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Watkins R, Gamo A, Choi SH, Kumar M, Buckarma E, McCabe C, Tomlinson J, Pereya D, Lupse B, Geravandi S, Werneburg NW, Wang C, Starlinger P, Zhu S, Li S, Yu S, Surakattula M, Baguley T, Ardestani A, Maedler K, Roland J, Nguyen-Tran V, Joseph S, Petrassi M, Rogers N, Gores G, Chatterjee A, Tremblay M, Shen W, Smoot R. A small molecule MST1/2 inhibitor accelerates murine liver regeneration with improved survival in models of steatohepatitis. PNAS Nexus 2024; 3:pgae096. [PMID: 38528952 PMCID: PMC10962727 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Dysfunctional liver regeneration following surgical resection remains a major cause of postoperative mortality and has no therapeutic options. Without targeted therapies, the current treatment paradigm relies on supportive therapy until homeostasis can be achieved. Pharmacologic acceleration of regeneration represents an alternative therapeutic avenue. Therefore, we aimed to generate a small molecule inhibitor that could accelerate liver regeneration with an emphasis on diseased models, which represent a significant portion of patients who require surgical resection and are often not studied. Utilizing a clinically approved small molecule inhibitor as a parent compound, standard medicinal chemistry approaches were utilized to generate a small molecule inhibitor targeting serine/threonine kinase 4/3 (MST1/2) with reduced off-target effects. This compound, mCLC846, was then applied to preclinical models of murine partial hepatectomy, which included models of diet-induced metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH). mCLC846 demonstrated on target inhibition of MST1/2 and reduced epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition. The inhibitory effects resulted in restored pancreatic beta-cell function and survival under diabetogenic conditions. Liver-specific cell-line exposure resulted in Yes-associated protein activation. Oral delivery of mCLC846 perioperatively resulted in accelerated murine liver regeneration and improved survival in diet-induced MASH models. Bulk transcriptional analysis of regenerating liver remnants suggested that mCLC846 enhanced the normal regenerative pathways and induced them following liver resection. Overall, pharmacological acceleration of liver regeneration with mCLC846 was feasible, had an acceptable therapeutic index, and provided a survival benefit in models of diet-induced MASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Watkins
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Ana Gamo
- Calibr at Scripps Research, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Seung Hyuk Choi
- Calibr at Scripps Research, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Calibr at Scripps Research, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - EeeLN Buckarma
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Chantal McCabe
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - David Pereya
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, General Hospital, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Blaz Lupse
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Shirin Geravandi
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Nathan W Werneburg
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Chen Wang
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Patrick Starlinger
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Siying Zhu
- Calibr at Scripps Research, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sijia Li
- Calibr at Scripps Research, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Shan Yu
- Calibr at Scripps Research, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Murali Surakattula
- Calibr at Scripps Research, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tyler Baguley
- Calibr at Scripps Research, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Amin Ardestani
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- Biomedical Institute for Multimorbidity (BIM), Centre for Biomedicine, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Kathrin Maedler
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Jason Roland
- Calibr at Scripps Research, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Van Nguyen-Tran
- Calibr at Scripps Research, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sean Joseph
- Calibr at Scripps Research, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mike Petrassi
- Calibr at Scripps Research, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nikki Rogers
- Calibr at Scripps Research, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Gregory Gores
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Arnab Chatterjee
- Calibr at Scripps Research, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Matthew Tremblay
- Calibr at Scripps Research, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Weijun Shen
- Calibr at Scripps Research, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Rory Smoot
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Yu M, Tomlinson JL, Loeuillard EJ, Watkins RD, Conboy CB, Takaichi S, Werneburg NW, Alva-Ruiz R, Abdelrahman A, Carlson DM, Yang J, Ilyas SI, Gores GJ, Patel T, Smoot RL. Abstract 814: Novel strategy for aptamer-directed nanovesicle targeting in cholangiocarcinoma. Cancer Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a heterogeneous malignancy arising from the biliary epithelium. Its diverse molecular landscape and aggressive biology render many anti-cancer therapies ineffective. Nanovesicle technology provides an opportunity for therapeutic inhibition of oncogenic targets that have been previously classified as undruggable. EpCAM is an epithelial-specific, transmembrane glycoprotein with increased expression in human and murine CCA which can be used for nanovesicle targeting. As a proof of concept study, we designed and validated a novel strategy to direct therapeutic milk-derived nanovesicles (tMNVs) to CCA tumors.
Methods: tMNVs were decorated with RNA nanoparticles containing a validated aptamer (EpDT3) against EpCAM conjugated to a cholesterol-triethylene-glycol (TEG) scaffold containing an Alexa647 fluorophore. Human and murine CCA cell lines were treated with aptamer directed tMNVs and assessed for nanovesicle uptake by fluorescent microscopy. CCA tumor tissue, derived from orthotopic implantation of a syngeneic CCA cell line, SB1, into a C57BL/6 mouse, was collected and treated with either aptamer-directed or bare tMNVs ex vivo, and compared with adjacent normal liver tissue. Flow cytometry was utilized to characterize tMNVs absorption profile. C57BL/6 mice who had previously undergone SB1 orthotopic and flank implantation were treated with aptamer-directed tMNVs by tail-vein injection and subsequently euthanized. Tissue was collected for biodistribution analyses by fluorescent microscopy. The experiment was repeated in NOD-scid mice following orthotopic implantation of patient derived xenograft (PDX) CCA tumor.
Results: Both human and murine CCA cells treated with aptamer-directed tMNVs demonstrated high fluorescent signal consistent with tMNV absorption within 12 hours of application. Flow cytometry analysis showed aptamer-directed tMNVs were absorbed at a higher proportion by CCA tumors than bare tMNVs ex vivo. Aptamer-directed tMNVs also had better absorption by CCA tumors compared to adjacent normal liver tissue. Following treatment with aptamer-directed or bare tMNVs in vivo, fluorescent microscopy demonstrated that aptamer-directed tMNVs were significantly better absorbed in the orthotopic SB1 tumors, followed by the subcutaneous tumors. Minimal fluorescent signal was noted in the normal adjacent liver. Orthotopically implanted PDX tumors also demonstrated high fluorescent signals following intravenous treatment with aptamer-directed tMNVs.
Conclusions: Utilizing a novel targeting strategy, we were able to design tMNVs capable of reliably and specifically targeting CCA in preclinical models. This work is foundational to the future application of nanovesicle technology in the CCA treatment paradigm.
Citation Format: Mincheng Yu, Jennifer L. Tomlinson, Emilien J. Loeuillard, Ryan D. Watkins, Caitlin B. Conboy, Shohei Takaichi, Nathan W. Werneburg, Roberto Alva-Ruiz, Amro Abdelrahman, Danielle M. Carlson, Jingchun Yang, Sumera I. Ilyas, Gregory J. Gores, Tushar Patel, Rory L. Smoot. Novel strategy for aptamer-directed nanovesicle targeting in cholangiocarcinoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 814.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mincheng Yu
- 1Mayo Clinic Hospital-Rochester, Rochester, MN
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tushar Patel
- 2Mayo Clinic Hospital-Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL
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Takaichi S, Tomlinson JL, Yu M, Abdelrahman AM, Werneburg NW, Gores GJ, Smoot RL. Effect of AXL on cholangiocarcinoma survival and sensitivity to cytotoxic chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol 2023. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2023.41.4_suppl.591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
591 Background: Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a lethal disease with limited therapeutic options. We have demonstrated the interaction of Src-family kinase LCK with AXL, a TAM receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), by phosphoproteomic analysis in CCA ( J Hepatol 2022). AXL is reported to act as a mechanism of acquired drug resistance in solid cancers. However, the role of AXL in CCA remains to be elucidated. Here, we investigated the significance of AXL expression as a potential therapeutic target in CCA. Methods: We first evaluated the expression levels of AXL in CCA and the associations with patient outcome using publicly available data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Next, to evaluate whether AXL inactivation sensitizes CCA cells to gemcitabine and cisplatin (GemCis) therapy as a standard therapy. AXL downregulation was achieved via siRNA approach and the selective inhibitor bemcentinib. We examined 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of HuCCT1, a well characterized CCA cell line, on GemCis therapy with and without AXL knockdown using CellTiter-Glo cell viability assay. Then we assessed the efficacy of the combinatorial therapy of GemCis and bemcentinib utilizing Calcusyn software. Finally, apoptosis was evaluated by Annexin V assay. In vivo efficacy was assessed using a SB-1 (murine CCA cell line) and syngeneic murine model of CCA in C57Bl/6J mice treated with vehicle, GemCis, bemcentinib, and the combination of GemCis and bemcentinib. Results: In the TCGA cohorts, AXL is significantly expressed in CCA (P < 0.01), and disease-free survival and overall survival in low AXL expression group are significantly longer than those in high AXL expression group (P = 0.04, 0.01). In in vitro study, IC50 value of GemCis was decreased from 685nM to 129nM after AXL knockdown. Synergy effect was observed with the value of CI = 0.17 and Fa = 0.50 in the combinatorial therapy. The combinatorial therapy caused significantly increased apoptosis compared to GemCis or bemcentinib alone (P < 0.01, P < 0.01). In in vivo study, the combinatorial therapy significantly suppressed the tumor growth compared to GemCis or bemcentinib alone (P = 0.04, 0.01). Conclusions: Targeting AXL sensitizes CCA cell lines and preclinical models to standard of care GemCis combinatorial therapy. Our study suggests that the addition of AXL targeted therapy to cytotoxic chemotherapy can increase the response in CCA patients and is a promising combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Takaichi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | - Mincheng Yu
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | | | - Gregory J Gores
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Rory L Smoot
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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Watkins RD, Buckarma EH, Tomlinson JL, McCabe CE, Yonkus JA, Werneburg NW, Bayer RL, Starlinger PP, Robertson KD, Wang C, Gores GJ, Smoot RL. SHP2 inhibition enhances Yes-associated protein mediated liver regeneration in murine partial hepatectomy models. JCI Insight 2022; 7:159930. [PMID: 35763355 PMCID: PMC9462473 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.159930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Disrupted liver regeneration following hepatectomy represents an “undruggable” clinical challenge associated with poor patient outcomes. Yes-associated protein (YAP), a transcriptional coactivator that is repressed by the Hippo pathway, is instrumental in liver regeneration. We have previously described an alternative, Hippo-independent mechanism of YAP activation mediated by downregulation of protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 11 (PTPN11, also known as SHP2) inhibition. Herein, we examined the effects of YAP activation with a selective SHP1/SHP2 inhibitor, NSC-87877, on liver regeneration in murine partial hepatectomy models. In our studies, NSC-87877 led to accelerated hepatocyte proliferation, improved liver regeneration, and decreased markers of injury following partial hepatectomy. The effects of NSC-87877 were lost in mice with hepatocyte-specific Yap/Taz deletion, and this demonstrated dependence on these molecules for the enhanced regenerative response. Furthermore, administration of NSC-87877 to murine models of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis was associated with improved survival and decreased markers of injury after hepatectomy. Evaluation of transcriptomic changes in the context of NSC-87877 administration revealed reduction in fibrotic signaling and augmentation of cell cycle signaling. Cytoprotective changes included downregulation of Nr4a1, an apoptosis inducer. Collectively, the data suggest that SHP2 inhibition induces a pro-proliferative and cytoprotective enhancement of liver regeneration dependent on YAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D Watkins
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, United States of America
| | - EeeLN H Buckarma
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, United States of America
| | | | - Chantal E McCabe
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, United States of America
| | - Jennifer A Yonkus
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, United States of America
| | - Nathan W Werneburg
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, United States of America
| | - Rachel L Bayer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, United States of America
| | | | - Keith D Robertson
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, United States of America
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, United States of America
| | - Gregory J Gores
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, United States of America
| | - Rory L Smoot
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, United States of America
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Buckarma EH, Werneburg NW, Conboy CB, Kabashima A, O'Brien DR, Wang C, Ilyas SI, Smoot RL. The YAP-Interacting Phosphatase SHP2 Can Regulate Transcriptional Coactivity and Modulate Sensitivity to Chemotherapy in Cholangiocarcinoma. Mol Cancer Res 2020; 18:1574-1588. [PMID: 32646966 PMCID: PMC7541657 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-20-0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The Hippo pathway effector Yes-associated protein (YAP) is localized to the nucleus and transcriptionally active in a number of tumor types, including a majority of human cholangiocarcinomas. YAP activity has been linked to chemotherapy resistance and has been shown to rescue KRAS and BRAF inhibition in RAS/RAF-driven cancers; however, the underlying mechanisms of YAP-mediated chemoresistance have yet to be elucidated. Herein, we report that the tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 directly regulates the activity of YAP by dephosphorylating pYAPY357 even in the setting of RAS/RAF mutations, and that diminished SHP2 phosphatase activity is associated with chemoresistance in cholangiocarcinomas. A screen for YAP-interacting tyrosine phosphatases identified SHP2, and characterization of cholangiocarcinomas cell lines demonstrated an inverse relationship between SHP2 levels and pYAPY357. Human sequencing data demonstrated lower SHP2 levels in cholangiocarcinomas tumors as compared with normal liver. Cell lines with low SHP2 expression and higher levels of pYAPY357 were resistant to gemcitabine and cisplatin. In cholangiocarcinomas cells with high levels of SHP2, pharmacologic inhibition or genetic deletion of SHP2 increased YAPY357 phosphorylation and expression of YAP target genes, including the antiapoptotic regulator MCL1, imparting resistance to gemcitabine and cisplatin. In vivo evaluation of chemotherapy sensitivity demonstrated significant resistance in xenografts with genetic deletion of SHP2, which could be overcome by utilizing an MCL1 inhibitor. IMPLICATIONS: These findings demonstrate a role for SHP2 in regulating YAP activity and chemosensitivity, and suggest that decreased phosphatase activity may be a mechanism of chemoresistance in cholangiocarcinoma via a MCL1-mediated mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nathan W Werneburg
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Ayano Kabashima
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Daniel R O'Brien
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Chen Wang
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Sumera I Ilyas
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Rory L Smoot
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
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Sugihara T, Werneburg NW, Hernandez MC, Yang L, Kabashima A, Hirsova P, Yohanathan L, Sosa C, Truty MJ, Vasmatzis G, Gores GJ, Smoot RL. YAP Tyrosine Phosphorylation and Nuclear Localization in Cholangiocarcinoma Cells Are Regulated by LCK and Independent of LATS Activity. Mol Cancer Res 2018; 16:1556-1567. [PMID: 29903769 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-18-0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The Hippo pathway effector, Yes-associated protein (YAP), is a transcriptional coactivator implicated in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) pathogenesis. YAP is known to be regulated by a serine/threonine kinase relay module (MST1/2-LATS1/2) culminating in phosphorylation of YAP at Serine 127 and cytoplasmic sequestration. However, YAP also undergoes tyrosine phosphorylation, and the role of tyrosine phosphorylation in YAP regulation remains unclear. Herein, YAP regulation by tyrosine phosphorylation was examined in human and mouse CCA cells, as well as patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models. YAP was phosphorylated on tyrosine 357 (Y357) in CCA cell lines and PDX models. SRC family kinase (SFK) inhibition with dasatinib resulted in loss of YAPY357 phosphorylation, promoted its translocation from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, and reduced YAP target gene expression, including cell lines expressing a LATS1/2-resistant YAP mutant in which all serine residues were mutated to alanine. Consistent with these observations, precluding YAPY357 phosphorylation by site-directed mutagenesis (YAPY357F) excluded YAP from the nucleus. Targeted siRNA experiments identified LCK as the SFK that most potently mediated YAPY357 phosphorylation. Likewise, inducible CRISPR/Cas9-targeted LCK deletion decreased YAPY357 phosphorylation and its nuclear localization. The importance of LCK in CCA biology was demonstrated by clinical observations suggesting LCK expression levels were associated with early tumor recurrence following resection of CCA. Finally, dasatinib displayed therapeutic efficacy in PDX models. Mol Cancer Res; 16(10); 1556-67. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Sugihara
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Nathan W Werneburg
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Matthew C Hernandez
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Lin Yang
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Ayano Kabashima
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Petra Hirsova
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota.,Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lavanya Yohanathan
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Carlos Sosa
- Division of Health Sciences Research, Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Mark J Truty
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - George Vasmatzis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Gregory J Gores
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Rory L Smoot
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota.
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Smoot RL, Werneburg NW, Sugihara T, Hernandez MC, Yang L, Mehner C, Graham RP, Bronk SF, Truty MJ, Gores GJ. Platelet-derived growth factor regulates YAP transcriptional activity via Src family kinase dependent tyrosine phosphorylation. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:824-836. [PMID: 28661054 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The Hippo pathway effector YAP is implicated in the pathogenesis of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). The Hippo pathway relies on signaling cross talk for its regulation. Given the importance of platelet derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) signaling in CCA biology, our aim was to examine potential YAP regulation by PDGFR. We employed human and mouse CCA specimens and cell lines for these studies. Initially, we confirmed upregulation of PDGFRβ and PDGFR ligands in human and mouse CCA specimens and cell lines. YAP, a transcriptional co-activator, was localized to the nucleus in human CCA specimens and a cell line, as well as patient derived xenografts (PDX). PDGFR pharmacologic inhibition led to a redistribution of YAP from the nucleus to cytosol and downregulation of YAP target genes in a human CCA cell line. siRNA silencing of PDGFR-β similarly downregulated YAP target genes. YAP activation (nuclear localization and target gene expression) was regulated by Src family kinases (SFKs) downstream of PDGFR. SFK activity resulted in phosphorylation of YAP on tyrosine357 (YAPY357 ). The importance of YAPY357 phosphorylation in regulating YAP activation was confirmed utilizing the SB-1 cell line, a mouse cell line expressing YAP S127A precluding canonical serine phosphorylation. PDGFR inhibition decreased cellular abundance of the survival protein Mcl-1, a known YAP target gene, and accordingly increased cell death in CCA cells in vitro and in vivo. These preclinical data demonstrate that a PDGFR-SFK cascade regulates YAP activation via tyrosine phosphorylation in CCA. Inhibiting this cascade may provide a viable therapeutic strategy for this human malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory L Smoot
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Nathan W Werneburg
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Takaaki Sugihara
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Matthew C Hernandez
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Lin Yang
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Christine Mehner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Rondell P Graham
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Steven F Bronk
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Mark J Truty
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Gregory J Gores
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota
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Ilyas SI, Yamada D, Hirsova P, Bronk SF, Werneburg NW, Krishnan A, Salim W, Zhang L, Trushina E, Truty MJ, Gores GJ. A Hippo and Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor Autocrine Pathway in Cholangiocarcinoma. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:8031-47. [PMID: 26826125 PMCID: PMC4825008 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.698472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we have identified cross-talk between the Hippo and fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) oncogenic signaling pathways in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). Yes-associated protein (YAP) nuclear localization and up-regulation of canonical target genes was observed in CCA cell lines and a patient-derived xenograft (PDX). Expression of FGFR1, -2, and -4 was identified in human CCA cell lines, driven, in part, by YAP coactivation of TBX5. In turn, FGFR signaling in a cell line with minimal basal YAP expression induced its cellular protein expression and nuclear localization. Treatment of YAP-positive CCA cell lines with BGJ398, a pan-FGFR inhibitor, resulted in a decrease in YAP activation. FGFR activation of YAP appears to be driven largely by FGF5 activation of FGFR2, as siRNA silencing of this ligand or receptor, respectively, inhibited YAP nuclear localization. BGJ398 treatment of YAP-expressing cells induced cell death due to Mcl-1 depletion. In a YAP-associated mouse model of CCA, expression of FGFR 1, 2, and 4 was also significantly increased. Accordingly, BGJ398 treatment was tumor-suppressive in this model and in a YAP-positive PDX model. These preclinical data suggest not only that the YAP and Hippo signaling pathways culminate in an Mcl-1-regulated tumor survival pathway but also that nuclear YAP expression may be a biomarker to employ in FGFR-directed therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumera I Ilyas
- From the Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Daisaku Yamada
- From the Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Petra Hirsova
- From the Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Steven F Bronk
- From the Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Nathan W Werneburg
- From the Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Anuradha Krishnan
- From the Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Warda Salim
- From the Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Liang Zhang
- the Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Eugenia Trushina
- the Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, the Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, and
| | - Mark J Truty
- the Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Gregory J Gores
- From the Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905,
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Hirsova P, Ibrahim SH, Krishnan A, Verma VK, Bronk SF, Werneburg NW, Charlton MR, Shah VH, Malhi H, Gores GJ. Lipid-Induced Signaling Causes Release of Inflammatory Extracellular Vesicles From Hepatocytes. Gastroenterology 2016; 150:956-67. [PMID: 26764184 PMCID: PMC4808464 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatocyte cellular dysfunction and death induced by lipids and macrophage-associated inflammation are characteristics of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The fatty acid palmitate can activate death receptor 5 (DR5) on hepatocytes, leading to their death, but little is known about how this process contributes to macrophage-associated inflammation. We investigated whether lipid-induced DR5 signaling results in the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from hepatocytes, and whether these can induce an inflammatory macrophage phenotype. METHODS Primary mouse and human hepatocytes and Huh7 cells were incubated with palmitate, its metabolite lysophosphatidylcholine, or diluent (control). The released EV were isolated, characterized, quantified, and applied to macrophages. C57BL/6 mice were placed on chow or a diet high in fat, fructose, and cholesterol to induce NASH. Some mice also were given the ROCK1 inhibitor fasudil; 2 weeks later, serum EVs were isolated and characterized by immunoblot and nanoparticle-tracking analyses. Livers were collected and analyzed by histology, immunohistochemistry, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Incubation of primary hepatocytes and Huh7 cells with palmitate or lysophosphatidylcholine increased their release of EVs, compared with control cells. This release was reduced by inactivating mediators of the DR5 signaling pathway or rho-associated, coiled-coil-containing protein kinase 1 (ROCK1) inhibition. Hepatocyte-derived EVs contained tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand and induced expression of interleukin 1β and interleukin 6 messenger RNAs in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages. Activation of macrophages required DR5 and receptor-interacting protein kinase 1. Administration of the ROCK1 inhibitor fasudil to mice with NASH reduced serum levels of EVs; this reduction was associated with decreased liver injury, inflammation, and fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS Lipids, which stimulate DR5, induce release of hepatocyte EVs, which activate an inflammatory phenotype in macrophages. Strategies to inhibit ROCK1-dependent release of EVs by hepatocytes might be developed for the treatment of patients with NASH.
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Ibrahim SH, Hirsova P, Tomita K, Bronk SF, Werneburg NW, Harrison SA, Goodfellow VS, Malhi H, Gores GJ. Mixed lineage kinase 3 mediates release of C-X-C motif ligand 10-bearing chemotactic extracellular vesicles from lipotoxic hepatocytes. Hepatology 2016; 63:731-44. [PMID: 26406121 PMCID: PMC4764421 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Mixed lineage kinase 3 (MLK3) deficiency reduces macrophage-associated inflammation in a murine model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). However, the mechanistic links between MLK3 activation in hepatocytes and macrophage-driven inflammation in NASH are uncharted. Herein, we report that MLK3 mediates the release of (C-X-C motif) ligand 10 (CXCL10)-laden extracellular vesicles (EVs) from lipotoxic hepatocytes, which induce macrophage chemotaxis. Primary mouse hepatocytes (PMHs) and Huh7 cells were treated with palmitate or lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC). Released EVs were isolated by differential ultracentrifugation. LPC treatment of PMH or Huh7 cells induced release of EVs, which was prevented by either genetic or pharmacological inhibition of MLK3. Mass spectrometry identified the potent chemokine, CXCL10, in the EVs, which was markedly enriched in EVs isolated from LPC-treated hepatocytes versus untreated cells. Green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged CXCL10 was present in vesicular structures and colocalized with the red fluorescent protein (RFP)-tagged EV marker, CD63, after LPC treatment of cotransfected Huh-7 cells. Either genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of MLK3 prevented CXCL10 enrichment in EVs. Treatment of mouse bone-marrow-derived macrophages with lipotoxic hepatocyte-derived EVs induced macrophage chemotaxis, an effect blocked by incubation with CXCL10-neutralizing antisera. MLK3-deficient mice fed a NASH-inducing diet had reduced concentrations of total plasma EVs and CXCL10 containing EVs compared to wild-type mice. CONCLUSIONS During hepatocyte lipotoxicity, activated MLK3 induces the release of CXCL10-bearing vesicles from hepatocytes, which are chemotactic for macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar H. Ibrahim
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Petra Hirsova
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Kyoko Tomita
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Steven F. Bronk
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Nathan W. Werneburg
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | | | - Harmeet Malhi
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Gregory J. Gores
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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Idrissova L, Malhi H, Werneburg NW, LeBrasseur NK, Bronk SF, Fingas C, Tchkonia T, Pirtskhalava T, White TA, Stout MB, Hirsova P, Krishnan A, Liedtke C, Trautwein C, Finnberg N, El-Deiry WS, Kirkland JL, Gores GJ. TRAIL receptor deletion in mice suppresses the inflammation of nutrient excess. J Hepatol 2015; 62:1156-63. [PMID: 25445398 PMCID: PMC4404200 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Low-grade chronic inflammation is a cardinal feature of the metabolic syndrome, yet its pathogenesis is not well defined. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of TRAIL receptor (TR) signaling in the pathogenesis of obesity-associated inflammation using mice with the genetic deletion of TR. METHODS TR knockout (TR(-/-)) mice and their littermate wild-type (WT) mice were fed a diet high in saturated fat, cholesterol and fructose (FFC) or chow. Metabolic phenotyping, liver injury, and liver and adipose tissue inflammation were assessed. Chemotaxis and activation of mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMϕ) was measured. RESULTS Genetic deletion of TR completely repressed weight gain, adiposity and insulin resistance in FFC-fed mice. Moreover, TR(-/-) mice suppressed steatohepatitis, with essentially normal serum ALT, hepatocyte apoptosis and liver triglyceride accumulation. Gene array data implicated inhibition of macrophage-associated hepatic inflammation in the absence of the TR. In keeping with this, there was diminished accumulation and activation of inflammatory macrophages in liver and adipose tissue. TR(-/-) BMDMϕ manifest reduced chemotaxis and diminished activation of nuclear factor-κ B signaling upon activation by palmitate and lipopolysaccharide. CONCLUSIONS These data advance the concept that macrophage-associated hepatic and adipose tissue inflammation of nutrient excess requires TR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Idrissova
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Harmeet Malhi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States.
| | - Nathan W. Werneburg
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | | | - Steve F. Bronk
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Christian Fingas
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Tamar Tchkonia
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Tamar Pirtskhalava
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Thomas A. White
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Michael B. Stout
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Petra Hirsova
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Anuradha Krishnan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | | | | | | | | | - James L. Kirkland
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Gregory J. Gores
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
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Guicciardi ME, Werneburg NW, Bronk SF, Franke A, Yagita H, Thomas G, Gores GJ. Cellular inhibitor of apoptosis (cIAP)-mediated ubiquitination of phosphofurin acidic cluster sorting protein 2 (PACS-2) negatively regulates tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) cytotoxicity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92124. [PMID: 24633224 PMCID: PMC3954888 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal membrane permeabilization is an essential step in TRAIL-induced apoptosis of liver cancer cell lines. TRAIL-induced lysosomal membrane permeabilization is mediated by the multifunctional sorting protein PACS-2 and repressed by the E3 ligases cIAP-1 and cIAP-2. Despite the opposing roles for PACS-2 and cIAPs in TRAIL-induced apoptosis, an interaction between these proteins has yet to be examined. Herein, we report that cIAP-1 and cIAP-2 confer TRAIL resistance to hepatobiliary cancer cell lines by reducing PACS-2 levels. Under basal conditions, PACS-2 underwent K48-linked poly-ubiquitination, resulting in PACS-2 proteasomal degradation. Biochemical assays showed cIAP-1 and cIAP-2 interacted with PACS-2 in vitro and co-immunoprecipitation studies demonstrated that the two cIAPs bound PACS-2 in vivo. More importantly, both cIAP-1 and cIAP-2 directly mediated PACS-2 ubiquitination in a cell-free assay. Single c-Iap-1 or c-Iap-2 gene knock-outs in mouse hepatocytes did not lead to PACS-2 accumulation. However, deletion of both cIAP-1 and cIAP-2 reduced PACS-2 ubiquitination, which increased PACS-2 levels and sensitized HuH-7 cells to TRAIL-induced lysosomal membrane permeabilization and apoptosis. Correspondingly, deletion of cIAPs sensitized wild-type, but not PACS-2-deficient hepatocarcinoma cells or Pacs-2−/− mouse hepatocytes to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Together, these data suggest cIAPs constitutively downregulate PACS-2 by polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, thereby restraining TRAIL-induced killing of liver cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Eugenia Guicciardi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Nathan W. Werneburg
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Steven F. Bronk
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Adrian Franke
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Hideo Yagita
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gary Thomas
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Gregory J. Gores
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Akazawa Y, Guicciardi ME, Cazanave SC, Bronk SF, Werneburg NW, Kakisaka K, Nakao K, Gores GJ. Degradation of cIAPs contributes to hepatocyte lipoapoptosis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2013; 305:G611-9. [PMID: 24008361 PMCID: PMC3840239 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00111.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocyte apoptosis is a hallmark of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. We have previously observed that the saturated free fatty acids (FFAs) induce hepatocyte apoptosis in part via a death receptor 5 (DR5)-mediated signaling pathway. Cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein 1 and 2 (cIAP-1 and cIAP-2) proteins are potent inhibitors of death receptor-mediated apoptosis. However, the role of the cIAPs in FFA-mediated hepatocyte apoptosis is unexplored. Our aim was to determine whether cIAPs are dysregulated during hepatocyte lipoapoptosis. cIAP proteins underwent rapid cellular elimination following treatment with the saturated FFAs palmitate (PA) and stearate. In contrast, PA did not decrease cIAP-1 and cIAP-2 mRNA expression in the cells. Degradation of cIAPs was dependent on their E3-ligase activity, suggesting that cIAPs undergo autoubiquitination that leads to proteasomal degradation. Huh-7 cells stably expressing shRNA targeting cIAP-1, but not cIAP-2, displayed enhanced sensitivity to PA-mediated apoptosis. Incubation with the SMAC mimetic JP1584, which induces rapid degradation of cIAPs, also enhanced PA-mediated apoptosis. Hepatocytes isolated from DR5 knockout mice exhibited reduced apoptosis following treatment with PA plus JP1584, implying that degradation of cIAPs sensitizes to DR5-mediated cell death pathways. A decrease of cIAP-1 was also observed in tissue from patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis compared with normal obese subjects. Collectively, these results implicate proteasomal degradation of cIAPs by FFA as a mechanism contributing to hepatocyte lipoapoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Akazawa
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905.
| | - Maria Eugenia Guicciardi
- 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and
| | - Sophie C. Cazanave
- 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and
| | - Steven F. Bronk
- 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and
| | - Nathan W. Werneburg
- 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and
| | - Keisuke Kakisaka
- 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and
| | - Kazuhiko Nakao
- 2Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Gregory J. Gores
- 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and
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Mertens JC, Fingas CD, Christensen JD, Smoot RL, Bronk SF, Werneburg NW, Gustafson MP, Dietz AB, Roberts LR, Sirica AE, Gores GJ. Therapeutic effects of deleting cancer-associated fibroblasts in cholangiocarcinoma. Cancer Res 2012; 73:897-907. [PMID: 23221385 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-2130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) are abundant in the stroma of desmoplastic cancers where they promote tumor progression. CAFs are "activated" and as such may be uniquely susceptible to apoptosis. Using cholangiocarcinoma as a desmoplastic tumor model, we investigated the sensitivity of liver CAFs to the cytotoxic drug navitoclax, a BH3 mimetic. Navitoclax induced apoptosis in CAF and in myofibroblastic human hepatic stellate cells but lacked similar effects in quiescent fibroblasts or cholangiocarcinoma cells. Unlike cholangiocarcinoma cells, neither CAF nor quiescent fibroblasts expressed Mcl-1, a known resistance factor for navitoclax cytotoxicity. Explaining this paradox, we found that mitochondria isolated from CAFs or cells treated with navitoclax both released the apoptogenic factors Smac and cytochrome c, suggesting that they are primed for cell death. Such death priming in CAFs appeared to be due, in part, to upregulation of the proapoptotic protein Bax. Short hairpin RNA-mediated attenuation of Bax repressed navitoclax-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction, release of apoptogenic factors, and apoptotic cell death. In a syngeneic rat model of cholangiocarcinoma, navitoclax treatment triggered CAF apoptosis, diminishing expression of the desmoplastic extracellular matrix protein tenascin C, suppressing tumor outgrowth, and improving host survival. Together, our findings argue that navitoclax may be useful for destroying CAFs in the tumor microenvironment as a general strategy to attack solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim C Mertens
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Werneburg NW, Bronk SF, Guicciardi ME, Thomas L, Dikeakos JD, Thomas G, Gores GJ. Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) protein-induced lysosomal translocation of proapoptotic effectors is mediated by phosphofurin acidic cluster sorting protein-2 (PACS-2). J Biol Chem 2012; 287:24427-37. [PMID: 22645134 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.342238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced apoptosis of liver cancer cell lines requires death receptor-5 (DR5)-dependent permeabilization of lysosomal membranes. Ligated DR5 triggers recruitment of the proapoptotic proteins Bim and Bax to lysosomes, releasing cathepsin B into the cytosol where it mediates mitochondria membrane permeabilization and activation of executioner caspases. Despite the requirement for lysosome membrane permeabilization during TRAIL-induced apoptosis, little is known about the mechanism that controls recruitment of Bim and Bax to lysosomal membranes. Here we report that TRAIL induces recruitment of the multifunctional sorting protein phosphofurin acidic cluster sorting protein-2 (PACS-2) to DR5-positive endosomes in Huh-7 cells where it forms an immunoprecipitatable complex with Bim and Bax on lysosomal membranes. shRNA-targeted knockdown of PACS-2 prevents recruitment of Bim or Bax to lysosomes, blunting the TRAIL-induced lysosome membrane permeabilization. Consistent with the reduced lysosome membrane permeabilization, shRNA knockdown of PACS-2 in Huh-7 cells reduced TRAIL-induced apoptosis and increased clonogenic cell survival. The determination that recombinant PACS-2 bound Bim but not Bax in vitro and that shRNA knockdown of Bim blocked Bax recruitment to lysosomes suggests that TRAIL/DR5 triggers endosomal PACS-2 to recruit Bim and Bax to lysosomes to release cathepsin B and induce apoptosis. Together, these findings provide insight into the lysosomal pathway of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan W Werneburg
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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16
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Razumilava N, Bronk SF, Smoot RL, Fingas CD, Werneburg NW, Roberts LR, Mott JL. miR-25 targets TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) death receptor-4 and promotes apoptosis resistance in cholangiocarcinoma. Hepatology 2012; 55:465-75. [PMID: 21953056 PMCID: PMC3268937 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED It has been established that microRNA expression and function contribute to phenotypic features of malignant cells, including resistance to apoptosis. Although targets and functional roles for a number of microRNAs have been described in cholangiocarcinoma, many additional microRNAs dysregulated in this tumor have not been assigned functional roles. In this study, we identify elevated miR-25 expression in malignant cholangiocarcinoma cell lines as well as patient samples. In cultured cells, treatment with the Smoothened inhibitor, cyclopamine, reduced miR-25 expression, suggesting Hedgehog signaling stimulates miR-25 production. Functionally, miR-25 was shown to protect cells against TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced apoptosis. Correspondingly, antagonism of miR-25 in culture sensitized cells to apoptotic death. Computational analysis identified the TRAIL Death Receptor-4 (DR4) as a potential novel miR-25 target, and this prediction was confirmed by immunoblot, cell staining, and reporter assays. CONCLUSION These data implicate elevated miR-25 levels in the control of tumor cell apoptosis in cholangiocarcinoma. The identification of the novel miR-25 target DR4 provides a mechanism by which miR-25 contributes to evasion of TRAIL-induced cholangiocarcinoma apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliya Razumilava
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Kakisaka K, Cazanave SC, Fingas CD, Guicciardi ME, Bronk SF, Werneburg NW, Mott JL, Gores GJ. Mechanisms of lysophosphatidylcholine-induced hepatocyte lipoapoptosis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 302:G77-84. [PMID: 21995961 PMCID: PMC3345964 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00301.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Isolated hepatocytes undergo lipoapoptosis, a feature of hepatic lipotoxicity, on treatment with saturated free fatty acids (FFA) such as palmitate (PA). However, it is unknown if palmitate is directly toxic to hepatocytes or if its toxicity is indirect via the generation of lipid metabolites such as lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC). PA-mediated hepatocyte lipoapoptosis is associated with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) activation, and a JNK-dependent upregulation of the potent proapoptotic BH3-only protein PUMA (p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis). Our aim was to determine which of these mechanisms of lipotoxicity are activated by PA-derived LPC. We employed Huh-7 cells and isolated murine and human primary hepatocytes. Intracellular LPC concentrations increase linearly as a function of the exogenous, extracellular PA, stearate, or LPC concentration. Incubation of Huh-7 cells or primary hepatocytes with LPC induced cell death by apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner. Substituting LPC for PA resulted in caspase-dependent cell death that was accompanied by activating phosphorylation of JNK with c-Jun phosphorylation and an increase in PUMA expression. LPC also induced ER stress as manifest by eIF2α phosphorylation and CAAT/enhancer binding homologous protein (CHOP) induction. LPC cytotoxicity was attenuated by pharmacological inhibition of JNK or glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3). Similarly, short-hairpin RNA (shRNA)-targeted knockdown of CHOP protected Huh-7 cells against LPC-induced toxicity. The LPC-induced PUMA upregulation was prevented by JNK inhibition or shRNA-targeted knockdown of CHOP. Finally, genetic deficiency of PUMA rendered murine hepatocytes resistant to LPC-induced apoptosis. We concluded that LPC-induced lipoapoptosis is dependent on mechanisms largely indistinguishable from PA. These data suggest that FFA-mediated cytotoxicity is indirect via the generation of the toxic metabolite, LPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Kakisaka
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Sophie C. Cazanave
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Christian D. Fingas
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Maria E. Guicciardi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Steven F. Bronk
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Nathan W. Werneburg
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Justin L. Mott
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Gregory J. Gores
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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Fingas CD, Bronk SF, Werneburg NW, Mott JL, Guicciardi ME, Cazanave SC, Mertens JC, Sirica AE, Gores GJ. Myofibroblast-derived PDGF-BB promotes Hedgehog survival signaling in cholangiocarcinoma cells. Hepatology 2011; 54:2076-88. [PMID: 22038837 PMCID: PMC3230714 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) cells paradoxically express the death ligand, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and, therefore, are dependent upon potent survival signals to circumvent TRAIL cytotoxicity. CCAs are also highly desmoplastic cancers with a tumor microenvironment rich in myofibroblasts (MFBs). Herein, we examine a role for MFB-derived CCA survival signals. We employed human KMCH-1, KMBC, HuCCT-1, TFK-1, and Mz-ChA-1 CCA cells, as well as human primary hepatic stellate and myofibroblastic LX-2 cells, for these studies. In vivo experiments were conducted using a syngeneic rat orthotopic CCA model. Coculturing CCA cells with myofibroblastic human primary hepatic stellate cells or LX-2 cells significantly decreased TRAIL-induced apoptosis in CCA cells, a cytoprotective effect abrogated by neutralizing platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB antiserum. Cytoprotection by PDGF-BB was dependent upon Hedgehog (Hh) signaling, because it was abolished by the smoothened (SMO; the transducer of Hh signaling) inhibitor, cyclopamine. PDGF-BB induced cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase-dependent trafficking of SMO to the plasma membrane, resulting in glioma-associated oncogene (GLI)2 nuclear translocation and activation of a consensus GLI reporter gene-based luciferase assay. A genome-wide messenger RNA expression analysis identified 67 target genes to be commonly up- (50 genes) or down-regulated (17 genes) by both Sonic hedgehog and PDGF-BB in a cyclopamine-dependent manner in CCA cells. Finally, in a rodent CCA in vivo model, cyclopamine administration increased apoptosis in CCA cells, resulting in tumor suppression. CONCLUSIONS MFB-derived PDGF-BB protects CCA cells from TRAIL cytotoxicity by a Hh-signaling-dependent process. These results have therapeutical implications for the treatment of human CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Fingas
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
,Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - S F Bronk
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - N W Werneburg
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - J L Mott
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - M E Guicciardi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - S C Cazanave
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - J C Mertens
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - A E Sirica
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathogenesis, Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA
| | - G J Gores
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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Cazanave SC, Mott JL, Bronk SF, Werneburg NW, Fingas CD, Meng XW, Finnberg N, El-Deiry WS, Kaufmann SH, Gores GJ. Death receptor 5 signaling promotes hepatocyte lipoapoptosis. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:39336-48. [PMID: 21941003 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.280420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is characterized by hepatic steatosis, elevated levels of circulating free fatty acids (FFA), endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and hepatocyte lipoapoptosis. Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) death receptor 5 (DR5) is significantly elevated in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and steatotic hepatocytes demonstrate increased sensitivity to TRAIL-mediated cell death. Nonetheless, a role for TRAIL and/or DR5 in mediating lipoapoptotic pathways is unexplored. Here, we examined the contribution of DR5 death signaling to lipoapoptosis by free fatty acids. The toxic saturated free fatty acid palmitate induces an increase in DR5 mRNA and protein expression in Huh-7 human hepatoma cells leading to DR5 localization into lipid rafts, cell surface receptor clustering with subsequent recruitment of the initiator caspase-8, and ultimately cellular demise. Lipoapoptosis by palmitate was not inhibited by a soluble human recombinant DR5-Fc chimera protein suggesting that DR5 cytotoxic signaling is ligand-independent. Hepatocytes from murine TRAIL receptor knock-out mice (DR(-/-)) displayed reduced palmitate-mediated lipotoxicity. Likewise, knockdown of DR5 or caspase-8 expression by shRNA technology attenuated palmitate-induced Bax activation and apoptosis in Huh-7 cells, without altering induction of ER stress markers. Similar observations were verified in other cell models. Finally, knockdown of CHOP, an ER stress-mediated transcription factor, reduced DR5 up-regulation and DR5-mediated caspase-8 activation upon palmitate treatment. Collectively, these results suggest that ER stress-induced CHOP activation by palmitate transcriptionally up-regulates DR5, likely resulting in ligand-independent cytotoxic signaling by this death receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie C Cazanave
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Mott JL, Kurita S, Cazanave SC, Bronk SF, Werneburg NW, Fernandez-Zapico ME. Transcriptional suppression of mir-29b-1/mir-29a promoter by c-Myc, hedgehog, and NF-kappaB. J Cell Biochem 2010; 110:1155-64. [PMID: 20564213 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs regulate pathways contributing to oncogenesis, and thus the mechanisms causing dysregulation of microRNA expression in cancer are of significant interest. Mature mir-29b levels are decreased in malignant cells, and this alteration promotes the malignant phenotype, including apoptosis resistance. However, the mechanism responsible for mir-29b suppression is unknown. Here, we examined mir-29 expression from chromosome 7q32 using cholangiocarcinoma cells as a model for mir-29b downregulation. Using 5' rapid amplification of cDNA ends, the transcriptional start site was identified for this microRNA locus. Computational analysis revealed the presence of two putative E-box (Myc-binding) sites, a Gli-binding site, and four NF-kappaB-binding sites in the region flanking the transcriptional start site. Promoter activity in cholangiocarcinoma cells was repressed by transfection with c-Myc, consistent with reports in other cell types. Treatment with the hedgehog inhibitor cyclopamine, which blocks smoothened signaling, increased the activity of the promoter and expression of mature mir-29b. Mutagenesis analysis and gel shift data are consistent with a direct binding of Gli to the mir-29 promoter. Finally, activation of NF-kappaB signaling, via ligation of Toll-like receptors, also repressed mir-29b expression and promoter function. Of note, activation of hedgehog, Toll-like receptor, and c-Myc signaling protected cholangiocytes from TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Thus, in addition to c-Myc, mir-29 expression can be suppressed by hedgehog signaling and inflammatory pathways, both commonly activated in the genesis of human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin L Mott
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
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21
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Fingas CD, Blechacz BRA, Smoot RL, Guicciardi ME, Mott J, Bronk SF, Werneburg NW, Sirica AE, Gores GJ. A smac mimetic reduces TNF related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced invasion and metastasis of cholangiocarcinoma cells. Hepatology 2010; 52:550-61. [PMID: 20683954 PMCID: PMC2957364 DOI: 10.1002/hep.23729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) cells paradoxically express tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), a death ligand that, failing to kill CCA cells, instead promotes their tumorigenicity and especially the metastatic behaviors of cell migration and invasion. Second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase (smac) mimetics are promising cancer therapeutic agents that enhance proapoptotic death receptor signaling by causing cellular degradation of inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins. Our aim was to examine the in vitro and in vivo effects of the smac mimetic JP1584 in CCA. Despite JP1584-mediated loss of cellular inhibitor of apoptosis-1 (cIAP-1) and cIAP-2, TRAIL failed to induce apoptosis in KMCH-1, TFK-1, and BDEneu CCA cells; a finding consistent with a downstream block in death signaling. Because cIAP-1 and cIAP-2 also promote nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) activation by the canonical pathway, the effect of JP1584 on this signaling pathway was examined. Treatment with JP1584 inhibited TRAIL-induced NF-kappaB activation as well as TRAIL-mediated up-regulation of the NF-kappaB target gene, matrix metalloproteinase 7 (MMP7). JP1584 also reduced TRAIL-mediated CCA cell migration and invasion in vitro. Finally, in a syngeneic rat orthotopic CCA model, JP1584 administration reduced MMP7 messenger RNA levels and extrahepatic metastases. CONCLUSION : Although the smac mimetic JP1584 does not sensitize cells to apoptosis, it reduces TRAIL-induced CCA cell metastatic behavior. These data support the emerging concept that IAPs are prometastatic and represent targets for antimetastatic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rory L. Smoot
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | - Justin Mott
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Steve F. Bronk
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | - Alphonse E. Sirica
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathogenesis, Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA
| | - Gregory J. Gores
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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22
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Smoot RL, Blechacz BRA, Werneburg NW, Bronk SF, Sinicrope FA, Sirica AE, Gores GJ. A Bax-mediated mechanism for obatoclax-induced apoptosis of cholangiocarcinoma cells. Cancer Res 2010; 70:1960-9. [PMID: 20160031 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-3535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis induction by BH3 mimetics is a therapeutic strategy for human cancer. These mimetics exert single-agent activity in cells "primed" for cell death. Primed cells are dependent upon antiapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins for survival and are characterized by the ability of the BH3 mimetic to induce cytochrome c release from their isolated mitochondria. Our aim was to examine the single-agent activity of obatoclax, a BH3 mimetic in cholangiocarcinoma cell lines. In clonogenic assays, inhibition of colony formation was observed by obatoclax treatment. Despite single-agent activity by obatoclax, the mitochondria from these cells did not release cytochrome c after incubation with this BH3 mimetic. However, immunofluorescence and cell fractionation studies identified Bax activation and translocation to mitochondria after treatment with obatoclax. shRNA targeted knockdown of Bax doubled the IC50 for obatoclax but did not abrogate its cytotoxicity, whereas knockdown of Bak did not alter the IC50. In a cell-free system, obatoclax induced an activating conformational change of Bax, which was attenuated by a site-directed mutagenesis of a previously identified protein activation site. Finally, the drug also elicited a significant in vivo response in a rodent model of this disease. In conclusion, single-agent obatoclax treatment results in Bax activation, which contributes, in part, to cell death in cholangiocarcinoma cells. These data indicate that BH3 mimetics may also function as direct activators of Bax and induce cytotoxicity in cells not otherwise primed for cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory L Smoot
- Division of Gastroenterologic and General Surgery, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Blechacz BRA, Smoot RL, Bronk SF, Werneburg NW, Sirica AE, Gores GJ. Sorafenib inhibits signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 signaling in cholangiocarcinoma cells by activating the phosphatase shatterproof 2. Hepatology 2009. [PMID: 19821497 DOI: 10.1002/hep.23214.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway is one of the key signaling cascades in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) cells, mediating their resistance to apoptosis. Our aim was to ascertain if sorafenib, a multikinase inhibitor, may also inhibit JAK/STAT signaling and, therefore, be efficacious for CCA. Sorafenib treatment of three human CCA cell lines resulted in Tyr(705) phospho-STAT3 dephosphorylation. Similar results were obtained with the Raf-kinase inhibitor ZM336372, suggesting sorafenib promotes Tyr(705) phospho-STAT3 dephosphorylation by inhibiting Raf-kinase activity. Sorafenib treatment enhanced an activating phosphorylation of the phosphatase SHP2. Consistent with this observation, small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of phosphatase shatterproof 2 (SHP2) inhibited sorafenib-induced Tyr(705) phospho-STAT3 dephosphorylation. Sorafenib treatment also decreased the expression of Mcl-1 messenger RNA and protein, a STAT3 transcriptional target, as well as sensitizing CCA cells to tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-mediated apoptosis. In an orthotopic, syngeneic CCA model in rats, sorafenib displayed significant tumor suppression resulting in a survival benefit for treated animals. In this in vivo model, sorafenib also decreased tumor Tyr(705) STAT3 phosphorylation and increased tumor cell apoptosis. CONCLUSION Sorafenib accelerates STAT3 dephosphorylation by stimulating phosphatase SHP2 activity, sensitizes CCA cells to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis, and is therapeutic in a syngeneic rat, orthotopic CCA model that mimics human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris R A Blechacz
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Miles and Shirley Fiterman Center for Digestive Diseases, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Blechacz BRA, Smoot RL, Bronk SF, Werneburg NW, Sirica AE, Gores GJ. Sorafenib inhibits signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 signaling in cholangiocarcinoma cells by activating the phosphatase shatterproof 2. Hepatology 2009; 50:1861-70. [PMID: 19821497 PMCID: PMC2891152 DOI: 10.1002/hep.23214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway is one of the key signaling cascades in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) cells, mediating their resistance to apoptosis. Our aim was to ascertain if sorafenib, a multikinase inhibitor, may also inhibit JAK/STAT signaling and, therefore, be efficacious for CCA. Sorafenib treatment of three human CCA cell lines resulted in Tyr(705) phospho-STAT3 dephosphorylation. Similar results were obtained with the Raf-kinase inhibitor ZM336372, suggesting sorafenib promotes Tyr(705) phospho-STAT3 dephosphorylation by inhibiting Raf-kinase activity. Sorafenib treatment enhanced an activating phosphorylation of the phosphatase SHP2. Consistent with this observation, small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of phosphatase shatterproof 2 (SHP2) inhibited sorafenib-induced Tyr(705) phospho-STAT3 dephosphorylation. Sorafenib treatment also decreased the expression of Mcl-1 messenger RNA and protein, a STAT3 transcriptional target, as well as sensitizing CCA cells to tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-mediated apoptosis. In an orthotopic, syngeneic CCA model in rats, sorafenib displayed significant tumor suppression resulting in a survival benefit for treated animals. In this in vivo model, sorafenib also decreased tumor Tyr(705) STAT3 phosphorylation and increased tumor cell apoptosis. CONCLUSION Sorafenib accelerates STAT3 dephosphorylation by stimulating phosphatase SHP2 activity, sensitizes CCA cells to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis, and is therapeutic in a syngeneic rat, orthotopic CCA model that mimics human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris R. A. Blechacz
- Miles and Shirley Fiterman Center for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Rory L. Smoot
- Miles and Shirley Fiterman Center for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Steven F. Bronk
- Miles and Shirley Fiterman Center for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Nathan W. Werneburg
- Miles and Shirley Fiterman Center for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Alphonse E. Sirica
- Department of Pathology, Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathogenesis, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA
| | - Gregory J. Gores
- Miles and Shirley Fiterman Center for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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25
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Masuoka HC, Mott J, Bronk SF, Werneburg NW, Akazawa Y, Kaufmann SH, Gores GJ. Mcl-1 degradation during hepatocyte lipoapoptosis. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:30039-48. [PMID: 19734538 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.039545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of free fatty acid-induced lipoapoptosis are incompletely understood. Here we demonstrate that Mcl-1, an anti-apoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family, was rapidly degraded in hepatocytes in response to palmitate and stearate by a proteasome-dependent pathway. Overexpression of a ubiquitin-resistant Mcl-1 mutant in Huh-7 cells attenuated palmitate-mediated Mcl-1 loss and lipoapoptosis; conversely, short hairpin RNA-targeted knockdown of Mcl-1 sensitized these cells to lipoapoptosis. Palmitate-induced Mcl-1 degradation was attenuated by the novel protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor rottlerin. Of the two human novel PKC isozymes, PKCdelta and PKC, only activation of PKC was observed by phospho-immunoblot analysis. As compared with Jurkat cells, a smaller PKC polypeptide and mRNA were expressed in hepatocytes consistent with an alternative splice variant. Short hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown of PKC reduced Mcl-1 degradation and lipoapoptosis. Likewise, genetic deletion of Pkc also attenuated Mcl-1 degradation and cytotoxicity by palmitate in primary hepatocytes. During treatment with palmitate, rottlerin inhibited phosphorylation of Mcl-1 at Ser(159), a phosphorylation site previously implicated in Mcl-1 turnover. Consistent with these results, an Mcl-1 S159A mutant was resistant to degradation and improved cell survival during palmitate treatment. Collectively, these results implicate PKC-dependent destabilization of Mcl-1 as a mechanism contributing to hepatocyte lipoapoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard C Masuoka
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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26
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Kahraman A, Mott JL, Bronk SF, Werneburg NW, Barreyro FJ, Guicciardi ME, Akazawa Y, Braley K, Craig RW, Gores GJ. Overexpression of mcl-1 attenuates liver injury and fibrosis in the bile duct-ligated mouse. Dig Dis Sci 2009; 54:1908-17. [PMID: 19051025 PMCID: PMC2879585 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-008-0583-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2008] [Accepted: 10/13/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocyte apoptosis contributes to liver injury and fibrosis after cholestatic injury. Our aim was to ascertain if the anti-apoptotic protein Mcl-1 alters liver injury or fibrosis in the bile duct-ligated mouse. Markers of apoptosis and fibrosis were compared in wild-type and transgenic mice expressing human Mcl-1 after bile duct ligation. Compared to hMcl-1 transgenic animals, ligated wild-type mice displayed a significant increase in TUNEL-positive cells and in caspase 3/7-positive hepatocytes. Consistent with apoptotic injury, the pro-apoptotic protein Bak underwent a conformational change to an activated form upon cholestatic injury, a change mitigated by hMcl-1 overexpression. Likewise, liver histology, number of bile infarcts, serum ALT values, markers of hepatic fibrosis, and animal survival were improved in bile duct-ligated mice transgenic for hMcl-1 as compared to wild-type mice. In conclusion, increased Mcl-1 expression plays a role in hepatoprotection upon cholestatic liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisan Kahraman
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Miles and Shirley, Fiterman Center for Digestive Diseases, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Clinic Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Justin L. Mott
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Miles and Shirley Fiterman Center for Digestive Diseases, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Steven F. Bronk
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Miles and Shirley, Fiterman Center for Digestive Diseases, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Nathan W. Werneburg
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Miles and Shirley, Fiterman Center for Digestive Diseases, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Fernando J. Barreyro
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Miles and Shirley, Fiterman Center for Digestive Diseases, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Maria E. Guicciardi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Miles and Shirley, Fiterman Center for Digestive Diseases, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Yuko Akazawa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Miles and Shirley, Fiterman Center for Digestive Diseases, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Karen Braley
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH 03755-3835, USA
| | - Ruth W. Craig
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH 03755-3835, USA
| | - Gregory J. Gores
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Miles and Shirley, Fiterman Center for Digestive Diseases, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Kahraman A, Bronk SF, Cazanave S, Werneburg NW, Mott JL, Contreras PC, Gores GJ. Matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor, CTS-1027, attenuates liver injury and fibrosis in the bile duct-ligated mouse. Hepatol Res 2009; 39:805-13. [PMID: 19624765 PMCID: PMC2908315 DOI: 10.1111/j.1872-034x.2009.00541.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
AIM Excessive matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity has been implicated in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic liver injury. CTS-1027 is an MMP inhibitor, which has previously been studied in humans as an anti-arthritic agent. Thus, our aim was to assess if CTS-1027 is hepato-protective and anti-fibrogenic during cholestatic liver injury. METHODS C57/BL6 mice were subjected to bile duct ligation (BDL) for 14 days. Either CTS-1027 or vehicle was administered by gavage. RESULTS BDL mice treated with CTS-1027 demonstrated a threefold reduction in hepatocyte apoptosis as assessed by the TUNEL assay or immunohistochemistry for caspase 3/7-positive cells as compared to vehicle-treated BDL animals (P < 0.01). A 70% reduction in bile infarcts, a histological indicator of liver injury, was also observed in CTS-1027-treated BDL animals. These differences could not be ascribed to differences in cholestasis as serum total bilirubin concentrations were nearly identical in the BDL groups of animals. Markers for stellate cell activation (alpha-smooth muscle actin) and hepatic fibrogenesis (collagen 1) were reduced in CTS-1027 versus vehicle-treated BDL animals (P < 0.05). Overall animal survival following 14 days of BDL was also improved in the group receiving the active drug (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The BDL mouse, liver injury and hepatic fibrosis are attenuated by treatment with the MMP inhibitor CTS-1027. This drug warrants further evaluation as an anti-fibrogenic drug in hepatic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisan Kahraman
- Miles and Shirley Fitterman Center for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Clinic Essen, 45122 - Germany
| | - Steven F. Bronk
- Miles and Shirley Fitterman Center for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Sophie Cazanave
- Miles and Shirley Fitterman Center for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Nathan W. Werneburg
- Miles and Shirley Fitterman Center for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Justin L. Mott
- Miles and Shirley Fitterman Center for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | | | - Gregory J. Gores
- Miles and Shirley Fitterman Center for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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28
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Cazanave SC, Mott JL, Elmi NA, Bronk SF, Werneburg NW, Akazawa Y, Kahraman A, Garrison SP, Zambetti GP, Charlton MR, Gores GJ. JNK1-dependent PUMA expression contributes to hepatocyte lipoapoptosis. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:26591-602. [PMID: 19638343 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.022491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Free fatty acids (FFA) induce hepatocyte lipoapoptosis by a c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)-dependent mechanism. However, the cellular processes by which JNK engages the core apoptotic machinery during lipotoxicity, especially activation of BH3-only proteins, remain incompletely understood. Thus, our aim was to determine whether JNK mediates induction of BH3-only proteins during hepatocyte lipoapoptosis. The saturated FFA palmitate, but not the monounsaturated FFA oleate, induces an increase in PUMA mRNA and protein levels. Palmitate induction of PUMA was JNK1-dependent in primary murine hepatocytes. Palmitate-mediated PUMA expression was inhibited by a dominant negative c-Jun, and direct binding of a phosphorylated c-Jun containing the activator protein 1 complex to the PUMA promoter was identified by electrophoretic mobility shift assay and a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. Short hairpin RNA-targeted knockdown of PUMA attenuated Bax activation, caspase 3/7 activity, and cell death. Similarly, the genetic deficiency of Puma rendered murine hepatocytes resistant to lipoapoptosis. PUMA expression was also increased in liver biopsy specimens from patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis as compared with patients with simple steatosis or controls. Collectively, the data implicate JNK1-dependent PUMA expression as a mechanism contributing to hepatocyte lipoapoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie C Cazanave
- Miles and Shirley Fitterman Center for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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29
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Akazawa Y, Mott JL, Bronk SF, Werneburg NW, Kahraman A, Guicciardi ME, Meng XW, Kohno S, Shah VH, Kaufmann SH, McNiven MA, Gores GJ. Death receptor 5 internalization is required for lysosomal permeabilization by TRAIL in malignant liver cell lines. Gastroenterology 2009; 136:2365-2376.e1-7. [PMID: 19272388 PMCID: PMC2693420 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.02.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2008] [Revised: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 02/20/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) cytotoxicity in hepatocellular carcinoma cells is mediated by lysosomal permeabilization. Our aims were to determine which TRAIL receptor, death receptor (DR) 4 or DR5, mediates lysosomal permeabilization and assess whether receptor endocytosis followed by trafficking to lysosomes contributes in this process. METHODS TRAIL ligand internalization in Huh-7 cells was examined by confocal microscopy using Flag-tagged TRAIL, whereas DR4- and DR5-enhanced green fluorescent protein internalization was assessed by total internal reflection microscopy. Clathrin-dependent endocytosis was inhibited by expressing dominant negative dynamin. RESULTS Although Huh-7 cells express both TRAIL receptors, short hairpin RNA silencing of DR5 but not DR4 attenuated TRAIL-mediated lysosomal permeabilization and apoptosis. The TRAIL/DR5 complex underwent rapid cellular internalization upon ligand stimulation, whereas the TRAIL/DR4 complex was not efficiently internalized. DR5-enhanced green fluorescent protein internalization was dependent on a dileucine-based internalization motif. Endocytosis of the TRAIL/DR5 complex was dynamin dependent and was required for rapid lysosomal permeabilization and apoptosis in multiple malignant hepatocellular and cholangiocarcinoma cell lines. Upon TRAIL treatment, DR5 colocalized with lysosomes after internalization. Inhibition of DR5 trafficking to lysosomes by Rab7 small interfering RNA also reduced TRAIL-mediated lysosomal disruption and apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS TRAIL-mediated endocytosis of DR5 with trafficking to lysosomes contributes to lysosomal protease release into the cytosol and efficient apoptosis in malignant liver cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Akazawa
- Miles and Shirley Fiterman Center for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA, Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki 852-8562, Japan
| | - Justin L. Mott
- Miles and Shirley Fiterman Center for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Steven F. Bronk
- Miles and Shirley Fiterman Center for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Nathan W. Werneburg
- Miles and Shirley Fiterman Center for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Alisan Kahraman
- Miles and Shirley Fiterman Center for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Maria Eugenia Guicciardi
- Miles and Shirley Fiterman Center for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Xue Wei Meng
- Division of Oncology Research, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Shigeru Kohno
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki 852-8562, Japan
| | - Vijay H. Shah
- Miles and Shirley Fiterman Center for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Scott H. Kaufmann
- Division of Oncology Research, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Mark A. McNiven
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Gregory J. Gores
- Miles and Shirley Fiterman Center for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
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Kahraman A, Barreyro FJ, Bronk SF, Werneburg NW, Mott JL, Akazawa Y, Masuoka HC, Howe CL, Gores GJ. TRAIL mediates liver injury by the innate immune system in the bile duct-ligated mouse. Hepatology 2008; 47:1317-30. [PMID: 18220275 PMCID: PMC2570266 DOI: 10.1002/hep.22136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The contribution of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), a death ligand expressed by cells of the innate immune system, to cholestatic liver injury has not been explored. Our aim was to ascertain if TRAIL contributes to liver injury in the bile duct-ligated (BDL) mouse. C57/BL6 wild-type (wt), TRAIL heterozygote (TRAIL(+/-)), and TRAIL knockout (TRAIL(-/-)) mice were used for these studies. Liver injury and fibrosis were examined 7 and 14 days after BDL, respectively. Hepatic TRAIL messenger RNA (mRNA) was 6-fold greater in BDL animals versus sham-operated wt animals (P < 0.01). The increased hepatic TRAIL expression was accompanied by an increase in liver accumulation of natural killer 1.1 (NK 1.1)-positive NK and natural killer T (NKT) cells, the predominant cell types expressing TRAIL. Depletion of NK 1.1-positive cells reduced hepatic TRAIL mRNA expression and serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) values. Consistent with a role for NK/NKT cells in this model of liver injury, stress ligands necessary for their recognition of target cells were also up-regulated in hepatocytes following BDL. Compared to sham-operated wt mice, BDL mice displayed a 13-fold increase in terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and an 11-fold increase in caspase 3/7-positive hepatocytes (P < 0.01). The number of TUNEL and caspase 3/7-positive cells was reduced by >80% in BDL TRAIL knockout animals (P < 0.05). Likewise, liver histology, number of bile infarcts, serum ALT values, hepatic fibrosis, and animal survival were also improved in BDL TRAIL(-/-) animals as compared to wt animals. CONCLUSION These observations support a pivotal role for TRAIL in cholestatic liver injury mediated by NK 1.1-positive NK/NKT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisan Kahraman
- Miles and Shirley Fitterman Center for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Fernando J. Barreyro
- Miles and Shirley Fitterman Center for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Steven F. Bronk
- Miles and Shirley Fitterman Center for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Nathan W. Werneburg
- Miles and Shirley Fitterman Center for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Justin L. Mott
- Miles and Shirley Fitterman Center for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Yuko Akazawa
- Miles and Shirley Fitterman Center for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Howard C. Masuoka
- Miles and Shirley Fitterman Center for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | - Gregory J. Gores
- Miles and Shirley Fitterman Center for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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Werneburg NW, Guicciardi ME, Bronk SF, Kaufmann SH, Gores GJ. Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand activates a lysosomal pathway of apoptosis that is regulated by Bcl-2 proteins. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:28960-28970. [PMID: 17686764 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m705671200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The present studies were performed to determine whether lysosomal permeabilization contributes to tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) cytotoxicity and to reconcile a role for lysosomes with prior observations that Bcl-2 family members regulate TRAIL-induced apoptosis. In KMCH cholangiocarcinoma cells stably expressing Mcl-1 small interference RNA (siRNA), treatment with TRAIL induced a redistribution of the cathepsin B from lysosomes to the cytosol. Pharmacological and small hairpin RNA-targeted inhibition of cathepsin B attenuated TRAIL-mediated apoptosis as assessed by morphological, biochemical, and clonogenic assays. Neither Bid siRNA nor Bak siRNA prevented cathepsin B release. In contrast, treatment of the cells with Bim siRNA or the JNK inhibitor SP600125 attenuated lysosomal permeabilization and cell death. Moreover, Bim and active Bax co-localized to lysosomes in TRAIL-treated cells in a JNK-dependent manner, and Bax siRNA reduced TRAIL-induced lysosomal permeabilization and cell death. Finally, BH3 domain peptides permeabilized isolated lysosomes in the presence of Bax. Collectively, these data suggest that TRAIL can trigger an apoptotic pathway that involves JNK-dependent activation of Bim, which in turn induces Bax-mediated permeabilization of lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Steve F Bronk
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | | | - Gregory J Gores
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905.
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Barreyro FJ, Kobayashi S, Bronk SF, Werneburg NW, Malhi H, Gores GJ. Transcriptional regulation of Bim by FoxO3A mediates hepatocyte lipoapoptosis. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:27141-27154. [PMID: 17626006 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m704391200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte lipoapoptosis, a critical feature of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, can be replicated in vitro by incubating hepatocytes with saturated free fatty acids (FFA). These toxic FFA induce Bim expression, which is requisite for their cytotoxicity. Because the FoxO3a transcription factor has been implicated in Bim expression, our aim was to determine if FFA induce Bim by a FoxO3a-dependent mechanism. In Huh-7 cells, the saturated FFA, palmitic and stearic acid, increased Bim mRNA 16-fold. Treatment of cells with the saturated FFA induced FoxO3a dephosphorylation (activation) and nuclear translocation and stimulated a FoxO luciferase-based reporter assay; direct binding of FoxO3a to the Bim promoter was also confirmed by a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. A small interfering RNA-targeted knockdown of FoxO3a abrogated FFA-mediated Bim induction and apoptosis. FoxO3a was activated by a phosphatase 2A-dependent mechanism, since okadaic acid- and small interfering RNA-targeted knockdown of this phosphatase blocked FoxO3a dephosphorylation, Bim expression, and apoptosis. Consistent with these data, phosphatase 2A activity was also stimulated 3-fold by saturated FFA. Immunoprecpitation studies revealed an FFA-dependent association between FoxO3a and protein phosphatase 2A. FFA-mediated FoxO3a activation by protein phosphatase 2A was also observed in HepG2 cells and murine hepatocytes. In conclusion, saturated FFA stimulate protein phosphatase 2A activity, which activates FoxO3a, inducing expression of the intracellular death mediator Bim.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando J Barreyro
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Shogo Kobayashi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Steven F Bronk
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Nathan W Werneburg
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Harmeet Malhi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Gregory J Gores
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905.
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Guicciardi ME, Bronk SF, Werneburg NW, Gores GJ. cFLIPL prevents TRAIL-induced apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells by inhibiting the lysosomal pathway of apoptosis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2007; 292:G1337-46. [PMID: 17272514 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00497.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Sensitivity to TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-mediated apoptosis and the lysosomal pathway of cell death are features of cancer cells. However, it is unknown if TRAIL cytotoxic signaling engages the lysosomal pathway of cell death. Our aim, therefore, was to ascertain if TRAIL killing involves lysosomal permeabilization. TRAIL-induced apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HuH-7, Hep3B) was associated with lysosomal permeabilization, as demonstrated by redistribution of the lysosomal protease cathepsin B into the cytosol. Pharmacological and short hairpin RNA-targeted inhibition of cathepsin B reduced apoptosis. Because cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein (cFLIP) inhibits TRAIL-induced cell death and is frequently overexpressed by human cancers, the ability of cFLIP to prevent lysosomal permeabilization during TRAIL treatment was examined. Enforced long-form cFLIP (cFLIP(L)) expression reduced release of cathepsin B from lysosomes and attenuated apoptosis. cFLIP(L) overexpression was also associated with robust p42/44 MAPK activation following exposure to TRAIL. In contrast, cFLIP(L) overexpression attenuated p38 MAPK activation and had no significant effect on JNK and NF-kappaB activation. Inhibition of p42/44 MAPK by PD98059 restored TRAIL-mediated lysosomal permeabilization and apoptosis in cFLIP-overexpressing cells. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that lysosomal permeabilization contributes to TRAIL-induced apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells and suggest that cFLIP(L) cytoprotection is, in part, due to p42/44 MAPK-dependent inhibition of lysosomal breakdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Eugenia Guicciardi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Kobayashi S, Lee SH, Meng XW, Mott JL, Bronk SF, Werneburg NW, Craig RW, Kaufmann SH, Gores GJ. Serine 64 phosphorylation enhances the antiapoptotic function of Mcl-1. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:18407-18417. [PMID: 17463001 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m610010200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mcl-1 is an antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family member that is highly regulated and when dysregulated contributes to cancer. The Mcl-1 protein is phosphorylated at multiple sites in response to different signaling events. Phosphorylations at Thr163 (by ERK) and Ser159 (by glycogen-synthase kinase 3beta) have recently been shown to slow and enhance, respectively, Mcl-1 protein turnover. Phosphorylation is also known to be stimulated at other, as-yet uncharacterized sites in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. Using an S peptide-tagged Mcl-1 T163A mutant, Ser64 was identified as a novel Mcl-1 phosphorylation site by mass spectrometry. Immunoblotting demonstrated that phosphorylation at this site was maximal in cells in G2/M phase, was enhanced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) treatment, was blocked by inhibitors of CDK (but not ERK or glycogen-synthase kinase 3beta), and was stimulated in vitro by CDK 1, CDK2, and JNK1. The half-life of a nonphosphorylatable S64A Mcl-1 mutant was indistinguishable from that of the wild type polypeptide. In contrast, this mutant failed to protect cells from TRAIL-mediated apoptosis, whereas reconstitution with the phosphomimetic S64E Mcl-1 mutant rendered cells TRAIL-resistant. This anti-apoptotic phenotype of the S64E Mcl-1 mutant was also associated with enhanced binding to the proapoptotic proteins Bim, Noxa, and Bak. A pharmacological CDK inhibitor that reduced Ser64 phosphorylation also sensitized cells to TRAIL cytotoxicity. Collectively, these observations not only identify G2/M-associated phosphorylation at Ser64 as a critical determinant of the antiapoptotic activity of Mcl-1 but also elucidate a novel mechanism by which CDK1/2 inhibitors can enhance the effectiveness of the cytotoxic cytokine TRAIL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Kobayashi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Sun-Hee Lee
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Xue W Meng
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905; Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Justin L Mott
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Steven F Bronk
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Nathan W Werneburg
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Ruth W Craig
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | - Scott H Kaufmann
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905; Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Gregory J Gores
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905.
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Isomoto H, Mott JL, Kobayashi S, Werneburg NW, Bronk SF, Haan S, Gores GJ. Sustained IL-6/STAT-3 signaling in cholangiocarcinoma cells due to SOCS-3 epigenetic silencing. Gastroenterology 2007; 132:384-96. [PMID: 17241887 PMCID: PMC2203612 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2006.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2006] [Accepted: 10/05/2006] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Interleukin 6 (IL-6)-mediated signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT-3) phosphorylation (activation) is aberrantly sustained in cholangiocarcinoma cells resulting in enhanced myeloid cell leukemia 1 (Mcl-1) expression and resistance to apoptosis. Because suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS) controls the IL-6/STAT-3 signaling pathway by a classic feedback loop, the aims of this study were to examine SOCS-3 regulation in human cholangiocarcinoma. METHODS SOCS-3 expression was assessed in human cholangiocarcinoma tissue and the Mz-ChA-1 and CCLP1 human cholangiocarcinoma cell lines. RESULTS An inverse correlation was observed between phospho-STAT-3 and SOCS-3 protein expression in cholangiocarcinoma. In those cancers failing to express SOCS-3, extensive methylation of the SOCS-3 promoter was demonstrated in tumor but not in paired nontumor tissue. Likewise, methylation of the socs-3 promoter was also identified in 2 cholangiocarcinoma cell lines. Treatment with a demethylating agent, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (DAC), restored IL-6 induction of SOCS-3, terminated the phospho-STAT-3 response, and reduced cellular levels of Mcl-1. Enforced expression of SOCS-3 also reduced IL-6 induction of phospho-STAT-3 and Mcl-1. Either DAC treatment or enforced SOCS-3 expression sensitized the cells to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS SOCS-3 epigenetic silencing is responsible for sustained IL-6/STAT-3 signaling and enhanced Mcl-1 expression in cholangiocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Isomoto
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
| | - Justin L. Mott
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
| | - Shogo Kobayashi
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
| | - Nathan W. Werneburg
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
| | - Steve F. Bronk
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
| | - Serge Haan
- Institut fur Biochemie, Rheinisch-Westfalische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Gregory J. Gores
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
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Abstract
Lysosomal permeabilization is a key feature of hepatocyte lipotoxicity, yet the mechanisms mediating this critical cellular event are unclear. This study examined the mechanisms involved in free fatty acid (FFA)-induced lysosomal permeabilization and the role of Bax, a Bcl-2 family member, in this event. Exposure of liver cells to palmitate induced Bax activation and translocation to lysosomes. Studies to suppress Bax activation either by pharmacological approaches or small interfering-RNA-mediated inhibition of Bax expression showed that lysosomal permeabilization is Bax dependent. In addition, palmitate treatment resulted in a significant decrease in Bcl-X(L), a Bax antagonist. Moreover, forced Bcl-X(L) expression blocked lysosomal permeabilization. Lysosomal permeabilization by FFA was ceramide and caspase independent. Finally, paradigms that inhibit lysosomal permeabilization also reduced apoptosis. In conclusion, these data strongly support a regulatory role for Bax in FFA-mediated lysosomal permeabilization and subsequent cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel E Feldstein
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Cell Biology, Cleveland, USA.
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Abstract
Elevated serum free fatty acids (FFAs) and hepatocyte lipoapoptosis are features of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. However, the mechanism by which FFAs mediate lipoapoptosis is unclear. Because JNK activation is pivotal in both the metabolic syndrome accompanying non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and cellular apoptosis, we examined the role of JNK activation in FFA-induced lipoapoptosis. Multiple hepatocyte cell lines and primary mouse hepatocytes were treated in culture with monounsaturated fatty acids and saturated fatty acids. Despite equal cellular steatosis, apoptosis and JNK activation were greater during exposure to saturated versus monounsaturated FFAs. Inhibition of JNK, pharmacologically as well as genetically, reduced saturated FFA-mediated hepatocyte lipoapoptosis. Cell death was caspase-dependent and associated with mitochondrial membrane depolarization and cytochrome c release indicating activation of the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. JNK-dependent lipoapoptosis was associated with activation of Bax, a known mediator of mitochondrial dysfunction. As JNK can activate Bim, a BH3 domain-only protein capable of binding to and activating Bax, its role in lipoapoptosis was also examined. Small interfering RNA-targeted knock-down of Bim attenuated both Bax activation and cell death. Collectively the data indicate that saturated FFAs induce JNK-dependent hepatocyte lipoapoptosis by activating the proapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins Bim and Bax, which trigger the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harmeet Malhi
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Abstract
Induction of hepatic stellate cell (HSC) apoptosis attenuates hepatic fibrosis, and, therefore, mechanisms to induce HSC cell death are of therapeutic interest. Proteasome inhibitors induce apoptosis in transformed cells, especially those cells dependent upon nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) activation. Because stimulated HSCs also trigger NF-kappaB activation, the aim of this study was to determine if proteasome inhibitors induce HSC apoptosis. The immortalized human HSC line, LX-2, and primary rat HSCs were treated with the proteasome inhibitors bortezomib and MG132. Both proteasome inhibitors induced HSC apoptosis. Proteasome inhibition blocked NF-kappaB activation and, more importantly, NF-kappaB inhibition by Bay11-7082-triggered HSC apoptosis. Activated HSC survival is dependent upon the NF-kappaB target gene A1, an anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member, as siRNA targeted knockdown of A1-induced HSC apoptosis. In contrast, proteasome inhibition-induced alterations in TRAIL, death receptor 5, and Bim could not be implicated in the apoptotic response. The relevance of these findings was confirmed in the bile-duct-ligated mouse where bortezomib reduced hepatic markers of stellate cell activation and fibrosis. In conclusion, proteasome inhibition is a potential therapeutic strategy for inducing HSC apoptosis and inhibiting liver fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Anan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Isomoto H, Kobayashi S, Werneburg NW, Bronk SF, Guicciardi ME, Frank DA, Gores GJ. Interleukin 6 upregulates myeloid cell leukemia-1 expression through a STAT3 pathway in cholangiocarcinoma cells. Hepatology 2005; 42:1329-38. [PMID: 16317687 DOI: 10.1002/hep.20966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin 6 (IL-6) contributes to the pathogenesis of cholangiocarcinoma by upregulating myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1), a key antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family member protein. IL-6 can alter gene transcription via Janus kinases (JAK) and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signal cascade. We examined this cascade in IL-6 regulation of Mcl-1 transcription in human cholangiocarcinoma cell lines. STAT3 was constitutively activated (i.e., tyrosine-phosphorylated) in cholangiocarcinoma cells but not in nonmalignant cholangiocytes. Treatment with anti-IL-6 antisera or the JAK inhibitor AG490 or transfection with dominant negative STAT3 diminished Mcl-1 messenger RNA and protein levels. Likewise, these attempts to interrupt the STAT3 cascade also reduced Mcl-1 promoter activity. Site-directed mutagenesis of a putative STAT3 consensus binding sequence decreased Mcl-1 promoter activity. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis demonstrated a direct binding of STAT3 to the putative STAT3 binding sequences in the Mcl-1 promoter. Downregulation of Mcl-1 by AG490 sensitized the cells to apoptosis mediated by tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand. In conclusion, we have directly demonstrated a STAT3 regulatory element in the Mcl-1 promoter. Downregulation of Mcl-1 transcription by inhibiting this cascade is a potential strategy for the treatment of this cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Isomoto
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Guicciardi ME, Bronk SF, Werneburg NW, Yin XM, Gores GJ. Bid is upstream of lysosome-mediated caspase 2 activation in tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced hepatocyte apoptosis. Gastroenterology 2005; 129:269-84. [PMID: 16012953 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2005.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS During tumor necrosis factor alpha-mediated hepatocyte cytotoxicity, cathepsin B is released from lysosomes and contributes to apoptosis by indirectly promoting mitochondrial dysfunction. How this lysosomal pathway mediates mitochondrial dysfunction is unclear. Because Bcl-2 family proteins and caspase 2 have been implicated in proximal apoptosis-signaling pathways, we examined the role of these proteins in tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced lysosomal permeabilization and cathepsin B-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction. METHODS Studies were performed in primary hepatocytes from wild-type cathepsin B knockout, Bid knockout, and caspase 2 knockout mice and in the rat hepatoma cell line McArdle7777 by using tumor necrosis factor alpha/actinomycin D. RESULTS Studies in wild-type and Bid knockout hepatocytes showed that tumor necrosis factor alpha-mediated lysosomal permeabilization is Bid dependent. After tumor necrosis factor alpha/actinomycin D treatment, caspase 2 activity increased severalfold in wild-type hepatocytes, whereas minimal activity was observed in hepatocytes from cathepsin B knockout mice or in hepatoma cells treated with a cathepsin B inhibitor. In contrast, Bax was activated independently of cathepsin B. Pharmacological, genetic, or small interfering RNA-mediated inhibition of caspase 2 attenuated tumor necrosis factor alpha-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction, downstream caspase activation, and hepatocyte apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that tumor necrosis factor alpha triggers Bid-dependent lysosomal permeabilization, followed by release of cathepsin B into the cytosol and activation of caspase 2. Caspase 2 then facilitates efficient mitochondrial cytochrome c release and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Eugenia Guicciardi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Kobayashi S, Werneburg NW, Bronk SF, Kaufmann SH, Gores GJ. Interleukin-6 contributes to Mcl-1 up-regulation and TRAIL resistance via an Akt-signaling pathway in cholangiocarcinoma cells. Gastroenterology 2005; 128:2054-65. [PMID: 15940637 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2005.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Cholangiocarcinomas often arise within a background of chronic inflammation suggesting that inflammation imparts survival signals to this cancer. Previous studies have also shown that the inflammatory cytokine interleukin (interleukin [IL]-6) contributes to survival signals in an autocrine fashion and that myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1), an antiapoptotic member of the B-cell leukemia-2 family, is an important participant in tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) resistance in this neoplasm. The present study evaluated the possibility that IL-6 signaling contributes to Mcl-1 up-regulation in cholangiocarcinoma. METHODS Protein kinase B (Akt) and Mcl-1 expression in human tissue was assessed by immunohistochemistry. The relationship between IL-6 signaling, Akt activity, and Mcl-1 expression was examined in cell lines. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry showed that the serine/threonine kinase Akt and Mcl-1 are strongly expressed in the preneoplastic bile duct inflammatory disease primary sclerosing cholangitis and in human cholangiocarcinoma specimens. Immunoblotting showed that Akt is expressed and constitutively phosphorylated in 3 human cholangiocarcinoma lines. Further analysis showed that treatment with anti-IL-6-neutralizing antiserum led to reduced Akt phosphorylation, diminished Mcl-1 expression, and enhanced TRAIL sensitivity. Likewise, the Akt inhibitor A443654.3 led to diminished signaling through the Akt pathway, decreased Mcl-1 expression, and enhanced TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS These findings not only show that an autocrine IL-6/Akt signaling pathway enhances Mcl-1 expression in cholangiocarcinoma but also suggest a strategy for overcoming the resulting apoptosis resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Kobayashi
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Yoon JH, Gwak GY, Lee HS, Bronk SF, Werneburg NW, Gores GJ. Enhanced epidermal growth factor receptor activation in human cholangiocarcinoma cells. J Hepatol 2004; 41:808-14. [PMID: 15519654 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2004.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2004] [Revised: 07/06/2004] [Accepted: 07/14/2004] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling has been implicated in the genesis and progression of cholangiocarcinoma. However, the characteristics of EGFR signaling in cholangiocarcinoma cells have not been characterized. Thus, we attempted to more fully characterize EGF/EGFR signaling in human cholangiocarcinoma cells. METHODS EGFR phosphorylation and ubiquitination were evaluated using immunoblot techniques. EGFR internalization was analyzed by immunofluorescent staining of EGFR or by immunoblot analysis for biotinylated EGFR. Cell growth was assessed using the MTS assay. RESULTS EGFR activation was sustained following EGF stimulation in cholangiocarcinoma cells as compared to hepatoma cells. This prolonged EGFR activation resulted in extended p42/44 MAPK activation in cholangiocarcinoma cells. Despite ubiquitination, EGFR activation-dependent internalization was defective in cholangiocarcinoma cells. Cell growth was increased in cholangiocarcinoma cells following EGF stimulation as compared to hepatoma cells, and this was significantly attenuated by EGFR kinase inhibitors. The EGFR kinase inhibitors also significantly decreased COX-2 expression in cholangiocarcinoma cells, while this was not evident in hepatoma cells. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate that cholangiocarcinoma cells exhibit sustained EGFR activation due to defective receptor internalization. As EGFR kinase inhibitors effectively attenuated cellular growth, these agents may be therapeutically efficacious in human cholangiocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hwan Yoon
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-744, South Korea
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Feldstein AE, Werneburg NW, Canbay A, Guicciardi ME, Bronk SF, Rydzewski R, Burgart LJ, Gores GJ. Free fatty acids promote hepatic lipotoxicity by stimulating TNF-alpha expression via a lysosomal pathway. Hepatology 2004; 40:185-94. [PMID: 15239102 DOI: 10.1002/hep.20283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 577] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a serious health problem. Although NAFLD represents a form of lipotoxicity, its pathogenesis remains poorly understood. The aim of this study was to examine the cellular mechanisms involved in free fatty acid (FFA)-mediated hepatic lipotoxicity. FFA treatment of liver cells resulted in Bax translocation to lysosomes and lysosomal destabilization with release of cathepsin B (ctsb), a lysosomal cysteine protease, into the cytosol. This process was also partially dependent on ctsb. Lysosomal destabilization resulted in nuclear factor kappa B-dependent tumor necrosis factor alpha expression. Release of ctsb into the cytoplasm was also observed in humans with NAFLD and correlated with disease severity. In a dietary murine model of NAFLD, either genetic or pharmacological inactivation of ctsb protected against development of hepatic steatosis, liver injury, and insulin resistance with its associated "dysmetabolic syndrome." In conclusion, these data support a lipotoxic model of FFA-mediated lysosomal destabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel E Feldstein
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Yoon JH, Canbay AE, Werneburg NW, Lee SP, Gores GJ. Oxysterols induce cyclooxygenase-2 expression in cholangiocytes: implications for biliary tract carcinogenesis. Hepatology 2004; 39:732-8. [PMID: 14999691 DOI: 10.1002/hep.20125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), which is expressed by cholangiocytes in biliary tract disorders, has recently been implicated in biliary tract carcinogenesis. The mechanisms responsible for this COX-2 expression remain unclear. In human diseases, bile contains oxygenated derivatives of cholesterol (oxysterols) which possess diverse biological properties. Therefore, we determined if oxysterols modulate COX-2 expression. The effect of an oxysterol (22(R)-hydroxycholesterol, 22-HC) on COX-2 expression in KMBC cells, a human cholangiocarcinoma cell line, was examined. 22-HC enhanced COX-2 protein expression. This oxysterol activated p42/44 and p38 MAPK, but not JNK 1/2. A p42/44 MAPK inhibitor did not block COX-2 induction, while p38 MAPK inhibitor effectively attenuated COX-2 induction. Although COX-2 mRNA levels were increased by 22-HC, this increase was not transcriptionally regulated, as 22-OH did not increase activity in a COX-2 promoter gene assay. In contrast, COX-2 mRNA stability was augmented by 22-HC treatment, and this effect was reversed by a p38 MAPK inhibitor. In conclusion, the results demonstrate that the oxysterol 22-HC stabilizes COX-2 mRNA via a p38 MAPK-dependent mechanism. This enhanced COX-2 protein expression by oxysterols may participate in the genesis and progression of cholangiocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hwan Yoon
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Werneburg NW, Yoon JH, Higuchi H, Gores GJ. Bile acids activate EGF receptor via a TGF-alpha-dependent mechanism in human cholangiocyte cell lines. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2003; 285:G31-6. [PMID: 12606307 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00536.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids transactivate the EGF receptor (EGFR) in cholangiocytes. However, the mechanisms by which bile acids transactivate the EGFR remain unknown. Our aims were to examine the effects of bile acids on EGFR activation in human cholangiocyte cell lines KMBC and H-69. Bile acids stimulated cell growth and induced EGFR phosphorylation in a ligand-dependent manner. Although cells constitutively expressed several EGFR ligands, only transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) antisera effectively blocked bile acid-induced EGFR phosphorylation. Consistent with the concept that matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity is requisite for TGF-alpha membrane release and ligand function, bile acid transactivation of EGFR and cell growth was blocked by an MMP inhibitor. In conclusion, bile acids activate EGFR via a TGF-alpha-dependent mechanism, and this EGFR activation promotes cellular growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan W Werneburg
- Mayo Medical School, Clinic, and Foundation, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Yoon JH, Werneburg NW, Higuchi H, Canbay AE, Kaufmann SH, Akgul C, Edwards SW, Gores GJ. Bile acids inhibit Mcl-1 protein turnover via an epidermal growth factor receptor/Raf-1-dependent mechanism. Cancer Res 2002; 62:6500-5. [PMID: 12438243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids have been implicated in biliary tract carcinogenesis, in part, by activating the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Overexpression of Mcl-1, a potent antiapoptotic protein of the Bcl-2 family, has also been reported in cholangiocarcinomas. Because receptor tyrosine kinases like EGFR may modulate antiapoptotic protein expression, we examined the hypothesis that bile acids modulate Mcl-1 expression levels via EGFR. Deoxycholate increased cellular Mcl-1 protein in a concentration-dependent manner. The deoxycholate-mediated increase of cellular Mcl-1 protein was blocked equally by EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors or an EGFR-neutralizing antibody. Although inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinases did not attenuate the deoxycholate-associated increase in Mcl-1 protein, the Raf-1 inhibitor, BAY 37-9751, effectively blocked the cellular increase of this protein. Neither Mcl-1 transcriptional activity nor its mRNA stability was altered by deoxycholate treatment. However, Mcl-1 protein stability was increased by bile acid treatment, an effect duplicated by proteasome inhibition. Deoxycholate prolongation of Mcl-1 turnover was blocked by either EGFR inhibitors or the Raf-1 inhibitor. Whereas the deoxycholate-induced increase in Mcl-1 reduced Fas-mediated apoptosis, the Raf-1 inhibitor potentiated Fas apoptosis. Our results demonstrate that bile acids block Mcl-1 protein degradation via activation of an EGFR/Raf-1 cascade resulting in its cellular accumulation. Raf-1 inhibitors block this increase of Mcl-1 and render the cells more susceptible to apoptosis, a potential therapeutic strategy for cholangiocarcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hwan Yoon
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Medical School, Clinic, and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Werneburg NW, Guicciardi ME, Bronk SF, Gores GJ. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha-associated lysosomal permeabilization is cathepsin B dependent. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2002; 283:G947-56. [PMID: 12223355 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00151.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin B (Cat B) is released from lysososomes during tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) cytotoxic signaling in hepatocytes and contributes to cell death. Sphingosine has recently been implicated in lysosomal permeabilization and is increased in the liver by TNF-alpha. Thus the aims of this study were to examine the mechanisms involved in TNF-alpha-associated lysosomal permeabilization, especially the role of sphingosine. Confocal microscopy demonstrated Cat B-green fluorescent protein and LysoTracker Red were both released from lysosomes after treatment of McNtcp.24 cells with TNF-alpha/actinomycin D, a finding compatible with lysosomal destabilization. In contrast, endosomes labeled with Texas Red dextran remained intact, suggesting lysosomes were specifically targeted for permeabilization. LysoTracker Red was released from lysosomes in hepatocytes treated with TNF-alpha or sphingosine in Cat B(+/+) but not Cat B(-/-) hepatocytes, as assessed by a fluorescence-based assay. With the use of a calcein release assay in isolated lysosomes, sphingosine permeabilized liver lysosomes isolated from Cat B(+/+) but not Cat B(-/-) liver. C(6) ceramide did not permeabilize lysosomes. In conclusion, these data implicate a sphingosine-Cat B interaction inducing lysosomal destabilization during TNF-alpha cytotoxic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan W Werneburg
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Medical School, Clinic, and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Yoon JH, Higuchi H, Werneburg NW, Kaufmann SH, Gores GJ. Bile acids induce cyclooxygenase-2 expression via the epidermal growth factor receptor in a human cholangiocarcinoma cell line. Gastroenterology 2002; 122:985-93. [PMID: 11910351 DOI: 10.1053/gast.2002.32410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Although bile acids have been implicated in colon cancer development, their role in biliary tract carcinogenesis remains unexplored. Because receptor tyrosine kinases and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 have been implicated in carcinogenesis, we examined the hypothesis that bile acids modulate these enzymes in KMBC cells, a human cholangiocarcinoma cell line. METHODS The effect of bile acids on epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) stimulation, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation, and COX-2 expression was evaluated. RESULTS Bile acids both induced EGFR phosphorylation and enhanced COX-2 protein expression. Bile acid-induced EGFR phosphorylation was associated with subsequent activation of MAPK p42/44, p38, and c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK). The MAPK inhibitors, PD098059 for MAP or extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1, SB203580 for p38, and BAY 37-9751 for Raf-1, blocked COX-2 induction by bile acids. However, inhibition of JNK activity did not block bile acid-mediated COX-2 induction. CONCLUSIONS The results show that EGFR is activated by bile acids and functions to induce COX-2 expression by an MAPK cascade. This induction of COX-2 may participate in the genesis and progression of cholangiocarcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hwan Yoon
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Medical School, Clinic, and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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