro Oncol 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/now188.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Juffe-Bignoli D, Brooks TM, Butchart SHM, Jenkins RB, Boe K, Hoffmann M, Angulo A, Bachman S, Böhm M, Brummitt N, Carpenter KE, Comer PJ, Cox N, Cuttelod A, Darwall WRT, Di Marco M, Fishpool LDC, Goettsch B, Heath M, Hilton-Taylor C, Hutton J, Johnson T, Joolia A, Keith DA, Langhammer PF, Luedtke J, Nic Lughadha E, Lutz M, May I, Miller RM, Oliveira-Miranda MA, Parr M, Pollock CM, Ralph G, Rodríguez JP, Rondinini C, Smart J, Stuart S, Symes A, Tordoff AW, Woodley S, Young B, Kingston N. Assessing the Cost of Global Biodiversity and Conservation Knowledge. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160640. [PMID: 27529491 PMCID: PMC4986939 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge products comprise assessments of authoritative information supported by standards, governance, quality control, data, tools, and capacity building mechanisms. Considerable resources are dedicated to developing and maintaining knowledge products for biodiversity conservation, and they are widely used to inform policy and advise decision makers and practitioners. However, the financial cost of delivering this information is largely undocumented. We evaluated the costs and funding sources for developing and maintaining four global biodiversity and conservation knowledge products: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, the IUCN Red List of Ecosystems, Protected Planet, and the World Database of Key Biodiversity Areas. These are secondary data sets, built on primary data collected by extensive networks of expert contributors worldwide. We estimate that US$160 million (range: US$116–204 million), plus 293 person-years of volunteer time (range: 278–308 person-years) valued at US$ 14 million (range US$12–16 million), were invested in these four knowledge products between 1979 and 2013. More than half of this financing was provided through philanthropy, and nearly three-quarters was spent on personnel costs. The estimated annual cost of maintaining data and platforms for three of these knowledge products (excluding the IUCN Red List of Ecosystems for which annual costs were not possible to estimate for 2013) is US$6.5 million in total (range: US$6.2–6.7 million). We estimated that an additional US$114 million will be needed to reach pre-defined baselines of data coverage for all the four knowledge products, and that once achieved, annual maintenance costs will be approximately US$12 million. These costs are much lower than those to maintain many other, similarly important, global knowledge products. Ensuring that biodiversity and conservation knowledge products are sufficiently up to date, comprehensive and accurate is fundamental to inform decision-making for biodiversity conservation and sustainable development. Thus, the development and implementation of plans for sustainable long-term financing for them is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Juffe-Bignoli
- United Nations Environment Programme, World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), 219 Huntingdon Road, CB3 0DL Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Thomas M. Brooks
- International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), 28 rue Mauverney, 1196 Gland, Switzerland
- World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna 4031, Philippines
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Stuart H. M. Butchart
- BirdLife International, David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, United Kingdom
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom
| | - Richard B. Jenkins
- IUCN Global Species Programme, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Kaia Boe
- Nature-based Solutions Group, IUCN, 28 Rue Mauverney, 1196 Gland, Switzerland
| | - Michael Hoffmann
- United Nations Environment Programme, World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), 219 Huntingdon Road, CB3 0DL Cambridge, United Kingdom
- International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), 28 rue Mauverney, 1196 Gland, Switzerland
| | - Ariadne Angulo
- IUCN Species Survival Commission, Amphibian Specialist Group, Toronto M8W 1R2, Canada
| | - Steve Bachman
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, United Kingdom
| | - Monika Böhm
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Brummitt
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
| | - Kent E. Carpenter
- IUCN Marine Biodiversity Unit, Global Species Programme/ Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Pat J. Comer
- NatureServe, 4600 N. Fairfax Dr., Arlington, VA 22203, United States of America
| | - Neil Cox
- IUCN CI Biodiversity Assessment Unit, IUCN Global Species Programme, c/o Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Drive, Suite 500, Arlington, VA 22202, United States of America
| | - Annabelle Cuttelod
- IUCN Global Species Programme, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - William R. T. Darwall
- IUCN Global Species Programme, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Moreno Di Marco
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, 4072 Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Management, The University of Queensland, 4072 Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lincoln D. C. Fishpool
- BirdLife International, David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Bárbara Goettsch
- IUCN Global Species Programme, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Melanie Heath
- BirdLife International, David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Craig Hilton-Taylor
- IUCN Global Species Programme, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jon Hutton
- United Nations Environment Programme, World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), 219 Huntingdon Road, CB3 0DL Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Luc Hoffmann Institute, WWF International, 1196 Gland, Switzerland
| | - Tim Johnson
- United Nations Environment Programme, World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), 219 Huntingdon Road, CB3 0DL Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ackbar Joolia
- IUCN Global Species Programme, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Keith
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- New South Wales Office of Environment and Heritage, Hurstville, New South Wales 2220, Australia
| | - Penny F. Langhammer
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 874501, Tempe, AZ 85287, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Luedtke
- IUCN Species Survival Commission, Amphibian Specialist Group, Toronto M8W 1R2, Canada
| | | | - Maiko Lutz
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, United Kingdom
| | - Ian May
- BirdLife International, David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca M. Miller
- Nature-based Solutions Group, IUCN, 28 Rue Mauverney, 1196 Gland, Switzerland
- IUCN Global Ecosystem Management Programme, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mike Parr
- American Bird Conservancy, 1731 Connecticut Avenue, Washington DC 20009, United States of America
| | - Caroline M. Pollock
- IUCN Global Species Programme, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Gina Ralph
- IUCN Marine Biodiversity Unit, Global Species Programme/ Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jon Paul Rodríguez
- International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), 28 rue Mauverney, 1196 Gland, Switzerland
- Provita, Apdo. 47552, Caracas 1041-A, Venezuela
- Centro de Ecología, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Apdo. 20632, Caracas 1020-A, Venezuela
| | - Carlo Rondinini
- Global Mammal Assessment Program, Department of Biology and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università 32, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Jane Smart
- International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), 28 rue Mauverney, 1196 Gland, Switzerland
- Biodiversity Conservation Group, IUCN, 28 Rue Mauverney, 1196 Gland, Switzerland
| | - Simon Stuart
- United Nations Environment Programme, World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), 219 Huntingdon Road, CB3 0DL Cambridge, United Kingdom
- International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), 28 rue Mauverney, 1196 Gland, Switzerland
| | - Andy Symes
- BirdLife International, David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew W. Tordoff
- Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund, 2011 Crystal Drive, Suite 500, Arlington, VA 22202, United States of America
| | - Stephen Woodley
- World Commission on Protected Areas IUCN, 64 Juniper Road, Chelsea, QC J9B1T3, Canada
| | - Bruce Young
- NatureServe, 4600 N. Fairfax Dr., Arlington, VA 22203, United States of America
| | - Naomi Kingston
- United Nations Environment Programme, World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), 219 Huntingdon Road, CB3 0DL Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Xu J, Leung D, Rajaratnam R, Mussap C, French J, Juergens C, Parr M, Lo S. Contemporary Practice of Veno-Arterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (VA-ECMO) at a Single Non-Transplant Centre: Survival Prediction Scores, Indications and Outcomes. Heart Lung Circ 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2016.06.402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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13
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Dick WF, Baskett PJF, Grande C, Delooz H, Kloeck W, Lackner C, Lipp M, Mauritz W, Nerlich M, Nicholl J, Nolan J, Oakley P, Parr M, Seekamp A, Soreide E, Steen PA, van Camp L, Wolcke B, Yates D. Recommendations for uniform reporting of data following major trauma - the Utstein style. Trauma 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/146040860000200105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Brooks TM, Akçakaya HR, Burgess ND, Butchart SHM, Hilton-Taylor C, Hoffmann M, Juffe-Bignoli D, Kingston N, MacSharry B, Parr M, Perianin L, Regan EC, Rodrigues ASL, Rondinini C, Shennan-Farpon Y, Young BE. Analysing biodiversity and conservation knowledge products to support regional environmental assessments. Sci Data 2016; 3:160007. [PMID: 26881749 DOI: 10.5061/dryad.6gb90.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Two processes for regional environmental assessment are currently underway: the Global Environment Outlook (GEO) and Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES). Both face constraints of data, time, capacity, and resources. To support these assessments, we disaggregate three global knowledge products according to their regions and subregions. These products are: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Key Biodiversity Areas (specifically Important Bird &Biodiversity Areas [IBAs], and Alliance for Zero Extinction [AZE] sites), and Protected Planet. We present fourteen Data citations: numbers of species occurring and percentages threatened; numbers of endemics and percentages threatened; downscaled Red List Indices for mammals, birds, and amphibians; numbers, mean sizes, and percentage coverages of IBAs and AZE sites; percentage coverage of land and sea by protected areas; and trends in percentages of IBAs and AZE sites wholly covered by protected areas. These data will inform the regional/subregional assessment chapters on the status of biodiversity, drivers of its decline, and institutional responses, and greatly facilitate comparability and consistency between the different regional/subregional assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Brooks
- International Union for Conservation of Nature, 28 Rue Mauverney, 1196 Gland, Switzerland
- World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna 4031, Philippines
- School of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - H Resit Akçakaya
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Neil D Burgess
- United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | | | - Craig Hilton-Taylor
- International Union for Conservation of Nature, 28 Rue Mauverney, 1196 Gland, Switzerland
| | - Michael Hoffmann
- International Union for Conservation of Nature, 28 Rue Mauverney, 1196 Gland, Switzerland
- United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK
| | - Diego Juffe-Bignoli
- United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK
| | - Naomi Kingston
- United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK
| | - Brian MacSharry
- United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK
| | - Mike Parr
- American Bird Conservancy, The Plains, Virginia 20198, USA
| | - Laurence Perianin
- International Union for Conservation of Nature, 28 Rue Mauverney, 1196 Gland, Switzerland
| | - Eugenie C Regan
- United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK
- The Biodiversity Consultancy, 3E King's Parade, Cambridge CB1 2RR, UK
| | - Ana S L Rodrigues
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS UMR5175, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Carlo Rondinini
- Global Mammal Assessment programme, Department of Biology and Biotechnologies, Sapienza Università di Roma, Viale dell'Università 32, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Yara Shennan-Farpon
- United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK
| | - Bruce E Young
- NatureServe, Apdo. 358-1260, Plaza Colonial, San José, Costa Rica
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Stephens J, Parr M. The development of media-driven clinical skills through using the ‘e-skills portfolio’. International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation 2013. [DOI: 10.12968/ijtr.2013.20.7.336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John Stephens
- MSc Physiotherapy (pre-registration) programme at Northumbria University, UK
| | - Mike Parr
- MSc Physiotherapy (pre-registration) programme at Northumbria University, UK
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Butchart SHM, Scharlemann JPW, Evans MI, Quader S, Aricò S, Arinaitwe J, Balman M, Bennun LA, Bertzky B, Besançon C, Boucher TM, Brooks TM, Burfield IJ, Burgess ND, Chan S, Clay RP, Crosby MJ, Davidson NC, De Silva N, Devenish C, Dutson GCL, Fernández DFDZ, Fishpool LDC, Fitzgerald C, Foster M, Heath MF, Hockings M, Hoffmann M, Knox D, Larsen FW, Lamoreux JF, Loucks C, May I, Millett J, Molloy D, Morling P, Parr M, Ricketts TH, Seddon N, Skolnik B, Stuart SN, Upgren A, Woodley S. Protecting important sites for biodiversity contributes to meeting global conservation targets. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32529. [PMID: 22457717 PMCID: PMC3310057 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Protected areas (PAs) are a cornerstone of conservation efforts and now cover nearly 13% of the world's land surface, with the world's governments committed to expand this to 17%. However, as biodiversity continues to decline, the effectiveness of PAs in reducing the extinction risk of species remains largely untested. We analyzed PA coverage and trends in species' extinction risk at globally significant sites for conserving birds (10,993 Important Bird Areas, IBAs) and highly threatened vertebrates and conifers (588 Alliance for Zero Extinction sites, AZEs) (referred to collectively hereafter as ‘important sites’). Species occurring in important sites with greater PA coverage experienced smaller increases in extinction risk over recent decades: the increase was half as large for bird species with>50% of the IBAs at which they occur completely covered by PAs, and a third lower for birds, mammals and amphibians restricted to protected AZEs (compared with unprotected or partially protected sites). Globally, half of the important sites for biodiversity conservation remain unprotected (49% of IBAs, 51% of AZEs). While PA coverage of important sites has increased over time, the proportion of PA area covering important sites, as opposed to less important land, has declined (by 0.45–1.14% annually since 1950 for IBAs and 0.79–1.49% annually for AZEs). Thus, while appropriately located PAs may slow the rate at which species are driven towards extinction, recent PA network expansion has under-represented important sites. We conclude that better targeted expansion of PA networks would help to improve biodiversity trends.
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Hillman K, Alexandrou E, Flabouris M, Brown D, Murphy J, Daffurn K, Flabouris A, Parr M, Bishop G. Clinical outcome indicators in acute hospital medicine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.3109/tcic.11.2.89.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Santiano N, Young L, Baramy LS, Cabrera R, May E, Wegener R, Butt D, Parr M. The impact of the medical emergency team on the resuscitation practice of critical care nurses. BMJ Qual Saf 2011; 20:115-20. [PMID: 21216791 DOI: 10.1136/bmjqs.2008.029876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medical Emergency Teams (MET)/rapid response are replacing Cardiac Arrest teams in acute hospitals. There is a lack of knowledge about how Critical Care Nurses (CCNs), rostered on MET construct their responsibilities/roles. OBJECTIVE Assess MET nurse activities at different hospitals. METHODS The authors used visual ethnography; selecting Systemic Functional Grammar as our methodological framework. The Generic Systemic Potential was used to guide the coding of visual and inferential meaning of the activities of MET nurses. CCNs coded over 6 of videoed MET calls, sampled across three hospitals, Sydney, Australia. RESULTS The first layer of coding contained 1042 discreet tasks. They were sorted into 15 Areas of Practice (AOPs) and then allocated to aspects of performance (psychomotor and cognitive). The AOPs 'Assisting with Procedure' through to 'Monitoring Vital Signs' reflect psychomotor skills which account for almost half (48%) of the AOPs at site 1 and three-quarters at sites 2 (70%) and 3 (78%). Eight generic responsibilities/roles were identified. 'Ongoing Assessment,' 'Re-evaluating Risk' and 'Prioritising Interventions' were the most prominent. The patterns differed by hospital: 'Re-evaluating Risk' was prominent for sites 1 and 2 but less so for site 3. CONCLUSION 'Ongoing Assessment' and 'Re-evaluating Risk' occupied almost half of the MET nurses time, whereas 'Establishing Patient Acuity, the key activity in CA teams, occupied only 4%. These findings provide evidence of the roles of CCNs in the MET and suggest that education and training of MET nurses should support these roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Santiano
- The Simpson Centre for Health Services Research, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
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Albert ED, Erickson VM, Graham TC, Parr M, Templeton JW, Mickey MR, Thomas ED, Storb R. Serology and genetics of the DL-A system. I. Establishment of specificities. Tissue Antigens 2008; 3:417-30. [PMID: 4272899 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.1973.tb00512.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND A high incidence of preventable adverse events and deaths in hospitals has triggered initiatives to improve the quality of care of acutely ill in-hospital patients. System changes involving the introduction of medical emergency teams, outreach services or rapid response teams are an integral part of these initiatives. The rationale for implementing a designated team is that early recognition and rapid institution of adequate therapy for the deteriorating patient can improve outcome. The concept of bringing intensive care expertise to any acutely ill patient irrespective of location within the hospital is envisioned as "critical care without walls". METHODS Studies were identified by a PubMed search and cited references in key publications provided additional material including www-resources. More than 80 studies were identified and selected for review, however, no formal search strategy for a systematic review or meta-analysis was attempted. Only studies published in English were considered. RESULTS Several non-randomized, before-and-after cohort studies demonstrate that implementation of medical emergency teams and equivalents can reduce the incidence of cardiac arrests, unexpected deaths, and unplanned intensive care admissions. However, one recent randomized, controlled trial of medical emergency teams failed to demonstrate any differences in outcomes. CONCLUSION Several key operational issues need to be addressed before introducing medical emergency response teams based on current evidence. These issues include differences in healthcare systems and performance, patient case-mix, resources available, composition of the teams and calling criteria, and strategies for education, audit and governance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Aneman
- Intensive Care Unit, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney South-West Area Health Service, Sydney, Australia.
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Sanghavi R, Aneman A, Parr M, Dunlop L, Champion D. Systemic capillary leak syndrome associated with compartment syndrome and rhabdomyolysis. Anaesth Intensive Care 2006; 34:388-91. [PMID: 16802499 DOI: 10.1177/0310057x0603400308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Systemic capillary leak syndrome (SCLS) is a rare disorder characterized by recurrent spontaneous episodes of hypovolaemic shock due to marked plasma shifts from the intravascular to the extravascular space. This presents as the characteristic triad of hypotension, haemoconcentration and hypoalbuminemia often with an associated monoclonal gammopathy. We describe a patient with SCLS who required aggressive fluid resuscitation and emergency fasciotomies for compartment syndrome with rhabdomyolysis. At presentation the patient was considered to have severe erythrocytosis and was therefore initially referred to a haematologist, which appears to be a frequent sequence of presentation for patients with SCLS. This patient also highlights the importance of muscle compartment pressure monitoring during volume resuscitation in patients with SCLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sanghavi
- Intensive Care Unit and Haematology Department, Liverpool Hospital, University of New South Wales, Australia
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Ricketts TH, Dinerstein E, Boucher T, Brooks TM, Butchart SHM, Hoffmann M, Lamoreux JF, Morrison J, Parr M, Pilgrim JD, Rodrigues ASL, Sechrest W, Wallace GE, Berlin K, Bielby J, Burgess ND, Church DR, Cox N, Knox D, Loucks C, Luck GW, Master LL, Moore R, Naidoo R, Ridgely R, Schatz GE, Shire G, Strand H, Wettengel W, Wikramanayake E. Pinpointing and preventing imminent extinctions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:18497-501. [PMID: 16344485 PMCID: PMC1311739 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0509060102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Slowing rates of global biodiversity loss requires preventing species extinctions. Here we pinpoint centers of imminent extinction, where highly threatened species are confined to single sites. Within five globally assessed taxa (i.e., mammals, birds, selected reptiles, amphibians, and conifers), we find 794 such species, three times the number recorded as having gone extinct since 1500. These species occur in 595 sites, concentrated in tropical forests, on islands, and in mountainous areas. Their taxonomic and geographical distribution differs significantly from that of historical extinctions, indicating an expansion of the current extinction episode beyond sensitive species and places toward the planet's most biodiverse mainland regions. Only one-third of the sites are legally protected, and most are surrounded by intense human development. These sites represent clear opportunities for urgent conservation action to prevent species loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor H Ricketts
- Conservation Science Program, World Wildlife Fund, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
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Haas A, Sterman D, Carroll R, Parr M, Brown J, Lord E, Albelda S, Vonderheide R. P-402 An immunologic assessment of a phase I clinical trialof adenoviral interferon-beta for the treatment of pleural malignancies. Lung Cancer 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0169-5002(05)80895-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Parr M. Book Review: Imaging in Trauma and Critical Care—2nd Edition. Anaesth Intensive Care 2004. [DOI: 10.1177/0310057x0403200228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Parr
- Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales
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Kause J, Parr M. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in the management of severe thoracic trauma: a case report. CRIT CARE RESUSC 2001; 3:97-100. [PMID: 16610993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2001] [Accepted: 05/01/2001] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We describe a case where extracorporeal membrane oxygenation was used for seven days to facilitate surgery and respiratory therapy in a multi-trauma patient with severe pulmonary contusions, bilateral bronchopleural fistulae with recurrent pneumothoraces. The patient made a good recovery and was discharged from hospital after three months.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kause
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hillman
- University of New South Wales, Intensive Care Unit, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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Tao N, Gao GP, Parr M, Johnston J, Baradet T, Wilson JM, Barsoum J, Fawell SE. Sequestration of adenoviral vector by Kupffer cells leads to a nonlinear dose response of transduction in liver. Mol Ther 2001; 3:28-35. [PMID: 11162308 DOI: 10.1006/mthe.2000.0227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic administration of a recombinant adenovirus encoding the human interferon-beta gene (H5.110CMVhIFN-beta) results in transduction of hepatocytes and detectable circulating levels of IFN-beta protein. In preclinical studies in mice, we noticed a distinctly nonlinear dose response, with low levels of virus (1-3 x 10(10) viral particles) yielding barely detectable levels of IFN-beta but with a higher viral dose (1 x 10(11) particles) resulting in disproportionately high IFN-beta levels. Further studies showed that transgene expression levels from low viral doses could be dramatically enhanced by coadministering an unrelated recombinant adenovirus (H5.110CMVlacZ), suggesting that there was a viral dose threshold effect for efficient viral transduction and/or IFN-beta expression. This enhancement of reporter expression by a nonreporter adenovirus, effective upon coadministration, was further enhanced by preadministration of H5.110CMVlacZ (up to 8 h), but was ineffective if the helper virus was administered as little as 5 min after the H5.110CMVhIFN-beta reporter virus. Our data suggest that the reticuloendothelial system plays a role in this threshold effect, such that low doses of virus are efficiently taken up by the RES/Kupffer cells without leading to appreciable transgene expression, whereas high doses saturate these cells and are able to productively transduce hepatocytes. A better understanding of this phenomenon could have an impact on gene therapy clinical trial safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Tao
- Biogen, Inc., 12 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
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Vidhani K, Parr M. The role of recreational drugs in trauma. Trauma 2001. [DOI: 10.1191/146040801675939304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Dick WF, Baskett PJ, Grande C, Delooz H, Kloeck W, Lackner C, Lipp M, Mauritz W, Nerlich M, Nicholl J, Nolan J, Oakley P, Parr M, Seekamp A, Soreide E, Steen PA, van Camp L, Wolcke B, Yates D. "Recommendations for uniform reporting of data following major trauma--the Utstein style" (as of July 17, 1999). An International Trauma Anaesthesia and Critical Care Society (ITACCS). Acta Anaesthesiol Belg 2000; 51:18-38. [PMID: 10806520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Basic and advanced care of trauma patients has always been an important aspect of prehospital and immediate in-hospital emergency medicine, involving a broad spectrum of disciplines, specialties and skills delivered through Emergency Medical Services Systems which, however, may differ significantly in structure, resources and operation. This complex background has, at least in part, hindered the development of a uniform pattern or set of criteria and definitions. This in turn has hitherto rendered data incompatible, with the consequence that such differing systems or protocols of care cannot be readily evaluated or compared with acceptable validity. Guided by previous consensus processes evolved by the ERC, the AHA and other International Organizations--represented in ILCOR--on 'Uniform reporting of data following out-of-hospital and in-hospital cardiac arrest--the Utstein style' an international working group of ITACCS has drafted a document, 'Recommendations for uniform reporting of data following major trauma--the Utstein style'. The reporting system is based on the following considerations: A structured reporting system based on an "Utstein style template" which would permit the compilation of data and statistics on major trauma care, facilitating and validating independent or comparative audit of performance and quality of care (and enable groups to challenge performance statistics which did not take account of all relevant information). The recommendations and template should encompass both out-of-hospital and in-hospital trauma care. The recommendations and template should further permit intra- and inter-system evaluation to improve the quality of delivered care and identification of the relative benefits of different systems and innovative initiatives. The template should facilitate studies setting out to improve epidemiological understanding of trauma; for example such studies might focus on the factors that determine survival. The document is structured along the lines of the original Utstein Style Guidelines publication on 'prehospital cardiac arrest'. It includes a glossary of terms used in the prehospital and early hospital phase and definitions, time points and intervals. The document uses an almost identical scheme for illustrating the different process time clocks--one for the patient, one for the dispatch centre, one for the ambulance and, finally, one for the hospital. For clarity, data should be reported as core data (i.e. always obtained) and optional data (obtained under specific circumstances). In contrast to the graphic approach used for the Utstein template for pre- or in-hospital cardiac arrest, respectively, the present template introduces, for the time being, at least, a number of terms and definitions and a semantic rather than a graphic report form. The document includes the following sections: The Section Introduction and background The Section on Trauma Data Structure Development: presents a general outline of the development of structured data using object-orientated modelling (which will be discussed in due course) and includes a set of explanatory illustrations. The Section on Terms and Definitions: outlines terms and definitions in trauma care, describing different types of trauma (blunt, penetrating, long bone, major/combined, multiple/polytrauma and predominant trauma). The Section on Factors relating to the circumstances of the injury describes the following items: cause of injury (e.g. type of injury (blunt or penetrating), burns, cold, crush, laceration, amputation, radiation, multiple, etc. Severity of Injury e.g. prehospital basic abbreviated injury score developed by the working group. The score contains anatomical and physiological disability data, with the anatomical scale ranging ordinally from 1. Head to 9. External; the physiological disability scale ranging ordinally from 0--unsurvivable. Mechanism of injury recording for transportation incidents etc. e.g. the type of impact, po
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Dick WF, Baskett PJ, Grande C, Delooz H, Kloeck W, Lackner C, Lipp M, Mauritz W, Nerlich M, Nicholl J, Nolan J, Oakley P, Parr M, Seekamp A, Soreide E, Steen PA, van Camp L, Wolcke B, Yates D. Recommendations for uniform reporting of data following major trauma--the Utstein style. An International Trauma Anaesthesia and Critical Care Society (ITACCS) initiative. Br J Anaesth 2000; 84:818-9. [PMID: 10895765 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.bja.a013601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- W F Dick
- Klinik für Anaesthesiologie, Klinikum der Johannes Gutenber Universität, Mainz, Germany
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Dick WF, Baskett PJ, Grande C, Delooz H, Kloeck W, Lackner C, Lipp M, Mauritz W, Nerlich M, Nicholl J, Nolan J, Oakley P, Parr M, Seekamp A, Soreide E, Steen PA, van Camp L, Wolcke B, Yates D. Recommendations for uniform reporting of data following major trauma--the Utstein Style. An International Trauma Anaesthesia and Critical Care Society (ITACCS) initiative. Eur J Emerg Med 1999; 6:369-87. [PMID: 10646928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
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Handley AJ, Bahr J, Baskett P, Bossaert L, Chamberlain D, Dick W, Ekström L, Juchems R, Kettler D, Marsden A, Moeschler O, Monsieurs K, Parr M, Petit P, van Drenth A. Einfache lebensrettende Sofortmaßnahmen beim Erwachsenen. Notf Rett Med 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/s100490050035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Handley AJ, Bahr J, Baskett P, Bossaert L, Chamberlain D, Dick W, Ekström L, Juchems R, Kettler D, Marsden A, Moeschler O, Monsieurs K, Parr M, Petit P, Van Drenth A. The 1998 European Resuscitation Council guidelines for adult single rescuer basic life support: A statement from the Working Group on Basic Life Support, and approved by the executive committee. Resuscitation 1998; 37:67-80. [PMID: 9671079 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9572(98)00036-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A J Handley
- European Resuscitation Council Secretariat, Antwerpen, Belgium
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Nolan J, Smith G, Evans R, McCusker K, Lubas P, Parr M, Baskett P. The United Kingdom pre-hospital study of active compression-decompression resuscitation. Resuscitation 1998; 37:119-25. [PMID: 9671087 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9572(98)00045-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This prospective, controlled trial with crossover group design compares the effectiveness of active compression-decompression (ACD) cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and standard CPR on the outcomes of victims of prehospital cardiac arrest. In three UK cities, victims of non-traumatic, out of hospital cardiac arrest, over the age of 8 years received either standard or ACD-CPR on arrival of ambulance personnel. Main outcome measures were return of spontaneous circulation, survival to be admitted to the intensive care unit, survival to hospital discharge, and neurological outcome. A total of 576 patients (STD-CPR, n=309; ACD-CPR, n=267) were analysed. The treatment groups were similar with respect to age, gender, proportion of witnessed arrests, initial cardiac rhythm, and call to advanced life support interval. The proportion of patients receiving bystander CPR was higher in the ACD group (37.1% vs. 28.5%; P=0.028). The interval between collapse and defibrillation was longer in the ACD group (12.3 min vs. 10.4 min; P=0.028). There was no difference between the STD-CPR and ACD-CPR groups in survival to admission to the intensive care unit (13.6% vs. 13.8%; P=0.93) or hospital discharge (4.8% vs. 6.0%; P=0.67). There was no difference between the groups with respect to the neurological outcome of those patients surviving to hospital discharge. Analysis of important subgroups also showed no benefit for ACD-CPR. We conclude that there was no improvement in outcome with ACD-CPR when used by ambulance personnel in Cardiff and Portsmouth.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Nolan
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Royal United Hospital, Combe Park, Bath, UK
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Nolan J, Smith G, Evans R, McCusker K, Lubas P, Baskett P, Parr M. The United Kingdom prehospital study of active compression-decompression resuscitation (ACD-CPR). Resuscitation 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9572(97)84249-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Parr M, Gabbott D, Baskett P, Criswell L, Dow A, Hunter A, Martin P, Fatey R, Nolan J, Randalls B, Millar F, Donahue P, Forrest F, Ryder I, Craig G. Anaesthesia in the United States. Trainees have much to gain from working in the United States. BMJ 1996; 313:496. [PMID: 8776343 PMCID: PMC2351836 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.313.7055.496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Abstract
Observers trained in basic life support assessed chest rise in 34 patients who were anaesthetised and paralysed and whose lungs were being mechanically ventilated prior to routine surgery. Making 67 independent assessments, the observers indicated the tidal volume that they considered produced adequate chest rise for resuscitation. The mean tidal volume perceived to be adequate was 384 ml with 95% confidence limits of 362-406 ml. The perceived volumes correlated with the Body Mass Index. Guidelines by various authorities recommend that tidal volumes sufficient to make the chest rise normally should be used during resuscitation. The volumes perceived as adequate by the observers are much lower than the numerical values recommended by the American Heart Association (800-1200 ml). High tidal volumes are associated with an increased risk of gastric regurgitation in patients with an unprotected airway, CO2 delivery to the lungs is likely to be low during cardiac arrest obviating the need for high tidal volumes. In the light of present knowledge and the findings in this study, we would recommend that resuscitation training manikins are recalibrated to indicate satisfactory ventilation at tidal volumes of 400-600 ml. These volumes should reduce the risk of gastric inflation and permit more chest compressions to be carried out in a minute because the ventilation fraction of the CPR sequence is shorter. Adequate CO2 elimination should still be assured.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Baskett
- Department of Anaesthetics, Frenchay Hospital, Bristol BS16 UK
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Dong Y, Wen P, Manome Y, Parr M, Hirshowitz A, Chen L, Hirschowitz EA, Crystal R, Weichselbaum R, Kufe DW, Fine HA. In vivo replication-deficient adenovirus vector-mediated transduction of the cytosine deaminase gene sensitizes glioma cells to 5-fluorocytosine. Hum Gene Ther 1996; 7:713-20. [PMID: 8919593 DOI: 10.1089/hum.1996.7.6-713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral vector-mediated transfer of chemosensitization genes represents a promising new approach to the treatment of cancer. Previous reports have demonstrated that transfection of the bacterial cytosine deaminase (cd) gene into mammalian cells can sensitize them to the otherwise nontoxic nucleoside, 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC). We now report that a replication-deficient adenovirus vector that transduces the cd gene (Ad.CMV-cd) highly sensitizes 9L gliosarcoma cells to 5-FC, and that gene transduction is associated with a potent bystander effect that is not dependent on direct cell-to-cell contact. Stereotactic injection of Ad.CMV-cd into established rat gliomas, followed by systemic administration of 5-FC in vivo, results in prolongation of survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Dong
- Division of Cancer Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Eldridge J, Russell R, Christenson R, Sakamoto R, Williams J, Parr M, Trump B, Delaney P, Mackenzie CF. Liver function and morphology after resuscitation from severe hemorrhagic shock with hemoglobin solutions or autologous blood. Crit Care Med 1996; 24:663-71. [PMID: 8612420 DOI: 10.1097/00003246-199604000-00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the effects of three hemoglobin solutions on liver function and hepatic morphology after resuscitation from severe hemorrhagic shock. DESIGN Prospective study. SETTING Laboratory. SUBJECTS Thirty-three beagle dogs. INTERVENTION Hemorrhagic shock was induced in anesthetized dogs by removal of blood at a rate of 2 mL/kg/min until systolic blood pressure (BP) reached 50 mm Hg. BP was maintained at this level 2 hrs by further withdrawing 5 to 10 mL aliquots whenever BP increased > 50 mm Hg. Resuscitation was then initiated with autologous whole blood (n = 7), 4% pyridoxalated-hemoglobin-polyoxyethylene conjugate (4% PHP [n = 6]), 8% pyridoxalated-hemoglobin-polyoxyethylene conjugate (8% PHP [n = 9], or 8% stroma-free hemoglobin (n = 7). Four dogs were managed identically but were not resuscitated. Gross necropsy and histologic examination of the liver were performed on all dogs after 7 days, or earlier if death occurred. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS In vitro interferences of PHP and stroma-free hemoglobin with liver function tests were determined and recommendations for interpretation of results from blood samples containing PHP and stroma-free hemoglobin were made. Blood was collected before, during, and after resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock. The dogs were then awakened and survivors were monitored daily with blood sampling until they were killed and necropsy was performed. After 7 days, the survival rate following hemorrhagic shock was 100% for whole blood and 4% PHP, 86% for stroma-free hemoglobin, and 33% for 8% PHP. Of the resuscitated dogs not surviving 7 days, all but one died within 27 hrs from coagulopathy. All dogs not resuscitated died within 1.75 hrs after 2 hrs of shock. Bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, and lactic dehydrogenase concentrations could not be measured due to interferences of stroma-free hemoglobin and PHP. Aspartate (AST) and alanine (ALT) aminotransferase concentrations could be measured after dilution to overcome the interferences. Significant increases in AST and ALT values in all groups 24 hrs after resuscitation were attributed to hypoxic hepatocellular damage associated with the severity of the shock model rather than to the resuscitation fluid. Liver histology showed no changes attributed to toxic damage of hepatocytes in dogs resuscitated with stroma-free hemoglobin or PHP. However, changes, were less severe in dogs resuscitated with 4% PHP than in other groups. CONCLUSION Morphologic studies at necropsy and liver function tests in dogs receiving hemoglobin solutions, compared with autologous blood, support the conclusion that the PHP and stroma-free hemoglobin solutions tested did not produce hepatic toxicity when used as resuscitation fluids in this model of severe shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Eldridge
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
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Sprung J, Mackenzie CF, Barnas GM, Williams JE, Parr M, Christenson RH, Hoff BH, Sakamoto R, Kramer A, Lottes M. Oxygen transport and cardiovascular effects of resuscitation from severe hemorrhagic shock using hemoglobin solutions. Crit Care Med 1995; 23:1540-53. [PMID: 7664557 DOI: 10.1097/00003246-199509000-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the short-term efficacy of three hemoglobin solutions in restoring cardiac output, intravascular pressures, oxygen transport (DO2), and oxygen consumption (VO2) after resuscitation from severe hemorrhagic shock. DESIGN Prospective study. SETTING Research laboratory. SUBJECTS Beagle dogs. INTERVENTIONS After anesthesia and instrumentation, hemorrhagic shock was induced for 2 hrs by blood withdrawal to maintain systolic blood pressure at 50 mm Hg. Resuscitation then occurred with one of four different resuscitation fluids. One group of dogs was not resuscitated. Survival rate was monitored for 8 days. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS In 33 beagle dogs, cardiovascular variables (DO2 and VO2) were compared after resuscitation with 8% stroma-free hemoglobin, 4% or 8% pyridoxalated-hemoglobin-polyoxyethylene conjugate (PHP44 and PHP88, respectively), or autologous whole blood. The dogs were anesthetized, paralyzed, mechanically ventilated (FIO2 of 0.21), and instrumented with arterial and pulmonary artery catheters. An average of 63% of estimated blood volume was removed to maintain systolic blood pressure at 50 mm Hg for 2 hrs. The dogs then were either not resuscitated (n = 4) or resuscitated with 8% stroma-free hemoglobin (n = 7), PHP44 (n = 6), PHP88 (n = 8), or whole blood (n = 8), with a volume equivalent to the withdrawn blood. Cardiovascular variables, DO2, VO2, oxygen extraction ratios, and blood concentrations of lactic acid and catecholamines were determined before, and for < or = 6 hrs after, resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock. Blood smears were microscopically examined. In addition, the survival rate was monitored for 8 days after resuscitation. By 2 hrs of hemorrhagic shock, there was a large decrease in DO2 (p < .05) and an increase in oxygen extraction ratio from 0.27 to 0.70 (p < .05). There was a 3.5-fold increase in lactate concentrations and a 25-fold increase in catecholamine concentrations as compared with preshock values. All dogs not resuscitated died within 1.75 hrs after 2 hrs of shock. After resuscitation with whole blood, all cardiovascular and oxygen transport variables returned to approximately prehemorrhage values and remained so throughout the measurement period. After resuscitation with any hemoglobin solution, DO2 returned transiently to control values. However, recovery of DO2 was short-lived in all hemoglobin solution groups, and, by 4 hrs postresuscitation in all groups, DO2 was less than the DO2 of the dogs receiving whole blood (p < .05). These changes were associated with decreases in total hemoglobin concentrations compared with the values immediately before resuscitation (p < .05). In addition, with resuscitation using the PHP solutions, blood smears demonstrated aggregation of red blood cells and platelets. On day 8 after hemorrhagic shock, the survival rate was 100% for whole blood and PHP44, 86% for 8% stroma-free hemoglobin, and 33% for PHP88. CONCLUSIONS Resuscitation from severe hemorrhagic shock with 8% stroma-free hemoglobin, PHP44, or PHP88 is equally effective in restoring cardiac index and vascular pressures as using whole blood. However, resuscitation with the three hemoglobin solutions only transiently restored DO2 after hemorrhagic shock. The subsequent reduction of DO2 compared with the DO2 value using whole blood was due mostly to hemodilution. With the two PHP solutions, formation of red blood cell aggregates probably resulted in sequestration of red cell mass and additional loss of oxygen carrying capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sprung
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21201, USA
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Mehta RC, Head LF, Hazrati AM, Parr M, Rapp RP, DeLuca PP. Fat emulsion particle-size distribution in total nutrient admixtures. Am J Hosp Pharm 1992; 49:2749-55. [PMID: 1471641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The fat particle-size distribution in and physical stability of two commercially available lipid emulsions before and after their use in total nutrient admixtures (TNAs) are reported. Four TNAs without electrolytes and four TNAs with electrolytes were prepared; each type of TNA was prepared with Liposyn II and with Intralipid. Particle size was measured in the < 1-micron range by using photon correlation spectroscopy and in the 2-60-microns range by using light blockage. Admixtures with or without electrolytes were stored for two or nine days at 4 degrees C followed by one day at 25 degrees C. For the fraction of fat particles of < 1 micron in diameter, Intralipid and Liposyn II had a mean particle size of 374 and 313 nm, respectively. The admixtures containing electrolytes showed a decrease in mean particle size of about 7%. Admixtures with Intralipid contained 2 x 10(7) particles larger than 2 microns per milliliter (1.7% of total fat), compared with 1 x 10(6) particles per milliliter (0.05-0.15% of total fat) for admixtures with Liposyn II. The addition of electrolytes increased the particle counts for Liposyn II-containing admixtures. Upon storage, Intralipid-containing admixtures with electrolytes showed an initial increase followed by a decrease in the mean diameter of particles of < 1 micron. All the admixtures were stable in terms of pH and visual appearance. Intralipid-containing admixtures with electrolytes showed a decrease in the number of particles in the 2-60-microns size range, while Liposyn II-containing admixtures with electrolytes showed an increase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Mehta
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40536-0082
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Abstract
We have developed an improved method for the production of liposomal gadolinium-DTPA (Gd-DTPA). The ionophore A23187 facilitates the uptake of externally added Gd into the interior aqueous space of a unilamellar lipid vesicle, where it is chelated by passively entrapped DTPA to form the Gd-DTPA chelate in situ. The presence of a pH gradient across the vesicle membrane is not essential for Gd uptake, the extent of which apparently is limited only by the interior concentration of the chelator. Once formed internally, the Gd-DTPA complex is retained within the vesicles for at least several days at room temperature. Biodistribution studies in mice indicate that liposomal Gd-DTPA prepared by this ionophoretic loading procedure exhibits biodistribution and clearance characteristics similar to 153Gd-DTPA-labeled liposomes prepared by means of passive entrapment of the preformed chelate.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Tilcock
- Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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