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Kuczera K, Orłowska A, Smreczak M, Frant M, Trębas P, Rola J. Prevalence of Astroviruses in Different Animal Species in Poland. Viruses 2024; 16:80. [PMID: 38257780 PMCID: PMC10819871 DOI: 10.3390/v16010080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Astroviruses (AstVs) are small RNA viruses characterized by a high mutation rate, the ability to recombine, and interspecies transmission, which allows them to infect a multitude of hosts including humans, companion animals, and farmed animals as well as wildlife. AstVs are stable in the environment, and their transmission is usually through the fecal-oral route or via contaminated water and food. Although direct zoonotic transmission was not confirmed, interspecies transmission events have occurred or have been indicated to occur in the past between wild and domestic animals and humans. They cause large economic losses, mainly in the poultry sector, due to gastroenteritis and mortality. In young children, they are the second most common cause of diarrhea. This study involved 166 intestine samples and pools of spleen, lymph node, and kidney samples collected from 352 wild animals, 52 pigs, and 31 companion animals. Astroviruses were detected in the intestine samples and were separately detected in pools of tissue samples prepared for individual animals using a heminested RT-PCR protocol. Amplicons were subjected to Sanger sequencing, and a phylogenetic analysis of 320 nt RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) fragments referring to known nt sequences of astroviruses was performed. Astroviral RNA was detected in the intestine samples and/or tissue pools of red foxes (nine positive intestines and six positive tissue pools), rats (two positive intestines and three positive tissue pools), a cat (one AstV detected in an intestine sample), pigs (eight positive tissue pools), and wild boars (two positive pools of spleens, kidneys, and lymph nodes). No astroviral RNA was detected in wild mustelids, dogs, or other small wild animals including rodents. A phylogenetic analysis revealed that the astroviruses detected during this study were mostly host-specific, such as porcine, canine, and rat astroviruses that were highly homologous to the sequences of reference strains. In one of two wild boars, an AstV distinct to porcine species was found with the highest nt identity to Avastroviruses, i.e., turkey astroviruses, which suggests potential cross-species transmission of the virus, as previously described. Here, we present the first detection of astroviruses in the population of wild animals, companion animals, and pigs in Poland, confirming that astroviruses are frequent pathogens circulating in animals in the field. Our study also suggests potential cross-species transmission of Avaastrovirus to wild boars; however, further molecular characterization is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Kuczera
- Voivodship Veterinary Inspectorate Katowice, ul. Brynowska 25a, 40-585 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Anna Orłowska
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (P.T.); (J.R.)
| | - Marcin Smreczak
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (P.T.); (J.R.)
| | - Maciej Frant
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland;
| | - Paweł Trębas
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (P.T.); (J.R.)
| | - Jerzy Rola
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (P.T.); (J.R.)
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Domańska-Blicharz K, Oude Munnink BB, Orłowska A, Smreczak M, Opolska J, Lisowska A, Trębas P, Socha W, Giza A, Bomba A, Iwan E, Rola J, Koopmans M. Cryptic SARS-CoV-2 lineage identified on two mink farms as a possible result of long-term undetected circulation in an unknown animal reservoir, Poland, November 2022 to January 2023. Euro Surveill 2023; 28. [PMID: 37078885 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2023.28.16.2300188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In late 2022 and early 2023, SARS-CoV-2 infections were detected on three mink farms in Poland situated within a few km from each other. Whole-genome sequencing of the viruses on two of the farms showed that they were related to a virus identified in humans in the same region 2 years before (B.1.1.307 lineage). Many mutations were found, including in the S protein typical of adaptations to the mink host. The origin of the virus remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bas B Oude Munnink
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anna Orłowska
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Marcin Smreczak
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Justyna Opolska
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Anna Lisowska
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Paweł Trębas
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Wojciech Socha
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Giza
- Department of Omics Analyses, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Bomba
- Department of Omics Analyses, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Ewelina Iwan
- Department of Omics Analyses, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Jerzy Rola
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Marion Koopmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Smreczak M, Orłowska A, Trębas P, Stolarek A, Freuling C, Müller T. Re-emergence of rabies in Mazowieckie Voivodeship, Poland, 2021. Zoonoses Public Health 2023; 70:111-116. [PMID: 36225087 DOI: 10.1111/zph.13005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Due to the oral vaccination of foxes against rabies most of the territory of Poland was freed from rabies of non-flying mammals. In January 2021, rabies was diagnosed in fox in the central part of Mazowieckie Voivodeship where rabies has not been detected since last 17 years. Subsequently, in the following months the rabies virus infection spread southward reaching the voivodeship of Świętokrzyskie in November 2021. Emergency actions were implemented aiming at rapid rabies elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Smreczak
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Anna Orłowska
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Paweł Trębas
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Stolarek
- Department of Epidemiology and Risk Assessment, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Conrad Freuling
- Institute for Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute for Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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Orłowska A, Smreczak M, Thor K, Niedbalska M, Pawelec D, Trębas P, Rola J. The Genetic Characterization of the First Detected Bat Coronaviruses in Poland Revealed SARS-Related Types and Alphacoronaviruses. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091914. [PMID: 36146721 PMCID: PMC9501061 DOI: 10.3390/v14091914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats are a major global reservoir of alphacoronaviruses (alphaCoVs) and betaCoVs. Attempts to discover the causative agents of COVID-19 and SARS have revealed horseshoe bats (Rhinolophidae) to be the most probable source of the virus. We report the first detection of bat coronaviruses (BtCoVs) in insectivorous bats in Poland and highlight SARS-related coronaviruses found in Rhinolophidae bats. The study included 503 (397 oral swabs and 106 fecal) samples collected from 20 bat species. Genetically diverse BtCoVs (n = 20) of the Alpha- and Betacoronavirus genera were found in fecal samples of two bat species. SARS-related CoVs were in 18 out of 58 lesser horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus hipposideros) samples (31%, 95% CI 20.6–43.8), and alphaCoVs were in 2 out of 55 Daubenton’s bat (Myotis daubentonii) samples (3.6%, 95% CI 0.6–12.3). The overall BtCoV prevalence was 4.0% (95% CI 2.6–6.1). High identity was determined for BtCoVs isolated from European M. daubentonii and R. hipposideros bats. The detection of SARS-related and alphaCoVs in Polish bats with high phylogenetic relatedness to reference BtCoVs isolated in different European countries but from the same species confirms their high host restriction. Our data elucidate the molecular epidemiology, prevalence, and geographic distribution of coronaviruses and particularly SARS-related types in the bat population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Orłowska
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-818-893-072; Fax: +48-818-862-595
| | - Marcin Smreczak
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Thor
- Department of Animal Genetics and Conservation, Institute of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magda Niedbalska
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Dominika Pawelec
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Paweł Trębas
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Jerzy Rola
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
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Orłowska A, Smreczak M, Potyrało P, Bomba A, Trębas P, Rola J. First Detection of Bat Astroviruses (BtAstVs) among Bats in Poland: The Genetic BtAstVs Diversity Reveals Multiple Co-Infection of Bats with Different Strains. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020158. [PMID: 33499328 PMCID: PMC7911471 DOI: 10.3390/v13020158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Astroviruses (AstVs) are common pathogens of a wide range of animal hosts, including mammals and avians, causing gastrointestinal diseases, mainly gastroenteritis and diarrhea. They prompt a significant health problem in newborns and young children and economic losses in the poultry sector and mink farms. Recent studies revealed a growing number of bat species carrying astroviruses with a noticeable prevalence and diversity. Here, we demonstrate the first detection of bat astroviruses (BtAstVs) circulating in the population of insectivorous bats in the territory of Poland. Results: Genetically diverse BtAstVs (n = 18) were found with a varying degree of bat species specificity in five out of 15 bat species in Poland previously recognized as BtAstV hosts. Astroviral RNA was found in 12 out of 98 (12.2%, 95% CI 7.1–20.2) bat intestines, six bat kidneys (6.1%, 95% CI 2.8–12.7) and two bat livers (2.0%, 95% CI 0.4–7.1). Deep sequencing of the astroviral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) region revealed co-infections in five single bat individuals with highly distinct astrovirus strains. Conclusions: The detection of highly distinct bat astroviruses in Polish bats favors virus recombination and the generation of novel divergent AstVs and creates a potential risk of virus transmission to domestic animals and humans in the country. These findings provide a new insight into molecular epidemiology, prevalence of astroviruses in European bat populations and the risk of interspecies transmission to other animals including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Orłowska
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (P.P.); (P.T.); (J.R.)
- Correspondence: (A.O.); (M.S.); Tel.: +48-818893072 (A.O.); Fax: +48-818862595 (A.O. & M.S.)
| | - Marcin Smreczak
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (P.P.); (P.T.); (J.R.)
- Correspondence: (A.O.); (M.S.); Tel.: +48-818893072 (A.O.); Fax: +48-818862595 (A.O. & M.S.)
| | - Patrycja Potyrało
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (P.P.); (P.T.); (J.R.)
| | - Arkadiusz Bomba
- Department of Omics Analyses, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland;
| | - Paweł Trębas
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (P.P.); (P.T.); (J.R.)
| | - Jerzy Rola
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (P.P.); (P.T.); (J.R.)
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Orłowska A, Smreczak M, Freuling CM, Müller T, Trębas P, Rola J. Serological Survey of Lyssaviruses in Polish Bats in the Frame of Passive Rabies Surveillance Using an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Viruses 2020; 12:v12030271. [PMID: 32121200 PMCID: PMC7150987 DOI: 10.3390/v12030271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Bats are known to host a number of nonpathogenic viruses, as well as highly pathogenic viruses causing fatal diseases like rabies. Serological surveys as part of active and passive bat rabies surveillance mainly use seroneutralization assays, demonstrating the presence of lyssavirus-specific antibodies in a variety of European bats, particularly against European bat lyssaviruses type 1 (EBLV-1). Here, we present the first serological survey in European bats of this kind during which European bats from Poland collected in the frame of passive rabies surveillance between 2012 and 2018, as well as Serotine bats (Eptesicus serotinus) and North American Big Brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) from previous experimental studies, were tested using a commercial ELISA kit for the detection of anti-lyssavirus antibodies. Results: Lyssavirus-specific antibodies were detected in 35 (30.4%) out of 115 Polish bats of both sexes, representing nine out of 13 identified bat species endemic mainly to Central Southern Europe and Western Asia, i.e., Eptesicus serotinus, Nyctalus noctula, Myotis daubentonii, Plecotus auritus, Vespertillo murinus, Pipistrellus pipistrellus, Pipistrellus pipilstrellus/Pipistrellus pygmaeus, Myotis brandtii, and Barbastella barbastellus. Seroprevalence was highest in bat species of Nyctalus noctula, Eptesicus serotinus, Plecotus auritus, and Myotis daubentonii. More than 60% of the ELISA seropositive bats originated from the voivodeships of Silesia, Lower-Silesian, Warmian-Mazurian, and Mazowian. Rabies-specific antibodies were also found in Eptesicus fuscus bats from North America. Conclusions: The study demonstrates the principal application of the BioPro Rabies ELISA Ab Kit for the detection of anti-lyssavirus specific antibodies in body fluids and serum samples of bats. However, results may only be reliable for North American bats, whereas interpretation of results for European bats per se is difficult because proper validation of the test is hampered by the protected status of these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Orłowska
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (P.T.); (J.R.)
- Correspondence: (A.O.); (M.S.); Tel.: +48-818-893-072 (A.O.); +48818-893-029 (M.S.)
| | - Marcin Smreczak
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (P.T.); (J.R.)
- Correspondence: (A.O.); (M.S.); Tel.: +48-818-893-072 (A.O.); +48818-893-029 (M.S.)
| | - Conrad Martin Freuling
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, FLI, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (C.M.F.); (T.M.)
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, FLI, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (C.M.F.); (T.M.)
| | - Paweł Trębas
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (P.T.); (J.R.)
| | - Jerzy Rola
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (P.T.); (J.R.)
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Calvelage S, Smreczak M, Orłowska A, Freuling CM, Müller T, Fehlner-Gardiner C, Nadin-Davis S, Höper D, Trębas P. Population- and Variant-Based Genome Analyses of Viruses from Vaccine-Derived Rabies Cases Demonstrate Product Specific Clusters and Unique Patterns. Viruses 2020; 12:v12010115. [PMID: 31963517 PMCID: PMC7020022 DOI: 10.3390/v12010115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies in wildlife has been successfully controlled in parts of Europe and North America using oral rabies vaccination, i.e., the distribution of baits containing live-attenuated virus strains. Occasionally, these vaccines caused vaccine virus-induced rabies cases. To elucidate the mechanisms of genetic selection and the effect of viral populations on these rabies cases, a next generation sequencing approach as well as comprehensive data analyses of the genetic diversity of Street Alabama Dufferin (SAD) and ERA vaccine virus strains and vaccine-induced rabies cases from Canada and several European countries were conducted. As a result, twelve newly generated sets of sequencing data from Canada and Poland were added to a pool of previously investigated samples. While the population-based analysis showed a segregation of viruses of ERA vaccine-induced rabies cases from those of SAD Bern original (SAD Bernorig)-derived rabies cases, the in-depth variant analysis revealed three distinct combinations of selected variants for the ERA vaccine-induced cases, suggesting the presence of multiple replication-competent haplotypes in the investigated ERA-BHK21 vaccine. Our findings demonstrate the potential of a deep sequencing approach in combination with comprehensive analyses on the consensus, population, and variant level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sten Calvelage
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (S.C.); (D.H.)
| | - Marcin Smreczak
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (M.S.); (A.O.); (P.T.)
| | - Anna Orłowska
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (M.S.); (A.O.); (P.T.)
| | - Conrad Martin Freuling
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany;
- Correspondence:
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany;
| | - Christine Fehlner-Gardiner
- National Reference Centre for Rabies, Ottawa Laboratory–Fallowfield, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON K2H 8P91, Canada; (C.F.-G.); (S.N.-D.)
| | - Susan Nadin-Davis
- National Reference Centre for Rabies, Ottawa Laboratory–Fallowfield, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON K2H 8P91, Canada; (C.F.-G.); (S.N.-D.)
| | - Dirk Höper
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (S.C.); (D.H.)
| | - Paweł Trębas
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (M.S.); (A.O.); (P.T.)
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Smreczak M, Orłowska A, Marzec A, Trębas P, Kycko A, Reichert M, Koraka P, Osterhaus AD, Żmudziński JF. The effect of combined drugs therapy on the course of clinical rabies infection in a murine model. Vaccine 2019; 37:4701-4709. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Smreczak M, Orłowska A, Marzec A, Trębas P, Müller T, Freuling CM, Żmudziński JF. Bokeloh bat lyssavirus isolation in a Natterer's bat, Poland. Zoonoses Public Health 2018; 65:1015-1019. [PMID: 30198169 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, Bokeloh bat lyssavirus (BBLV), a member of the novel lyssavirus genus Bokeloh bat lyssavirus in the family Rhabdoviridae, has been detected in Germany (five cases) and France (two cases). Here, we report the isolation of BBLV in a Natterer's bat (Myotis nattereri) in Poland. The bat brain tested positive for rabies using classical diagnostics tests (FAT and RTCIT) and then subsequently confirmed by molecular techniques. Viral RNA was found in all peripheral organs tested, and the highest viral loads were detected in brain, the salivary gland and bladder. Phylogenetic analysis performed on complete viral genome sequences revealed the closest homology to representatives of BBLV lineage B, isolated previously in southern Germany. This case provides further evidence that BBLV is widespread in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Smreczak
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Anna Orłowska
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Anna Marzec
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Paweł Trębas
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, Friedrich - Loeffler Institut, Greiifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Conrad M Freuling
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, Friedrich - Loeffler Institut, Greiifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Jan F Żmudziński
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
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10
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Orłowska A, Żmudziński JF, Smreczak M, Trębas P, Marzec A. Diagnostic Reliability of Different RT-PCR Protocols for the Detection of Bluetongue Virus Serotype 14 (BTV-14). J Vet Res 2017; 61:391-395. [PMID: 29978100 PMCID: PMC5937335 DOI: 10.1515/jvetres-2017-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is one of the most extensively used methods for identification of animals infected with bluetongue virus (BTV). There are several RT-PCR protocols published and several real-time RT-PCR (rtRT-PCR) commercial kits available on the market. Because Poland faced BTV-14 infection in 2012, different protocols were implemented in the country to confirm the RT-PCR results positive for this virus. The article presents a comparative study of several RT-PCR protocols and discusses their diagnostic reliability and applicability. Material and Methods Six rtRT-PCR/RT-PCR protocols were compared for the laboratory diagnostic of fourteen BTV-14 isolates circulating in Poland in 2012-2014. Results All 14 isolates were positive in the protocols of Shaw et al. (18), a commercial LSI NS3 kit, and Eschbaumer et al. (5). Four out of fourteen BTV-14 isolates gave positive results in Hoffmann's 2 and 6 protocols and none of the 14 isolates yielded positive results in Maan et al. (8) method. Phylogenetic study of a short fragment of 450 nt of BTV segment 2 (258-696 positions) revealed 100% identity within Polish variants and with Russian and Spanish isolates. Conclusion The paper points to the possible false negative results in the diagnosis of BTV infections depending on the protocol used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Orłowska
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Jan F Żmudziński
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Marcin Smreczak
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Paweł Trębas
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Anna Marzec
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
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Smreczak M, Marzec A, Orłowska A, Trębas P, Reichert M, Kycko A, Koraka P, Osterhaus A, Żmudziński JF. The effect of selected molecules influencing the detrimental host immune response on a course of rabies virus infection in a murine model. Vaccine 2017; 37:4715-4723. [PMID: 29153584 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.10.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Rabies is invariably fatal, when post-exposure prophylaxis is administered after the onset of clinical symptoms. In many countries, rabies awareness is very low and the availability of post-exposure prophylaxis, as recommended by WHO guidelines, is very limited or non-existent, probably as a consequence of high cost. Therefore, new concepts for rabies therapy are needed. Innate immune mechanisms involving the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, activated after rabies infection, are thought to be involved in the neuropathogenesis of rabies. These mechanisms can contribute to a detrimental host response to the rabies virus (RABV) infection. The use of inhibitors of cytokines/chemokines are supposed to extend the survival of a sick individual. Inhibitors of TNF-α, IL-6 and MAPKs were used in RABV inoculated mice to define their influence on the survival time of rabid mice. The study demonstrated that all inhibitors extended mice survival, but at different rates. A log-rank test confirmed the statistically significant survival of mice treated with TNF-α (p = .0087) and MAPKs inhibitors (p = .0024). A delay in the time of onset of rabies was also recorded, in mice given TNF-α and MAPKs inhibitors. The highest virus load was found in the spinal cord and the lowest in the cortex, regardless of the experimental group. Significant TNF-α (p ≤ .0001) and IL-6 (p ≤ .0001) gene upregulation was observed in mice, as a consequence of RABV infection. Regarding MAPKs pathways, there was significant upregulation of the caspase 3 (p = .012, p = .0026) and Mcl-1 (p = .0348, p = .0153) genes, whereas significant downregulation of the cytochrome C (p ≤ .0001), Bcl2 (p = .0002, p = .0007) and JNK3 (p = .042) genes. Rabies pathogenesis is multifactorial, involving both virus and host influences on the course of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Smreczak
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Virology, Av. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Anna Marzec
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Virology, Av. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Anna Orłowska
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Virology, Av. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Paweł Trębas
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Virology, Av. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Michał Reichert
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Pathology, Av. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Anna Kycko
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Pathology, Av. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | | | - Ab Osterhaus
- Erasmus Medical Centre (EMC), Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Franciszek Żmudziński
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Virology, Av. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland.
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12
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Orłowska A, Trębas P, Smreczak M, Marzec A, Żmudziński JF. First detection of bluetongue virus serotype 14 in Poland. Arch Virol 2016; 161:1969-72. [PMID: 27068167 PMCID: PMC4908167 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-2857-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Here, we present the first detected cases of bluetongue virus (BTV) in native cattle from Poland. The virus was found in animals located near the Polish-Belarusian and Polish-Lithuanian borders. The positive animals were detected through an official epidemiological surveillance program. A combination of type-specific real-time RT-PCR and phylogenetic tests revealed the presence of BTV serotype 14 (BTV-14). This serotype is highly homologous to the vaccine strain and BTV-14 present in Russia, Lithuania, and Spain (from an animal imported from Lithuania). The most probable route of virus introduction to Poland was transmission through midges. All of the cases were subclinical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Orłowska
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57 Avenue, 24-100, Puławy, Poland.
| | - Paweł Trębas
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57 Avenue, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - Marcin Smreczak
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57 Avenue, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - Anna Marzec
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57 Avenue, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - Jan F Żmudziński
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57 Avenue, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
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