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Maheshwari A, McCormick PJ, Sessler DI, Reich DL, You J, Mascha EJ, Castillo JG, Levin MA, Duncan AE. Prolonged concurrent hypotension and low bispectral index ('double low') are associated with mortality, serious complications, and prolonged hospitalization after cardiac surgery. Br J Anaesth 2018; 119:40-49. [PMID: 28974062 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aex095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Low bispectral index (BIS) and low mean arterial pressure (MAP) are associated with worse outcomes after surgery. We tested the hypothesis that a combination of these risk factors, a 'double low', is associated with death and major complications after cardiac surgery. Methods We used data from 8239 cardiac surgical patients from two US hospitals. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and a composite of in-hospital mortality and morbidity. We examined whether patients who had a case-averaged double low, defined as time-weighted average BIS and MAP (calculated over an entire case) below the sample mean but not in the reference group, had increased risk of the primary outcomes compared with patients whose BIS and/or MAP were at or higher than the sample mean. We also examined whether a prolonged cumulative duration of a concurrent double low (simultaneous low MAP and BIS) increased the risk of the primary outcomes. Results Case-averaged double low was not associated with increased risk of 30-day mortality {odds ratio [OR] 1.73 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.94-3.18] vs reference; P =0.01} or the composite of in-hospital mortality and morbidity [OR 1.47 (95% CI 0.98-2.20); P =0.01] after correction for multiple outcomes. A prolonged concurrent double low was associated with 30-day mortality [OR 1.06 (95% CI 1.01-1.11) per 10-min increase; P =0.001] and the composite of in-hospital mortality and morbidity [OR 1.04 (95% CI 1.01-1.07), P =0.004]. Conclusions A prolonged concurrent double low, but not a case-averaged double low, was associated with higher morbidity and mortality after cardiac surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Maheshwari
- Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, P-77 Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.,Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Centre, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - P J McCormick
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - D I Sessler
- Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, P-77 Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.,Anaesthesia Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - D L Reich
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - J You
- Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, P-77 Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.,Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - E J Mascha
- Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, P-77 Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.,Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - J G Castillo
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - M A Levin
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - A E Duncan
- Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, P-77 Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.,Department of Cardiothoracic Anaesthesia, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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2
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Levin MA, McCormick PJ, Lin HM, Hosseinian L, Fischer GW. Low intraoperative tidal volume ventilation with minimal PEEP is associated with increased mortality. Br J Anaesth 2014; 113:97-108. [PMID: 24623057 PMCID: PMC9585620 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aeu054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anaesthetists have traditionally ventilated patients’ lungs with tidal volumes (TVs) between 10 and 15 ml kg−1 of ideal body weight (IBW), without the use of PEEP. Over the past decade, influenced by the results of the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network trial, many anaesthetists have begun using lower TVs during surgery. It is unclear whether the benefits of low TV ventilation can be extended into the perioperative period. Methods We reviewed the records of 29 343 patients who underwent general anaesthesia with mechanical ventilation between January 1, 2008 and December 31, 2011. We calculated TV kg−1 IBW, PEEP, peak inspiratory pressure (PIP), and dynamic compliance. Cox regression analysis with propensity score matching was performed to examine the association between TV and 30-day mortality. Results Median TV was 8.6 [7.7–9.6] ml kg−1 IBW with minimal PEEP [4.0 (2.2–5.0) cm H2O]. A significant reduction in TV occurred over the study period, from 9 ml kg−1 IBW in 2008 to 8.3 ml kg−1 IBW in 2011 (P=0.01). Low TV 6–8 ml kg−1 IBW was associated with a significant increase in 30-day mortality vs TV 8–10 ml kg−1 IBW: hazard ratio (HR) 1.6 [95% confidence interval (CI) [1.25–2.08], P=0.0002]. The association remained significant after matching: HR 1.63 [95% CI (1.22–2.18), P<0.001]. There was only a weak correlation between TV kg−1 IBW and dynamic compliance (r=−0.006, P=0.31) and a weak-to-moderate correlation between TV kg−1 IBW and PIP (r=0.32 P<0.0001). Conclusions Use of low intraoperative TV with minimal PEEP is associated with an increased risk of 30-day mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Levin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1010, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - P J McCormick
- Department of Anesthesiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1010, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - H M Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1010, New York, NY 10029, USA Department of Health Evidence and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1010, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - L Hosseinian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1010, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - G W Fischer
- Department of Anesthesiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1010, New York, NY 10029, USA Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1010, New York, NY 10029, USA
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3
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Chittur SV, Sangster-Guity N, McCormick PJ. Histone deacetylase inhibitors: a new mode for inhibition of cholesterol metabolism. BMC Genomics 2008; 9:507. [PMID: 18959802 PMCID: PMC2613157 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-9-507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2008] [Accepted: 10/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Eukaryotic gene expression is a complex process involving multiple cis and trans activating molecules to either facilitate or inhibit transcription. In recent years, many studies have focused on the role of acetylation of histone proteins in modulating transcription, whereas deacetylation of these same proteins is associated with inactivation or repression of gene expression. This study explores gene expression in HepG2 and F9 cell lines treated with Trichostatin A (TSA), a potent histone deacetylase inhibitor. Results These experiments show that TSA treatment results in clear repression of genes involved in the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway as well as other associated pathways including fatty acid biosynthesis and glycolysis. TSA down regulates 9 of 15 genes in this pathway in the F9 embryonal carcinoma model and 11 of 15 pathway genes in the HepG2 cell line. A time course study on the effect of TSA on gene expression of various enzymes and transcription factors involved in these pathways suggests that down regulation of Srebf2 may be the triggering factor for down regulation of the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway. Conclusion Our results provide new insights in the effects of histone deacetylases on genes involved in primary metabolism. This observation suggests that TSA, and other related histone deacetylase inhibitors, may be useful as potential therapeutic entities for the control of cholesterol levels in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridar V Chittur
- Center for Functional Genomics, University at Albany, State University of New York, Cancer Research Center, One Discovery Drive, Rm 310, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA.
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4
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Eifert C, Sangster-Guity N, Yu LM, Chittur SV, Perez AV, Tine JA, McCormick PJ. Global gene expression profiles associated with retinoic acid-induced differentiation of embryonal carcinoma cells. Mol Reprod Dev 2006; 73:796-824. [PMID: 16604517 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.20444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We have evaluated the effects of retinoic acid (RA) treatment of F9 embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells, which induces differentiation into primitive endoderm, on gene expression patterns. F9 cells were exposed to RA in culture, and global expression patterns were examined with cDNA-based microarrays at early (8 hr) and later times (24 hr) after exposure. Of the 1,176 known transcripts examined, we identified 57 genes (4.8%) that were responsive to RA at 8 and/or 24 hr: 35 were induced, 20 were repressed, and 2 were differentially regulated at these time points. To determine if our results were dependent on the array technology employed, we also evaluated the response to RA at 24 hr with oligonucleotide-based arrays. With these more dense arrays (12,488 genes), we identified an additional 353 RA-regulated genes (2.8%): 173 were upregulated and 180 were downregulated. Thus, a total of 410 genes regulated by RA were identified with roughly equivalent numbers induced or repressed. Although the expression of many genes found on both array platforms was consistent, the results for some genes were disparate. Quantitative PCR studies on a subset of these genes supported the results obtained with the cDNA arrays. Our results confirmed the regulation of several known RA-responsive genes and we also identified a number of genes not previously known to be RA-responsive. Those novel genes that were induced presumably contribute to the cellular processes required for a shift from proliferation to differentiation, whereas those new genes that were downregulated may possibly contribute to the maintenance of cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Eifert
- Center for Functional Genomics, University at Albany, SUNY, Rensselaer, New York 12144, USA
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5
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Abstract
MyoR is a bHLH protein whose expression was reported to be almost exclusively restricted to the precursors of the skeletal muscle lineage where it was postulated to function as a transcriptional repressor of myogenesis. However, previous studies in our laboratory suggested a much broader role for MyoR in embryonic cell differentiation. We demonstrated that, besides being expressed in several adult tissues of non-muscle lineage, MyoR was expressed at a much earlier stage in mammalian development than had previously been reported, that is, as early as the blastocyst stage, well before skeletal muscle specification. We also found that, as in skeletal muscle precursor cells, MyoR expression is inversely correlated with the cellular differentiative state of ectodermal, non-muscle embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells. Retinoic acid (RA) treatment of ectodermal EC or embryonal stem (ES) cells promotes their differentiation into primitive endoderm. However, in the present study, we show that the RA-induced expression of endodermal markers such as EndoA, collagen IV, and t-PA are inhibited by exogenous MyoR expression and that the level of inhibition of these markers correlates with the level of MyoR expressed. Conversely, knock-down of MyoR expression via RNA interference enhances RA-induced differentiation of EC cells, promoting earlier and much higher expression of the above-mentioned endodermal markers following RA treatment. Finally, we have narrowed the period of exogenous MyoR-induced embryonic lethality to between 3.5 and 5.5 days post-coitum (dpc), the period during which embryonic endoderm differentiates from the embryonic ectoderm. Our results suggest, therefore, that inhibition of endodermal differentiation between 3.5 and 5.5 dpc contributes to the embryonic death of mouse embryos overexpressing exogenous MyoR and consequently that MyoR may serve as a repressor of embryonal endoderm differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Yu
- Center for Functional Genomics, The University at Albany, State University of New York, One University Place, East Campus A202, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
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6
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Abstract
The development of skeletal muscle in mammals is promoted by the muscle-specific basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors of the MyoD family. Evidence also suggests that there are basic helix-loop-helix proteins that specifically inhibit skeletal myogenesis, including Mtwist, Mist1, and the most recently described, MyoR. It has been suggested that MyoR expression is limited to the precursors of the skeletal muscle lineage and acts as a transcriptional repressor of the muscle differentiation program. However, our results demonstrate that MyoR is expressed in several different, nonmuscle adult tissues. Furthermore, MyoR is expressed in the embryonic ectoderm of blastocyst stage mouse embryos, well before skeletal muscle specification and even before delineation of the mesodermal germ layer. Using embryonic ectoderm analogous stem cells, we demonstrate that in these nonmuscle cells, as in skeletal muscle precursor cells, expression of MyoR is inversely correlated with the extent of cellular differentiation as induced by retinoic acid. Our preliminary results indicate that overexpression of exogenous MyoR inhibits retinoic-acid-induced differentiation in EC cells and is lethal to early mouse embryos. Our results suggest a much broader role for MyoR in the repression and/or determination of embryonic cell differentiation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Differentiation/physiology
- Cell Line
- Cell Lineage/drug effects
- Cell Lineage/physiology
- DNA, Complementary/analysis
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Ectoderm/cytology
- Ectoderm/metabolism
- Fetus
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/physiology
- Genes, Lethal/drug effects
- Genes, Lethal/genetics
- Genes, Regulator/drug effects
- Genes, Regulator/physiology
- Mice/embryology
- Mice/metabolism
- Mice, Transgenic/genetics
- Mice, Transgenic/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Muscle Proteins
- Repressor Proteins/drug effects
- Repressor Proteins/metabolism
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Species Specificity
- Stem Cells/cytology
- Stem Cells/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/isolation & purification
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Tretinoin/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Yu
- Center for Functional Genomics, The University at Albany, East Campus, 1 University Place, A-202, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
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7
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Abstract
Modern biology is rapidly laying the foundation necessary for integrated modeling of physiological processes in living organisms. The human physiome project attempts to model interactions between biochemicals, cellular organelles, cells, tissues, and organs within whole organisms. One of the first challenges that this project faces is the development of a database environment flexible enough to accommodate the diversity in structure and content of physiological data. This paper reviews the current state of database technology, presents our understanding of the physiome database problem, and proposes a preliminary strategy for addressing it.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Dao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, USA
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8
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Yu LM, Zhang F, McCormick PJ. An embryonal carcinoma multiple phenotype locus maps to the proximal position of the mouse X chromosome. Oncol Rep 2000; 7:509-13. [PMID: 10767360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A mutant embryonal carcinoma cell line, NR1-6, was established subsequent to retroviral insertion. The insertion was shown to be causative for a number of aberrant properties associated with the mutant cells. Analysis of >17 kb of the insertion site flanking region failed to reveal any homology between this locus and any reported sequence with the exception of one EST of unknown function and a few repetitive elements including B1 element and a CA dinucleotide repeat. CA repeats occur commonly in the mouse genome and usually show size variation. In this study, we mapped this multiphenotype locus using CA repeat polymorphism and Jackson Laboratory's interspecific backcross panels. The locus maps to the proximal end of the X chromosome between MGI offsets 1.5 and 4.5 and has been designated DXUalb1. There are several interesting candidate genes within this region. Analyses of their expression pattern may lead us to a better understanding of the molecular regulation of the variant mutant phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Yu
- Center for the Study of Comparative Functional Genomics, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, NY 12222, USA
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9
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McCormick PJ, Finneran A, Bonventre EJ. LAMP-1/ESGp appears on the cell surface of single celled mouse embryos subsequent to fertilization. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 1998; 34:353-5. [PMID: 9639094 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-998-0013-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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10
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Gray-Bablin J, Acevedo-Schermerhorn C, Gama R, McCormick PJ. t-complex-associated embryonic surface antigen homologous to mLAMP-1. I. Biochemical and molecular analyses. Exp Cell Res 1997; 236:501-9. [PMID: 9367635 DOI: 10.1006/excr.1997.3751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Previously we described an embryonic cell surface glycoprotein, ESGp, associated with the t-embryonic lethal alleles of the mouse t complex. This antigen is expressed on the cell surface of both early mouse embryos and embryonal carcinoma (EC) cell lines. The antigen is localized to areas of cell-cell contact in EC lines and redistributes to the outer edges of the blastomeres during compaction, thereby indicating a potential role in embryonic cell-cell interaction. We now report that this t-complex-associated ESGp is homologous to the mouse lysosomal-associated membrane protein-1 (LAMP-1). Limited protein sequence analyses of the amino terminal and an internal peptide indicate considerable homology with the LAMP-1 protein. Biochemical parameters such as protein core size, sulfation and phosphorylation status, and resistance to proteolysis also demonstrate homology. While we detect only a single message with a mouse LAMP-1 cDNA probe via Northern blotting, Southern analyses indicate the existence of at least two homologous LAMP-1 genes. Additionally, we present evidence suggesting that ESGp/LAMP-1 serves as a substrate which may be differentially glycosylated by the activities of the gene products of the different t-lethal alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gray-Bablin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, New York 12222, USA
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11
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Acevedo-Schermerhorn C, Gray-Bablin J, Gama R, McCormick PJ. t-complex-associated embryonic surface antigen homologous to mLAMP-1. II. Expression and distribution analyses. Exp Cell Res 1997; 236:510-8. [PMID: 9367636 DOI: 10.1006/excr.1997.3752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that a mouse t-complex-associated antigen (ESGp) is present on the cell surface, specifically at areas of cell-cell contact, of cleavage stage embryos and embryonal carcinoma cell lines. In the accompanying paper, we document isolation, purification, and partial sequencing of this molecule. Amino-terminal and internal peptide fragments are highly homologous to the mouse lysosomal-associated membrane protein-1 (mLAMP-1). We also demonstrate considerable similarity, though not necessarily identity, between these two antigens through both biochemical and molecular analyses. In this report we use immunological techniques to compare the expression and distribution of these antigens in various cell lines as well as mouse tissues and preimplantation stage embryos. The data presented indicate that there are: (1) different antigenic forms of the ESGp/ mLAMP-1 homologues and (2) changes in the molecular composition and expression of these forms during embryogenesis and differentiation. It is obvious from these studies that mLAMP-1 is not strictly a static molecule whose sole function is to protect the lumenal side of the lysosomal membrane but rather is a dynamic molecule of potential import in many other cellular and organismal functions.
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12
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Dietrich JM, McCormick PJ. Analysis of the factors involved in the retinoic acid-induced differentiation of a retinoid-hypersensitive embryonal carcinoma cell mutant. Exp Cell Res 1994; 210:201-8. [PMID: 8299717 DOI: 10.1006/excr.1994.1030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) has been known to play an important role in cellular growth and differentiation as well as in vertebrate development. Many in vitro cell cultures also respond to RA by differentiating. Perhaps the most widely studied of these cultures are embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells. We have used an RA-hypersensitive EC cell mutant, created by retroviral insertion, to analyze the activity of the identifiable components in the RA response pathway. We have analyzed the mRNA expression patterns of the retinoic acid receptors (RARs) alpha, beta, and gamma, the retinoid X receptors (RXRs) alpha, beta, and gamma, and the cellular retinoic acid binding proteins (CRABPs) I and II. Our results indicate that CRABP I, RAR beta, and RAR gamma mRNAs are expressed differentially between parent and RA-hypersensitive mutant cells. All three messages are present at higher basal levels and at earlier times after RA addition in the mutant relative to parental cells. All other elements examined are equivalently expressed. Therefore analyses of the expression patterns of CRABPs, RARs, and RXRs in these RA-hypersensitive cells point to the probable importance of CRABP I, RAR beta, and RAR gamma in the RA induction pathway and also indicate that CRABP II and RXR gamma are not likely to be critical elements in the early differentiative response of cells to RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Dietrich
- Department of Biological Sciences, SUNY Albany 12222
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Hart
- Department of Laboratory, Animal Medicine and Pathology, University of Rochester, NY
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14
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Dietrich J, Shin HS, McCormick PJ. Retinoic acid-induced differentiation of a nontumorigenic embryonal carcinoma cell mutant created through retroviral insertion. Exp Cell Res 1992; 199:305-13. [PMID: 1544372 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(92)90439-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A mutant embryonal carcinoma cell line, NR1-6, was created through retroviral insertion. We have previously reported that due to a single insertional event the mutant cell line is altered in regard to both its morphology and its tumorigenic capacity. We now report that this same cell line is also aberrant in its differentiative potential following exposure to the morphogen retinoic acid (RA). Unlike the parental NR1-0 cells, the NR1-6 cells apparently do not respond to RA by elaborating primitive endodermal derivatives in monolayer culture but rather appear morphologically to differentiate into mesodermal cells. This hypothesis is substantiated by the observation that RA treatment induces the transcription of both Endo A and B mRNA in parental but not mutant cells. No differences have been observed in the transcription of other RA sensitive markers such as c-myc, tissue plasminogen activator, collagen type IV, and laminin. In addition, the mutant cells are quantitatively much more sensitive to RA induction than are the parental cells, achieving full differentiation within 72 h of treatment with 10(-10) M RA. The parental cells, in contrast, will only differentiate at concentrations of 10(-5) or 10(-6) M RA, following 5 to 7 days of treatment. A spontaneous revertant cell line, which was isolated from an NR1-6 population and lacks the retroviral insert, is identical to the parental population in all parameters. Therefore, these data indicate that, in this case at least, a single genetic locus is involved in regulating both the qualitative and quantitative response of EC cells to RA-induced differentiation, as well as their morphology and tumorigenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Dietrich
- Department of Biological Sciences, SUNY Albany 12222
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15
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Abstract
A mammalian embryonic cell surface glycoprotein (ESGp), whose expression and biochemical structure seem to be developmentally regulated, has been isolated and characterized. The molecule expressed in two cell through morula stage mouse embryos has a molecular weight, by electrophoretic analyses, of 90 kDa. At the blastocyst stage, however, the molecule migrates as a broad, heterogeneous band ranging from 90 to 110 kDa. Evidence obtained from studies of embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells indicates that this band is actually a composite of three distinct molecules (molecular weight 90, 95, and 105 to 110 kDa), each of which is synthesized uniquely by one of the different cell types of the blastocyst: the embryonic ectoderm and visceral and parietal endoderms, respectively. A survey of various mouse tissues and cell lines has revealed that undifferentiated cells express the low molecular weight form (90 kDa) characteristic of embryonic ectoderm, whereas differentiated cells and adult tissues express the high molecular weight form (110 kDa) characteristic of parietal endoderm. Only the EC visceral endoderm cell analogues have been shown to express the intermediate molecule (95 kDa). In embryos, the antigen is uniformly distributed over the cell surface during early cleavage stages (two to eight cell); just before compaction, however, it seems to redistribute and becomes polarized at the outside exposed edges of blastomeres. In cultured EC cells, ESGp is found only in areas of cell-to-cell contact; free-standing surfaces of cells are negative for expression. It is possible, therefore, that ESGp may be involved in the intercellular adhesion of both EC cells and compacting embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J McCormick
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York, Albany 12222
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16
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Abstract
Embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells have proven to be of particular value in studies of both oncogenesis and mammalian development as well as in evaluating the relationship between these two phenomena. We have infected EC cells with a retrovirus in an effort to obtain by insertional mutagenesis cell lines defective in either differentiative or oncogenic potentials. One such cell line, identified originally by its unique morphological phenotype, is abnormal with respect to both parameters. These cells do not differentiate along typical EC cell lineages, possibly having lost their ability to elaborate endodermal derivatives. They do, however, retain certain cell surface markers characteristic of EC cells and lose these markers after exposure to retinoic acid. Most significantly, they also fail to form tumors in vivo in syngeneic mice, although they grow as well as the parental cells in vitro. Southern blot analysis indicates that this variant cell line has a single viral insert and the original cell was probably hemizygous for the insertion site, suggesting that a single gene may regulate both the tumorigenic and differentiative capacities of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J McCormick
- Department of Biological Sciences, SUNY Albany 12222
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17
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Abstract
I read with great interest the article by Kotilainen and Gantz in Infection Control [now Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology] regarding biological indicators (BIs) for use with flash sterilization processes. Although this study was conducted with greater care than previous investigations in this area, we believe that certain relevant factors regarding the effect of BI design on BI performance may have been overlooked. Because of differences in the design and construction of the BIs evaluated, a significant variation in response to flash sterilization or high temperature processing may result. Such an effect was first noted by Perkins et al and has been commented on by Reich and Fitzpartrick and Joslyn.
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18
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Gummere GR, McCormick PJ, Bennett D. The influence of genetic background and the homologous chromosome 17 on t-haplotype transmission ratio distortion in mice. Genetics 1986; 114:235-45. [PMID: 3770466 PMCID: PMC1202933 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/114.1.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmission ratio distortion is a characteristic of complete t-haplotypes, such that heterozygous males preferentially transmit the t-haplotype bearing chromosome 17 to the majority of their progeny. At least two genes contained within the t-haplotype have been identified as being required for such high transmission ratios. In this study we examine the effects of the genetic background and the chromosome homologous to the t-haplotype on transmission ratio distortion. We use two different congenic lines: BTBRTF/Nev.Ttf/t12, in which the t12 haplotype has a transmission ratio of 52%, and C3H/DiSn.Ttf/t12, in which the t12 haplotype has a transmission ratio of 99%. By intercrossing these two strains to produce reciprocal F1 and F2 generations, we have isolated the effects of the homologous chromosome 17 from the effects of the genetic background. We demonstrate that both the homologous chromosome and the genetic background have profound effects on t-haplotype transmission ratio distortion. Furthermore, it is evident that the t-haplotype transmission ratio behaves as a quantitative character rather than an intrinsic property of t-haplotypes.
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Tricoli JV, Sahai BM, McCormick PJ, Jarlinski SJ, Bertram JS, Kowalski D. DNA topoisomerase I and II activities during cell proliferation and the cell cycle in cultured mouse embryo fibroblast (C3H 10T1/2) cells. Exp Cell Res 1985; 158:1-14. [PMID: 2987005 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(85)90426-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We have used C3H 10T1/2 cells to examine the regulation of topoisomerase activities during cell proliferation and the cell cycle. The specific activity of topoisomerase I was about 4-fold greater in proliferating (log phase) cells than in non-proliferating (confluent) cells. In synchronized cells, the bulk of the increased activity occurred during or just prior to S phase, depending upon the method of synchronization. A smaller increase in activity also occurred during G1 phase. The increase in activity during S phase was not altered by a hydroxyurea block at the G1/S phase boundary indicating that it is not directly coupled to DNA synthesis and is not the result of topoisomerase I gene dosage. The increase was inhibited by blocking cells at mid-G1 phase using isoleucine deprivation. Thus, the increase in activity during S phase is dependent on events occurring during mid- to late G1 phase. In contrast to the changes in topoisomerase I levels, the specific activity of topoisomerase II showed no detectable difference in proliferating vs non-proliferating cells. In addition, no detectable difference in topoisomerase II specific activity was seen in G1, S and M phases of the cell cycle. The differences in the activity profiles of the topoisomerases I and II during the cell cycle suggest that the two activities are regulated independently and may be required for different functions.
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Abstract
A 100,000-Da glucose-regulated surface protein (100K-GRP) has previously been isolated from the cell surface and culture medium of human fibroblasts. A rabbit antiserum directed against this protein reacts with the cell surface of both human and murine cultured cells and with a broad spectrum of mammalian tissues. It is shown, via indirect immunofluorescence, that this protein is also present on cells of the developing mouse embryo and can be detected as early as the 4-cell stage. The 8-cell embryo and morula show positive surface labeling; the inner cell masses of both the pre- and postimplantation blastocysts are also positive but the trophectoderm is not. At the 6-day egg cylinder stage, the embryonic and extra-embryonic ectoderm label intensely with the antiserum and visceral endoderm shows faint labeling. No labeling can be detected on parietal endoderm or on the trophoblastic giant cells invading the uterine decidua. However, the internal cells of the ectoplacental cone exhibit bright fluorescence. The same pattern is observed on 7- to 8.5-day embryos, except that at this stage no label is associated with the visceral endoderm. In addition, mesodermal cells emerging from the primitive streak are also labeled.
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McCormick PJ. Mechanics of pulsus alternans in aortic valve stenosis. Am J Cardiol 1984; 54:245-6. [PMID: 6741831 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9149(84)90352-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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McCormick PJ, Danhauser LL, Rustum YM, Bertram JS. Changes in ribo- and deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate pools within the cell cycle of a synchronized mouse fibroblast cell line. Biochim Biophys Acta 1983; 756:36-40. [PMID: 6824746 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(83)90021-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular pool levels of ribo- and deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates were monitored throughout the cell cycle of C3H10T1/2 mouse embryo fibroblast cells synchronized by isoleucine deprivation. Absolute pool sizes of ribonucleoside triphosphates were approximately 30 fold greater than those of the corresponding deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates. Of the ribonucleoside triphosphates, pool sizes of ATP exhibited the greatest change, increasing from a low of 32.7 nmol/10(7) cells during G1 to a high of 81.6 nmol/10(7) cells 2 h prior to mid S-phase. Levels of ATP subsequently declined to 40.2 nmol/10(7) cells during late S-phase, followed by a second peak of 65.8 nmol/10(7) with the onset of cell division. No significant changes in the pool sizes of UTP and GTP were found throughout the cell cycle. Of the deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates, pool sizes of pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates were approx. 5-10 fold greater than those of purine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates. Low levels of deoxyribonucldoside triphosphates during G1 (0.3-1.3 pmol/10(7) cells) increased coordinately with the initiation of DNA synthesis to an initial peak during mid S-phase (0.5-6.4 pmol/10(7) cells). Declining levels of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates during late S-phase were followed by a subsequent larger second peak (1.7-10.7 pmol/10(7) cells) during G2-M.
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McCormick PJ, Bertram JS. Differential cell cycle phase specificity for neoplastic transformation and mutation to ouabain resistance induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in synchronized C3H10T 1/2 C18 cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1982; 79:4342-6. [PMID: 6956864 PMCID: PMC346667 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.79.14.4342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The transformable mouse embryo fibroblast cell line C3H10T 1/2 C18 has been employed to study the induction by the carcinogen N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) of morphological transformation and mutation to ouabain resistance throughout the cell cycle. Cells were synchronized by means of isoleucine deprivation for 24 hr and initiated DNA synthesis with a high degree of synchrony 7.5 hr after release of the isoleucine block. At various intervals throughout the cell cycle cultures were treated with MNNG at 1.0 microgram/ml and the induction of cytotoxicity, morphological transformation, and ouabain-resistant colonies was determined. All three phenomena exhibited marked cell-cycle phase dependency. Maximal induction of transformation occurred in cultured treated 7.5 hr after release from isoleucine deprivation, when the cells were at the G1/S boundary. In contrast, induction of ouabain-resistant colonies was at a minimum at the time of maximal induction of transformation, and peak induction of ouabain resistance did not occur until 16-18 hr after release from the isoleucine block, when cells were in late S phase. A close correlation was observed between the induction of cytotoxicity and of ouabain-resistant mutants. The results suggest that differences exist in the production or cellular processing of the various early lesions.
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McCormick PJ, Dimeo A, Neuner E, Artzt K. Characterization of the F9 antigen(s) isolated from teratocarcinoma cell culture medium. Cell Differ 1982; 11:135-40. [PMID: 7116455 DOI: 10.1016/0045-6039(82)90003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Anti-F9 is a syngeneic antiserum directed against mouse teratocarcinoma cells which also reacts, by complement-mediated cytotoxicity, with early mouse embryos and male germ cells. A molecule (or molecules) which specifically inhibits anti-F9, cytotoxicity can be recovered from the culture medium of undifferentiated teratocarcinoma cells. The inhibitory component is not present in the culture medium of differentiated teratocarcinoma cells or embryonic fibroblasts. The inhibitory material binds to Ricinus communis I affinity columns indicating that it contains terminal non-reducing beta-galactosyl residues. The antigenicity of the molecule does not require protein, since the inhibitory activity is completely protease-resistant. Gel filtration indicates that the protease digested inhibitory material has a molecular weight of more than 80,000.
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McCormick PJ, Millis AJ, Babiarz B. Distribution of a 100K dalton glucose-regulated cell surface protein in mammalian cell cultures and sectioned tissues. Exp Cell Res 1982; 138:63-72. [PMID: 6279419 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(82)90091-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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